MINOR PROJECT (PART I) REPORT(Project Term August-December, 2012)

MICRO WOODEN LATHE Submitted by :Kamaldeep Sigh Rajwinder Singh Pabla ManharParmjotsingh Abhishtk Azad Registration Number :10901492 Registration Number :10901360 Registration Number :10900912 Registration Number :10900481

Project Group Number .

Under the Guidance ofFATEHPAL SINGH

Discipline of Mechanical Department Lovely Professional University, Phagwara August to December, 2012

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitledMicro Wooden Lathe is an authentic record of our own work carried out as requirements of Capstone Project (Part-I) for the award of degree of B.Tech in ____________( Programme Name ) from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, under the guidance of Fatehpal Singh, during August to December, 2012).

Project Group Number:

Name of Student 1: Registration Number: .. Name of Student 2: Registration Number: .. Name of Student 3: Registration Number: .. Name of Student 4: Registration Number: ..

(Signature of Student 1) (Signature of Student 2) (Signature of Student 3) (Signature of Student 4)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the declaration statement made by this group of students is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. The Capstone Project Proposal based on the technology / tool learnt is fit for the submission and partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of B.Tech in ______ from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. Name : .. U.ID : Designation : .

Signature of Faculty Mentor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thanks you the Almighty god, for blessing to finish thisproject successfully. Special gratitude express to supervisor/mentor Mr.FatehPal Singh for his brilliant idea, invaluable guidance, continuously encouragement andconstant support in making this project possible. His knowledge, experiences andtechnical skills always impress and open our minds to always think differently than what written in text books or lectures to solve any technical problems.

Besides that, sincere thanks to all lab mates who taught a lot to handle machines that we were going to use. Not forget also to Mechanical Lab staffs that done really good jobs monitoring and assisting in technical support during the workshop sessions.

Lastly, to all university stafffrom Mechanical Engineering Faculty, my fellow friends and who was helpingindirectly, thanks for giving me such a sincere support and assistance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS1) Introduction i) Type of wood ii) Type of tools iii) Literature Review iv) Historical Development Of Wooden Turning Lathe v) Historical Development Of Product vi) Modern Wooden Lath vii) Objective Of Project viii) Parts Of Wooden Lathe

ix) Components x) Statement Of Problems xi) Purpose Of Study. xii) Scope Of Work

2) Methodology i) Draft Designing ii) Stress Analysis Of Tailstock iii) Dimensions And Specifications iv) Calculation Of Cutting Parameters 3) Complete Work Plan With Timeline i) Gantt Chart ii) Process Chart : 4) Result And Concluion

5) References

INTRODUCTIONA wooden lathe , is a machine that spins a piece of wood at a high (or low ,depending on what you are carving) velocity. It consists a motor, tool rest, and pieces of metal to hold the wood in place. The pieces of metal used to lock the wood into place vary, depending on how it needs to be held. It can be used to smooth and shape wood. In addition to wood lathes, lathes are also available for working with metal and glass. Each of these lathes are commonly used by crafters and do-ityourselfers in order to customize and complete projects.

In order to use a wood lathe, the crafter must insert a piece of wood into a special holder called a center. This center holds the wood in place so it can be shaped using the wood lathe with a variety of handheld blades. Some wood lathes, however, are capable of holding the blade in place, so the user does not have to hold the blade. The center spins the wood rapidly as the crafter applies the blade to the surface of the wood piece.

A wood lathe can be fitted with a variety of different blades. These blades can be of different widths, angles, and shapes. The type of blade used with the wood lathe determines the way it will cut the wood. Some blades are wide with sharper angles and intended to cut large portions of wood away from the piece. Other blades are sharper or pointier, allowing detailing to be completed with the help of the wood lathe. A crafter may also use a wood lathe to assist with sandpapering the surface of the wood. Rather than holding the piece in hand and rubbing it repeatedly with a piece of sandpaper, the crafter can allow the wood lathe to spin the piece as he or she holds a piece of sandpaper against it. This makes it possible to finish sanding in a much shorter period of time and is also less physically demanding on the user. A wood lathe can be used to create a variety of objects. For crafting and general woodworking, a wood lathe can create decorative spindles to be used in the creation of table and chair legs. A wood lathe can also be used to make cue sticks, baseball bats, and any other wooden object that needs to be cylindrical and smooth in shape. A wood lathe is a machine used to form a piece of wood into a desired shape, a variety of other useful, fancy and decorative wood items. A piece of wood is attached to a spinning arm and various tools are used to shape the piece of wood as it spins. Its machine tool for holding and turning wood against a cutting tool. Its principal parts are the headstock, which holds one end of the material in a rotating spur; the tailstock, which holds the other end, the cutting tool and the power feed. It performs turning operations in which unwanted material is removed from a workpiece rotated against a cutting tool, by chip removal. A workpiece is holded and rotated under power.

