FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

INTRODUCTION

This is an innovative machine which is an ideal equipment used to separate the

seedpods of chickpeas from its plant easily and generate power. The machine has a character

of compact structure and simple operating mechanism with good performance. The

mechanism is operated manually. This machine assemblage contains gray cast iron body,

blower, paddle, scraper and dynamo.

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Marketing channel for trading green chickpeas

Figure-1. Marketing channel of green chick peas

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VILLAGE TRADERS

NFED

FARMERS

CONSUMERS

RETAILERS

SEMI MILLERS

WHOLE SALERS

SECONDARY TRADERS

PRIMARY TRADERS

APMC

MILLERS

FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

1.1 Introduction for chickpeas

Green chickpeas (Chana) an important pulse crop in India, belong to Leguminosae Family,

and are also known as garbanzo beans. Chana is a rich source of high-quality protein. Chana

is broadly divided into two categories – Kabuli and Desi -- according to the colour, seed size

and taste. Chana or Chickpea is a major pulse crop in the Indian subcontinent and several

other countries. Chana is used as an edible seed as well as making flour.

Figure-2 Green Chickpeas Plant

Figure-3 Seedpods

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1.2 Origin

There are two commercial types of Chana, Desi and Kabuli, which are divided according to

seed size and geographic origin. The Kabuli types have a large seed and are of Mediterranean

and Middle Eastern origin. The Desi types, the main variety of India, has a smaller seed and

is of Indian origin. Desi chana accounts for about 85% of world production, while Kabuli

Chana accounts for 15% of production.

1.3 Climate requirements

As chickpea has a deep tap root which enhances its capacity to stand drought conditions, it is

usually suited to those areas having relatively cooler climatic conditions and a low level of

rainfall. It yields best when grown on sandy, loam soils having an appropiate drainage system

as this crop is sensitive to the excess water availability and a lack of such system can hamper

the yield levels. The production of chickpea or chana is also affected in excessive cold

conditions.

1.4 Seasonality in India

Chickpea is seeded in the months of September to November in India and that is why it is

comes under the category of rabi crops. In US, this crop is planted around mid April. The

maturity period of desi type chickpea is 95-105 days and of Kabuli type chickpea is 100-110

days. Harvesting of the plant is done when its leaves start drying and shedding off and can be

done directly or with the help of a harvester. In India, it is harvested in February, March and

April

Table-1 seasoning of green chickpeas plant

Nov Dec Jan Feb

Sowing Harvesting Market arrival

Table-1

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

1.5 Major Green chickpeas producing states

Green chickpeas are grown in the dry areas of the country as they are best suited for its

production. Chickpea producing states in India are: -

• Madhya Pradesh

• Uttar Pradesh

• Rajasthan

• Maharashtra

• Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh produces the major share of around 40% in the Indian production of around

6 million tons. Rajasthan 22%, Uttar Pradesh 12%, Maharashtra 10%,Andraapradesh 5% and

Karnataka 5%. Since 1990, a rise in the productivity of chickpea in India has been observed

from 614 kg per hectare to 735 kg per hectare.

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CHAPTER 2

MECHANISM

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PEDDLING MECHANISM

FIG -4 peddling mechanism

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2.1 Peddling mechanism

A pedal mechanism for device is a supported member fixed and mounted on a support plate

extending horizontally between legs of a machine table. A pedal mounting base is mounted

adjacent to the support plate, a foot operated pedal being mounted on the pedal mounting

base, the pedal transmitting an operation signal to a machine controller when the pedal is

pressed down and an articulated linkage mechanism for connecting the support member and

the pedal mounting base in such a manner that the linkage mechanism can be angularly

moved so as to move the pedal mounting base between an operating position and a non-

operating position while maintaining the base in a horizontal condition ,so that the pedal

mounting base can be placed on the support plate.

A pedal mechanism for a device is a support member fixedly mounted on a support plate

extending horizontally between legs machine table. A pedal mounting base mounted adjacent

to said support plate, a foot-operated pedal being mounted on said pedal mounting base, said

pedal transmitting an operation signal to a sewing machine controller when said pedal is

pressed down.

