project on transformers

7/24/2019 project on transformers

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Physics projecton

Transformers

Presented by :-BUSHRA NAAZXII science B


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CERTIFICATE

Jamia Girls sr. sec. schoolThis is to certify that Bushra Naaz a st!dent

of c"ass XII-sci-Bhas s!ccessf!""y co#$"eted

the research on the be"o% #entioned $ro&ect!nder the '!idance of Dr. Ehtesham-ul-Haque (S!b&ect Teacher) d!rin' the year

2015-16in $artia" f!"fi""#ent of $hysics

$ractica" e*a#ination+

Si'nat!re of e*terna" e*a#iner Si'nat!re of $hysics teacher


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Pri#ari"y I %o!"d than, od for bein' ab"e to co#$"ete this$ro&ect %ith s!ccess+ Then I %o!"d "i,e to than, #y $hysics

teacher Dr. Ehtesham-ul -Haque %hose .a"!ab"e '!idancehas been the ones that he"$ed #e $atch this $ro&ect and

#a,e it f!"" $roof s!ccess his s!''estions and his instr!ctionshas ser.ed as the #a&or contrib!tor to%ards the co#$"etionof the $ro&ect+ Then I %o!"d "i,e to than, #y $arents and

friends %ho ha.e he"$ed #e %ith their .a"!ab"e s!''estions

and '!idance has been he"$f!" in .ario!s $hases of theco#$"etion of the $ro&ect+ /ast b!t not the "east I %o!"d "i,e tothan, #y c"ass#ates %ho ha.e he"$ed #e a "ot+
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/transformer-141101075333-conversion-gate01/95/transformerclass-12-investigatory-project-3-638.jpg?cb=1414828579


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INDEX

1. erti!icate

2. "c#$o%le&'eme$t

(. I$&e)

*. "im o! the +ro,ect

5. I$tro&uctio$

6. Histor

. o$structio$

/. or#i$'. heor

10.E$er' loss i$ tra$s!ormers

11.3ses o! tra$s!ormer


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AIM OF THE PROJECT

To st!dy the +ri$ci+le4 %or#i$' a$&a++licatio$sof Transfor#ers +
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/transformer-141101075333-conversion-gate01/95/transformerclass-12-investigatory-project-5-638.jpg?cb=1414828579


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Introduction The transfor#er is a de.ice !sed for con.ertin' a "o% a"ternatin'

.o"ta'e to a hi'h a"ternatin' .o"ta'e or .ice-.ersa+ A Transfor#erbased on the Princi$"e of #!t!a" ind!ction accordin' to this $rinci$"ethe a#o!nt of #a'netic f"!* "in,ed %ith a coi" chan'in' an e+#+f isind!ced in the nei'hborin' coi"+ A transfor#er is an e"ectrica" de.ice%hich is !sed for chan'in' the A+0+ .o"ta'es+ A transfor#er is #ost

%ide"y !sed de.ice in both "o% and hi'h c!rrent circ!it+ As s!chtransfor#ers are b!i"t in an a#a1in' stren'th of si1es+ In e"ectronic#eas!re#ent and contro" circ!its transfor#er si1e #ay be so s#a""that it %ei'ht on"y a fe% tens of 'ra#s %here as in hi'h .o"ta'e $o%ercirc!its it #ay %ei'ht h!ndred of tones+ In a transfor#er thee"ectrica" ener'y transfer fro# one circ!it to another circ!it ta,es $"ace%itho!t the !se of #o.in' $arts+ A transfor#er %hich increases the.o"ta'es is ca""ed a ste$- !$ transfor#er+ A transfor#er %hichdecreases the A+0+ .o"ta'es is ca""ed a ste$-do%n transfor#er+Transfor#er is therefore an essentia" $iece of a$$arat!s both for hi'hand "o% c!rrent circ!its+


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HistoryDiscoer o! i$&uctio$

The principle of the operation of the transformer, was discoveredindependently by Michael Faraday in1831 and Joseph Henry in1832.

