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Project Report: Soldier Monitoring System BY Hari K S
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PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING S
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTFOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMANAGED BY IHRD, KERALA)
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
OF ELECTRONICS 1
SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTFOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS
FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SUBMITTED BY
HARI.K.S (Reg.No-ASAJMEL004)
JUNE 2011
(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMANAGED BY IHRD, KERALA)
SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
IHRD, CASVDY
YSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
ELECTRONICS
(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled
““““SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING Ssubmitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS
during the period of study under our supervision and guidance
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
MR.SUBI.T.S MR.MADHAVADAS.C
(H.O.D, dept.of Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the viva
College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry
Internal Examiner:
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
OF ELECTRONICS 2
(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)
CERTIFICATE
to certify that the Project Report entitled
SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM””””
submitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherryin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS is a record of project done by
HARI.K.S Reg.No-ASAJMEL00$
during the period of study under our supervision and guidance
PROJECT COORDINATOR INTERNAL GUIDE
MR.SUBI.T.S MR.MADHAVADAS.C
Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the viva-voce examination held at
College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry
held on External Examiner:
SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
IHRD, CASVDY
(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)
submitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
during the period of study under our supervision and guidance.
INTERNAL GUIDE
Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)
voce examination held at
College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry
External Examiner:
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all the persons who
had assisted in the successful completion of this project. First of all, I express my
sincere gratitude to Mr.Pradip Somasundaran, the principal of the college, for
providing me all the facilities with which I was able to do this project.
I express my profound thanks to my project coordinator, Mr.Subi.T.S
(H.O.D,dept.of Electronics) and Mr.Madhavadas.C (Lecturer in Electronics)for
providing my information on contemporary developments in the vast field of
electronics.
I would like to thank my project guide, Mr.JAYAKRISHNAN,
(embedded system engineer), KELTRON, Kuttipuram, who helped me throughout
the project with valuable information and excellent guidance.
And above all I express my deep sense of gratitude to almighty GOD who
gave me immense strength and showed me the path to make this project victorious.
HARI.K.S
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
4
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
In today's world enemy warfare is an important factor in any nation's security. The
national security mainly depends on army (ground), navy (sea), air-force (air). The
important and vital role is played by the army soldier's. There are many concerns
regarding the safety of these soldiers. The defense department of a country must be
effective for the security of that country for this the soldiers also must be effective for
this we are introducing a “SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM”. This system will be
use full for soldiers, who involve in special operations or mission.
This system enables GPS Tracking of these soldiers and also enables the
telemedicine. It is possible by M-Health. The M-Health can be defined as Mobile
computing, medical sensors and communication technologies for health care.
In a SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM, smart sensors are attached to the jacket
of soldiers. These are implanted with a personal server for complete mobility. This
personal server will provide connectivity to the server at the base station using a
wireless connection. A GPS Tracking system is also attached with the jacket, which
provides the tracking of the position of each soldier. Here also providing a helmet with
video. This may help the control station to know about the situation at the mission field.
Each soldier has a GSM enabled phone which enables the communication between both
ends. There by it is possible to backup a soldier or cover a soldier and makes the mission
accomplished.
As soon as any soldier enters the enemy lines it is very vital for the army base
station to know the location as well as the health status of all soldiers. In our project we
have come up with an idea of tracking the soldier as well as to give the health status of
the soldier during the war, which enables the army personnel to plan the war strategies.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
5
FEATURESFEATURESFEATURESFEATURES
v Provide more security
v Provide more safety to soldiers
v Can be implement in any conditions
v Telemedical records of each soldiers can be stored
v Continuous communication is possible
v Continuous tracking is possible
v Real time monitoring and image capturing
v Faster communication over GSM network
v Fewer components, so easy to maintain
v Less complex circuit
v Low power consumption
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
6
BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM
SOLDIER UNIT
TO SERVER
BASE UNIT
MICROCONTROLLER
LEVL CONVERTOR
GPS RECEIVER
HEAR BEAT SENSOR
POWER SUPPLY
TEMERATURE SENSOR
CAMERA
ADC
ZIGBEE
LEVL CONVERTOR
GSM ENABLED PHONE
GSM MODEM
ZIGBEE
SERVER
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
7
BLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTION
The above figure shows the complete working block diagram of the Soldier
Monitoring System. It has two main parts, a soldier unit and base unit. Soldier unit
consists of a microcontroller; heart beat sensor, temperature sensor, a GPS receiver, a
mobile phone, a video camera and a ZIGBEE module. Base unit includes a server, a
GSM modem, and a ZIGBEE module.
SOLDIER UNIT
Microcontroller:
Microcontrollers are one of the major components in any embedded system.
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers
work according to the program written inside its program memory. The major use of
these single chip computers are in automatic responding devices.
PIC18F452 microcontroller is used as the brain of SMS. The PIC-Programmable
Interface Controller is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made
by Microchip. The function of this section is to collect the information about heart beat
of the soldier, atmospheric temperature and location of the soldier in each minute. Then
it sends this information to the base unit.
Power Supply:
The most important section in every electronic circuit is the power supply. For the
proper working of all components an unaltered power supply is needed. The supply must
be capable of providing the necessary power for each component. At the same time the
protection from over voltage must be there.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
8
Here for the working of controller a 5V constant power supply is needed. To
provide this the supply from the mains is reduced to 12V using a transformer. Then after
rectification, it is regulated to 5V. Similarly for controlling the relay a 12V is needed.
This also provided by the power supply section. Since the regulator used for regulation
of the power supply have built in over voltage cut-off circuitry, over load cut-off and
over temperature cut-off circuitry, all the other components are safe from all these
problems.
LM35 SENSOR
The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to oc. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear
temperature sensor calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling low cost is
assured by trimming calibration at water level. The LM35’s Low Output impedance,
linear output precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout. It can be used as
single power supplier or with I supplies. The LM35 series is available packaged in
hermetric to 46 transistor package while the LM 35C, LM35w also available in the
plastic To-92 transistor package. The function of LM35 in this project is to monitor the
atmospheric temperature
Rectifier
Filter
Regulator
I/P
O/P
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
9
HEART BEAT SENSOR In this project we use polar heart rate transmitter and RMC01 receiver as a heart beat
sensor. The use of heart beat sensor in this project is to measure the heart beat of soldier to
know about the physical status of the soldier.
The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver wirelessly receives the heart rate signal
from Polar transmitter belt. The complete heart rate measurement system consists of three
different parts; transmitter, receiver and electronics and/or display device that is outputting
the heart rate value.
The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects the heart beat and starts
transmitting a pulse corresponding to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end
user equipment receives the signal and generates a corresponding digital pulse that is
operated on by the end user equipment electronics
GPS MODEM
A GPS modem is used to get the signals and receive the signals from the satellites. The
function of GPS modem in this project is used to send the position (Latitude and
Longitude) of the soldier from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give
the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the soldier. The GPS
modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is
read and sent to the base station at the other end.
MAX232
MAX232 is used for level conversion to convert TTL voltage level to CMOS voltage
level. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a
dual driver/receiver. The MAX232 converts the information given by the RF reader and is
given to the PIC microcontroller.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
10
VIDEO CAMERA The video camera is a kind of transducer, which produces electrical energy from light
energy. I.e., the input to the video camera is light energy and this light energy is converted
into electrical signals. Video converting the complete spectrum of visible light into
electrical frequencies. The function of video camera in this project is to provide the real
time videos to the base station.
MOBILE PHONE A mobile phone (also called mobile, cell phone or hand phone) is an electronic device
used for mobile telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell
sites. A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the
public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed line phones across the
world. In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many
additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, email, Internet
access etc.
ZIGBEE MODULE
ZigBee is a protocol that uses the 802.15.4 standard as a baseline and adds additional
routing and networking functionality. ZigBee is designed to add mesh networking to the
underlying 802.15.4 radio. The ZIGBEE module used here is XBee-PRO. XBee-PRO is a
low power, low cost wireless device. 802.15.4 was developed with lower data rate, simple
connectivity and battery application in mind. The 802.15.4 standard specifies that
communication can occur in the 868-868.8 MHz, the 902-928 MHz or the 2.400-2.4835
GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical(ISM) bands.
In this project we use the zigbee technology for providing the wireless communication
between soldier and base station. Here the zigbee technology transmits data wirelessly.
Here we are using XBee-PRO 802.15.4 modules to provide communication.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
11
SERVER Unit
SERVER
The server is equipped with software called Visual Basic6.0. This creates a data base
that contains information about the soldier. Server is used to monitor the status of the
soldier. And if there is any abnormality in the status of soldier it indicate a
a message .
GSM MODEM A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile
operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial or USB connection, or it
may be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities. Most of the GSM cellular
modems come with an integrated SIM card holder. AT or attention commands are used to
interface GSM modem with PIC microcontroller. In this project we use the GSM modem
at base station to communicate with soldier.
