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Propagation of Propagation of Trust and DistrustTrust and Distrust
R. Guha, R. Kumar, P. Raghavan and A. Tomkins
New York, 2004
Antti SorjamaaAntti Sorjamaa
Time Series Prediction and ChemoInformatics Time Series Prediction and ChemoInformatics GroupGroupAdaptive Informatics Research CentreAdaptive Informatics Research CentreHelsinki University of TechnologyHelsinki University of Technology
OutlineOutline
BackgroundBackground AlgorithmsAlgorithms
– Atomic propagationAtomic propagation– Propagation methodsPropagation methods– RoundingRounding– Transitivity issuesTransitivity issues
Experimental resultsExperimental results
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 22/27/27
BackgroundBackground
Trust Trust Valid information Valid information Distrust Distrust Disinformation or no Disinformation or no
informationinformation Increasing flow of information makes it Increasing flow of information makes it
necessary to validate the informationnecessary to validate the information Opinion of a single user is always Opinion of a single user is always
right, but is it trustworthy?right, but is it trustworthy? eBay, Epinions, huuto.net, etc.eBay, Epinions, huuto.net, etc.
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 33/27/27
Background (2)Background (2)
Problems of disinformationProblems of disinformation– Stock manipulation by bogus Stock manipulation by bogus
postings on investment boardspostings on investment boards– Marketers posing as customersMarketers posing as customers– Search engine link spammingSearch engine link spamming– Online relationships, datingOnline relationships, dating
Web of TrustWeb of Trust– Does not apply directly to DistrustDoes not apply directly to Distrust
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 44/27/27
Origin of TrustOrigin of Trust
Collect opinions of several usersCollect opinions of several users– One user can use several accountsOne user can use several accounts– Group of users agree and perform Group of users agree and perform
spoofingspoofing IRL Trust is built and maintained over IRL Trust is built and maintained over
long time periodslong time periods– Trust relationshipsTrust relationships– Good basis for the propagation of TrustGood basis for the propagation of Trust– More individual view of the Web of TrustMore individual view of the Web of Trust
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 55/27/27
Problems of DistrustProblems of Distrust
””Negative Trust”Negative Trust” Shifting the already existing Trust Shifting the already existing Trust
scores distort the resultsscores distort the results Algorithmic complicationsAlgorithmic complications
– Negative eigenvaluesNegative eigenvalues– Negative probabilitiesNegative probabilities
What is Distrust propagation?What is Distrust propagation?
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 66/27/27
NotationNotation
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
nn = number of users = number of users
T = Trust matrix, T = Trust matrix, nn x x nn, values from 0 to 1, values from 0 to 1
D = Distrust matrix, as Trust matrixD = Distrust matrix, as Trust matrix
B = Beliefs matrix, typically T or T - DB = Beliefs matrix, typically T or T - D
CCB,B,αα = Combined atomic propagation matrix= Combined atomic propagation matrix
PP((k k ) ) = Propagation matrix using = Propagation matrix using kk steps steps
F = Final beliefsF = Final beliefs
77/27/27
Atomic PropagationAtomic Propagation
Basic propagation techniques, Basic propagation techniques, ”atoms””atoms”
Matrix operations, multiplying B with Matrix operations, multiplying B with appropriate matrix operatorappropriate matrix operator
4 basic atoms4 basic atoms– Direct PropagationDirect Propagation– Co-citationCo-citation– Transpose TrustTranspose Trust– Trust couplingTrust coupling
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
1 2 3
4
1 2
35
Atomic Propagation (2)Atomic Propagation (2)
Direct Propagation, BDirect Propagation, B Co-citation, BCo-citation, BTTBB Transpose Trust, BTranspose Trust, BTT
Trust coupling, BBTrust coupling, BBTT
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
1 2 3
0 1 0
0 0 0,7
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0,7
0 0 0=
0 0 0,7
0 0 0
0 0 0
99/27/27
4
1
35
Trust Coupling, BBTrust Coupling, BBTT
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
=
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
=
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1010/27/27
Atomic Propagation (3)Atomic Propagation (3)
Direct Propagation, BDirect Propagation, B Co-citation, BCo-citation, BTTBB Transpose Trust, BTranspose Trust, BTT
Trust coupling, BBTrust coupling, BBTT
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1111/27/27
NotationNotation
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
nn = number of users = number of users
T = Trust matrix, T = Trust matrix, nn x x nn, values from 0 to 1, values from 0 to 1
D = Distrust matrix, as Trust matrixD = Distrust matrix, as Trust matrix
B = Beliefs matrix, typically T or T - DB = Beliefs matrix, typically T or T - D
CCB,B,αα = Combined atomic propagation matrix= Combined atomic propagation matrix
PP((k k ) ) = Propagation matrix using = Propagation matrix using kk steps steps
F = Final beliefsF = Final beliefs
1212/27/27
Propagation MethodsPropagation Methods