The relationship between MF and ma!netic fl"# is an e$"ation now%nown as Faraday&s law of ind"ction'

The first type of transformer to see wide "se was the ind"ction coil,

invented by (ev . )icholas *allanofMaynooth *olle!e, +reland in

183.

+nd"ction coils evolved from scientists& and inventors& efforts to !ethi!her volta!es from batteries. -ince batteries prod"cedirect c"rrent /*0rather than *, ind"ction coils relied "pon

vibratin! electrical contactsthat re!"larly interr"pted the c"rrent in

the primary to create the fl"# chan!es necessary for ind"ction.

I$&uctio$ coils
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coil


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irst alter$ati$' curre$t tra$s!ormers

By the2345s efficient 'enerators$rod!cin' a"ternatin' c!rrent (A0)%ere

a.ai"ab"e and it %as fo!nd A0 co!"d $o%er an ind!ction coi" direct"y %itho!t aninterr!$ter+/!cien a!"ard and 6ohn 7i*on ibbs first e*hibited a de.ice %ith an o$en iron

core ca""ed a 8secondary 'enerator8 in /ondon in 2339 then so"d the idea to theestin'ho!seco#$any in the United States+ They a"so e*hibited the in.ention inT!rin Ita"y in233; %here it %as ado$ted for an e"ectric "i'htin' syste#+Ho%e.er

the efficiency of their o$en-core bi$o"ar a$$arat!s re#ained .ery "o%+

Transfor#ers today are desi'ned on the $rinci$"es disco.ered by thethree en'ineers+ They a"so $o$!"ari1ed the %ord 8transfor#er8 to describea de.ice for a"terin' the of an e"ectric c!rrenta"tho!'h the ter# hada"ready been in !se by 2339+ In 233? the ZB7 (@ro"y Zi$erno%s,y

ttC B"thyand =i,sa 7Dri) en'ineers desi'ned and the an1 factorys!$$"ied e"ectrica" eE!i$#ent for the %or"d8s first $o%er stationthat !sedA0 'enerators to $o%er a $ara""e" connected co##on e"ectrica" net%or,the stea#-$o%ered Ro#e- 0erchi $o%er $"ant+
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gaulardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Bl%C3%A1thyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Bl%C3%A1thyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksa_D%C3%A9rihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksa_D%C3%A9rihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Bl%C3%A1thyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gaulardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator


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Construction A transfor#er essentia""y consist of t%o coi"s of ins!"ated co$$er %ire

ha.in' different n!#ber of t!rns and %o!nd on the sa#e soft ironcore +

The coi" to %hich the e"ectric ener'y is s!$$"ied is ca""ed the+rimarand the coi" fro# %hich ener'y is dra%n or o!t$!t is obtained is

ca""ed the seco$&ar. To $re.ent ener'y "osses d!e to eddy c!rrents a "a#inated core is

!sed beca!se of hi'h $er#eabi"ity of soft iron the entire #a'neticf"!* d!e to the c!rrent in the $ri#ary coi" $ractica""y re#ains in theiron core and hence $asses f!""y thro!'h the secondary +this a"so

$re.ents the stray c!rrents bein' 'enerated in the cond!ctors "yin'aro!nd and the conseE!ent $o%er "oss +


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T%o ty$es of arran'e#ents are 'enera""y !sed for %indin'of $ri#ary and secondary coi"s in transfor#ers :-

ore t+e7- In the core ty$e transfor#ers the

$ri#ary and secondary coi"s are%o!nd on se$arate "i#bs of thecore so that the core is "ar'e"y

s!rro!nded by the coi"s + 8hell t+e7- In the she"" ty$e transfor#ers the

$ri#ary and secondary coi"s are%o!nd one o.er another on the

sa#e "i#b of the iron core + Thecoi"s are .ery "ar'e"y s!rro!ndedby the iron core +