A pair of connecting members for connecting said support member and said pedal mounting

base, said connecting members being attached to sides of said pedal mounting base which are

perpendicular to said support plate, so as to move said pedal mounting base upward and

downward while maintaining said base in a horizontal condition, so that said pedal mounting

base can be placed on said support plate. A pedal mechanism in which said pair of connecting

members comprises a linkage mechanism.

A pedal mechanism in which when said pair of connecting members rotates said pedal

mounting base counterclockwise, said pedal mounting base is moved from a lower position

through an uppermost position continuing rotating counterclockwise and downward to a

retracted position below said uppermost position, said pedal mounting base being placed on

said support plate in said retracted position.

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

A pedal mechanism in which said pedal mounting base is angularly moved upward to be

placed on said support plate at a higher position in a path of angular movement of said pedal

mounting base.

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BALL BEARING

Fig-5 Ball bearing with housing

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2.2 Ball bearings

Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common type of bearing. They are

found in everything from inline skates to hard drives. These bearings can handle both radial

and thrust loads, and are usually found in applications where the load is relatively small.

FIG-6 Cut away view of a ball bearing

In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball, and from the ball to

the inner race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very

small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that there is not very much

contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform or squish,

ruining the bearing. The ball bearing we used is of inner dia 10mm and outer 35mm

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PULLEY

Fig-7 Pulley

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2.3.1 Types of pulley systems

FIg-8 Fixed pulley

FIG -9 Movable pulley

These are different types of pulley systems:

Fixed pulley has a fixed axle. That is, the axle is "fixed" or anchored in place. A fixed

pulley is used to change the direction of the force on a rope (called a belt). A fixed pulley

has a mechanical. The advantage of this pulley is a mechanical advantage of one means

that the force is equal on both sides of the pulley and there is no multiplication of force.

Movable pulley has a free axle. That is, the axle is "free" to move in space. A

movable pulley is used to multiply forces. A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage

that is, if one end of the rope is anchored, pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a

doubled force to the object attached to the pulley.

Compound pulley is a combination of a fixed and a movable pulley system. Block and

tackle - A block and tackle is a type of compound pulley where several pulleys are

mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical advantage. Block and tackles

usually lift objects with a mechanical advantage greater than 2.

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2.3.2 How it works

A basic equation for a pulley: In equilibrium, the force F on the pulley axle is equal and

opposite to the sum of the tensions in each line leaving the pulley, and these tensions are

equal.

 

A simple pulley system - a single movable pulley lifting weight W. The tension in each line

is W/2, yielding an advantage of 2.

 

Another simple pulley system similar to diagram 2, but in which the lifting force is redirected

downward.

 

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2.4 CENTRIFUGAL FAN

Fig-10 Centrifugal Fan

A centrifugal fan (not to be confused with blowers) is a mechanical device for moving air or

other gases with a very low increase in pressure. These fans increase the speed of air stream

with the rotating impellers. They use the kinetic energy of the impellers or the rotating blade

to increase the pressure of the air/gas stream which in turn moves them against the resistance

caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans accelerate air radially,

changing the direction (typically by 90o) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and

capable of operating over a wide range of conditions.

Centrifugal fan is a constant CFM device or a constant volume device, meaning that, at a

constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan will pump a constant volume of air rather than a constant

mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed even though mass flow rate

through the fan is not.

The centrifugal fan is one of the most widely used fans. Centrifugal fans are by far the most

prevalent type of fan used in the HVAC industry today. They are usually cheaper than axial

fans and simpler in construction. In automotive industries, fans are used for cooling internal

combustion engines. The fan derives its energy from the power generated by the engine. It is

used in transporting gas or materials and in ventilation system for buildings. They are also

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

used commonly in central heating/cooling systems. They are also well-suited

for industrial processes and air pollution control systems.