ZIG-BEE MODULE
ZIG-BEE module is used here for wireless transmission between the PIC
microcontroller and the server. For that two ZIG-BEE modules is required. One at soldier
end and other at the server end. The function of the ZIG-BEE module at this end is to
receive information about ID & location of soldier and atmospheric temperature to the
server.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5V
5V
+5v
+5v
5V
C14
0.1uF
C13
10pF
C12
10pF
12MZ
C4
33PF
C5
33PF
C7 100nf
C6
100nf
LM35 3
12
GND
INOUT
R1
1M
R2
10K
J1
12
CONNEC
TOR DB9
532
MAX232
13 811101 3 4 5
2 6
12 9
14 7
1615R
1IN
R2IN
T1IN
T2IN
C+
C1-
C2+
C2-
V+ V-
R1OUT
R2OUTT1
OUT
T2OUT
VCCGND
C10
.1uf
C9
.1UF
C11
.1uf
CONNEC
TOR DB9
532
R3
100E
PIC18F452
U1
6803
42 203 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 2338 22 21191
40
RA2/AN2/VR
EF
RAO
/ANO
RD1/PSP1
RA1/AN1
VREFRA3/
RA4/T0CKI
RA5/AN4/SS
/LVD
IN
RE0/RD/AN5
RE1/WR/AN6
RE2/CS/AN
7VD
DVS
SOSC
1/CLKI
OSC
2/CLKO/RA6
RC0/T1OSO
/T1CKI
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*
RC2/CCP1
RC3/SC
K/SC
L
RB6/PGC
RB4
RB3/CCP2*
RB2/IN
T2RB1/IN
T1RB0/IN
T0VD
D2
VSS
RD7/PSP7
RD6/PSP6
RD5/PSP5
RD4/PSP4
RC7/RX/DT
RC6/TX/CK
RC5/SD
ORC4/SD
I/SDA
RB5/PGM
RD3/PSP3
RD2/PSP2
RD0/PSP0
MCLR/VPP
RB7/PGD
C11 0.1uf
R5 270E
R4 390E
1uf
U6
RMCM01
112 1
7 8 9 10
4 36 5
GND
OSC
_ON
VCC
RESET
WIDB_DET LX2
LX1
OSC
F32KIN
FPLS
HR
R6
1K
32KH
z
C15
0.1uF
RXTXGPS
ZIGBEE
LM317
32
1
c12
+
3V5V
T31 Polar transmitter
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
13
WORKINGWORKINGWORKINGWORKING
The circuit diagram of a Soldier Monitoring system is shown in figure. The
heart of this circuit is a peripheral interface controller 18f452. Other important
components used in this circuit are LM35, polar belt heart rate transmitter and its
receiver, GSM modem, GPS modem, driver IC max232, camera and some discrete
components.
PIC 18F452 controls and co-ordinate the working of the circuit. It consist
of 40 pins. It is equipped with the necessary circuits such as power supply, clock and
reset circuits for its efficient operation.. Two 22pF capacitors are connected to it for
avoiding the damping of the clock signal. Quartz crystal is connected to pin 13 and 14 of
the microcontroller. The power supply used in this circuit is a 5V dc source, positive
terminal is connected to the pin 12 & 32 and ground terminal is connected to the pin 11
and 31. The reset circuit consists of a resistor and switch. Resistor is connected to VCC
and pin 1 MCLR and a push button switch is connected between pin 1 and ground.
When the switch is closed pin 1 that is the master clear pin goes to ground potential and
the system terminates all the activities, microcontroller will start program execution
from the beginning. PIC works according to the program written on to it. The program is
written in C language ,
The function of the PIC18f452 in this project is to collect information from
temperature sensor LM35, heart beat sensor, GPS modem and sent this information to
the base station using ZIGBEE module.
The LM35 is a temperature sensor that senses the temperature and converts it into
typical voltage. This voltage is given to an analog to digital converter(ADC) of the
microcontroller which converts the analog value in its input to a digital value ranging
from 0 to 255.It is connected to the port1 (port A) of PIC, i.e. to the 2nd pin. Temperature
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
14
sensor measure the atmospheric temperature. This helps to know the temperature
variation by weather changes, bomb blasts etc. And this information is transmitting to
PIC.
Heart beat sensor used in this project is polar belt heart rate transmitter and a
RMC01 heart beat receiver. A complete heart rate measuring system consists of a Polar
Transmitter worn around the chest and Polar RMCM-01 receiver built into the end user
equipment. The Polar Transmitter detects every heartbeat through two electrodes with
ECG accuracy and transmits the heart rate information wirelessly to Polar RMCM-01
receiver with the help of a low frequency electromagnetic field.
The RMCM-01 receiver receives the transmission, and passes a digital pulse
corresponding to each heartbeat to the end user equipment electronics. The coils in the
Polar Transmitter and Polar RMCM-01 receiver must be aligned parallel in order to gain
optimum performance. The end user equipment contains a microprocessor that
calculates current heart rate value based on the time interval between the pulses sent by
the Polar RMCM-01 receiver to the microprocessor.
This help to know about the physical status of the soldier. Decreasing in heart beat
may be of the injury by a gunshot, bomb blast or any other causes. It also helps to know
the soldier is alive or dead during the time of mission. Heart beat receiver is connecting
to 15th pin of PIC18f452.
The GPS unit calculates the position of the soldiers and then sent the latitudinal
longitudinal values corresponding to the position of soldier to the microcontroller. The
GPS unit is connecting to the MAX232 via a DB9 connector. 2ND PIN of the DB9 is
connected to 13th pin (R1IN) of MAX232. 12th pin(R1OUT) MAX232 is connected to
Rx pin PIC. MAX232 change the voltage level and PIC receive this data using Rx pin
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
15
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is
a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The
drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V
supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for
implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V
to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just
for driving the RS-232 in this case. Similarly reverse conversion too possible using
MAX232.
In the transmitter the MAX232 converts the TTL logical level to RS232 level and in
receiver the RS232 level will be converted into TTL level. For the proper working a 5V
power supply and some capacitors of certain values as recommended by the manufactures
are needed to be connected externally.
After collecting this data microcontroller sent this data to base station using ZIGBEE
module in each minute. ZIGBEE unit is connecting to the MAX232 via a DB9
connector. Tx pin of the PIC is connected to the 11th pin(T1IN) MAX232 .14th PIN
(T1OUT) of the MAX232 is connected 2ND PIN of the DB9. PIC transmits data using Tx
pin. Then MAX232 convert voltage levels and sent data using ZIGBEE.
Each soldier has a video camera. This helps to capture real time videos and sent to
base station from the mission area. By analyzing this video they can prepare for further
action.
At server a software Visual Basic6.0 is used. Using this software, a database is created
which contains the details about the soldiers. Server receives this data using ZIGBEE .
The received data is extracted by the Visual Basic to gather the heart beat, atmospheric
temperature and latitude and longitude of the position.. After receiving this data server
display these data. Server displays soldier name, ID, position, heartbeat, temperature, and
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
16
real time videos from mission location. If the heart beat increase above a specific value or
decrease below a specific value server give a message. This message contains soldier
name, ID, and heart beat. This help to know about physical problems of the soldiers.
A GSM modem in server provides facility to call each soldier. This help to give
instructions to each soldier.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
17
HARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEW
The components used to implement SMS are:
v PIC18F452 - Microcontroller
v LM35 – Temperature sensor
v MAX232 – TTLóRS232 level converter
v GSM modem – Communication
v Camera – Capturing video
v LM7805 – 5V regulator
v GPS Receiver
v Polar heart beat transmitter and RMC01 heart rate receiver
v Resistors and Capacitors
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
18
PIC18F452:
Pin out
Specifications:
OPERATING VOLATAGE 2V-5.5V
PROGRAM MEMORY 32K
RAM 1536 bytes
PORTS Three 8bit ports, one 7bit port and one 3bit port
INTERRUPTS 18
ADC 8 channel 10bit ADC
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
19
CCP MODULES 2
TIMERS Two 8 bit timers, two 16bit timer
18F is a high-end series of PIC from Microchip. This powerful 10 MIPS (100
nanosecond instruction execution) yet easy-to-program (only 77 single word instructions)
CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC®
architecture into an 40 pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X,
PIC12CXXX, PIC16CXX and PIC17CXX devices and thus providing a seamless
migration path of software code to higher levels of hardware integration. The PIC18F452
features a 'C' compiler friendly development environment, 256 bytes of EEPROM, Self-
programming, an ICD, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-
to-Digital (A/D) converter, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C™) bus and
Addressable Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (AUSART). And wide range
of operating clock frequency (DC-40MHz). All of these features make it ideal for
manufacturing equipment, instrumentation and monitoring, data acquisition, power
conditioning, environmental monitoring, telecom and consumer audio/video applications
PIC18F452 has a total of 40 pins (in PDIP package, 44 in QFN package). In these
34 pins are used for peripheral interfacing and other pins are used for the necessary
circuitry needed for the working of controller. The I/O pins are divided into 5 different
ports (Port A-E). Also 8 channel ADC of 10bit resolution and 18 interrupt sources are the
advantage of this controller. In 18 interrupt sources, 3 external interrupts with different
priority levels is there.
It is characterized by the following features:
v Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).
v A small number of fixed length instructions.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
20
v Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles),
with single delay cycles upon branches and skips.
v A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand)
is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode).
v All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or
destination of math and other functions.
v A hardware stack for storing return addresses.
v A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256
bytes), extended through banking.
v Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.
The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used
to implement indirect jumps).
Peripheral Features:
.High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA
• Three external interrupt pins
• Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler
• Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter
• Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register (time-base for PWM)
• Timer3 module: 16-bit timer/counter
• Secondary oscillator clock option - Timer1/Timer3
• Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules.
CCP pins that can be configured as:
- Capture input: capture is 16-bit,
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY
21
max. resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16)
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100 ns (TCY)
- PWM output: PWM resolution is 1- to 10-bit,
max. PWM freq. @: 8-bit resolution = 156 kHz
10-bit resolution = 39 kHz
• Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module,
Two modes of operation:
- 3-wire SPI™ (supports all 4 SPI modes)
- I2C™ Master and Slave mode
Analog Features:
• Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter
module (A/D) with:
- Fast sampling rate
- Conversion available during SLEEP
- Linearity ≤ 1 LSb
• Programmable Low Voltage Detection (PLVD)
- Supports interrupt on-Low Voltage Detection
• Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Special Microcontroller Features:
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced FLASH
program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM
memory
• FLASH/Data EEPROM Retention: > 40 years
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
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• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT)
and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC
Oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options including:
- 4X Phase Lock Loop (of primary oscillator)
- Secondary Oscillator (32 kHz) clock input
• Single supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming™
(ICSP™) via two pins
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
I/O Ports: Port A is a 7 bit wide bidirectional port. This port is also used for analog
inputs. The corresponding Data Direction register is TRISA. The RA4 pin is multiplexed
with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The other PORTA
pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF+ and VREF- inputs. The
operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1
register (A/D Control Register1). On a Power-on Reset, RA5 and RA3:RA0 are
configured as analog inputs and read as ‘0’. RA6 and RA4 are configured as digital
inputs.
PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction
register is RISB. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control
bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (INTCON2<7>).
The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output.
The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset. On a Power-on Reset, these pins are
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configured as digital inputs. Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4, have an interruption-
change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any
RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interruption-change
comparison). This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. RB3 can be configured by
the configuration bit CCP2MX as the alternate peripheral pin for the CCP2 module
(CCP2MX=’0’).
PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction
register is TRISC. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions. Some
peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals
override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. The pin override value is not loaded into the
TRIS register. This allows read-modify-write of the TRIS register, without concern due
to peripheral overrides. RC1 is normally configured by configuration bit, CCP2MX, as
the default peripheral pin of the CCP2 module (default/erased state, CCP2MX = ’1’).
RC0 is multiplexed with Timer1 oscillator output/Timer1 clock input. RC1 can be
used as input/output port pin, Timer1 oscillator input, or Capture2 input/ Compare2
output/PWM output when CCP2MX configuration bit is set. RC2 is an input/output port
pin. This can also be used for Capture1 input/Compare1 output/PWM1 output. RC3 can
also be the synchronous serial clock for both SPI and I2C modes. RC4 can also be the
SPI Data In (SPI mode) or Data I/O (I2C mode). RC5, the input/output port pin also used
as Synchronous Serial Port data output. RC6 input/output port pin is also Addressable
USART Asynchronous Transmit, or Addressable USART Synchronous Clock. RC7
input/output port pin can be the Addressable USART Asynchronous Receive, or
Addressable USART Synchronous Data.
PORTD is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction
register is TRISD. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is
individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit
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wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE
(TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. On a Power-on Reset, these pins
are configured as analog inputs. PORTD operates as an 8-bit wide Parallel Slave Port, or
microprocessor port when control bit, PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. It is
asynchronously readable and writable by the external world through RD control input
pin, RE0/RD and WR control input pin, RE1/WR. It can directly interface to an 8-bit
microprocessor data bus. The external microprocessor can read or write the PORTD latch
as an 8-bit latch.
PORTE is a 3-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction
register is TRISE. PORTE has three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and
RE2/CS/AN7) which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have
Schmitt Trigger input buffers. PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. When
selected as an analog input, these pins will read as '0's. TRISE controls the direction of
the RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs.
ADC: The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter module has eight inputs for the PIC18F452
devices. This module has the ADCON0 and ADCON1 register definitions that are
compatible with the mid-range A/D module. The A/D allows conversion of an analog
input signal to a corresponding 10-bit digital number.
The A/D module has four registers. These registers are:
v A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)
v A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)
v A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
v A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)
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The analog reference voltage is software selectable to either the device’s positive
and negative supply voltage (VDD and VSS) or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/
VREF+ pin and RA2/AN2/VREF- pin. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being
able to operate while the device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D
conversion clock must be derived from the A/D’s internal RC oscillator.
The output of the sample and hold is the input into the converter, which generates
the result via successive approximation. The ADRESH and ADRESL registers contain
the result of the A/D conversion. When the A/D conversion is complete, the result is
loaded into the ADRESH/ADRESL registers, the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is
cleared, and A/D interrupt flag bit, ADIF is set.
For the A/D converter to meet its specified accuracy, the charge holding capacitor
(CHOLD) must be allowed to fully charge to the input channel voltage level.
Analog input model
The source impedance (RS) and the internal sampling switch (RSS) impedance
directly affect the time required to charge the capacitor CHOLD. The sampling switch
(RSS) impedance varies over the device voltage (VDD). The source impedance affects
the offset voltage at the analog input (due to pin leakage current). The maximum
recommended impedance for analog sources is 2.5 kΩ. After the analog input channel is
selected (changed), this acquisition must be done before the conversion can be started.
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Interrupt: The PIC18F452 devices have 18 interrupt sources and an interrupt priority
feature that allows each interrupt source to be assigned a high priority level or a low
priority level. The high priority interrupt vector is at 000008h and the low priority
interrupt vector is at 000018h. High priority interrupt events will override any low
priority interrupts that may be in progress.
There are ten registers which are used to control interrupt operation. These
registers are:
v RCON
v INTCON, INTCON2, INTCON3
v PIR1, PIR2
v PIE1, PIE2
v IPR1, IPR2
Each interrupt source, except INT0, has three bits to control its operation. The
functions of these bits are:
v Flag bit to indicate that an interrupt event occurred
v Enable bit that allows program execution to branch to the interrupt
vector address when the flag bit is set
v Priority bit to select high priority or low priority
When an interrupt is responded to, the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared to
disable further interrupts. If the IPEN bit is cleared, this is the GIE bit. If interrupt priority
levels are used, this will be either the GIEH or GIEL bit. High priority interrupt sources
can interrupt a low priority interrupt.
Once in the Interrupt Service Routine, the source(s) of the interrupt can be
determined by polling the interrupt flag bits. The interrupt flag bits must be cleared in
software before re-enabling interrupts to avoid recursive interrupts. For external interrupt
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events, such as the INT pins or the PORTB input change interrupt, the interrupt latency
will be three to four instruction cycles.
USART: The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial
Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured as a full duplex
asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as CRT
terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half-duplex synchronous
system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated
circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.
The USART can be configured in the following modes:
v Asynchronous (full-duplex)
v Synchronous - Master (half-duplex)
v Synchronous - Slave (half-duplex)
In order to configure pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal
Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter, bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) must be set (=
1), bit TRISC<6> must be cleared (= 0), and bit TRISC<7> must be set (=1).
The BRG supports both the Asynchronous and Synchronous modes of the USART.
It is a dedicated 8-bit baud rate generator. The SPBRG register controls the period of a
free running 8-bit timer. In Asynchronous mode, bit BRGH (TXSTA<2>) also controls
the baud rate. In Synchronous mode, bit BRGH is ignored.
Desired Baud Rate = FOSC / (64 (X + 1))
It may be advantageous to use the high baud rate (BRGH = 1) even for slower baud
clocks. This is because the FOSC/(16(X + 1)) equation can reduce the baud rate error in
some cases. Writing a new value to the SPBRG register causes the BRG timer to be reset
(or cleared). This ensures the BRG does not wait for a timer overflow before outputting
the new baud rate. The data on the RC7/RX/DT pin is sampled three times by a majority
detect circuit to determine if a high or a low level is present at the RX pin.
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In PIC18F452 only one USART module is present. If need user can define software
USART.
MAX232:
MAX232 Pin out
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator
to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver converts
TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical
threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each
driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.
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Application diagram
Features:
v Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28
v Operates From a Single 5-V Power Supply With 1.0-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors
v Operates Up To 120 kbit/s
v Two Drivers and Two Receivers
v ±30-V Input Levels
v Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical
The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the
necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage
levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and
generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This
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greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design
and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just
provide one +5V power supply. MAX232 is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate
the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not
decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to
convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding
serial data has to be done by additional circuitry. The MAX232 and MAX232A need
external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors
built-in.
The MAX232 has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and
two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of
the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo
provided four drivers and receivers.
Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for:
v TX and RX
the second one for
v CTS and RTS.
The MAX232 contain four sections: dual charge-pump DC-DC voltage converters,
RS-232 drivers, RS-232 receivers, and receiver and transmitter enable control inputs.
The MAX220–MAX249 has two internal charge-pumps that convert +5V to ±10V
(unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses capacitor C1 to double
the +5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses capacitor C2
to invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output.
A small amount of power may be drawn from the +10V (V+) and -10V (V-)
outputs to power external circuitry
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The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded with a nominal 5kΩ
RS-232 receiver and VCC =+5V. Output swing is guaranteed to meet the EIA/TIA-232E
and V.28 specification, which calls for ±5V minimum driver output levels under worst-
case conditions. Input thresholds are both TTL and CMOS compatible. The inputs of
unused drivers can be left unconnected since 400kΩ input pull-up resistors to VCC are
built in. The pull-up resistors force the outputs of unused drivers low because all drivers
invert. The internal input pull-0up resistors typically source 12µA.
EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level greater than 3V as
logic 0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds are set at 0.8V and 2.4V, so receivers
respond to TTL level inputs as well as EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 levels. The receiver
inputs withstand an input overvoltage up to ±25V and provide input terminating resistors
with nominal 5kΩ values. The receiver input hysteresis is typically 0.5V with a
guaranteed minimum of 0.2V. This produces clear output transitions with slow-moving
input signals, even with moderate amounts of noise and ringing. The receiver propagation
delay is typically 600ns and is independent of input swing direction.
The receivers have three modes of operation: full-speed receive (normal active)‚
three-state (disabled)‚ and low-power receive (enabled receivers continue to function at
lower data rates). The receiver enables inputs control the full-speed receive and three-
state modes. The transmitters have two modes of operation: full-speed transmits (normal
active) and three-state (disabled). The transmitter enable inputs also control the shutdown
mode. The device enters shutdown mode when all transmitters are disabled. Enabled
receivers function in the low-power receive mode when in shutdown.
