project on body language

8/14/2019 project on body language

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Bod y

Language

3/14/2010



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Table of Content

Introduction...........................................................4-6

Body Language signals..........................................6-7

Communication with body language......................7-8

Non verbal communication.....................................9-19

Improve body language.........................................20-23

The body language advantage...............................24-27.

Bad body language................................................27-28

Case study ............................................................29-34

Case study............................................................35-44

10.Important interview information.........................44-45

11. Body language can speek volume during interview..........45-47

12.How to sign...............................................................

13. Conclusion .........................................................

14.Bibliography ...........................................................



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Picture Contents

1. Non verbal communication………………………………………………………05

2. Eye contact………………………………………………………………………………06

3. Verbal &Oral communication………………………………………………..….09

4. Arbitrariness,clothing &bodily characteristics……………………………..10

5. Proxemics, chrnemics……………………………………………………………….11

6. Kinesics,Posture……………………………………………………………………....12

7. Gesture………………………………………………………………………………….. 13

8. Haptics,Eye gage……………………………………………………………………….14

9. Paralanguage……………………………………………………………………………..15

10.Dance & Non verbal communication……………………………………………18

11.Body gesture……………………………………………………………………………..30

12.Legs…………………………………………………………………………………………..31

13.Facial expression………………………………………………………………………..32

14.Open and closed…………………………………………………………………………36

15.Mirror………………………………………………………………………………………37

16.Lower drink………………………………………………………………………………39

17.Tuches herself, plam Flash………………………………………………………….40

18.Cross and uncross legs………………………………………………………………...41

19. Coming from same place…………………………………………………………..43-44

20.Signs of body language



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INTRODUCTION



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Body language is a powerful source of information about human emotions and

intentions. In daily encounters between people, it constitutes a very important non-verbal

means of communication and triggers immediate responses in us and in the observer, whichare automatic and often out of our control. Despite its importance, there has been little

scientific research to support the intuitive feeling that emotional body language (EBL) is perceived and understood effortlessly.

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication ,

consisting of body pose, gestures, and eye movements. Humans

send and interpret such signals unconsciously.

It is often said that human communication consists of 93% body

language and paralinguistic cues , while only 7% of

communication consists of words themselves.

Body language plays a huge part in one’s pursuit to create an illustrious personal brand, yet

it’s that one tool that so many of us seem to overlook in our pursuit to impress others. In

business, it’s as much about how you portray yourself when communicating as it is about themessage you are trying to relay. Body language is most certainly a communication device

that does convey a message, and it plays a significant role in first impressions. What’s more,because words are not actually spoken, the message you are silently delivering can be

interpreted in many ways, leaving it up to the receiver to decipher and perceive as they sochose. Just think about how dangerous it would be if an entire business meeting wasconducted using body language alone. I bet you’d make a real conscious effort to ensure

yours was perfectly controlled to ensure as positive an impact as possible. You need toimagine every meeting without verbal dialogue and practice your body language until your

unspoken communication is as fluid as your spoken. So what factors play a role in body

language?Well, a combination of several, including facial expressions, eye contact, mannerisms,posture

and body movement. It’s a fact that people react favourably based on the “feeling” they get from omeone, so it’s essential to positively influence those senses to improve your chances of

success. On that note, it’s also paramount to respect one’s personal space. There’s nothing

worse than having someone infringe upon your personal space, or “bubble” as we often call it. It’s uncomfortable, disrespectful and a bad gauge of someone’s comfort zone. Something

as common as a handshake, for instance, can provide clues about one’s personality. Aggressive people have firm handshakes while people with low self-esteem often have a limp

handshake. Domineering men often squeeze the hand of women

during a greeting, and interestingly, clever women move their index and baby finger in toward their palm, preventing a crushing handshake. This is proven to negate the

dominant act while keeping her in equal control. You have to remember that by the time people end up in high-ranking positions, they have pretty much honed their skills for

“reading people” in the first 10 seconds.And in those 10 seconds they can ? and will ? form

an opinion or impression of you

that will most likely last the test of time. Psychologists claim that 45% of our verbal skills impact one’s impression while body language accounts for 55% of that measurement.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_communication



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In summary, how your body says something is just as, if not more than, important as what you are actually saying. Want to practice your body language? Look in the mirror or

videotape yourself

and watch how you appear when speaking on the phone or talking with someone else.Try and almost rehearse how you want to look at all times. Too many people fail to recognize

and use body language, and yet it’s one of the most important tools that you actually havecontrol over in your personal branding arsenal. Make sure you are armed and ready to win

each battle by sending out the

right signals.

BODY LANGUAGE SIGNALS

Body language says a lot about a person at work, at home, in relationships, friendships or

just talking or watching people in general. Your body sends out signals or messages to

someone without you having to say a word. You could be talking to someone and your body

language will convey something else entirely. In a business setting, your boss, your co-

workers, other people coming and going can all see what you may or may not be saying to someone, whether you use words or not. Observing people is a great way to learn about body

language communication and how you talk to people.

1. E YE CONTACT is very important in body language

communication. Make eye and try not to stare. When you look at another person and make eye contact occasionally you show

an interest in that person and in what he or she is saying.Staring could mean aggression and recommended often, unless

you are interested in someone.

2. F ACIAL EXPRESS is another form of body language communication. Smile and laugh. A

smile sends a positive message. Smiling adds warmth and confidence about you. The positionof holding you head straight, however, is not the same thing as holding your head on straight,

will make you appear self-assured and authoritative. People will take you seriously and takenotice. Tilt your head to one side if you want to come across as a friendly and open person.

Nodding your head occasionally affirms that you are indeed interested in what the other

person is saying.

3. Your arms and legs talk volumes in communicating body language. How you use your

arms can help or hurt your image as well. Arms crossed or folded over your chest say that

you have shut other people out and have no interest in them or what they are saying. Placing your arms at your side can make you look and feel confident and relaxed to other people

around you.

4. Expressing leg movements indicate body language. Excess leg movements indicate

nervousness. How you cross them tells other people how you feel. The best professional sitting position is to have your legs crossed at your ankles or both feet on the floor when you

http://blogjobs.biz/jobs/2008/01/body-signals-everywhere/







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are sitting down. Standing too close to someone’s space can indicate aggressiveness or unapproachable. Everyone has a different space and if someone backs away from you then

you know you were too close to that person and try and remember not to step that close if you

talk to that person again.

By improving your body language communication, you can make a big difference in people skills, attractiveness and in your overall general mood. Remember to be aware of your bodylanguage and that what you are saying to others is the same message. Make sure it is the

right message you want to send.

COMMUNICATING WITH BODY LANGUAGE

All speakers feel a little nervous, at least when starting a presentation. That is quite natural.

As the speaker, you are the centre of attention and you know that everybody is looking at you.

What you need to communicate is a feeling of confidence and relaxation. Your body can help

you to do this. The clothes you wear, the way you stand or walk, your facial expressions, your

hand and arm movements - these are the language of your body, your body language.

Body language communicates at least as much as words. Even when you are not speaking,

even before you start speaking, your body is communicating to your audience.