When one fan can’t afford the necessary flow and pressure, the fans must be run in series two

or more, in order to achieve the goal. The pressure of the centrifugal fan is high, so it is

widely used in the production and has high using frequency, the centrifugal fans in series are

often applied in practical production. According to the relevant statistics, fan power

consumption accounting for 12% of the total electricity consumption.

It has a fan wheel composed of a number of fan blades, or ribs, mounted around a hub. The

hub turns on a drive shaft that passes through the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of

the fan wheel, turns 90 degrees and accelerates due to centrifugal force as it flows over the

fan blades and exits the fan housing.

The centrifugal fan was invented by Russian military engineer Alexander Sablukov in 1832,

and found its usage both in the Russian light industry (such as sugar making) and abroad.

2.4.1 Principle of Working

The centrifugal fan uses the centrifugal power generated from the rotation of impellers to

increase the pressure of air/gases. When the impellers rotate, the gas near the impellers is

thrown-off from the impellers due to the centrifugal force and then moves into the fan casing.

As a result the gas pressure in the fan casing is increased. The gas is then guided to the exit

via outlet ducts. After the gas is thrown-off, the gas pressure in the middle region of the

impellers decreases. The gas from the impeller eye rushes in to normalize this pressure. This

cycle repeats and therefore the gas can be continuously transferred.

2.4.2 Difference between fans and blowers

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The property that distinguishes a centrifugal fan from a blower is the pressure ratio it can

achieve. A blower in general can produce higher pressure ratio. As per American Society of

Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the specific ratio - the ratio of the discharge pressure over the

suction pressure – is used for defining the fans and blowers.

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Table-2 Differences between fans and blowers

Equipment Pressure ratio Pressure rise

(mm Hg)

Fans Upto 1.1 1136

Blowers 1.1 to 1.2 1136-2066

FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

2.5 Dynamo

A dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power), originally another name for

anelectrical generator, generally means a generator that produces direct current with the use

of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power

for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion

devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and

the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation,

for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical

commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices

(hollow state or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small

electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub

dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation

into a pulsing direct electric current throughFaraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine

consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field,

and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of

the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal,

creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be

provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic

field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a

magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an

alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current

generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct

current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for

batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts

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mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called

"brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator

reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so

instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

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2.6 Scarper blade

Fig-11 Scraper blade with holders

The scraper blade is made of mild steel where the blade is supported with height adjustable

supporters. The function of scraper blade has a vital role in separation of green chick peas

pods from leaves etc. The green chick peas plant is placed between the scarper blade and the

clearance is adjusted accordingly to the type. The plant is dragged between the blade at the

base, and plant is scrapped of pods and leaves by the scraper.

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CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS USED AND

MATERIAL COST

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3. MATERIALS USED

MILD STEEL

ALUMINIUM SHEETS

LEATHER BELT

HARDENED STEEL(HS)

WOODEN PLANK

CAST IRON FRAME

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

3.1 MATERIAL COST

Sl,N

o

Component Material

Cost

In Rs

1 Frame Cast Iron 110

0

2 Shaft-

12.5*510mm

EN 24 80

3 scraper blade-

0.5*2*9mm

HS 100

4 Scraper holder-

25*30*250mm

MS 60

5 Leather Belt Leather 20

6 Ball bearings-ID10

OD35mm

60

7 Bearing house-

51*26(2nos)

MS 100

8 Table top-

24*360*1152mm

Wood 150

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9 Centrifugal fan MS 600

10 Pulley-32*24mm SS 60

11 Fan housing Plastic

80

12 Aluminium

channel

Aluminium 80

13 Dynamo, battery,

LED lamp and FM

radio

165

0

14 Machining cost 500

TOTAL COST 464

0

Table no - 3 Material cost

When the machine is produced on mass scale, the cost may be

reduced to 1500Rs to 2000Rs.