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THE LM35
The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output voltage
is linearly proportional to oc. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear temperature
sensor calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage
from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling low cost is assured by trimming
calibration at water level. The LM35’s Low Output impedance, linear output precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout. It can be used as single power supplier or
with I supplies. The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetric to 46 transistor
package while the LM 35C, LM35w also available in the plastic To-92 transistor package.
FEATURES :
• Calibrated directly in degree celcius.
• Linear to +10.0mu/oc scale factor.
• 0.5 oc accuracy guarantable.
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• Rated for full-0.55 oc to 150 oc range.
• Suitable for full-0.55oc to remote application.
• Low cost due to water level trimming.
• Less than 60mA current drain.
• Low self heating 0.08 oc in still air.
• Non linearity only ± ¼ oc typical.
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GPS AN OVERVIEW
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a “constellation” of 24 well-spaced satellites that
orbit the earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their
geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters for most
equipment. Accuracy can be pinpointed to within 1 meter with special military-approved
equipment .GPS equipment is widely used in science and has now become sufficiently
low-cost so that almost anyone can own a GPS receiver.
The GPS has three components namely:
1. The space segment: consisting of 24 satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of
11000 nautical miles.
2. The user segment: consisting of a receiver, which is mounted on the unit whose
location has to be determined?
3. The control segment: consists of various ground stations controlling the satellites.
The GPS is owned and operated by the U.S Department of Defense but is available for
general use around the world. Briefly, here’s how it works:
1. 21 GPS satellites and 3 spare satellites are in orbit at 10,600 miles above the earth.
The satellites are spaced so that from any point on earth, 4 satellites will be above
the horizon.
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2. Each satellite contains a computer, an atomic clock and a radio. With an
understanding of its own orbit and the clock, it continually broadcasts its changing
position and time. (Once a day, each satellite checks its own sense of time and
position with a ground station and makes any minor correction).
3. On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that “triangulates” its own
position by getting bearings from 3 or 4 satellites. The result is provided in the
form of a geographic position- Longitude and latitude, for most of the receivers,
within 100 meters.
4. If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map, the position
can be shown on the map.
5. If the 4th satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can figure out the altitude
as well as the geographic position.
6. If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed and
direction of travel and give the estimated times of arrival to specified destinations.
For a GPS receiver to function, it needs to lock onto satellite signals. Each satellite
broadcasts two signals at 1.57542GHz and 1.2276GHz, denoted as L1 and L2,
respectively. A satellite specific code, known as the course acquisition (C/A) code, is used
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to discern satellites. Correlation of the transmitted codes against local codes is needed to
locate satellites in frequency space. The 1023 bit C/A code modulates the L1 at
1.023MHz, repeating every millisecond. Accumulation of this 1000Hz data is required for
a receiver to operate.
Once the GPS receiver made the calculation, it can tell the latitude, the longitude and the
altitude of its’ current position. This doesn’t tell much to the average user. So in order to
make use of the GPS receiver more user-friendly many receivers send this data to a
program which displays a map and can show the position on it. Geographical Information
System (GIS) is a computer-based software capable of handling maps and various details
given on the map. Data generated by the GPS use spatial data referenced to the earth. In
other words this data is the coordinates of its own position expressed in latitude and
longitude. This data needs to be positioned on a map of the area for any useful analysis.
GPS is being used in science to provide data that has never been available before in the
quantity and degree of accuracy that the GPS makes possible. GPS receivers are becoming
consumer products. In addition to their outdoor use, receivers can be used in cars to relate
the driver’s location with traffic and weather information.
THE GPS UNIT:
The GPS unit contains a GPS module along with a GPS receiver antenna. The module
functions according to its built and the antenna receives the information from the GPS
satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format. This data is then
sent to the microcontroller wherein it is decoded to the required format and sent further.
GPS ANTENNA:
The AGA Series GPS antenna is a standard product for the GPS system. The circular
polarization improves reception ability. The built-in low noise amplifier with very low DC
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power consumption enhances an already high performance patch array. The antenna has
the following features:
• Low noise figure
• High gain
• Ceramic patch antenna
• Water-tight housing
• Temperature and vibration qualified
• Compact size
• Low cost
GPS MODULE:
CPIT GPS module SA3618/SA3618P (patch on top) is a high sensitivity ULTRA LOW
power consumption cost efficient, compact size; plug & play GPS module board designed
for a broad spectrum of OEM system applications.
The GPS module receiver will track up to 16 satellites at a
time while providing fast time-to-first-fix and 1Hz navigation updates. Its superior
capability meets the sensitivity & accuracy requirements of car navigation as well as other
location-based applications, such as AVL system. Handheld navigator, PDA, pocket PC,
or any battery operated navigation system.
The module communicates with application system via RS232 (TTL level) with
NMEA0183 protocol.
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Main Features:
• Built-in high performance NMEX chipset.
• Average Cold Start in 60 seconds.
• Ultra Low power consumption.( SA3618 27mA typ @ 3.3V )
• 16 channels All-in-View tracking.
• On chip 4Mb flash memory.
• TTL level serial port for GPS receiver command message Interface.
• Compact Board Size
Serial Interface
Communication to the SA3618 is provided via a serial interface. A 10-pin 1.27mm whole
connector is used. Pin 6 (Reset) is the active-low reset input. The SA3618 always requires
a reset at power-up, or it will not start properly. An optional onboard reset circuit can be
provided. A reset forces the SA3618 processor to reboot, but will not influence other
parameters such as hot or cold start. Pin 1 (GPIO [4]) and pin 10 (GPIO [0]) are spare pins
that can be used e.g. to control power modes, to indicate SA3618 status, or to force a cold
start. They can be left unconnected if desired.
I/O voltage level is set to 2.7V.
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GETTING GPS DATA:
After the GPS Module computes the positioning and other useful information, it then
transmits the data in some standard format. With differential GPS signal input the
accuracy ranges from 1 to 5 m; however, without differential input, the accuracy can be 25
m.
About 60 s after the GPS module is cold booted it begins to output a set of data (according
to the NMEA format) though port C once every second at 9600 bps, 8 data bits, one stop
bit, and no parity. NMEA GPS messages include six groups of data sets: GGA, GGL,
GSA, GSV, RMC, and VTG. We use only the most useful RMC message- Recommended
Minimum Specific GNSS Data-which contains all of the basic information required to
build a navigation system.
We only need position and time data, so the UTC position, longitude with east west
indicator, and latitude with north/south indicator are picked out from the RMC message.
All of this data will be formatted into a standard fixed length packet with some other
helpful information. Next, this data packet will be transmitted to the control center and
stored in the micro controller.
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Here’s a sample of how the GPS receiver antenna receives information from the GPS
satellite in NMEA format:
NMEA format sample:
The GPS module that we are using in this unit is SA3618 and the GPS receiving antenna
used is G-501.
SA3618 NMEA Protocol
The SA3618 software is capable of supporting the following NMEA message
Formats:
* (1): 1sec output 1msg, (3): 3sec output 1msg, 9600 baud rate (Standard output)
General NMEA Format:
The general NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format consists of an
ASCII string commencing with a. $. Character and terminating with a <CR><LF>
sequence. NMEA standard messages commence with .GP. then a 3-letter message
identifier. NemeriX specific messages commence with $PNMRX followed by a 3 digit
number. The message header is followed by a comma delimited list of fields optionally
terminated with a checksum consisting of an asterix .*. and a 2 digit hex value
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representing the checksum. There is no comma preceding the checksum field. When
present, the checksum is calculated as a bitwise exclusive of the characters between the. $.
and.*.. As an ASCII representation, the number of digits in each number will vary
depending on the number and precision, hence the record length will vary. Certain fields
may be omitted if they are not used, in which case the field position is reserved using
commas to ensure correct interpretation of subsequent fields. The tables below indicate the
maximum and minimum widths of the fields to allow for buffer size allocation.
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
GSM Modem:
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications
Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for
Its ubiquity enables international
operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.
GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a
phone system. This also facilitates the wide
communication applications
GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the
ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network
operators, who can choose equipment fro
pioneered low-cost implementation of the
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.
GSM networks operate in a number of different
most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900
bands were already allocated, the 850
rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in so
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
OF ELECTRONICS 42
GSM modem
Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from
) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world.
Its ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between
operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.
ffers from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation
phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data
communication applications into the system. The ubiquity of implementation of the
GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the
ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network
operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also
cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.
GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges. With
GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these
bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead. In
MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because
SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
IHRD, CASVDY
: originally from Groupe
systems in the world.
arrangements between mobile phone
operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.
ffers from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
second generation (2G) mobile
spread implementation of data
into the system. The ubiquity of implementation of the
GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the
ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network
m many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also
(SMS), also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.
carrier frequency ranges. With
MHz bands. Where these
MHz bands were used instead. In
me countries because
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they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe
operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an
operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-
rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots
(or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s,
and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a
maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. One of the key
features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card.
The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and
phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching
handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset
simply by changing the SIM.
GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was
designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.
Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The
development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity
Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as
mutually authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticates the
user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers
confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-
repudiation.
Initial setup AT commands: We are ready now to start working with AT commands
to setup and check the status of the GSM modem.
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44
AT Returns a "OK" to confirm that modem is working
AT+CPIN="xxxx" To enter the PIN for your SIM ( if enabled )
AT+CREG? A "0,1" reply confirms your modem is connected to GSM network
AT+CSQ Indicates the signal strength, 31.99 is maximum.
Sending SMS using AT commands: We suggest try sending a few SMS using the
Control Tool above to make sure your GSM modem can send SMS before proceeding.
Let's look at the AT commands involved
AT+CMGF=1 To format SMS as a TEXT message
AT+CSCA="+xxxxx" Set your SMS center's number. Check with your provider.