Types Of WoodsAcacia wood There are about 1,300 different species of acacia trees and shrubs. A few acacia plants produce wood that can be used for furniture, ornaments, and flooring, as well as for firewood and pulpwood in the paper industry.

Sheesham wood Sheesham is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus. With its multiple products, tolerance of light frosts and long dry seasons, Sheesham is among the finest cabinet and veneer timbers

Fruit Wood Fruit wood is a hard, dense wood which is made into a variety of arts, crafts, vases, bowls and furniture. Fruit wood displays color properties unlike most other woods, it has green, brown and yellow hues.

Pine wood Pines are trees in the genus Pinus. There are about 115 species of pine. Pine trees can reach a height of up to 60-80 m. Pines are long-lived, typically reaching ages of 100-1,000 years. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly.

Tools Chisel

A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made of metal or wood with a sharp edge in it. A gouge, one type of chisel, is used, particularly in woodworking,woodturning and sculpture, to carve small pieces from the material

Types of wood working chisels

Butt chisel: short chisel with beveled sides and straight edge for creating joints. Carving chisels: used for intricate designs and sculpting; cutting edges are many; such as gouge, skew, parting, straight, paring, and V-groove.

Corner chisel: resembles a punch and has an L-shaped cutting edge. Cleans out square holes, mortises and corners with 90 degree angles.

Bevel edge chisel: can get into acute angles with its bevelled edges. Flooring chisel: cuts and lifts flooring materials for removal and repair; ideal for tongueand-groove flooring.

Framing chisel: usually used with mallet; similar to a butt chisel, except it has a longer, slightly flexible blade.

Slick: a large chisel driven by manual pressure, never struck. Mortise chisel: thick, rigid blade with straight cutting edge and deep, slightly tapered sides to make mortises and similar joints.

Paring chisel: has a long blade which is ideal for cleaning grooves and accessing tight spaces.

Skew chisel: has a 60 degree cutting angle and is used for trimming and finishing. Dovetail chisel: Made specifically for cutting dovetail joints. The difference being the thickness of the body of the chisel, as well as the angle of the edges, permitting easier access to the joint.

Chisel as a Wooden Lathe Tool

A lathe tool is a woodworking chisel designed to cut wood as it is spun on a lathe. These tools have longer handles for more leverage, needed to counteract the tendency of the tool to react to the downward force of the spinning wood being cut or carved. In addition, the angle and method of sharpening is different; a secondary bevel would not be ground on the too

LITERATURE REVIEWBasically, along with stone, mud and animal parts, wood was certainly one if the first materials worked by primitive human-beings. Indeed, the development of wood lathe machine was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in design of a wood. Thus, it was acknowledge of these facts brought about the design of wood lathe. The recent research indicates that wood turning may be about 3000years old, originating, presumably simultaneously in Great Britain, Italy and by inhabitants of Crimea. In the good old days, there was much art and much less speed than we get today. Old spindle and bowl lathes used various sources of power, but often had low end speed of 75RPM. There were treadle models and pedal models with pedals designed to work as they did on the velocipedes wood lathes. Lathes come in a variety of sizes and styles, which tends to force the beginning turner to start out specialized in some manner, though the smallest lathes are Jewelers lathes which are small enough that they may be held on one hand. Although the work piece machined on a Jewelers lathes are metal, Jewelers lathes differ from all other working lathes in that the cutting tools are hand held, not fixed to a cross slides. Lathe machine come in variety of models amongst which are bench lathes which can sit on a bench or table, CNC lathes that are controlled by a computer, vertical lathes i.e lathe with vertical axis. Also, there are some lathes that are equipped with indexing plates, profiled cutters, spiral or helical guide, etc. so as to enable ornamental turning.Thus, the machine from its inception till date have under gone series of improvement, some parts have been simplified, modified or eliminated where found not absolutely necessary, hence different models exist in the market. The wood lathe, just like other types of lathe can be used to carry out a wide range of machining operations. It saves time and does not need much skill as in the use of hand tools.