Actors use body language very effectively. They cannot act without body language. Every

time you watch a film on television or in the cinema, you are watching actors using body

language to convey a particular character, an emotion, a feeling, a situation.

SO LOOK ON BODY LANGUAGE AS A POSITIVE, POWERFUL TOOL TO HELP YOU IN YOUR MISSION.

1. First of all, your appearance (clothes, hair etc)! It is essential that you dressappropriately and have well-groomed hair. Your audience will be distracted if your

clothes are sloppy or flashy.

2. Smile! When you enter, or as you are being introduced, smile warmly. Not too much!

It should be a warm and sincere smile. You may feel nervous at this time. But this is

when the audience is assessing and analysing you. So stand erect and remain calm.

3. Do not lean on the podium or table. Leaning on a support suggests to your audience

that you are weak or nervous.



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4. Continue to smile slightly at the beginning of your presentation. Then become gradually a little more serious as you tell your audience what you are going to talk

about.

5. Do not point your finger at the audience. This can seem very aggressive. If you want to use your hands, show your open palms with your hands spread wide. This is

generally an appealing, positive gesture.

6. Use occasional arm movements to underline important points. If you wave your arms

around all the time, you will simply distract your audience. You will not communicate your real message. But the occasional arm movement can be useful in stressing

something important.

7. Look at your audience. Maintain eye contact. Make eye contact with every person inthe room. Do not look only at one person. Look at each person individually, as though

you are talking to that person as an individual. Would you buy a car from a car salesman who refused to look at you when talking to you?

8. Do not walk around too much. It may make you feel better to walk up and down like alion in a cage, but it is distracting for your audience. However, you can certainly

walk a little, change your position occasionally, perhaps to make an important point or just to add variety to your presentation.

9. Use your head! Movements of your head and expressions of your face can add weight

to what your words are saying. When making a negative point, you can shake your head from side to side. When making a positive point, you can nod your head up and

down. You can raise your eyebrows, for example, or remove your glasses for special

effect or to underline a point.

10.Control your voice! Speak slowly and clearly. To underline a special point, go evenmore slowly. Repeat a sentence if it is important. That's right. Repeat a sentence if it

is important. You can also say the same thing again in a different way. Let your voice go up and down in volume (speak loudly, then quietly). And - sometimes - you can just stop speaking completely. Say nothing for a short time. A silent pause is a very

powerful way of communicating.

Verbal vs oral communication

Scholars in this field usually use a strict sense of the term “verbal“, meaning “of

or concerned with words,” and do not use “verbal communication” as a synonym for oral or spoken communication. Thus, vocal sounds that are not



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considered to be words, such as a grunt, or singing a wordless note , are nonverbal. Sign

languages and writing are generally understood as forms of verbal communication, as both

make use of words — although like speech, both may contain paralinguistic elements and

often occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel — sight , sound , smell , touch or taste . NVC is important as:

“When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgement includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and

nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves;

rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal.”

History

The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwin's book TheExpression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). He argued that all mammals showemotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fields, including ,linguistics , semiotics and social psychology .

Arbitrariness

While much nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary

symbols, which differ from culture to culture, a large proportion is

also to some extent iconic and may be universally understood. Paul Ekman's influential 1960s studies of facial expression

determined that expressions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness

and surprise are universal.

Clothing and bodily characteristics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ekman

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ekman



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Uniforms have both a functional and a communicative purpose. This man's clothes identify

him as male and a police officer; his badges and shoulder sleeve insignia give information

about his job and rank.

Elements such as physique, height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, odors, and clothing send nonverbal messages during

interaction.

For example:-A study, carried out in Vienna , Austria , of theclothing worn by women attending discotheques showed that

in certain groups of women (especially women which were intown without their partners) motivation for sex, and levels of

sexual hormones, were correlated with aspects of the

clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed, and the presence of sheer clothing, e.g. at the arms. Thus, to some

degree, clothing sent signals about interest in courtship.

Research into height has generally found that taller peopleare perceived as being more impressive. Melamed &

Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was

promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller,

for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking.

Physical environment

Environmental factors such as furniture , architectural style, interior decorating , lighting conditions, colors, temperature, noise, and music affect the behavior of communicators

during interaction. The furniture itself can be seen as a nonverbal message.

Proxemics

Proxemics is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The

space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is

interpreted.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_patch


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_decorating

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police



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The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures and different settings

within cultures. Space in nonverbal

communication may be divided into four maincategories: intimate, social, personal, and public

space.(Scott Mclean, 1969) The distance betweencommunicators will also depend on sex, status,

and social role.

Proxemics was first developed by Edward T. Hall during the 1950s and 60s. Hall's studies were

inspired by earlier studies of how animalsdemonstrate territoriality. The term territoriality

is still used in the study of proxemics to explain

human behavior regarding personal space.

Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of the use of time innonverbal communication. The way we perceive

time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage

for communication. Time perceptions include

punctuality and willingness to wait, the speed of speech and how long people are willing to listen. The

timing and frequency of an action as well as thetempo and rhythm of communications within an

interaction contributes to the interpretation of

nonverbal messages. Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey(1988) identified 2 dominant time patterns.

Kinesics

Information about the relationship and affect of these two

skaters is communicated by their body posture, eye gaze andphysical contact.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_T._Hall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoriality


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronemics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuality

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_position

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contact



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_T._Hall


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuality

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Kinesics is the study of body movements to judge inner state of emotions expressed thro’

different parts of the body.

Posture

Posture can be used to determine a participant’s degree of

attention or involvement, the difference in status between

communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for theother communicator. Studies investigating the impact of

posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror-image congruent postures, where one person’s left side is

parallel to the other’s right side, leads to favorable

perception of communicators and positive speech; a person

who displays a forward lean or a decrease in a backwardslean also signify positive sentiment during communication.

Posture is understood through such indicators as direction of

lean, body orientation, arm position, and body openness.

Gesture

A gesture is a non-vocal bodily movement intended to expressmeaning. They may be articulated with the hands, arms or

body, and also include movements of the head, face and eyes, such as winking , nodding, or rolling ones' eyes. The boundary


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wink



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal





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between language and gesture, or verbal and nonverbal communication, can be hard toidentify.

Gestures can also be categorised as either speech-independent or speech-related. Speech-

independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a

direct verbal translation.

A wave hello or a peace sign are examples of speech-

independent gestures. Speech related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech; this form of nonverbal

communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated. Speech related gestures are intended to provide

supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing

to an object of discussion.

Gestures such as Mudra (Sanskrit) encode sophisticated

information accessible to initiates that are privy to the subtletyof elements encoded in their tradition.

Hand gestures, i.e., gestures performed by one or two hands , is the most numerous category

of gestures due to the ability of the human hand to acquire a huge number of clearlydiscernible configurations, the fact of importance for the sign languages .

Haptics

A high five is an example of communicative touch.

Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication.

Touches that can be defined as communication include handshakes ,holding hands, kissing ( cheek , l ips , hand ), back slapping , high fives ,

a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may

include licking, picking, holding, and scratching . These behaviorsare referred to as "adaptor" and may send messages that reveal the


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_five

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake




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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake




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intentions or feelings of a communicator. The meaning conveyed from touch is highlydependent upon the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the

manner of touch.

Humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of non-verbal actions known

as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are: smiling, touching,open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are known to behigh contact cultures.

Eye gaze

The study of the role of eyes in nonverbal

communication is sometimes referred to as"oculesics". Eye contact can indicate interest,

attention, and involvement . Gaze comprisesthe actions of looking while talking, looking

while listening, amount of gaze, and frequency

of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation,

and blink rate.

Paralanguage

Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice.

Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody , can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.

The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification system which consists of the voice

set, voice qualities, and vocalization.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Trager



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The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.

The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo,

rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and

accent. They give each individual a unique "voice print"

Vocalization consists of three subsections:

characterizers, qualifiers and segregates.

Characterizers are emotions expressed while

speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning.

A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a

message

F or example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as opposed to whispering "Hey stop that".

Vocal segregates such as "uh-huh" notify the speaker that the listener is listening.

Functions of nonverbal communication

Argyle (1970) put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language isnormally used for communicating information about events external to thespeakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonalrelationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudestowards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoidembarrassing situations Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functionsof nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:

• Express emotions

• Express interpersonal attitudes

• To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and

listeners• Self-presentation of one’s personality

• Rituals (greetings)

Concealing deception

Nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed. This is the

conclusion of a study where people watched made-up interviews of persons accused

of having stolen a wallet. The interviewees lied in about 50 % of the cases. People hadaccess to either written transcripts of the interviews, or audio tape recordings, or video



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recordings. The more clues that were available to those watching, the larger was the

trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful. That is, people

that are clever at lying can use voice tone and face expression to give the impression

that they are truthful.

The relation between verbal and nonverbal

communication

An interesting question is: When two people are communicating face-to-face, how much of

the meaning is communicated verbally, and how much is communicated non-verbally? Thiswas investigated by Albert Mehrabian and reported in two papers. The latter paper concluded: "It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal, vocal, and facial

attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects - with coefficients

of .07, .38, and .55, respectively." This "rule" that clues from spoken words, from the voice

tone, and from the facial expression, contribute 7 %, 38 %, and 55 % respectively to the total

meaning, is widely cited. It is presented on all types of popular courses with statements like"scientists have found out that . ". In reality, however, it is extremely weakly founded. First, it

is based on the judgment of the meaning of single taperecorded words, i.e. a very artificial context. Second, the figures are obtained by combining results from two different studies

which maybe cannot be combined. Third, it relates only to the communication of positive

versus negative emotions. Fourth, it relates only to women, as men did not participate in the study.

Since then, other studies have analysed the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal signals under more naturalistic situations. Argyle , using video tapes shown to the subjects,

analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude and found that non-verbal cues

had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posturecommunicated superior status in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et

al. had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spokenwith minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face

expressions seen in a film without sound. Thus, the relative importance of spoken words and facial expressions may be very different in studies using different set-ups.

Interaction of verbal and nonverbal

communication

When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways:

repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mehrabian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mehrabian



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Conflicting

Verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously

fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the

interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration. When mixed messages occur, nonverbal

communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information toclarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when

people perceive mixed messages during interactions.

Complementing

Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal

messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals;messages have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the

verbal exchange.

Substituting

Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message.

People learn to identify facial expressions, body movements, and body positioning ascorresponding with specific feelings and intentions. Nonverbal signals can be used without

verbal communication to convey messages; when nonverbal behavior does not effectivelycommunicate a message, verbal methods are used to enhance understanding.

Regulating

Nonverbal behavior also regulates our conversations. For example, touching someone's arm

can signal that you want to talk next or interrupt

Accenting/Moderating

Nonverbal signals are used to alter the interpretation of verbal messages. Touch, voice pitch,

and gestures are some of the tools people use to accent or amplify the message that is sent;

nonverbal behavior can also be used to moderate or tone down aspects of verbal messages aswell.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_communication



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For example, a person who is verbally expressing anger may accent the verbal message by shaking a fist.

Dance and nonverbal communication

Dance is a form of nonverbal communication that requires the same

underlying faculty in the brain for conceptualization, creativity and memory as does verbal language in speaking and writing. Means of self-

expression, both forms have vocabulary (steps and gestures in dance), grammar (rules for putting the vocabulary together) and meaning.

Dance, however, assembles (choreographs) these elements in a manner

that more often resembles poetry, with its ambiguity and multiple, symbolic and elusive meanings.

Clinical studies of nonverbal communication

From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar

paradigm..Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio StateUniversity had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of

this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. This technique was

developed by and the studies directed by psychologist, Dr. Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts

and phencyclidine abusers

was contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Menwith major depression manifested signicantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when

compared with euthymic men.

Obese women and women with premenstrual syndrome were found to also possessdiminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder

possessed increased abilities.[33]. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial

expression was found unable to transmit any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever.Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity, the members of the

research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for receptionof nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the

neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed.

A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/ Ohio State team was an investigation of therole of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of

adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of

any subgroup. Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had beenraped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment

in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders These results weretroubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of

these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level,diminished.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-32



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The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northest Ohio Medical College were

invited to serve as subjects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family

practice, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons, radiologists, or

pathologists. Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near themean.

Difficulties with nonverbal communication

People vary in their ability to send and receive nonverbal communication. Thus, on average,

to a moderate degree, women are better at nonverbal communication than men are.

Measurements of the ability to communicate nonverbally and the capacity to feel empathyhave shown that the two abilities are independent of each other .

For people who have relatively large difficulties with nonverbal communication,this can pose significant challenges, especially in interpersonal relationships.

There exist resources that are tailored specifically to these people, whichattempt to assist those in understanding information which comes more easily toothers. A specific group of persons that face these challenges are those withautism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome.

IMPROVE BODY LANGUAGE

A proper body language is very much necessary for every sort of communication. It must be

remembered that no oral communication is complete without body language;

in fact it compliments the oral communication process. If a person doesn’t shows facial expression, doesn’t makes proper gestures and sit firmly without any slight movements while

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome



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talking then he/she will look like a robot.Not only this but

bodylanguage works a lot in bringing out the personality and attitude of a person and also

expresses the type of person he/she is. If your body language is rough and harsh then here are

some tips to improve your body languagesome common interpretations of body language and often more effective ways to communicate with your body.

First, to change your body language you must be aware of your body language. Notice how you sit, how you stand, how you use you hands and legs, what you do while talking to

someone.

You might want to practice in front of a mirror. Yeah, it might seem silly but no one is

watching you. This will give you good feedback on how you look to other people and give you

an opportunity to practise a bit before going out into the world.

Another tip is to close your eyes and visualize how you would stand and sit to feel confident,

open and relaxed or whatever you want to communicate. See yourself move like that version

of yourself. Then try it out.

You might also want observe friends, role models, movie stars or other people you think has

good body language. Observe what they do and you don’t. Take bits and pieces you like from

different people. Try using what you can learn from them.