To send a SMS, the AT command to use is:
AT+CMGS
AT+CMGS="+yyyyy"<Enter> Your SMS text message here<Ctrl-Z>
The "+yyyyy" is your recipient’s mobile number. Next, we will look at receiving SMS
via AT commands.
Receiving SMS using AT commands:
The GSM modem can be configured to response in different ways when it receives a
SMS. AT+CMGF=1 To format SMS as a TEXT message
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45
AT+CMGR=’x’ <Enter> AT command to send read the received SMS from modem
AT+CMGD=’x’ <Enter> To clear the SMS receive memory location in the GSM
modem. ‘x’ denotes the position of SMS received in memory.
Redial last telephone number ATDL
Description:
This command redials the last number used in the ATD command. The last number dialed
is displayed followed by “;” for voice calls only
Syntax:
Command syntax: ATDL
Hang-Up command H
Description:
The ATH (or ATH0) command disconnects the remote user. In the case of multiple calls,
all calls are released (active, on-hold and waiting calls). The specific Wavecom ATH1
command has been appended to disconnect the current outgoing call, only in dialing or
alerting state (ie. ATH1 can be used only after the ATD command, and before its
terminal response (OK, NO CARRIER, ...). It can be useful in the case of multiple calls.
Syntax:
Command syntax: ATH
Answer a call A
Description:
When the product receives a call, it sets the RingInd signal and sends the ASCII “RING”
or “+CRING: <type>” string to the application (+CRING if the cellular result code
+CRC is enabled). Then it waits for the application to accept the call with the ATA
command.
Syntax:
Command syntax: ATA
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
Dial command D
ATD<nb> where <nb> is the destination phone number.
Please note that for an international number
set (usually 00) but does need to be replaced by the
Example: to set up a voice call to Wavecom offices from
“ATD+33146290800;”
Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.
The response to the ATD command is one of the following
THE DB9 CONNECTOR
RS232 can be found on different co
CCITT only defines a Sub
RS232C and RS232D which are resp. on a Sub
added a Sub-D 9 version which is found an
described in TIA 457.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
OF ELECTRONICS 46
the destination phone number.
international number, the local international prefix does not need to be
set (usually 00) but does need to be replaced by the ‘+’ character.
Example: to set up a voice call to Wavecom offices from another country, the AT command is:
Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.
The response to the ATD command is one of the following
THE DB9 CONNECTOR
RS232 can be found on different connectors. There are special specifications for this. The
CCITT only defines a Sub-D 25 pins version where the EIA/TIA has two versions
RS232C and RS232D which are resp. on a Sub-D25 and a RJ45. Next to this IBM has
D 9 version which is found an almost all Personal Computers and is
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, the local international prefix does not need to be
another country, the AT command is:
Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.
nnectors. There are special specifications for this. The
D 25 pins version where the EIA/TIA has two versions
D25 and a RJ45. Next to this IBM has
almost all Personal Computers and is
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
MALE
The RS-232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for
noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but
internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,
the effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this
especially true on synchronous data
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
OF ELECTRONICS 47
MALE FEMALE
232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for
noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but
internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,
effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this
especially true on synchronous data - because of the clock lines) until a point is reached
SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
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232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for
noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but
internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,
effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this
because of the clock lines) until a point is reached
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using lo
capacitance cable and shielding each pair
PIN DESCRIPTION
POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE
RECEIVER
The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver
from Polar transmitter belt. The complete
different parts; transmitter, receiver and electronics and/or display device that is
the heart rate value.
The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects
transmitting a pulse corresponding
user equipment receives the signal and generates a
operated on by the end user equipment electronics.
Following picture illustrates the structure of measurement
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OF ELECTRONICS 48
where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using lo
capacitance cable and shielding each pair
POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE
The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver wirelessly receives the heart rate signal
transmitter belt. The complete heart rate measurement system consists of three
receiver and electronics and/or display device that is
The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects the heart beat and starts
nsmitting a pulse corresponding to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end
equipment receives the signal and generates a corresponding digital pulse that is
user equipment electronics.
illustrates the structure of measurement
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where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using low
POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE
wirelessly receives the heart rate signal
system consists of three
receiver and electronics and/or display device that is outputting
the heart beat and starts
to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end
corresponding digital pulse that is
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KEY BENEFITS
• Designed to be used in constant noise environment
• Small size, easy to find a place inside end user equipment
• Working with all Polar transmitter belts
• SMD component for Pick & Place machine
• Coded and noncoded receiver
System Description
A complete heart rate measuring system consists of a Polar Transmitter worn around the
chest and Polar RMCM-01 receiver built into the end user equipment. The Polar
Transmitter detects every heartbeat through two electrodes with ECG accuracy and
transmits the heart rate information wirelessly to Polar RMCM-01 receiver with the help
of a low frequency electromagnetic field. The RMCM-01 receiver receives the
transmission, and passes a digital pulse corresponding to each heartbeat to the end user
equipment electronics. The coils in the Polar Transmitter and Polar RMCM-01 receiver
must be aligned parallel in order to gain optimum performance.
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The end user equipment contains a microprocessor that calculates current heart rate value
based on the time interval between the pulses sent by the Polar RMCM-01 receiver to the
microprocessor. This calculation contains certain amount of averaging, and other
techniques, known as an algorithm, to ensure a reliable and stable heart rate reading.
Placement of the receiver component
The following rules and advice apply to the placement of the Polar receiver components.
This verifying measurement should be performed before the release of final circuit board
• The distance from the transmitter to the receiver should not exceed 80 cm.
• The orientation of the receiver is very important. The coil axis of the receiving coil
has to be parallel with the magnetic flow created by transmitter in order to get
optimum gain for successful heart rate measuring. In normal cases this means that
the axis of the transmitting and receiving coils must to be parallel. This is also
illustrated in the following picture. Coil is placed on the edge of right hand side
along the long side of the RMCM01
• Metal casing may form a Faraday case around the receiver thus attenuating the
signal and shortening the reception range. There may also be an effect twisting the
direction of the magnetic field, thus possibly changing the rule of parallel coil axis
• Interference may be created by i.e. electric motors and their control circuitry,
multiplexed display units, switching power supplies, monitors or TV equipment
causing difficulties to heart rate measuring. Most disturbances are both directional
and distance related. An optimum location for the receiver is where the heart rate
signal is maximized and the disturbances are minimized. The best cure is to
maximize the distance between Polar receiver and the source of disturbance, and at
the same time minimize the distance between Polar Receiver and the Polar
Transmitter. Practical solutions can be discussed with Polar engineering staff. Polar
engineering also can, using special equipment, find out the nature of the
disturbance, thus helping to cope with it.
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Detailed pin descriptions of RMC01
HR – Outputs heart rate value as positive pulse on each heart beat. Startup delay 5 seconds
on coded signal, 15 seconds on non-coded signal Reset – Pulling down this pin causes the
heart rate receiver reset itself. Recommendable pull down resistor value is 1k".
OSC – Crystal terminal. This pin is used if external 32kHz crystal is used.
F32KIN – Crystal terminal or clock input. If 32kHz clock is available on the end user
board, the clock signal can be inputted on this pin. Note that signal has to be DC blocked.
OSC_ON – Connect pin to ground if external clock is used. Connect to Vcc if crystal is
used.
WIDB_DET – This pin is connected to 3V.
FPLS – Detector output. On this pin all the detected pulses are shown. No startup delays
on outputting.
LX2 – Antenna coil terminal. If range is too high, a resistor is connected between this pin
and LX1 pin.
LX1 – Antenna coil terminal. If range is too high, a resistor is connected between this pin
and LX2 pin.
GND – Power supply ground pin.
VCC – Power supply voltage pin.
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
Camera:
A camera is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs
or moving images such as videos or movies. The term
obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The
modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.
Cameras may work with the light of the
the electromagnetic spectru
an opening (aperture) at one end for
capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a
of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on
the recording surface. Most 20th century cameras used
surface, while modern ones use an electronic
aperture is often controlled by a
size aperture.
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
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is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs
or moving images such as videos or movies. The term camera comes
for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The
modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.
Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of
electromagnetic spectrum. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with
an opening (aperture) at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for
capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a lens positioned in front
s opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on
the recording surface. Most 20th century cameras used photographic film
surface, while modern ones use an electronic camera sensor. The diameter of the
often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed
Camera basic blocks
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is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs
from the camera
for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The
or with other portions of
m. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with
to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for
positioned in front
s opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on
photographic film as a recording
camera sensor. The diameter of the
diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-
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A typical still camera takes one photo each time the user presses the shutter
button. A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as
the user holds down the shutter button, or until the shutter button is pressed a second
time. There are basically two different types of cameras- analog and digital. Analog
cameras use plastic films coated with photo resistant materials while digital camera uses
CCD or some other image sensors for capturing images.
The camera's sensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens.
Single-shot capture systems use either one CCD with a Bayer filter mosaic, or three
separate image sensors (one each for the primary additive colors red, green, and blue)
which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter. The image sensor (CCD)
produces electric signals with respect to the intensity of the light falling on its surface.
These signals are then processed with Digital Signal Processors and encoded. The
encoded signals are then stored in the memory and later transferred to mass storage
devices for permanent storage.
ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small,
low –power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless
personal area networks(WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell
phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is
intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee
is targeted at radio frequency (RF) application that requires a low data rate, long battery
life, and secure networking.
The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publish the Zigbee
standard. ZigBee is a a low cost, low power, wireless mesh networking proprietary
standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
and monitoring applications, th
batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.
The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes
application profiles that allow multiple EM
Serial Communications
The XBee-PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic
asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any
logic and voltage compatible
ART Data Flow
Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF
module as shown in the figure below.