Historical Development of woodturning LatheInformation about woodturning before the 13th century AD is sparse. What information we have is derived from: 1) a single pictorial representation of a lathe from the 3rd century BC; 2) a few references to lathes and turning in Greek and Roman literature; and 3) a limited quantity of the physical remains of turned products and turned waste.

Because of the last of these we know that woodturning has been practised from at least the 6th century BC and possibly for several hundred years prior to that. Although the information on the early development of woodturning is sparse it is surprising how much it tells us when it is interpreted in the light of information from later periods. Our story will begin with the earliest known products of the lathe and then go on to consider the lathe itself. The history of turning wood can be traced back many thousands of years. The earliest machines operated on the basis of the timber stock being rotated in a reciprocal motion on primitive strap, bow and pole lathes. These simple machines are believed by many to be the first machine tools. The artisans who worked in the woods using a pole lathe came to be known as bodgers, the origins of this word is uncertain, but one firmly held belief is that it was derived from btticher an old German word for a Cooper. During the 19th Century hundreds of bodgers set up lathes in the woods around High Wycombe where they would turn legs and stretcher rails for chairs from green timber. Chair-bodgers were also to be found in many other areas of England and Wales, but were most prevalent in Buckinghamshire. The common day usage of the word bodger to describe someone who starts a job and does not complete it could be explained by the fact that the original bodgers only produced the turned parts and not the whole chair. There is no doubt that the bodgers were highly skilled, but the items they could produce were limited by their equipment. Turned wooden items have been of major importance to the development of mankind from the production of simple domestic utensils, farm implements, maritime articles e.g. pulleys for blocks & tackle, joinery such as staircase parts, furniture, musical instruments, sports equipment, measuring and drinking vessels etc. It is recorded that in 1347 the Turners were instructed by the

Mayor and Alderman of the City of London to ensure that their measuring vessels of turned wood conformed to the City standards. Further, each turner was to have his mark placed on the bottom of such measures for identification when they were examined. The first record of a mechanical continuous revolution lathe is in the form of a sketch by Leonardo da Vinci, C.1480. It depicts a treadle lathe with a crankshaft and a rather large flywheel constructed substantially from wood. There is no evidence to suggest that it was one of his many inventions, in fact it may well be his sketch of an established piece of equipment that he had seen and interested his inventive mind. This and similar machines was the predecessor of the lathes, both wood and metal that we have today. The advent of the industrial revolution, together with the explosion in the population in the towns and cities, led to the manufacture of high output machines to meet the ever increasing demand for turned wooden items. This was without doubt the beginning of main stream industrial wood turning with many companies specialising to meet the ever increasing demands of the industrial users such as the cotton spinning mills in Lancashire. It could be argued that without the mechanical wood lathe the industrial revolution could not have taken place. Wood turning was not always the domain of the artisan craftsman. In the 19th century, following the publication of Holtzapffels reference work on Turning & Mechanical Manipulation it became the principal hobby of the mechanically-minded English gentry who produced a wide range of complex ornamental turnings. The range of machines and equipment available today is wider than at any other time in the history of wood turning. Whilst the hand lathes used by turners for samples and small runs are very similar to their predecessors, the manufacturers of the modern high output machines offer many differing solutions to the method of turning, each having benefits and restrictions. It is for this reason that many of the members of the British Wood Turners Association have a range of machines. Today many of the items which were traditionally turned from wood are no longer required or are made from synthetic materials. However, the skills to produce them from wood remain strong and will continue for as long as there are those discerning people who appreciate the many practical and aesthetic properties of a turned wooden item.

Historical developments of Products The first information on the form taken by the lathe comes from the 3rd century BC but it was in use long before that. A flat wooden dish which stood on wooden legs was found in a pit grave at Mycenae dated at 1100 to 1400 BC. This dish has low side walks with a bead running around the top, which is typical of turned work. There is also a hole in the centre, which has been plugged. This suggests that it could have been turned on a mandrel held between centres in a lathe. Against this view must be set the fact that there is no sign of turned grooves on the piece.