Trust only: B = TTrust only: B = T
One-step Distrust: B = TOne-step Distrust: B = T
Propagated Distrust: B = T - DPropagated Distrust: B = T - D
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1313/27/27
Iterative PropagationIterative Propagation
Eigenvalue PropagationEigenvalue Propagation
Weighted Linear Combinations Weighted Linear Combinations (WLC)(WLC)
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1414/27/27
RoundingRounding
Binary decision of Trust (±1)Binary decision of Trust (±1)– Global RoundingGlobal Rounding
Order F according to Trust valuesOrder F according to Trust values Fraction of Trust in the whole FFraction of Trust in the whole F
– Local RoundingLocal Rounding Order F according to Trust valuesOrder F according to Trust values Fraction of Trust in the corrent row of FFraction of Trust in the corrent row of F
– Majority RoundingMajority Rounding Smallest local well-defined neighborhoodSmallest local well-defined neighborhood
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1515/27/27
0 1 0
0 0 0,7
0 0 0
0 -1 0
0 0 -0,7
0 0 0
TransitivityTransitivity
Direct Propagation of TrustDirect Propagation of Trust– If 1 trusts 2 and 2 trusts 3 then 1 trusts 3If 1 trusts 2 and 2 trusts 3 then 1 trusts 3
Does not apply to Distrust directlyDoes not apply to Distrust directly
””Enemy of my enemy is my friend”Enemy of my enemy is my friend”
Multiplicative Trust PropagationMultiplicative Trust Propagation
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT
=
0 -1 0
0 0 -0,7
0 0 0
0 0 0,7
0 0 0
0 0 0
1616/27/27
Transitivity (2)Transitivity (2)
Multiplicative Distrust creates problemsMultiplicative Distrust creates problems– As seen on previous slide:As seen on previous slide:
””Enemy of my enemy is my friend”Enemy of my enemy is my friend”– Directed cycle with negative values can Directed cycle with negative values can
lead to the user to distrust himself!lead to the user to distrust himself! Additive Distrust PropagationAdditive Distrust Propagation
– Transform the basic propagation atomTransform the basic propagation atom
– For example exp(bFor example exp(bijij) ) b bijij
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1717/27/27
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Epinions dataset from Epinions.comEpinions dataset from Epinions.com Users write and read reviews from Users write and read reviews from
many different topicsmany different topics Users can also rate the reviews and Users can also rate the reviews and
other reviewersother reviewers Review reading creates royaltiesReview reading creates royalties
– Distrust system to decrease abuseDistrust system to decrease abuse Similar systems: Amazon, SlashdotSimilar systems: Amazon, Slashdot
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1818/27/27
Epinions DatasetEpinions Dataset
131 829 nodes with 841 372 edges131 829 nodes with 841 372 edges Edges either Trust (+1) or Distrust (-1)Edges either Trust (+1) or Distrust (-1) 85 percent of edges are Trust edges85 percent of edges are Trust edges Large Strongly Connected Component Large Strongly Connected Component
(SCC) of over 41 000 nodes(SCC) of over 41 000 nodes Bowtie: In almost 40 000 nodes and Bowtie: In almost 40 000 nodes and
out more than 30 000 nodesout more than 30 000 nodes
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 1919/27/27
MethodologyMethodology
Propagation of DistrustPropagation of Distrust– Trust, One-step and Propagated DistrustTrust, One-step and Propagated Distrust
Iteration Methods: EIG and WLCIteration Methods: EIG and WLC Rounding: Global, Local and MajorityRounding: Global, Local and Majority Atomic Propagations:Atomic Propagations:
– Direct, Co-sitation and all combinedDirect, Co-sitation and all combined
81 different combinations81 different combinations
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2020/27/27
ExperimentsExperiments
Each combination of methods get the Each combination of methods get the same treatmentsame treatment
Validation using Leave-One-Out (LOO)Validation using Leave-One-Out (LOO)– Total of 3250 random edgesTotal of 3250 random edges
prediction error prediction error εε– About 500 Distrust and 500 Trust edgesAbout 500 Distrust and 500 Trust edges
prediction error prediction error εεSS
Naive errors: Naive errors: εε = 0,15 and = 0,15 and εεSS = 0,5 = 0,5
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2121/27/27
Results (2)Results (2)
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2323/27/27
Results (3)Results (3)
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2424/27/27
Results (4)Results (4)
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2525/27/27
ConclusionsConclusions
Web of Trust and Distrust is important Web of Trust and Distrust is important part of many e-commerce related part of many e-commerce related sitessites– Distrust stabilizes the propagation of Distrust stabilizes the propagation of
opinions in the networkopinions in the network– Distrust decreases the effect of abuseDistrust decreases the effect of abuse
Rounding is surprisingly importantRounding is surprisingly important Small number of expressed Trust Small number of expressed Trust
scores lead to accurate predictionscores lead to accurate prediction
Antti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUTAntti Sorjamaa - TSPCi - AIRC - HUT 2626/27/27