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Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency Policies in Tanzania
Introduction• Transportation sector has rapidly expanded over the past
years• Growth in population and urban areas has led to
massive increase in number of vehicles and private vehicle in particular.
• This has led to increased fuel consumption and hence environmental pollution (air, water, soil)
• Major vehicle emission pollutants are nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM).
• Extent of exhaust emissions depends on the vehicle production technology, fuel quality, fuel delivery system, age of the vehicle and maintenance patterns.
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Fuel Consumption in Tanzania
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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-
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
1,400,000,000
1,600,000,000
1,800,000,000
2,000,000,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fu
el C
on
sum
pti
on
[L
itre
s]
Year
Automotive Gasoil (Diesel)
Petroleum Motor Spirit (Petrol)
Objectives & Outputs
• Carry out a baseline vehicle inventory to establish the fuel efficiency status and trends in Tanzania.
• Assess and propose policy options for the country to improve vehicle fuel efficiency.
Expected results/outputs
– Report on Vehicle Inventory and Trends in Tanzania
– Vehicle fuel efficiency and registration data entry tool
– Proposed policy options and draft policies for Tanzania to be submitted to the Government
– Dissemination of the vehicle inventory baseline report and policy options to stakeholder in Tanzania.
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Data Required
1. Number of vehicles imported in 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018 (used and new);
2. Vehicle composition (passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles);
3. Age distribution of existing cars;4. Purchase cost and associated duties/levies etc.;5. Vehicle make, model and engine emission
technology, e.g. Euro 1 etc. (depending on year of manufacture and origin); and
6. Fuel efficiency of the newly registered vehicle stock (used and new) in 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018.
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Toxic Emission Standards for Passenger Vehicles (Delphi 2018/2019)
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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India Emission StandardsPositive Ignition Engines
Stage Vehicle CO THC NOx
Category Class Reference Mass (RM)(kg)
g/km
BS IV(Euro4)2017
M (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg or less than 6 seaters)
- All 1.00 0.10 0.08
N1 & M (GVW > 2,500 kg or more than 6 seaters)
I RM≤1,305 1.00 0.10 0.08
II 1305<RM≤1760 1.81 0.13 0.10
III RM>1760 2.27 0.16 0.11
Compression Ignition Engines
Stage Vehicle CO THC+NOx NOx PM
BS IV(Euro4)2017
M (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg or less than 6 seaters)
- All 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025
N1 & M (GVW > 2,500 kg or more than 6 seaters)
I RM≤1305 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025
II 1305<RM≤1760 0.63 0.39 0.33 0.040
III RM>1760 0.74 0.46 0.39 0.060Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Other Countries Emission StandardsCountry Standard Effective Dates
Mexico Tier II (Euro 4 option) phase-in
New Zealand
M1≤ 3,500 kg Euro 5 (US and Japanese standards are alternatives
Philippines 1/2016 onwards: All new passenger cars and LD vehicles: Euro 4 emission standards subject to 50 ppm Sulphur fuel availability (Administrative Order No. 2010-23)
Russia Euro 3 (ECE R83.05 Stage III) 2008
Euro 4 (ECE R83.05 Stage IV) 2014
Euro 5 2016
Saudi Arabia
Euro 2 May 2004
Euro 3 (proposal) (UN ECE Reg B3/05) TBD
South Africa Euro 1 2/2005 (new models)
Euro 2 2006 (new models), 2008 (all models)
Switzerland Has harmonized national requirements on EU requirementsPromoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Japan Emission Standards
In-use Vehicle Emission Limit
PC: Idle CO : 1%, Idle HC: 300 ppmSmall car (K-car): Idle CO: 2%, Idle HC: 500 ppmDiesel smoke: Non-load acceleration limit 25%/max PM : 0.8/m3
Durability PC, truck and bus GVW <3.5 t: 80000 km
Evaporative Emissions –Gasoline and LPG
Test similar EC 2000 Evaporative test: Test limit: 2.0 g/test1 h hot soak at 27±4oC: HSL test + 48 diurnal (20-35oC) DBL test. Preparation driving cycle for EVAP: JC08 mode
OBD – Gasoline and LPG
J-ODB II obligation: Enhanced OBD: detect any malfunctions causing excessive emissions on the test cycle
Fuel Quality Gasoline Lead: Not detected (JIS K2255-4.5), MTBE: max 7vol%, Sulphur: max 0.001 mass%, Oxygen: max 1.3 vol% (JIS K2536-2.4.6), Benzene: max 1vol%
Diesel Sulphur: max 0.001 mass%, Distillation at 90%: max 360oC (JIS K2254)
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Tanzania Emission Standards
• Standard under review
• Euro 4 recommended – conforms with East African petroleum fuel standard;
o EAS 158:2018 (Gasoline)
Sulphur content, max – 50 ppm
RON 93
Lead, max - 5 mg/L, and
Manganese, max –2 ppm
o EAS 177:2018 (Diesel)
Sulphur content, max – 50 ppm
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Alternative Fuel - Tanzania• Tanzania has Natural Gas resource• Its use in vehicles will benefit the
country:– energy security– reduced energy costs– reduced air pollution and– increased employment opportunities.