The Mycenean Wooden Bowl Circa 1200 BC

When we move forward in time a few hundred years we find clear evidence that the Etruscans possessed well developed techniques of turning. The earliest piece from that area was found at a site known as the "Tomb of the Warrior" at Corneto. This is a fragment of a wooden bowl, dated at around 700 BC, which shows "clear evidence of rounding and polishing on its outer surface and of hollow turning..." Other Etruscan turned vessels were found on this site. The Etruscans were not the only people to use the lathe in that period. Excavations of a mound grave in Asia Minor (now Turkey) revealed two flat wooden dishes with decorative turned rims. These have been dated as from the 7th century BC. A number of turned wooden boxes and bowls from the 5th century BC have been found in the Crimea. One of these is described by Woodbury as a "double box" made in one piece with a separate cover which "shows highly sophisticated skills in turning".

The oldest complete turned artefact discovered was a bowl from about the 6th century BC that was found in the late 19th century by Julius Naue in a burial ground at Uffing in Upper Bavaria.

Modern Wooden Lathes:Pen latheSmall specialized lathe, usually limited to maximum 2" swing, ideal for pen turning.

Mini latheA good starting out lathe, fits into limited space, extension to lengthen bed is available.

Floor LatheHeavy duty lathe, bed is more rigid than lighter models, this is a machine for serious turners.

SCOPE OF PROJECTParts Of Wooden LatheThe main parts of a micro wooden lathe are:(1) Bed :- It is a base or foundation of the wooden lathe . It is made up of wood in a trough shape so that material removed from the wood can be easily collected on the bed . It hold and support the other parts of the lathe such as motor.

(2) Headstock :- The headstock is permanently fastened to the inner ways at the left hand end of the bed . It severs to support the spindle and driving arrangements. Wood lathe receives their power through the headstock , which is equipped with a motor and also in order to control the speed of the motor during operations a pedal controller is also attached to the motor. Spindle of the motor is fitted with a socket which will be used as a chuck in micro wooden lathe for holding the work piece in a proper alignment with a tailstock.

(3) Tailstock :- It is situated at the right hand end of the bed , which is provides a tailstock spindle for the purpose of supporting the right end of the work piece . In a micro wooden lathe , tailstock is fixed but only the spindle is moveable in order to support varying length of different work piece . A bolt with coned end is used as a spindle in micro wooden lathe in

which conned end act as a dead center. Movement of the bolt is controlled by the means of two nuts which keep the bolt at desired position.

(4)

Tool rest :-The tool rest is similar to a mechanical arm with a metal guide bar to support

the chisel or knife used for turning the work piece. It usually can be adjusted by sliding the length of the bed at its base, with an intermediate arm that can swing from a parallel to a perpendicular position in relation to the lathe bed, and the upper arm, which holds the actual tool rest bar.

ComponentsThe main components of a mini wooden lathe are:(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) the base, the bed and tailstock the fixed headstock Sewing machine motor Pedal

(10) Socket (11) Wooden pieces(12) Bolt (13) Tool Rest

Statement Of ProblemsThe general purpose for any project is to find solutions on a certain problems. Its also gives main idea how the project to be completed. For this project, the problems that need to be solved are:1) Any manufacturer wants to reduce cost and time taken to complete a product but gives better quality products and increases the outputs. 2) Manufacturer tends to upgrade their machines to compete with the new machine with new technology. 3) Lathe machine cutting tool can easily break and needs to enhance its tool life. The continuous quest to have the problems of man and his growing needs solved has led to the establishment of factories and other industries, which necessitates an intermediate

technology.However, simple hand tools that were in use before are no longer efficient for mass production. In the same manner, the importation of wood lathe machine, as a substitute, for these tools, likewise has failed to meet mans insatiable needs because of our unstable economy. Then, there comes the need for urgent attention to a better and locally made wood lathe machine.

Purpose Of Study.The design and fabrication of wood lathe machine aims among other things at justifying a simple way of scarping and cutting off wood at its best quantity at a minimum cost of labour, so that the financial burden of people can be reduced. The simple design and fabrication of this machine, make it viable, reliable, and easy to carry out maintenance services at minimized cost.

