Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells: Have _________________

organelles. Bacteria are composed of prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells: ___________________ cells,

containing membrane-bound organelles that each

perform a specific function.

Parts of the earth's air, water, and

soil where life is foundBiosphere

Smallest unit of a chemical element that

exhibits its chemical properties

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

A community of different species

interacting with one another and with their

nonliving environment of matter and energy

Populations of different species living in a

particular place, and potentially interacting

with each other

A group of individuals of the same species

living in a particular place

Cell

An individual living being

The fundamental structural and functional

unit of life

Molecule

Atom

Chemical combination of two or more atoms

of the same or different elements

Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components

Abiotic

Nonliving components

– Water

– Air

– Nutrients

– Rocks

– Heat

– Solar energy

Biotic

_________________(Example: Leaf litter is biotic)

Range of Tolerance for a Population

of Organisms

INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE

Several Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth

Limiting factor principle

– Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance

Heat Heat

Heat

Heat Heat

Heat

Heat

Solar

energy

Tertiary

consumers

(top carnivores)

First Trophic

Level

Second Trophic

LevelThird Trophic

Level

Fourth Trophic

Level

Producers

(plants)

Primary

consumers

(herbivores)

Secondary

consumers

(carnivores)

Decomposers and detritus feeders

Trophic Level: A step in a food chain

_____________________in an ecosystem.

Living Components of Ecosystems

Living Components of Ecosystems

Autotrophs / Producers

– Photosynthesis

– Chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs / Consumers

- Generally not more than three or four levels of consumers due to the energy pyramid

Chemosynthesis

o Uses the energy from certain

compounds such as hydrogen

sulfide from volcanic vents to

provide the energy to produce

carbohydrates.

o Performed by certain

prokaryotic organisms.

o Occurs at ____________

___________ below ocean.

Photosynthesis

o Uses sunlight to provide the

energy required to produce

carbohydrates from carbon

dioxide and water.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Photosynthesis vs. Chemosynthesis

Discuss with your table partner:

What do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?

How do the two processes differ?

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Releasing Stored EnergyAll organisms store energy in sugars and other organic molecules.

This energy is released as needed through either: -aerobic respiration (with oxygen)

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O- anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)also known as _______________

Plants perform both photosynthesis

and aerobic respiration.

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Gross Primary Productivity is the ________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Usually measured in a unit of energy per unit of area over a given time span.

Example : kcal/m2/year

Some of the gross primary productivity is needed to support the producer and is not passed along the food chain.

Net Primary Productivity

Net Primary Productivity is the amount of chemical energy available _______________________________________________________________.

Discuss with your table partner:What could you measure to determine the NPP of an ecosystem? (Hint: Productivity = rate of photosynthesis)

Estuaries and swamps generally have a high net primary productivity. Why?

Why is the NPP compared for different ecosystems rather than the GPP?

By measuring the increase in____________________________________________________or the decrease in __________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

NPP can be measured by ________________________ GPP ____________________________________

Estimated Annual Average NPP in Major Life Zones and Ecosystems

Detritivores and DecomposersDetritivores ______________ dead organisms.

Decomposers ______________________to break down

dead organisms. Recycle nutrients into the surrounding

area.

___________________in an Ecosystem

Water Cycle Processes

evaporation: conversion from liquid to vapor form

transpiration: ______________________

condensation: conversion of vapor to liquid droplets

precipitation: movement as rain, sleet, hail, & snow

percolation: __________________________

runoff: surface flow downslope to ocean.

infiltration: ______________________

Review with your table partner:

What are the similarities and differences between evaporation and transpiration?

Put the following terms in the correct order that they would occur: Percolation, Precipitation, Infiltration.

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

__________________________________

Transpiration Animation: http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/Transpiration.htm

http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/Transpiration.htm

Discuss with your table partner:

How might deforestation of a tropical rainforest affect the rainfall in a region? (What process would be changed and how could this affect rainfall)

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

Role of Carbon?

• ___________________________________

(carbohydrates, fats, proteins, & nucleic

acid) – essential to life

• currency of energy exchange – chemical

energy for life stored as bonds in organic

compounds

• carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas –

traps heat near Earth's surface & plays a

key role as "nature's thermostat“

Carbon Cycle Processes

photosynthesis (= carbon fixation) moves C from

atmosphere to organic molecules (C,H,O

compounds) in organisms

movement through food web: C movement in

organic form from organism to organism

aerobic respiration: organic molecules broken

down to release CO2 back to atmosphere

combustion: organic molecules broken by burning

down to release CO2 back to atmosphere

Review with your table partner:

What are two ways that humans are shifting the carbon cycle to increase the amount of carbon found in the atmosphere (CO2) rather than stored in organic (carbon-containing) molecules?

- _____________________________________

_____________________________________

- _____________________________________

_____________________________________

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is needed by all living things.

• N is part of DNA and protein.

• Nitrogen (N2) is the most common gas in the atmosphere (78%).

• However, most organisms can not utilize N2.

_________________________________________

nitrogen fixation: conversion of N2 (nitrogen gas)

to NH4+ (ammonium),

biological by ___________________

______

e.g., Rhizobium (___________ ) in nodules on

roots of legumes;

atmospheric by lightning,

nitrification: conversion of NH4+ to NO2

- (nitrite) to

NO3-(nitrate) by microbes;

uptake by plants, forms proteins and other N

containing organic compounds, enters food chain;

Nitrogen Cycle Processes Cont.

• ammonification: returned to NH4+

inorganic forms by saprophytes and decomposers;

• denitrification: conversion of NH4+ to N2 by

combustion or microbes. Conversion of NOx to N2 by bacteria

Review with your table partner:

Name a form of nitrogen that can’t be used by most organisms.

Name a form of nitrogen that can be used by most/ all organisms.

Why do legume plants (bean family) have an advantage in getting enough of the usable nitrogen compounds they need?

Continue to next slide

__________________________

______________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________.

What three types of bacteria are involved in the nitrogen cycle? Which are involved in producing usable nitrogen compounds and which are involved in cycling nitrogen compounds back to the atmosphere?

________________ bacteria- _______________

______________________________________

___________________bacteria- _____________

_______________________________________

__________________bacteria-______________

_______________________________________

Inorganic Fertilizers

During WWII, Fritz Haber developed process to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia to make inorganic nitrate fertilizers.____________________________________________

Revolutionized farming: increasing yields. Part of the GREEN REVOLUTION

Discuss with your table partner:Review with your table partner the process of eutrophication.Definition:

Process:

EndResult:

Addition of ______________________

_______________________________.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Hypoxyia = __________Anoxyia =_________

P

H

O

S

P

O

R

O

U

S

C

Y

C

L

E

• ____________________________ (slow process)

• No atmospheric component of cycle

• Needed by all living things for:

DNA , ATP, Phospholipids

Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur is in rocks, soil and fossil fuels (esp. coal)

Sulfur is required by all living things (__________

contain sulfur)

Sulfur is found in the atmosphere as_____________

________________________________________