System Data Flow Diagram in a UART
distinguished with horizontal line over signal name.)
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OF ELECTRONICS 54
and monitoring applications, the low power usage allows longer life with smaller
batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.
The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes
application profiles that allow multiple EM vendors to create interoperable products
PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic
asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any
logic and voltage compatible UART; or through a level translator to any serial device
Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF
module as shown in the figure below.
System Data Flow Diagram in a UART‐interfaced environment (Low‐asser
distinguished with horizontal line over signal name.)
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longer life with smaller
batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.
The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes
vendors to create interoperable products.
PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic-level
asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any
UART; or through a level translator to any serial device
Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF
asserted signals
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Serial Data
Data enters the module UART through the DI pin (pin 3) as an asynchronous serial
signal. The signal should idle high when no data is being transmitted. Each data byte
consists of a start bit (low), 8 data bits (least significant bit first) and a stop bit (high).
FEATURES
• High performance, Low cost and low power.
• Long Range Data Integrity.
• Indoor/Urban: up to 300’ (100 m)
• Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 1 mile (1500 m)
• Transmit Power: 100 mW (20 dBm) EIRP
• Receiver Sensitivity: -100 dBmRF Data Rate: 250,000 bps.
• TX Current: 270 mA (@3.3 V)
• RX Current: 55 mA (@3.3 V)
• Power-down Current: < 10 µA
PIN DIAGRAM
PROJECT REPORT 2010
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
PIN DISCRIPTION
Description
The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output
them useful in a wide range of
thermal shut down and safe operating
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
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The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators are
PAK package and with several fixed output
them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
stable voltages and currents.
SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
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terminal positive regulators are
PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
making it essentially indestructible.
is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although
these devices can be used with external
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THE POWER SUPPLY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
The main parts of a regulated dc power supply are shown in the above block diagram.
The transformer is to step down the 230v ac into 12v ac. The rectifier section is to reduce
the ripples in the transformer output. The filter is to provide a smoother dc output. The
voltage regulator is to restrict any variation in the output voltage.
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used to transfer electric power from one circuit to another.
This is done without any change in frequency. It has two windings on an iron core,
primary and secondary windings. A step-up transformer us one which have more
secondary windings than primary, if the reverse happens it is called a step-down
transformer. Here a step-down transformer is used.
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RECTIFIER
The full wave bridge rectifier is the most frequently used one. It requires 4 diodes. Center
tapped transformer is not necessary. This rectifier is available in three distinct form- four
discrete diodes, one device inside a four terminal case and as a part of an array of diodes
in an IC.
Form factor (f) = rms value/ average value
= Irms/Idc
=0.707Im/0.636Im
F= 1.11
Ripple factor (γ) = Vrms/Vdc
= 0.482 for bridge rectifier
Efficiency (η) = Pout/Pin
=(Idc)^2.Rl/Irms(rd+Rl)= 81.2%
FILTER
The capacitor filter is mostly used. This is the simplest and chepest filter. We connect a
large value capacitor (C) in shunt with the load resistor Rl. The capacitance offers a low
resistance path to the ac components of current. To dc this is an open circuit. All the dc
current passes through the load resistor.
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VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variations and temperature
variations. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator,
amplifier, control device and overload protection, all in a single IC. Although the internal
construction, if the IC is somewhat different for discrete voltage regulator circuits the
external operation is the same. IC units provide regulated output of either positive or
negative voltages.
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
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SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
HI-TECH ‘C’ AND MPLAB – AN OVERVIEW
HI-TECH software makes industrial-strength development tools and C compilers that
help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor code. HI-TECH
PICC-18™ is a powerful C compiler for the Microchip PICmicro® PIC18 family of
microcontrollers. HI-TECH PICC-18 delivers unrivalled code density combined with
excellent reliability. Tightly tuned to the PIC18 architecture, it allows firmware
development in a fraction of the time, but with no greater use of RAM or ROM, required
for conventional assembly language programming. It is also a USER FRIENDLY
language.
HI-TECH PICC-18™ Compiler Features:
• ANSI C – full featured and portable
• Efficient – equals or betters hand-written assembler code
• Reliable – mature, field-proven technology
• Modular – includes full object code linker and library manager
• Cost-effective – productivity gains rapidly repay purchase cost
• Compatible – integrates into the MPLAB® IDE, MPLAB ICE2000 and 4000,
ICD2 and most 3rd-party development tools
• Library source – for standard libraries and sample code for various peripherals
and applications
• Complete – includes macro assembler, preprocessor and one-step driver
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MPLAB IDE – AN OVERVIEW
MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and
developing a program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for a
standard program language that is intended for programming a PC. MPLAB allows you to
write, debug, and optimize the PICmicro MCU applications for firmware product designs.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is an application that has multiple functions
for software development. MPLAB IDE an executable program that integrates a compiler,
an assembler, a project manager, an editor, a debugger, simulator, and an assortment of
other tools within one Windows application. A user developing an application should be
able to include a host of free software components for fast application development and
super- charged debugging. Write code, compile, debug and test and application without
leaving the MPLAB IDE desktop. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS
Windows, is easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast
application development and super- charged debugging.
MPLAB ICD 2 – AN OVERVIEW
Traditionally, embedded systems engineers use in-circuit emulators (ICE) to develop and
debug their designs and then programmers to transfer the code to the devices. The in-
circuit debugging logic, when implemented, is part of the actual microcontroller silicon
and provides a low-cost alternative to a more expensive ICE. In-circuit debugging offers
these benefits:
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• Low cost
• Minimum of extra hardware
• Expensive sockets or adapters are not needed
• Debugging and programming a production line board is possible.
An ICE uses custom hardware to emulate the target microcontroller. An ICD uses
hardware on the target microcontroller to do some of the functions of an ICE. An ICD also
employs software running on the target to do ICE-like functions and, as a result, relies
upon the target microcontroller for some memory space, CPU control, stack storage and
I/O pins for communication.
The MPLAB ICD 2 (In-Circuit Debugger 2) allows debugging and programming of PIC
microcontrollers using the powerful graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated
Development Environment (IDE). The MPLAB ICD 2 is connected to the design
engineer’s PC using USB or RS-232 interface and can be connected to the target via an
ICD connector.
MPLAB ICD 2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
In addition to the MPLAB ICD 2 module, the following components are required:
• MPLAB IDE software (version 6.20 or later) – Installed on the PC to
control MPLAB ICD 2.
• RS-232 or USB cable – To connect the MPLAB ICD 2 module to a COM or USB
port on the PC.
• Modular interface cable – To connect the MPLAB ICD 2 module to a demo board
or the user’s application.
• Demo board or target application – To connect the PICmicro MCU with on- board
debug capabilities to the modular interface (and the MPLAB ICD 2). Although the
serial or USB communications from the MPLAB IDE to the target via an ICD
connector.
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VISUAL BASIC 6.0
Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and
integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming
model. VB is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language,
because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage.
Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development
(RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data
Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX
controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically
similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.[2]
A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual
Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so
requires external function declarations.
VISUAL BASIC is a high level programming language which was evolved from the
earlier DOS version called BASIC. BASIC means Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code. It is a very easy programming language to learn. The codes look a lot
like English Language. Different software companies produced different version of
BASIC, such as Microsoft QBASIC, QUICKBASIC, GWBASIC, and IBM BASICA and
so on. However, it seems people only use Microsoft Visual Basic today, as it is a well
developed programming language and supporting resources are available everywhere.
Now, there are many versions of VB exist in the market, the most popular one and still
widely used by many VB programmers is none other than Visual Basic 6. We also have
VB.net, VB2005 and the latest VB2008, which is a fully object oriented programming
(OOP) language. It is more powerful than VB6 but looks more complicated to master. If
you wish to learn VB2008, click on the
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VISUAL BASIC is a VISUAL and events driven Programming Language. These are the
main divergence from the old BASIC. In BASIC, programming is done in a text-only
environment and the program is executed sequentially. In VB, programming is done in a
graphical environment. In the old BASIC, you have to write program codes for each
graphical object you wish to display it on screen, including its position and its color.
However, In VB , you just need to drag and drop any graphical object anywhere on the
form, and you can change its color any time using the properties windows.
On the other hand, because users may click on a certain object randomly, so each object
has to be programmed independently to be able to response to those actions (events).
Therefore, a VB Program is made up of many subprograms, each has its own program
codes, and each can be executed independently and at the same time each can be linked
together in one way or another.
MS ACCESS DATABASE
Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational
database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet
Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. It is a
member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and
higher editions or sold separately.
Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also
import or link directly to data stored in other Access databases, Excel, SharePoint lists,
text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase, Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data
container, including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. Software
developers and data architects can use it to develop application software, and "power
users" can use it to build simple applications[citation needed]. Like other Office
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applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications, an object-oriented
programming language that can reference a variety of objects including DAO (Data
Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual
objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA
programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows
operating system functions.
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PROGRAMPROGRAMPROGRAMPROGRAM
A microcontroller is a programmable integrated circuit. The controller itself has
built in ALU, control unit and memory. There are three different types of memories in
the controller- program memory, data memory and Random Access Memory. Controller
fetches and decodes the instruction written in the form of program keywords and
executes the functions by fetching the necessary variables from RAM and data from data
memory. Data memory is used for the permanent storage of information, while the RAM
is used for temporary registers, flags and variables.
Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since
it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers
and assemblers are used to turn high-level language and assembler language codes into a
compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the
device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be
programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable
read-only memory.
The designer can write programs in high-level, assembly or in machine language.
A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction
from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it
may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be more portable across
platforms. Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as memory access
models and management of scope.
Assembly languages are a type of low-level languages for programming
computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other (usually) integrated circuits.
They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other
constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is
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67
usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (called
mnemonics) that help the programmer remember individual instructions, registers, etc.