Scope Of WorkEssentially, the machine comprises of the frame made of metal, with the headstock fixed in position, the tail stock moves along the bed of the machine by using a bolt supported by L shaped frame which provide flexibility in order to fix workpiece of various length and cross section , and the toll rest mounted on a tool post which is fixed to bed of micro wooden lathe and tool can rest on this tool rest allow the operater to freely work on the workpiece by placing the tool on the tool rest. It is located between the head stock and the tailstock. In operations, the machine is limited to only scarping and cutting of any type of wood. Drilling operations cannot be performed on this machine.but in our micro wooden lathe we allow such arrangement such that we can drill workpiece with the help of cone ended threaded bolt by rotating the bolt from the head portion . in this micro wooden lathe we can not only perform turning operations but also can perform parting as well as knurling operations . The general scopes for this project are:1) To Do the literature reviews on lathe machine 2) To Develop Gantt chart and flow chart for this project. 3) To Design the lathe machine by using Pro-E software. 4) To Motor holder designed by using Pro-E software. 5) To Testing the lathe machine.

OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

Every works must come out with its own objectives so that its will achieves the goal successfully. For this project, the objectives are:-

1. To design a wooden lathe machine. 2. To fabricate the wooden lathe machine. 3. To test the lathe machine operates 4. To analyze the cutting tool wear and workpiece surface roughness. 5. Use available local materials in fabrication 6. Achieve a reduction in the cost of production of the machine. 7. Provide a life engine in the workshop which students could use for exhibition thereby creating awareness for, and encouragement of indigenous technology. 8. Reduce the labour cost and time spent on using hand tools for wood design. 9. Increase productivity and creativity.

The vital need for the fabrication of a wood lathe is significant in the much delay and time as well as energy wasted in using simple hand tools to carry out jobs. Moreover, the cost of importation of a lathe machine, is too high for an average user.Also, wood lathe machine will helps to reduce the cost and consequently increase the rate of production and craftsmans skill

METHODOLOGYDraft DesigningDesigning of work piece in pro e along with dimensions Total length = 100 mm (vary acc to workpiece) Diameter = 50 mm (vary acc to workpiece)

Designing of tailstock in pro e along with dimensions ( 2D & 3D)

Stress analysis of tailstock

Red = maximum stress Green = medium stress Blue =low stress

Dimensions And SpecificationsBelow are the dimensions and specifications as regards the fabricated wood lathe.

Total length of the machine Total height of the machine Width of machine bed Angle of inclination of the tail stock The electric motor RPM Frequency Power Capacity Voltage Current Diameter of motor shaft Maximum length of work Minimum length of work Diameter of workpiece

420mm

180 mm

260 mm 900

6000 rpm

50 Hz

50 w

1/12 hp 200/230 v

.32 amp 9.6 mm

115 mm 55 mm 33.4 mm

Calculation of cutting parameters Cutting SpeedWhen metal is cut, the workpiece surface is driven with respect to the tool, or the tool with respect to surface, at a relatively high rate of speed. This is called cutting speed (Cs). Mostly the tool or workpiece revolves. Almost all such machine tools are calibrated in revolutions per minute (rpm). The cutting speed is related to the rpm and thus is conveniently expressed in meter per minute (m/min).Spindle speed (rpm) is the rotational frequency of lathe machine spindle and its determined based on the type of material to be cut. Soft steel such as aluminium alloy is suitable with high spindle speed during machining. If hard steel such as bronze applied excessive spindle speed, it will cause premature tool wear, breakage, and can cause tool chatter. Using the correct spindle speed for the material and tools will affect tool life and the quality of the surface finish. Cutting speed (in Wooden lathe for turning operation) is the peripheral speed of the workpiece past the cutting tool. Mathematically ,V = DN/1000 m/min Where , V = Cutting Speed , m/min D = Diameter of the job , mm N = Spindle Speed ,r.p.m

In a Micro wooden Lathe D = 33.4 mm N = 6000 r.p.m Then we can calculate the cutting speed which is :V = ( *33.4*6000 ) /1000 v = 629.8 m/min