Some of these tips might seem like you are faking something. But fake it til you make it is a

useful way to learn something new. And remember, feelings work backwards too. If you smile

a bit more you will feel happier. If you sit up straight you will feel more energetic and in

control. If you slow down your movements you’ll feel calmer. Your feelings will actually

reinforce your new behaviours and feelings of weirdness will dissipate.

In the beginning easy it’s to exaggerate your body language. You might sit with your legs

almost ridiculously far apart or sit up straight in a tense pose all the time. That’s ok. And

people aren’t looking as much as you think, they are worrying about their own problems. Just

play around a bit, practice and monitor yourself to find a comfortable balance.

1. Don’t cross your arms or legs – You have probably already heard you shouldn’t cross

your arms as it might make you seem defensive or guarded. This goes for your legs too. Keep

your arms and legs open.

2. Have eye contact, but don’t stare – If there are several people you are talking to, give them



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all some eye contact to create a better connection and see if they are listening. Keeping too

much eye-contact might creep people out. Giving no eye-contact might make you seem

insecure. If you are not used to keeping eye-contact it might feel a little hard or scary in the

beginning but keep working on it and you’ll get used to it.

3. Don’t be afraid to take up some space – Taking up space by for example sitting or

standing with your legs apart a bit signals self-confidence and that you are comfortable in

your own skin.

4. Relax your shoulders – When you feel tense it’s easily winds up as tension in your

shoulders. They might move up and forward a bit. Try to relax. Try to loosen up by shaking

the shoulders a bit and move them back slightly.

5. Nod when they are talking – nod once in a while to signal that you are listening. But don’t overdo it and peck like Woody Woodpecker.

6. Don’t slouch, sit up straight – but in a relaxed way, not in a too tense manner.

7. Lean, but not too much – If you want to show that you are interested in what someone is

saying, lean toward the person talking. If you want to show that you’re confident in yourself

and relaxed lean back a bit. But don’t lean in too much or you might seem needy and

desperate for some approval. Or lean back too much or you might seem arrogant and distant.

8. Smile and laugh – lighten up, don’t take yourself too seriously. Relax a bit, smile and laugh when someone says something funny. People will be a lot more inclined to listen to you

if you seem to be a positive person. But don’t be the first to laugh at your own jokes, it makes

you seem nervous and needy. Smile when you are introduced to someone but don’t keep a

smile plastered on your face, you’ll seem insincere.

9. Don’t touch your face – it might make you seem nervous and can be distracting for the

listeners or the people in the conversation.

10. Keep you head up - Don’t keep your eyes on the ground, it might make you seem insecure

and a bit lost. Keep your head up straight and your eyes towards the horizon.

11. Slow down a bit – this goes for many things. Walking slower not only makes you seem

more calm and confident, it will also make you feel less stressed. If someone addresses you,



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don’t snap you’re neck in their direction, turn it a bit more slowly instead.

12. Don’t fidget – try to avoid, phase out or transform fidgety movement and nervous ticks

such as shaking your leg or tapping your fingers against the table rapidly. You’ll seem

nervous and fidgeting can be a distracting when you try to get something across. Declutter

your movements if you are all over the place. Try to relax, slow down and focus your

movements.

13. Use your hands more confidently – instead of fidgeting with your hands and scratching

your face use them to communicate what you are trying to say. Use your hands to describe

something or to add weight to a point you are trying to make. But don’t use them to much or it

might become distracting. And don’t let your hands flail around, use them with some control.

14. Lower your drink – don’t hold your drink in front of your chest. In fact, don’t hold anything in front of your heart as it will make you seem guarded and distant. Lower it and

hold it beside your leg instead.

15. Realise where you spine ends – many people (including me until recently) might sit or

stand with a straight back in a good posture. However, they might think that the spine ends

where the neck begins and therefore crane the neck forward in a Montgomery Burns-pose.

Your spine ends in the back of your head. Keep you whole spine straight and aligned for

better posture.

16. Don’t stand too close –one of the things we learned from Seinfeld is that everybody gets

weirded out by a close-talker. Let people have their personal space, don’t invade it .

17. Mirror - Often when you get along with a person, when the two of you get a good

connection, you will start to mirror each other unconsciously. That means that you mirror the

other person’s body language a bit. To make the connection better you can try a bit of

proactive mirroring. If he leans forward, you might lean forward. If she holds her hands on

her thighs, you might do the same. But don’t react instantly and don’t mirror every change in

body language. Then weirdness will ensue.

18. Keep a good attitude – last but not least, keep a positive, open and relaxed attitude. How

you feel will come through in your body language and can make a major difference. For

information on how make yourself feel better read 10 ways to change how you feel and for

relaxation try A very simple way to feel relaxed for 24 hours.



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You can change your body language but as all new habits it takes a while. Especially things

like keeping you head up might take time to correct if you have spent thousands of days

looking at your feet. And if you try and change to many things at once it might become

confusing and feel overwhelming.

Take a couple of these body language bits to work on every day for three to four weeks. By

then they should have developed into new habits and something you’ll do without even

thinking about it. If not, keep on until it sticks. Then take another couple of things you’d like

to change and work on them.

The Body Language Advantage



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Working with any people, be they team members or clients and customers, creates a need for

us to have a complete awareness of our body language signs and those of others.There is areal advantage here. Please read on……

It is notable that we as a race will always consciously or unconsciously read these biological signs of others, but that interpretation has become clouded by the more modern social graces

and actions that we have grown accustom to. In simple terms, we forget the basics. Thesebasics when revisited, will give us an immediate insight and advantage with the person that we are about to interact in either negotiation, service, or support. Today’s article will help

bring back the skill. Try the ideas with your team and friends.The signs of body language are extensive and many and have been written about in excellent

publications. It is interesting to note that the trends of modern society so easily confuse these

language signs or in even some circumstances endeavor to divert the signs from our interpretation (eg cosmetics). Make no mistake; you cannot hide the signs from others so it is

a far better approach to take up your self mastery and self interpretation.It will open the door to significant opportunity with others. Commonly today we are too busy worrying about the

words that someone says and hence we completely overlook the body language that is

attached to it. This article covers some of the most obvious basic signs which we know can be

immediately used by you and your team. These concepts come from our Workshop series.

Managers note: All managers of business teams should use these simple silent body

language tools to activate the desired results of the team and pass silent signals to the team

regards expected outcomes. Many of us have been in a situation where we have seen a personenter a room exuding something which sends a massive message to all those who see them.

That person exudes body language and has mastered the art of displaying the language with

confidence and full capability. Managers and Leaders should use this skill with efficiency and

regularity.Salespeople note: Salespeople can manage the better negotiation outcomes from

the clients and prospects they deal with through the use of body language interpretationskills. The best salespeople match the dialogue of discussion and negotiation to their own

body tools. The salesperson that puts these elements together well will far more easily

achieve great outcomes.

To Set the Scene?

To set the scene for this interpretation and explanation of body language it is really

important to understand the circumstances in which you can use it.