• Bi-fuel CNG vehicles are already in Dar but few due to challenges in CNGinfrastructure. BICO has been very active NGV program in Tanzania
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Benefits of Natural Gas Vehicles (vs conventional)
• Cheaper
• Increased Safety
• Reduced GHG emission
• Reduced air pollution
-cleaner combustion
-No SO2
-No evaporative emissions
Low C/H ratio
In most countries NG is cheaper than conventional fuels (energy basis)
-narrow flammability limit (5–15%)
-High Tign
-Lighter than air
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Effect of mileage on NOx emissions for passenger cars (Carslaw, 2018)
• For Euro 5 and 6 vehicles there is very little evidence that the emissions worsen with higher mileages
• For Euro 2 to Euro 4 vehicles there is a clear increase in emissions as vehicle mileage increases.
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Effect of age-mileage interaction on NOxemissions for passenger cars (Carslaw, 2018)
Petrol Vehicles• less than 5 years old show very little
effect of vehicle mileage on emissions and emissions are low.
• between 5 and 15 years old show evidence that the emissions increase with increasing mileage
Diesel Vehicles• Show higher emissions over 15 years old.• Show substantially lower emissions for
few years old vehicles, i.e. Euro 6 • Emissions increase with increasing
mileage for vehicles between 4 and 15 years old, but the effects are not strong
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
An
nu
al im
po
rts
Year
All Vehicles
Motorcycles
How are Tanzanian Imports?
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
An
nu
al Im
po
rts
Year
Heavy duty vehicles (> 12 passenger)
Light passenger vehicles (<12 passenger)
Tractor and Construction Equipment
Light Trucks (<3500 kg)
Heavy Trucks (>3500 kg)
Tanzanian Imports – Excluding Motorcycles
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Tanzania Vehicle ImportsYear Number of All Vehicles Maximum Age of Vehicles Mean Age of Vehicles
Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel
2003 1,403 629 15 10 2.1 0.9
2004 7,544 915 22 20 10.9 10.6
2005 6,647 292 17 21 9 10.2
2006 6,433 4 16 - 3.6 -
2007 12,459 1 17 - 0.9 -
2008 29,018 129 16 - 2 -
2009 63,191 364 17 1 1.6 0.2
2010 95,418 353 26 4 1.3 1.4
2011 120,194 490 27 1 1.4 0.6
2012 100,241 313 25 1 1.1 0.5
2013 133,866 762 24 6 2.5 1.7
2014 174,874 743 16 4 1.6 1.2
2015 157,249 1 16 - 1.2 -
2016 167,023 464 17 2 1.7 0.75
2017 100,972 579 1 1 0.4 0.5
2018 116,422 146 17 0 1.75 0Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Vehicle make and possible sources
S/N Vehicle make Source
1 Toyota Japan / Europe
2 Tata India
3 Yutong China
4 KIA South Korea
5 Volkswagen South Africa/Europe/Brazil
6 Peugeot Europe
7 Mercedes Benz Japan/Europe
8 Nissan Japan
9 Land Rover/Range Rover Europe/Japan
10 Mitsubishi Japan
11 Bajaj India
12 Honda Japan
ETCPromoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in
Tanzania18
Emission Certificate & Old Age Surcharge• All imported vehicles have road worthiness certificate, which include
Exhaust emission:– CO (%)– HC (ppm)– DS (%/m)
• 8+ years old vehicles are subject to 18.75% of CIF as Exercise Duty due to Age. Does the surcharge save the environment?
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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9 year Rav 4, 88500 km, 2400cc17 year Suzuki Carry, 87050 km, 650cc
In-use vehicle emission limit (Japan): PC, idle: CO 1%, HC 300ppmSmall car (K-car) Idle: CO 2%, HC 500ppm
Potential Policy Options
• Restrict imports (new or used) from some countries (allow only imports from Euro 4+ countries)
• Mandatory use of Natural gas in city commuter buses (starting with UDART)
• Safety Week to include emission test
• Combine age and mileage in restricting import of used cars (instead of the flat 18.75%CIF)
• Institute environment tax for non-compliance to emission standard
Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania
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Thank you for Listening
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