Factor which influence the selection of a proper cutting speed are : Material of the cutting tool Hardness and Machinability of the wood to be machined Tool Shape Depth of cut Rigidity of the tool and work

Depth Of Cut (d) The depth of cut d is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface to the uncut surface of the workpiece . For turning operation , the depth of cut is expressed as : d = ( Di Df ) / 2 mm Where , Di = Initial diameter of the workpiece , mm Df = Final diameter of the workpiece , mm

In a Micro wooden Lathe Di = 33.4 mm Df= 22.9 mm Then we can calculate the Depth of cut which is d= (33.4 22.9 ) / 2 d = 5.25 mm

Depth of cut generally depend on following factors : Type of workpiece material Type of tool material Type of surface finish required

Material Removal Rate (MRR) The material removal rate, MRR, can be defined as the volume of material removed divided by the machining time. Another way to define MRR is to imagine an "instantaneous" material removal rate as the the rate at which the cross-section area of material being removed moves through the workpiece MRR = 1000 *V * d * f In a Micro wooden Lathe V = 629.8 m/min (Calculated above) d = 5.25 mm f = 0.1 mm / revolution Then we can calculate the cutting speed which is :MRR = 1000 * 629.8 * 5.25 * 0.1 = 330645 mm^3 / min

COMPLETE WORK PLAN WITH TIMELINEGantt Chart Designing of Wooden Lathe September

Selection of material required Arrangement of required components Construction of Line diagram/Rough Sketch Construction of wooden lathe

September October October

October

Assembling all components Working test of wooden lathe

October November

Designing of workpiece. Analysis of wooden lathe

November November

Computation of cutting parameters

November

Final testing of working of wooden lathe.

November

Process chart :

Review of Literature

Designing of Project Work

Selection of Material

Selection of Tool

Procurement of Material and Tool

Sub assembly of Machine

Final Assembly of Machine

Inspection of Machine

Testing of Machine

RESULT AND CONCLUION

Cutting Speed v = 629.8 m/min

Depth Of Cut d = 5.25 mm

Material Removal Rate MRR= 330645 mm^3 / min

Normal lathe has more overhead and operating cost. And mini wooden lathe has too less overhead and operating cost . No. of operations can be performed anywhere. Handling and transportation is easy The lathe can be used in the production of wheels and making parts for many types of furniture and tableware, parts for mills and pumps, and many other important technological developments.Wood lathes cut down drastically on the time required to make carved wooden vessels and other implements. The items you can make using a wood lathe are more evenly carved and finished than would be possible by hand.It can also be use to hollow out the wood to make vessels such as cups, bowls, vases and decorative objects.

In this project report we provide an overview of the issues concerning different aspects of micro wooden lathe .The project report focus on the principle of conventional lathe , type of micro wooden lathe tooling and machining parameters and process performance measure, which include cutting speed , depth of cut ,material removal rate . different type of micro wooden lathe and tool used to fabricate the workpiece In micro wooden lathe has been presented . the presented results can help to plan the machining of workpiece expected tolerance. The following major conclusions may be drawn from the present project report. Micro wooden lathe is derived from wood turning lathe which has been a well establish industrial processes offering attractive capabilities for handling work piece of various length to be used at micro level We have presented historical development of micro wooden lathe from ancient time to modern time We have explained the various parts and components of micro wooden lathe Different type of micro wooden lathe and tool for micro wooden lathe has been discussed We have discussed the entire time line and process chart

REFERENCES http://tech2.in.com/video/wikipedia-down/352932/nZ-ezNKkXqIla6Guoe1ppeJvK7JorSXuKi5pbiqqISlh9qr/micro-woodlathe-how-to-make-itwith-a-sewing-machine-motor http://ezinearticles.com/?Using-Your-Mini-Wood-Lathe-the-Right-Way&id=4352151 http://www.worldofwoodturning.com/wood-lathes.html http://ezinearticles.com/?Best-Wood-Lathe-for-Your-Project&id=5866721 http://www.worldofwoodturning.com/sip-1200-wood-turning-lathe.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_wood_lathe_and_how_does_it_work http://www.turningtools.co.uk/history2/history-turning2.html http://www.britishwoodturners.co.uk/history%20of%20woodturning.php http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wood-lathe.html