He simple answer is everyday and everywhere.Your body is your brand, and it exudes its owncharacter visually. Whilst your body is covered and clothed, it does carry its own values of

communication. The shape, carriage,and movement of the body can betray or support all that

you do and say. So how immediate is the interpretation by others of our body? ‘Seconds’ isthe active word. Expect the first 10 seconds to be the make or break in the communication.

Your biological and physiological body within the clothes is the success equation which is so

commonly overlooked by the ordinary business person. Do you ever get the feeling that someone is wearing the clothes but not acting the part?

That is the case in point….read on.

The masters of negotiation understand that complete and confident communication occursimmediately through the physiology of the body frame (60%), followed by the colours of the

body picture (30%), and lastly with the words conveyed (10%).Start taking control of the100% now and get better outcomes.For the purposes of this article we will not attempt to

cover anything beyond the physiology of the body. The subjects of colours, carriage, and verbage, go well beyond physiology and are too long for the purposes of the article.



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So let's imagine a person entering a room. You are the observer. The immediate signsto observe or control and those that have the most impact on you are as follows.

-- --Head and shoulders -- the squareness of shoulders being both broad and towards the

horizontal immediately conveys stability strength and confidence. Those people that exerciseregularly, strengthen their shoulders and neck area, immediately enhance the position of the

neck and head to that of an angular confidence. The square geometry of the shoulders and head exudes confidence measurably. The shoulders can then more effectively be used as part

of the gesture process in discussion. They can show feelings by shrugging, tilting, and

positioning. Indeed the movement of your head and shoulders can allow you to answer aquestion or support a point. Next time you observe the leading and successful politicians in

your country on TV, observe the shoulders, you willsoon see the fact at first hand.--T he forehead -- imagine the forehead as a flag, even a banner which displays extensive

character of the person. The forehead is also greatly affected by the overflow of hair and the

positioning of hair (remember the ‘mullet’ hairstyle!). Those people that remove the hair from the forehead through modification to hair design allow their feelings to be more easily

conveyed and the picture of their face to be more substantial and impacting. The same can

extend and apply to facial hair on men, and if indeed facial hair exists, it should be well groomed so that the features from the face can be interpreted and clearly seen. You can use

the forehead and face to convey so much of what you're thinking. The wrinkling of the forehead is interpreted by the reader together with the eyebrows and the tilting of the head.

The forehead is most powerful in conveying much of what you say therefore modify your hair design to allow clear vision of your forehead.

-- T he arms -- the arms are a powerful tool and largely support what you do, say, and send.

In essence, the arms should be used naturally and with open gestures suitable for thecircumstance at hand. The arms used openly will allow confidence to be shown and will

carry a person strongly as they walk into a business or negotiation environment. Ideally thearms should not be cluttered by bulky items which are carried. Any heavy and bulky items (eg

brief cases) which are carried into an environment of meeting or negotiation actually restrict

the arms to express and flow, and do not then project the confidence that you require. Thebest salespeople and business people never carry a heavy briefcases or large volumes of

clutter to a meeting or negotiation. The best salespeople allow their body to flow into the situation by carrying only the very basic business tools such as a professional folder or diary.

In simple terms, once you carry too much clutter with you, you restrict the ability of your

body to send messages of confidence. Invariably you send the message that you are a worker and not a decision maker.Start looking like you are in control. Remove visual burden and

restriction today.

-- The fingers and hands -- the fingers and hands are the extension of the arms. If the armsare used confidently then the fingers and hands should be an extension of theshoulder and arm gestures that you are conveying in the meeting situation. Hands that are closed and

covered give the feeling of both restrictive and limiting communication. By direct contrast,the person that opens their hands and shows their fingers and upward palms to others in the

meeting situation gives a feeling of open communication and supporting their point of

discussion well.To be most convincing the person must use their hands and fingers in an open and outwards

way, taking time to deliberately open their palms in the vision line of the other person. As adirect example of this point, we have seen people that may stand at the front of the room and

hide their hands behind their back or even put hands in their pockets. Whilst the individual

has done this most likely for their own lack of confidence in the relative circumstances, thisimmediately conveys that message to the receiver (the receiver knows you are at a point of





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body language can indication in interpretation. In a later article we will expand on the findings of the ‘Alexander Principle’. It is an exceptional tool in meeting others. If you have

an interest now, try searching the internet on the subject. You will get significant information

on this advantage of communication. Summary These tools above are physiological in natureand biological in interpretation. Essentially we are designed and created from the animal

community which still forms part of our interaction with others in our daily lives. Take timeto study the matters above and modify your circumstance so that the tools to do indeed

become powerful and effective in any environment to which you work and live.

Bad Body Language

A recently conducted survey concluded that your actions speak louder than your words,

which indicates the importance of body language in the process of communication . Food and

Beverage is a service related sector and hence communication plays a very important rolehere. Hence is you are a part of restaurant management or you own a food and beverage

business you have to be sure that your staff is well equipped with a great body language.

On the hind side, the problem is that if you cannot work on the body language of your staff,

your business image could go for a toss. Everything from the facial expression to the pose of

the body speaks a lot about the owners and restaurant management. If you want to save your food and beverage business from being embarrassed due to a lousy body language of the staff

you’ll have to equip them with the right kind of training.

Before your staff understands what they have to do from a proper restaurant training guide

or a service SOP it is very important that you can make them understand about things that need to be avoided.

The body language of a person can be determined by 3 factors, which are:

1) Head and face

2) Hands and arms

3) Body and legs.

1) Head & Face: This deals with the facial expressions and the way your staff projectsitself. There are a number of things that should be avoided by your service staff which

includes things like yawning, humming, chewing gum, burping or sniffing, sucking

teeth or even rolling the eyes or head. These are bad manners and can irritate or annoy your guests.

2) Hands & Arms: A lot of people will get disgusted if your staff is using their handsand arms for purposes like digging their noses, scratching, fidgeting or cleaning

nails. Even when hands are placed in the pocket, they can seem to look to casual and

unprofessional.3) Body & Legs: Leaning your body to a wall or tapping your feet continuously can be

quite a distraction for the guests and moreover these represent an impatient and

http://www.articlesbase.com/food-and-beverage-articles/restaurant-data-bad-body-language-1388654.html








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impolite body language. Stretching is another example of bad body language that your staff in the food and beverage industry should strictly avoid.

Keeping away from the mistakes mentioned above you staff can avoid all possible problems

that your guests would dislike. At the same time you should be able to train them to match

their pace with the guests. The style of working, talking and presenting should be neither such that the guest should feel rushed nor should he/she complain about slow service. You should be very careful that your staff has the right body language so that your guests can feel

understood and respected and they would cherish the experience. At the end you can be sure

that with this feeling your guests will repeat the experience at your food and beverage place.



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CASE SYUDY-1

UNDERSTANDING FELINE BODYLANGUAGE



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The giving and interpreting of sign language is innate in cats. The house cat has an

exceptionally vast supply of many forms of expression.

Domestic cats have advanced far beyond their wild ancestors in the capacity to develop new

forms of social organization and communication. They use their bodies and facial expressions

to communicate their intentions to all around them. By studying the various signals that make

up the cat’s language, you will find that you will better understand the messages your cat istrying to convey. A basic understanding of this language will aid in deepening the bonds of

friendship with your feline companion.