An assembly language family is thus specific to a certain physical (or virtual) computer
architecture.
Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed
directly by a computer's central processing unit. Machine code may be regarded as a
primitive (and cumbersome) programming language or as the lowest-level representation
of a compiled and/or assembled computer program.
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source
code written in a computer language (the source language) into another computer
language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The
most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable
program. Compiler is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a
high-level programming language to a lower level language
A utility program called an assembler is used to translate assembly language
statements into the target computer's machine code. The assembler performs a more or
less isomorphic translation (a one-to-one mapping) from mnemonic statements into
machine instructions and data.
Thus a program written in high-level language will be converted into low-level
language using compilers and then to machine language using assemblers. This machine
language program is then fused into the controller's program memory using some type of
programmers. The controller then can be implemented in an embedded circuit.
The compiler used for writing the program to be fused in the program memory of
the controller is HITECH C. HITECH C compiler itself contain an assembler. When the
program is compiled, a hex code file will be produced. This file contains the machine
language program which is to be fused into the program memory. Then using Micro Pro,
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software used to interface the PIC programmer device with the computer, the machine
language programs will be fused into the controller memory.
Algorithm:
An algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite
sequence of instructions. Each algorithm is a list of well-defined instructions for
completing a task. Starting from an initial state, the instructions describe a computation
that proceeds through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating
in a final ending state.
The algorithm tells the steps involved in functioning the task of microcontroller.
The use of algorithm helps the designer to write the program easily.
Algorithm of the program written in the controller used in ACS is as follows.
1. Initialize the controller.
2. Declare the necessary variables, flags and macros.
3. Enable interrupts and ADC.
4. Select ADC channel
5. Set the timer for 1 min to count heart beat
6. Start the counter for counting heart beat
7. Read the value from ADC for temperature measurement
8. Read the location from GPS receiver
9. Set timer for sending data in 1 min
10. Sent data to the server in each min
Using algorithm anyone can easily understand the working of the system. Another
method used to represent the flow program and the steps involved in the working of the
system is flow charts.
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Flow chart:
A flowchart is a common type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process,
showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with
arrows. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a
given problem. Data is represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent
flow / direction of flow of data. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing,
documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. A typical flowchart
from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols:
Start and end symbols: Represented as circles, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually
containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a
process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product".
Arrows: Showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow
coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to
the symbol the arrow points to.
Processing steps: Represented as rectangles (or oblongs). Examples: "Add 1 to X";
"replace identified part"; "save changes" or similar.
Input/Output: Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user;
display X.
Conditional or decision: Represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically
contain a Yes/No question or True/False test.
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FLOW CHART
NO YES
INITIALIZE CONTROLLER
DECLARE VARIABLES
ENABLE INTERRUPTS
ENABLE SERIAL COMMUNICATION
START
CONFIGURE ADC FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
PULSE= VALUE FROM TMR3L ACTUAL=PULSE
CK=CK+1
IS TEMP!= ACTUAL
A D
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NO YES
LOW BAUDRATE
A
CREN=0,h=0,t=0,rsf=0
IS h=1,t=1 & rsf=1
TRANSMIT ID
CONVERT [TEP TO CHARACTER]
TRANSMIT
CONVERT [HEART BEAT TO CHARACTER]
TRANSMIT
HB=0
GPS TRANSMIT
B
C
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HIGH BAUDRATE
B C
TEMP=ACTUAL
D
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INTERRUPT SUBROUTINE TIMER1 INTERRUPT NO YES NO YES
IS TMR1IF=1
TMR1IF=0
COUNT=COUNT+1;
TMR1IF=0;
bpm=ckt;
TMR3L=0; COUNT=0;
IS COUNT>344
ckt=0; h=1;
TMR2ON=1;
TMR2IE=1;
RETURN
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TIMER2 INTERRUPT NO YES YES NO YES
IS TMR2IF=1?
TMR2IF=0
KE=KE+1
ADC
KE=0
T=1;
AVG=SUM/15
IS KE=15?
SUM=0
TMR2IE=0
RETURN
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NO YES NO YES NO YES
Is RCIF=1?
RS[RSP]=RCREG
RS[RSP]=$
RSP=0
RS[0]=$
RCIF=0 RCIE=0
Is RS[0]=$? & RS[RSP-1]=0*0D && RS[RSP]=0*0A?
TXREG = '#'
RSF=1
RSP=RSP+1
RETURN
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SUBROUTINE YES YES
IS TRMT=1
CONVERT
unit=p%10, k=p/10
ten=k%10; hnd=p/100;
a[0]=hnd+0x30;
a[1]=ten+0x30;
a[2]=unit+0x30;
RETURN
TRANSMIT
i=0
TXREG=a[i]
IS i<=2
F
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i=i+1
RETURN
E
E F
ADC
value=((b1*5)/10) [Converting to deg centigrade]
b1= b1 LOGICALLY OR WITH b2
b2=VALUE IN ADRESL
b1=SHIFT 8 BIT OF b1 TO LEFT
b1=VALUE IN ADRESH
S=SET CHANNEL 1 USING ADCON0
b1=0, b2=0
RETURN
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HIGH_BAUDRATE
ENABLE SERIAL PORT; SELECT ASYNCHRONOUS MODE
SET HIGH BAUD RATE; SPBRG=38
ENABLES USART RECEIVE INTERRUPT
RETURN
RETURN
LOW BAUDRATE
ENABLE SERIAL PORT, SELECT ASYNCHRONOUS MODE
SET HIGH BAUD RATE; SPBRG=38
]
SET TRANSMIT ENABLE BIT
CREN=1
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NO YES NO YES
IS TRMT=1
i=0
TXREG=R_S[i]
IS i<=69
RETURN
i=i+1
GPS TRANSMIT
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SERVER NO YES YES
START
READ DATA SENT FROM SOLDIER
DISPLAY DATA
IF HB<55 OR
HB>95
EXTRACT DATA
DISPLAY HEART BEAT PROBLEM ID & NAME IN MESSAGE BOX
IF CALL IS PRESS?
CALL SOLDIER
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PROGRAM #include<htc.h>
#define _XTAL_FREQ 12000000
void adc();
void transmit();
void tmrcount();
void conv(int p);
void trans_gps();
void high_baudrate();
void gps_transmit();
void low_baudrate();
int value=0,cnt=0,ke=1,m=0,c=0,d=0,e=0,i=0,temp=0;
char a[3];
char id[11]="12345678\r\n";
char pulse=0;
char bpm=0,ckt=0;
int unit=0,ten=0,hnd=0,k=0,old=0,v=0,n=0,no=0,sum=0,avg=0,ths=0,l=0;
int COUNT=0,jk=0,actual=0,gps_stat=0;
char rcvd_str[71];
char rcvd_str_pos=0;
char rcvd_str_flag = 0;
void interrupt dis()
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if (TMR1IF) //timer module for outing the data in each Min
TMR1IF=0;
COUNT=COUNT+1;
if(COUNT>344)
TMR1IF=0;
bpm=ckt;
TMR3L=0;
COUNT=0;
ckt=0;
m=1;
TMR2IE=1;
TMR2ON=1;
if (TMR2IF)//for checking 15 adc values and finaly takes the avg
TMR2IF=0;
ke=ke+1;
adc();
sum=sum+value;
if(ke==15)
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d=c;
ke=0;
avg=sum/15;
c=avg;
sum=0;
e=1;
TMR2IE=0;
if(RCIF)
rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] = RCREG;
if (rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] == '$')
rcvd_str_pos = 0;
rcvd_str[0] = '$';
if (rcvd_str[0] == '$' && rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos-1] == 0x0D && rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] == 0x0A)
TXREG = '#';
rcvd_str_flag = 1;
RCIF=0;
RCIE=0;
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rcvd_str_pos++;
void main()
GIE=1;
PEIE=1;
BRGH=1;
SPBRG=38;
SYNC=0;
SPEN=1;
TXEN=1;
TXIF=0;
RCIE=1;
CREN=1;
T2CON=0b00000011;//for adc
T1CON=0b10110001;//for sending data to server in each min
T3CON=0b00000011;//for counting heart beat
TMR1L=0;
TMR1H=0;
TMR2IE=0;
TMR1IE=1;
TRISA4=1;
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TRISA0=1;
TRISD=0;
TRISE2=0;
TRISE0=0;
TRISC6=0;
TRISC7=1;
TRISC0=1;
ADCON0=0x00;
ADCON1=0x80;
while(1)
pulse=TMR3L;
actual=pulse;
if(temp!=actual)
ckt++;
if(m==1&&e==1&&rcvd_str_flag == 1)// the values are updated with in 1 Min
CREN=0;
e=0;
m=0;
rcvd_str_flag=0;
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low_baudrate();
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
while(!TRMT);
TXREG=id[i];
i=0;
conv(avg);
while(!TRMT);
TXREG='T';
while(!TRMT);
transmit();
conv(bpm);
while(!TRMT);
TXREG='H';
while(!TRMT);
transmit();
bpm=0;
gps_transmit();
high_baudrate();
temp=actual;
void conv(int p)//function to convert the int value to charecter
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unit=p%10;
k=p/10;
ten=k%10;
hnd=p/100;
a[0]=hnd+0x30;
a[1]=ten+0x30;
a[2]=unit+0x30;
void transmit()
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
while(!TRMT);
TXREG=a[i];
void adc()
int b1=0,b2=0;
ADCON0=0X05;//chanel 1
b1=ADRESH;
b1=b1<<8;
b2=ADRESL;//converts the 8 bit in adresl and 2 bit in adresh
b1=b1|b2;
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value=((b1*5)/10);//converting to deg centigrade
void low_baudrate()
SPEN=1;
SYNC=0;
BRGH=1;
SPBRG=78;
TXEN=1;
void high_baudrate()
SPEN=1;
SYNC=0;
BRGH=1;
SPBRG=38;
RCIE=1;
CREN=1;
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void gps_transmit()
for(i=0;i<=69;i++)
while(!TRMT);
TXREG=rcvd_str[i];
PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM
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VB PROGRAM
Dim con As New ADODB.Connection
Dim rs As New ADODB.Recordset
Dim rs1 As New ADODB.Recordset
Private Sub cboSOLDIER_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer)
If KeyAscii = 39 Then KeyAscii = 0
End Sub
Private Sub cmdCALL_Click()
MSComm1.Output = "ATD" & " "
MSComm1.Output = "" + txtContact.Text + "" & ";"