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Working As the a"ternatin' c!rrent f"o%s thro!'h the $ri#ary it 'enerates an

a"ternatin' #a'netic f"!* in the core %hich a"so $asses thro!'h thesecondary+

This chan'e in f"!* sets !$ an ind!ced e#f in the secondary a"so ase"f Find!ced e#f in the $ri#ary +If there is no "ea,a'e of #a'neticf"!* then f"!* "in,ed %ith each t!rn of the $ri#ary %i"" be eE!a" to

that "in,ed %ith each of the secondary+


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Theory 0onsider the sit!ation %hen no "oad is connected to the

secondary i.e., its ter#ina"s are o$en+ /et N$and Ns be the n!#ber of t!rns in the $ri#ary and

secondary res$ecti.e"y + Then +nd"ced emf in the primary coil'

+nd"ced emf in the secondary coil'here ,

The ratio of N$GNs of the n!#ber of t!rns in the secondaryto that in the $ri#ary is ca""ed the t!rns ratio of thetransfor#er + It is a"so ca""ed tra$s!ormatio$ ratio+


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I$ a ste+ u+ tra$s!ormer NsN$ i+e+ the t!rns ratio is 'reaterthan 2 and therefore s $ + The o!t$!t .o"ta'e is 'reater than thein$!t .o"ta'e+

I$ ste+ &o%$ tra$s!ormer NsJN$ i+e+ the t!rns ratiois "ess than 2 and therefore sJ$ +The o!t$!t .o"ta'e is"ess than the in$!t .o"ta'e+

urre$ts i$ +rimar a$& seco$&ar

Ass!#in' the transfor#er to be idea" one so that there areno ener'y "osses then In$!t $o%er K !t$!t $o%er or$I$K sIshere I$and Isare $ri#ary and secondary res$ecti.e"y+

Hence I+9Is: ;s9;+: Ns9N+

Th!s a ste$ !$ transfor#er ste$s !$ the .o"ta'e b!t ste$sdo%n the c!rrent e*act"y I the sa#e ratio+ si#i"ar"y a ste$do%n transfor#er ste$s do%n the .o"ta'e b!t ste$s !$ thec!rrent e*act"y in the sa#e ratio+


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E$er' loses i$ tra$s!ormers The #ain ca!ses for ener'y "oss in the transfor#ers are as

fo""o%s:- o++er loss:- So#e ener'y is "oss d!e to heatin' of

co$$er %ires !sed in $ri#ary and secondary %indin's +This $o%er "oss can be #ini#i1ed by !sin' thic, co$$er%ire of "o% resistance+

Hsteresis loss :- The a"ternatin' c!rrent carries the ironcore thro!'h cyc"es of #a'neti1ation and de#a'neti1ation+or, done in each of these cyc"es is "ost as heat+ this isca""ed hysteresis "oss+ and can be #ini#i1ed by !sin' core#ateria" ha.in' narro% hysteresis "oo$+


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lu) lea#a'e7-The f"!* $rod!ced by the $ri#ary coi" #aynot be a"" "in,ed to the secondary coi" if the desi'n of thecore is bad+

E&& curre$ts7-The chan'in' #a'netic fie"d not on"yind!ces c!rrents in the secondary coi" b!t a"so c!rrents inthe iron core itse"f+ These c!rrents f"o% in "itt"e circ"es inthe iron core and are ca""ed eddy c!rrents+ The eddyc!rrents ca!se heat "oss+ The heat "oss ho%e.er can be

red!ced by ha.in' the core "a#inated+


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USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transfor#er is !sed in a"#ost a"" a+c+ o$erations In.o"ta'e re'!"ator for T++ refri'erator co#$!ter airconditioner etc+ In the ind!ction f!rnaces+ A ste$ do%ntransfor#er is !sed for %e"din' $!r$oses+ A ste$ do%n

transfor#er is !sed for obtainin' "ar'e c!rrent+ A ste$!$ transfor#er is !sed for the $rod!ction of X-Rays andN


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Bibliography

%%%+%i,i$edia+co#%%%+s"ideshare+co#

S+/+AroraNcert te*tboo, reference
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.slideshare.com/http://www.slideshare.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/

Documents

project on transformers