BODY GESTURES

Happy, Friendly Content Threatened,

Defensive

Gestures are body positions and movements that convey a message. The cat’s ability to erect

the hairs on certain parts of her body must also be included.

BODY A stretched body can indicate that the cat is sure of herself or prepared to attack. A contracted

body indicates fear. The arched back conveys the idea that the cat is in readiness for defense.

Aggression is expressed with erect ears, constricted pupils and tail swings in low arcs close to

the body. A defensive cat crouches in a cringing position with her eyes averted and ears flat

and thumps the top of her tail on the ground. A happy cat relaxes her whiskers, perks up her

ears and holds her head and tail high in the air.

HEAD A head stretched forward is ready for contact. Facial expressions and other gestures indicate

whether the encounter is antagonistic or friendly. A cat feeling dominant raises her head, and

inferior feelings cause the head to lower. If the head is lowered in a jerky manner and the chin

is pulled in or the head turned sideways, the cat is displaying a lack of interest. The cat uses

this gesture if she desires not to provoke or be provoked when encountering another cat.



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When meeting another cat that is being very persistent, the cat that wants to avoid contact will

raise her head high and pull it far back.

LEGS Stretching legs to their full length is a sign of self-confidence. Depending on the facial

expression, this gesture could also mean a readiness to attack. A cat bends her hind legs to

convey her uncertainty or timidity.

By bending the forelegs, the cat is expressing her desire to avoid conflict, while stating she

will defend herself if necessary. Complete defensiveness is communicated by bending both

fore and hind legs. A slightly raised paw indicates readiness to defend herself.

Playful Angry Back-Off SubmissiveTail

TAIL The tail is one of the best barometers of feline mood. A still, raised tail means a friendly

greeting. A sudden whip of the tail shows a threat of impending attack. The highly excited cat

waves her tail from side to side in jerky, rapid motions. The top of a tail moving means slight

dissatisfaction or impatience. A relaxed cat allows the tail to hang straight down. A tail held

straight out behind indicates caution. The top ships back and forth in moments of great

excitement.

HairWhen the cat is afraid, the hair on her body stands erect, fairly evenly all over the body. A cat

who is ready to attack or trying to threaten will raise its hair in a narrow strip all along the

spine and the tail. In this mood the hair will incline slightly toward the middle of both sides,

forming a sharp ridge.



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Facial Expressions

Happy Angry Frightened Playful Content

CHEEK RUFF

The cheek muscles pull the cheek ruff downward and toward the throat during excitement or

expectation mixed with fear. A pulsing rhythm is sometimes present. This is easy to see in

cats with prominent cheek ruffs, such as those with Persian ancestry.

EARS

Ears pointed forward can convey friendly interest and different degrees of attentiveness or

suspense. Ears that are pricked up and turned slightly backward indicate a warning that an

attack is contemplated. Ears that are raised and twisted back combined with hissing mean that

a cat is ready to attack. Ears fully erect but furled back indicate anger.

A frightened cat lays the ears down flat. Ears that are bent back and drawn down sideways

can signal a defensive attitude, fear or readiness to take flight. A cat playing or hunting will

hold the ears open, erect and slightly forward.

LIPS

Movements of the lips are usually combined with some type of sound. The grimace is a

response to certain smalls. The mouth is slightly open, with the nose and upper lip drawn

upward expressing displeasure or disgust. The mouth is open very slightly and the nose is

barely wrinkled. Another lip gesture is embarrassment. The mouth may stay open or closed,

with the lips drawn back and not too far upward. The nose is not wrinkled. At the same timethe head will swing slowly from side to side. This gesture expresses friendly rejection to

another cat approaching with friendly intentions, and translated means “please be kind and

leave me alone.”

PUPILS

Narrowed pupils may indicate aggressive threat, tension or a heightened interest. Surprise,

fear and a defensive attitude are expressed by dilated pupils. Mood shifts can be magnified by

changes in light, since the size of the pupils depends on light. A cat’s eyes can speak volumes

about how they are feeling:

1 If your cat’s eyes are wide open and looking at you, she is saying, "I'm listening."

2 If her eyes are half closed it means, "I'm sleepy."3 If her eye pupils look like slits she is telling you that she is feeling alert and confident.





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sound. The cat has a tremendous capacity for variation on this sound. It seems to play an

important role in vocal exchanges, but it has not yet been studied in depth.

MEOWING

The vowel sounds a cat makes are the meowing sounds and are used in specific context.

These sounds form distinct words in that the cat closes her mouth after making each sound.These sounds are used in communicating with humans, and the manner in which a cat

pronounces them gives the individual a specific voice. Cats have a broad range of several

types of meows. The best known of the meow sounds is that of an unhappy kitten. A short,

high meow in adults expresses discontent or unhappiness. A hungry cat shows displeasure

with loud, almost screaming meows. A cat seeking attention or wanting to be petted will

meow softly.

CATERWAULING

This is a song of threat and war, sometimes called wailing. It is the sound that rival tomcats

emit as they approach each other. It is often mistaken by humans to be a love song between a

tom and a queen.

GROWLING

This sound is usually accompanied by a facial expression. Growling indicates offense rather

than defense. When growling, the corners of the mouth are drawn up more than the upper lip.

Repeated growling will eventually turn into snarling.

HISSING

This is a common sound. When hissing, the cat will open her mouth about halfway, drawing

back the upper lips and arching the tongue. The breath is expelled with force. This is why a

cat will shy away if you blow in her face. The expression of hissing without sound will

succeed in repulsing a cat.

Screeching

This sound seems to have evolved from a meowing sound and is usually used to mean

distress.

SPITTING This is a warning or threatening sound. It is a sudden and violent non-vocal sound,

accompanied by a forepaw hitting the ground. Cats use this sound as a bluff when approached

by an attacker.





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courtship, the more open the other person’s posture is, the more open that person is to you

and your advances.

OPEN AND CLOSED

If you’re wide open while sitting, your posture is similar to Abe Lincoln’s in the LincolnMemorial. Your feet are flat on the floor. Your hands are relaxed, not clenching anything.

And, you’re not holding a drink in front of yourself as a symbolic barrier.

While standing, you’re open when your hands are not in your pockets. You are not leaning

against anything. Your feet are flat on the floor. And, your drink is not in front of you.

OPEN AND CLOSED When the person’s posture is open, he’s open to you, your ideas, and

possibly your advances. In the left photo, notice that although he’s smiling, he is gripping his

knee tightly indicating he’s controlling himself. Also notice the beer can is held high in front

as a barrier. In the right picture, both feet are firmly planted on the ground indicating he is

sincere. Notice that his arms are down and that his hands are open and relaxed, signs of

openness and sincerity. His head is slightly tilted and he’s leaning a bit forward. Both

indicate interest.

MIRROR, MIRRORThis topic applies to a man approaching and interacting with a woman just as it obviously

applies the other way ’round. In body language jargon, it’s called mirroring .If you’re in the same emotional place as the other person, your posture is the mirror image

theirs. It also can mean that you are interested in each other.