MSComm1.Output = Chr(&HD)
End Sub
Private Sub cboSOLDIER_Click()
Dim rsFill As New ADODB.Recordset
Set rsFill = Nothing
rsFill.CursorLocation = adUseClient
rsFill.Open "SELECT * FROM RECORD WHERE ID='" & Trim(cboSOLDIER.Text) & "'", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic
If Not rsFill.EOF Then
txtId.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(0)), rsFill.Fields(0), "")
txtName.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(1)), rsFill.Fields(1), "")
txtDesig.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(2)), rsFill.Fields(2), "")
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txtContact.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(3)), rsFill.Fields(3), "")
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdClear_Click()
txtId.Text = ""
txtName.Text = ""
txtDesig.Text = ""
txtContact.Text = ""
cboSOLDIER.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub cmdSave_Click()
Dim rsSave As New ADODB.Recordset
If Trim(txtId.Text) = "" Then MsgBox "Id can not be blank.", vbCritical: txtId.SetFocus: Exit Sub
Set rsSave = Nothing
rsSave.CursorLocation = adUseClient
rsSave.Open "SELECT * FROM RECORD WHERE ID='" & Trim(txtId.Text) & "'", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic
con.BeginTrans
If rsSave.EOF Then
rsSave.AddNew
rsSave!ID = Trim(txtId.Text)
End If
rsSave!Name = Trim(txtName.Text)
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rsSave!POSITION = Trim(txtDesig.Text)
rsSave!CONTACT = Trim(txtContact.Text)
rsSave.Update
con.CommitTrans
MsgBox "Record Saved Sucessfully.", vbInformation, "Jeevan"
cmdClear_Click
LoadSolider
txtId.SetFocus
End Sub
Private Sub LoadSolider()
Dim rsSoldier As New ADODB.Recordset
Set rsSoldier = Nothing
rsSoldier.CursorLocation = adUseClient
rsSoldier.Open "SELECT ID FROM RECORD ORDER BY ID", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic
cboSOLDIER.Clear
If Not rsSoldier.EOF Then
Do Until rsSoldier.EOF
cboSOLDIER.AddItem rsSoldier!ID
rsSoldier.MoveNext
Loop
End If
End Sub
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Private Sub Form_Load()
MSComm1.PortOpen = True
Set con = New ADODB.Connection
con.Provider = "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data
Source=D:\JEEVAN\JEEVAN.mdb;Persist Security Info=False"
con.Open
Set rs = New ADODB.Recordset
rs.ActiveConnection = con
rs.LockType = adLockOptimistic
rs.Open "RECORD"
Set rs1 = New ADODB.Recordset
rs1.ActiveConnection = con
rs1.LockType = adLockOptimistic
rs1.Open "LOCATION"
LoadSolider
End Sub
Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()
Dim S, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H As String
Dim POS, POS1, POS2, POS3, PO As Integer
If MSComm1.CommEvent = comEvReceive Then
txtReceive.Text = txtReceive.Text + MSComm1.Input
End If
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S = txtReceive.Text
If Len(S) >= 84 Then
txtReceive.Text = ""
G = Mid$(S, 1, 8)
txtId.Text = G
rs.MoveFirst
While Not rs.EOF
If rs.Fields(0) = Text1.Text Then
txtName.Text = rs.Fields(1)
txtDesig.Text = rs.Fields(2)
txtContact.Text = rs.Fields(3)
End If
rs.MoveNext
Wend
POS = InStr(S, "T")
D = Mid$(S, POS + 1, 3)
txtTemp.Text = D
POS1 = InStr(S, "H")
H = Mid$(S, POS1 + 1, 3)
txtHB.Text = H
If H < 65 Or H > 85 Then
POS2 = InStr(S, "GPRMC")
A = Mid$(S, POS2 + 1)
POS = InStr(A, "V")
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B = Mid$(A, POS + 2, 9)
txtLONGI.Text = B
POS1 = InStr(A, "N")
C = Mid$(A, POS1 + 2, 10)
txtLATTI.Text = C
rs1.MoveFirst
While Not rs1.EOF
If rs1.Fields(0) = B And rs1.Fields(1) = C Then
Label8.Caption = rs1.Fields(2)
End If
rs1.MoveNext
Wend
MsgBox "SOLDIER NO:" & Text1.Text & " " & "HEART BEAT:" & H
End If
End If
End Sub
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INTERFACE TO THE COMPUTER
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BASIC STEPS IN PCB MANUFACTURING
Forming a printed circuit board is essential and the most prominent step in the
formation of one electronic device. For a device to work properly the components we
planned to use should be well placed in a PCB. In this section we are explaining about
the formation of our PCB. The design of a PCB can be considered as the last step in
electronic circuit designing.
In the electronic circuit performance and reliability depends on the productivity of
PCB. Assembling and servicing ability also depends on the design. A proper PCB
ensures that various components are interconnected as per the circuit diagram. Once they
have been placed on the PCB in their proper positions and subsequently soldered PCB
design and fabrication techniques have undergone so much of development that it has
become a subject in itself. Double sided PCBs, multiplayer PCBs with plated through
holes (PTH), flexible PCBs, etc are only some of the developments. Manufacturing of
PCB involves the following steps.
1 Print and etch
2 Print, plate and etch
The single sided PCBs are usually using the print and etch method and the double-
sided plates through hole boards are made by print, plate and etch method. The
production of multiplayer boards uses both the technique
Penalization
The schematic or the artwork of this circuit applied by the customer is transformed to
working positive or negative films. The circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate
economically as many circuits as possible in a panel, which can be operated in every
sequent steps in the PCBs process. This is called penalization.
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Drilling
This is the state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with
a high speed CMC drilling machine.
Plating
The heart of the PCB manufacturing process lies in the electrolytic
plating process. The holes drilled are treated both mechanically and chemically before
depositing the copper by the electrolytic copper plating process
Etching
Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper is deposited the image
available in the form of a firm is transferred on to the outside by photo printing process.
The boards are then with copper and tin. This is called etching.
Solder mask
Since PCB design may call for very close spacing conductors, a
solder mask has to be applied on both sides of the circuit to avoid bridging of
conductors. This ink is applied by screening. This is dried, exposed to UV, developed in
a mild alkaline solution and finally treated by both UV and thermal energy.
Hot air leveling
After the above-mentioned process, the circuit pads are soldered
using hot air leveling process while removing the board from solder path, hot air blown
on both the sides of the board through air knives in the machine leaving the board
soldered and leveled.
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Fabrication of demonstration unit
1 The total circuit diagram and list of components are prepared and procurement
of the components is done.
2 The components layout and interconnection track diagram are prepared and
hole drilling as per the size of the components is done.
3 To remove the unwanted copper other than the track part the board is etched
and it is washed with plenty of water and is dried well.
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PCB layout
The PCB used for connecting the whole circuit discussed above is shown. The size
of the board is about 8x8 inches. Board is made on glass material. The advantage of
using glass for drawing the copper conduction lines is the life of board. Since the lines
are too narrow, the chance of track missing is high. While using glass as the base
material the track won’t distract easily from it.
PCB layout
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Component layout:
Component layout
Component layout is used to identify the position of components to be soldered on
the PCB.
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COMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USED
Component Name/Specification Quantity
Microcontroller PIC18F452 1
Level Converter MAX232 1
Regulator LM7805,LM317 1
Crystal 12MHz,32KHz 1
Level convertor MAX232 1
Capacitors 1000µF,1µF,0.1,22pf,0.1µF,10pF 12
Resistors 10KΩ,1KΩ,100Ω,390 Ω, 270 Ω 8
DB9 Connectors 2
Switch 1
GSM Modem MOD9001,BenQ 1
GPS receiver 1
Heart beat transmitter Polar T31 belt 1
Heart beat receiver RMCMO1 1
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FUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPE
This system can provide more safety to the soldiers by adding body temperature Sensor,
breath sensor and a pressure sensor. By using this sensors base station can monitor the
physical status of soldiers. And they can give medical instructions to soldiers to
overcome those problems. We can add a display section to this project. This help to
display a digital map which shows the position of all soldiers in the unit as they are
surround a block of buildings and launch their attacks.
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The “SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM” is an effective security and safety system
which is made by integrating the advancements in wireless and embedded technology. It
helps for a successful secret mission. This system can be used in critical conditions. The
most significance in this is implementation of M-Health. By implementing this system
we can improve the security of our country this also help to improve the safety of the
soldier. This system also helps to provide real time video information. Using this system
we can reduce casualties of war . It also helps to giving critical information’s and
warnings to the soldiers and can apply more of them to the current weak locations. This
strengthen the defense system.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
1. Design with PIC microcontrollers :- John B Peatman
2. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems :- Mazidi
Websites:
• www.ieee.org/portal/site • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless • www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/about.htm • http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp? Pun umber=7742 • www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/76507157/home • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system • www.Analog.com/EmbeddedDSPGuide • www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/EE/announce29122007 • www.gpsintegrated.com/
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