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CHAPTER 4

FABRICATION AND

ASSEMBLY

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Fig-12 Chickpea Pods Separator and Power Generation Machine

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Fig-13 Front view of machine

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Fig-14 Side view of machine

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Fig-15 Battery Fig-16 Radio

Fig-17 light

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Fig-18 Chickpea Pods Separator and Power Generation Machine

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FABRICATION

The fabrication of the machine involves the alignment of peddle assembly.

The peddle assembly is a combination of all simple mechanism with rotating flywheel which

plays vital role during operation process.

The whole assembly is mounted on supporting beam made up of mild steel above this there is

a wooden plank fixed to the frame.

From the supporting beam of pedaling mechanism, shaft assembly is placed laterally with the

help of bolt and nut.

The cam shaft assembly is a combination of ball bearing, cam, movable pulley aligned on

bright steel shaft precisely.

The pulley is placed right side of the ball bearing with the distance of 20 mm where it aligns

exactly with flywheel in order to have smooth flow of circular motion with the help of rubber

chord.

The wooden plank fixed above the metal frame, is attached with scraper blade with adjustable

holders.

Battery, LED lamp and radio are placed on top of the wooden plank.

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Assembly1.The frame is assembled with the help of screws.

2 Whole assemblies is placed on four wheels, this forms the frame unit.

3 Cam shaft assemblies are fixed above the fly wheel.

4 Pulley and the fly wheel is connected through leather belt

5 Scraper blade and adjustable holder are fixed to the wooden plank with the help of nuts and

bolts.

6 Centrifugal fan is attached at the middle of the shaft and dynamo is attached on the right

side.

7 Whole assemblies are fixed on a wheel.

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CHAPTER 5

OPERATION OF MACHINE

OPERATION OF MACHINE

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FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

Green chickpeas seed pod is separated using a simple mechanism with the help of scraper

blade, peddling motion and centrifugal fan.This separator machine is an innovative machine

It is an ideal equipment used to separate the seedpods of chickpeas from its plant easily. The

machine has a character of compact structure and simple operating mechanism with good

performance. The mechanism is operated manually. This separator machine assemblage

contains gray cast iron body, air blower, peddle and scraper.

Green chickpeas pods are separated by using a blade where it is placed precisely engineered

position. The plant is held the other side of the scraper and is being pulled manually resulting

the seed pod seperation from the plant .Later the separated seedpod along with foreign

materials such as dirt leaves etc are sieved by using blower which separates completely

Where the cleaned, separated seedpods collected in a container kept below the screen.

Shaft which is used to run the centrifugal fan has dynamo attached on the other side. Hence,

dynamo generates the energy which is stored in the battery. The energy from the battery is

used to light the LED bulb, play FM radio, etc.

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CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND

APPLICATIONS

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ADVANTAGES

After separating seed pod of green chickpeas from plant, the leaves, branches and

roots etc left can be used as manure which is good for farm land, otherwise it would

have gone as waste.

Value addition to produce.

The transporting cost is minimized as only packaged pods are being shipped, instead

of a whole plant.

Enhancing the annual income of farmers.

Easy to operate.

Maintenance cost is low.

Makes life comfortable with light.

User friendly and portable.

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APPLICATIONS

With the fabricated machine we can successfully separate the

seedpods of green chickpeas from its plant and generate power.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

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Conclusion

Our project “FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPERATING SEEDPODS

OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENERATION OF POWER’’ is

successfully working.

This is designed with simple mechanism.

Which is designed with very low cost and with simple mechanism.

Fabricated at a very nominal cost.

Simple operation mechanism.

Zero maintenance cost.

Manually operated without usage of other energy sources.

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CHAPTER 8

BIBILOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] www.digitalbook.com

[2]www.indianinstituteofpulsesresearch.com

[3]www.iipr.res.in

[4]www.metalmesh.com.au

[5]www.cigrjournal.org

[6]principle of farm machinery by R.A.kepner,Roy Bainer&

E.L.Berger Page 54-63

[7]Farm machines & equipments by C.P.Nakra Vol-1 Page 184

[8] Elements of agricultural Engineering Part-1&Part-2 by

Dr.O.P.Singhal& Naresh Aggarwal Page 9-25

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