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MIRRORING These people are sitting in almost exactly the same position, so they are about in the same place emotionally. But, notice she’s holding onto her shin and does not have her

foot completely flat on the floor. The man must take his time until she’s more open and relaxed .When you notice the other person is standing or sitting in about the same manner as you are,

he, or she, is in about the same emotional place. During courtship, subconsciously, all of us

tend to adopt the same posture as the person we are interested in.

When talking with someone we are attracted to, we usually mirror them. More fascinating, we

often mirror somebody we are interested even if that person is across the room and we are

stuck talking with a bore! One more time. You cannot not communicate.

RAISE YOUR AWARENESSPay attention when you are at a party. Lots of people always gather in the kitchen. Look around.

Notice if anyone is mirroring another person’s body language. They may be interested in each other,

then again, they could simply be in the same emotional state. Look for other signals to confirm or

deny the interest you suspect. At the same time, consciously adopt the body language of the person

you’d like to meet and talk with

FIRST CONVERSATION SIGNALSMen, pay attention to all the ways she communicates during the first few minutes as you talk

with her. Women, let him know what you want.

Nearly all of these signals apply to both men and women. The ones that apply only to women

are indicated by italics.

KEEP TALKING MOVE ONAlert, energetic Tense, restless

Pupils dilated Normal or small pupils

Gradually opens posture Posture remains closed

Lowers drink Keeps drink highTouches self gently Grips or pinches self



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Caresses objects Squeezes, taps objects

Crosses and uncrosses legs Legs remain crossed

Flashes of palm Back of hand gesturesCrossed legs steady Swings crossed legs

Dangles shoe on toe Keeps shoe on

Hands never touch face Touches faceTouches you any reason Never touches youFeet firmly on floor Feet on edges or toes

Loosens anything Tightens anything

Leans forward Leans away

Steady hands, feet Tapping, drumming

ALERT, ENERGETICReady for action with you. Contrast with relaxed, casual postures when sitting or standing.

Especially positive and revealing when the person shifts from casual to alert during the

conversation.

GRADUALLY OPENS POSTUREIn social settings, most of us start out in a closed, defensive posture because we’re a bit

apprehensive. A closed posture feels safe. When the person you are talking with shifts to a

more open posture, it signifies trust and comfort. That person is, literally, opening up to you

and what you have to offer.

LOWERS DRINK Most people in social settings hold a drink in front of themselves as a barrier. When the

person you are talking with lowers his, or her, drink, the barrier between you is coming down.

As always, it is most effective if you lower your drink first. The other person often follows

your lead.

CARESSES OBJECTSIf done sensually, it usually

means the person wants to caress

you or wants you to caress them.







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CROSSES AND UNCROSSES LEGSWomen only. When sitting with a skirt on, she’s flashing a bit of thigh to entice you. When

sitting with pants on, she is subconsciously doing the same thing. However, when standing,

she is probably just be trying to get comfortable or it may indicate she’s excited and ready to

go.

DANGLES SHOE ON TOE Women only. When sitting with her legs crossed, she wigglesher heel out of the shoe, then lets the shoe dangle on her toes. Opening up and loosening up

to you. It’s a subconscious first step in disrobing.

STEADY HANDS, FEET, LEGS

Stable means relaxed, not reluctant or hesitant. When feeling negative emotions, both men

and women fidget, tap or drum something. As mentioned, females are taught to sit still.

Consider that when interpreting a woman’s wiggling feet.

LOOSENS ANYTHING

Loosening up to you. It can be unbuttoning, unzipping or untying. A man loosens his tie for

the same reason that a women lets her shoe dangle on her toes. It’s symbolic disrobing.

LEANS FORWARD

This simple gesture says all of this: You have my attention. I want to hear what you have to

say. I want to see you more clearly. I want to be closer to you. Very powerful and very

reliable.

SHE TOUCHES YOU ANY REASON



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Touching is possession or to verify what one sees. When she touches you, even

“accidentally” she’s interested. Men, keep your hands to yourself until she touches you.

Attention Men! No matter where, when or how a woman touches you, it is a strong signal of

interest. Women often “accidentally” touch a man they are interested in as they make their

way to the bar or rest room.

Caution! Women who are Rapo players touch men early and often. Men who touch women before the women touch them are probably manipulators and liars, as mentioned.

HANDS NEVER TOUCH FACE

As mentioned, when someone touches himself above the neck, it usually means he’s lying or

he doesn’t believe what you are saying.

FEET FIRMLY ON FLOOR

Feet that are solidly grounded mean the person is taking a stand, is not reluctant or hesitant.

However, feet that are not solidly grounded usually mean trouble ahead.

COMING FROM THE SAME PLACEPeople who are in different emotional states don’t enjoy talking with each other. For example,

if you are bold and confident and I’m nervous, I won’t be able to relax and be pleasant, thus

you won’t enjoy talking with me. The End. So, you must appear to be in about the same

place as the person you are attempting to court.

Men, if her posture is open, that’s good. Match her posture and remain open as you talk.

If her posture is closed, match her posture, then as you are conversing, gradually open up, one

small step at a time. If she doesn’t follow your first few shifts toward openness, stop. She’s

not ready or is not interested.

When there are good vibrations between the two of you, adapt you posture to match hers and

wait a few more minutes before trying to slowly open up again.

While you are slowly moving from a closed position to an open position, she has time to

realize that you are not dangerous and could be interesting.

Only after she has discovered (1) that you are safe and (2) interesting, can she find you

attractive.



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MOVE FROM CLOSED TO OPEN This series of photos show you what to do if the other

person is not in an open posture. Although this example shows a man going first and

becoming vulnerable, women can do the same thing. First adjust your stance so that your posture approximates hers. As you talk, gradually and

carefully shift your posture to a more open position, one step at a time. Subconsciously, the

other person often follows your lead and “opens up to you” because you made yourself vulnerable first. In the top photo, the man has adopted the same posture as the woman. In the

middle photo, he has moved from completely closed to semi-open by uncrossing his arms and putting his hands in his pockets. In the bottom photo, he has become completely vulnerable

by putting his hands behind himself. She has mirrored his posture.

When women adopt this position, it causes their breasts to protrude slightly, which commands

the man’s attention. Also, when women stand in this position, they appear to be slightly

submissive, thus safe



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FROM CLOSED TO OPEN AND BEYOND In this sequence of photos , you can see many signs of interest.

Overall, as the two are talking, the woman moves from a closed posture to an open posture.Study the photos carefully and you can notice that the man mirrors her actions.

The encounter begins with her arms crossed and with her ankles locked under the chair. As

the conversation continues, she unlocks her ankles and puts her feet flat on the floor, sits upand leans toward the man. Next she uncrosses her arms. Notice that her hands are open and

relaxed as she leans even closer. In the last photo, she is touching herself gently in a sensuous way.At the end of the first conversation, many subtle and indirect signals have been exchanged.

However, during Further Conversations Without Words, the next chapter, more nonverbal

signals are exchanged. Some of them will still be subtle. Many will be somewhat obvious.

But a few will be blatant!



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Important Interview Information

► BODY LANGUAGEHow does the interviewer (the one asking the questions) look while

talking to the interviewee (the one answering the questions)?

GOOD BAD

• Makes direct eye contact Looks away or rolls eyes

• Sits facing the person Sits facing away from the person

• Legs crossed at ankles Legs crossed at thighs

•

Arms at side or in front Arms crossed• Shoulders up and back straigt Shoulders slumped or slouching

► SPEAKINGWhat does the interviewer sound like while talking to the interviewee?

GOOD BAD

• Speaks slowly Speaks very fast• Good articulation of words Words mumbled; not understood

• Fluctuates voice (high and low) Uses monotone speech

• Speaks loudly Speaks softly or quietly

• Does not interrupt Interrupts the interviewee

► INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

What type of questions does the interviewer ask the interviewee?

GOOD BAD• Asks open-ended questions Asks questions that require one- or two-word

responses

• Asks questions that relate Asks questions that do not seem to

to the interviewee relate to the interviewee

• Is ready to ask questions Is not ready to ask questions; seems unprepared



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Body language can speak volumes during interview

The most important communication during a job interview is

often the unspoken kind. Body language, or nonverbal

communication, can let interviewers know more about

you than what you tell them."We have all experienced instances in which someone is saying one thing and their nonverbalcommunication says another. We usually believe the nonverbal," says Susan Bixler, author of fivebooks on professional image and president of The Professional Image in Atlanta. "It's an absolutelycritical element in the job interview process. The best resume, the absolute best spoken words don'tget an individual a job." There are many opportunities during a job interview to display bad - and good

- nonverbal communication. Here's how to make the most of what your body is saying.

Shake on itYour interviewer's initial nonverbal impression of you comes through your first point of contact - thehandshake. Don't be afraid to display a strong, firm handshake. Doing otherwise can make you seeminsecure and lacking in confidence. "You think that's simple – everyone knows how to shake hands -but that's not true," says Sherry Maysonave, communication image consultant and author of "CasualPower" (Bright Books, $29.95)."People tend not to slide their palm in far enough, they tend to think itmay be bone-crushing." Don't be timid - slide your palm all the way in and deliver a firm, confidenthandshake.

Musical chairsIf you have several seating options to choose from, ask your interviewer for instructions - don't justssume and take a seat.How you sit, too, is as important as where you sit. "If you are sitting on theedge of the seat it can make you look eager but also scared,like you are ready to bolt out of the room,"Maysonave says. "Go ahead and slide to the back of the chair and sit tall and straight.That will makeyou look confi dent and comfortable."Women should not cross their legs and instead sit with their knees together. Men should avoid sitting with their legs too wide apart or crossed with the ankle ontop of the knee. Both of these positions convey a comfort level that's inappropriate to the jobinterview situation."Anything that creates an intimacy before there's a rapport established will signal tothe interviewer that you don't use good judgement and that you resort to inappropriate behavior,"Maysonave says.Also, make sure you consistently maintain a comfortable space - about 3 feet - fromyour interviewer. Shortening that space can feel invasive and, again, inappropriately intimate.

Hands downNervous hand habits, like nail biting, hair twirling and hand twitching, can distract the interviewer andconvey nervousness and insecurity. You can sit with your hands clasped together or hold on to a mallbriefcase or organizer through the interview,Maysonave says. Avoid steepling your fingers, articularlyin an upright position,when answering a question."This can be perceived as arrogant,saying 'I knowmore about this subject thanyou do,'" Maysonave says.

The eyes have itWe have all heard that eye contact is important - it conveys confidence and respect - but too mucheye contact can be bad, too."You don't want to make eye contact for more than three or five seconds.

It's too intense to sustain it the whole time - the key is make it, break it, make it, break it," Bixler says.Avoiding eye contact, especially while answering a question, can convey dishonesty.



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Practice makes perfectBecause most forms of nonverbal communication are practiced subconsciously, the best way to getridof bad habits is to become aware of them. Get a friend or family member to practice interviewsituations with you. Using a video camera to tape the mock sessions can be even more helpful.“Playthe video and view it with a critical and detached eye," Bixler says. "Ask yourself, 'What would I likeand not like about this person nonverbally? What's making me feel comfortable, making me feel like Ican build a rapport with this person?'" Get your mock interview partner to ask the tough questions thatwould make you nervous and susceptible to bad body language. "Notice what you do under pressureand be conscious of it," Maysonave says. "The awareness is half the battle."

Nonverbal cues offer insight into interviewDon't just listen to what your interviewer is saying - watch his or her body language. It can reveal howhe interview is going."If the interviewer touches her nose, she is disapproving somewhat of whatyou're saying. If she looks at her watch or shuffles papers, you're not on track," says SherryMaysonave, a communication-image consultant. "If she leans toward you, she is engaged and isreally listening and taking you seriously. If she's leaning back far into the chair, she is evaluating youwith a critical eye." If your interviewer suddenly switches gears - from relaxing in a chair to sitting

upright, for example - you may have said something that the interviewer needs to evaluate from adifferent perspective.You can tell a difficult question is coming if the interviewer places his fingertipstogether in an upright, steeple-like fashion."This signals that he has disconnected from theinterviewee, and is thinking about what he will say next,possibly considering how to say somethingunpleasant or uncomfortable or how to ask a delicate or emotionally-charged question,"Maysonavesays.And don't ignore the obvious signs."If the interviewer stands up, the interview is over,"Maysonave says.



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HOW TO SIGN

American Sign Language (AMESLAN)American Sign Language is a form of language used by people who are deaf or who have a

hearing impairment. Concepts and ideas are represented through the use of manual signs,

fingerspelling, and symbols. Each country has its own version of the manual alphabet.

For example, some countries use one hand while others use both hands for the alphabet.

AMESLAN

uses only one hand. Speed, motion, and force of signs

The speed of the sign influences the meaning of the sign. You can speed up or slow down the

sign to alter the meaning. For example, the sign “hurry” is moved more rapidly when one is

saying, “Hurry, we’re leaving now,” than when saying, “Don’t hurry, we have plenty of

time.”

Another example is the sign for “require” which becomes “demand” when made more

forcibly.

The more forceful the sign and the stronger the facial expression, the stronger the feeling in

either the positive or negative direction.

Direction of the SignThe same sign made in different directions can give opposite meanings.

For example, the sign “give” is motioned towards the person signing to mean, “give to me;”

however, when it is motioned away from the person signing, it means “give to you.”

Understanding SignsIt is not uncommon for new or beginning signers to have difficulty understanding other

persons signing to them. People who are deaf or have a hearing impairment and who use sign

language will be patient with you when you do not understand them.



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Plurals and Tenses

When signing to adults, there is usually no need to show the plural and tense of words that

you are signing. Sometimes a sign can be repeated several times to represent the plural form.

Characteristics of AMESLAN1. Whenever possible, it condenses and often makes use of facial expression and body

language rather than words to convey ideas.

2. Omits articles. For example, a, an, and the.3. Often uses just one sign plus body and facial expression for a complete statement or idea.

For example, happy.

4. Uses one sign concept to cover several English words.

5. Shows tense by context or by adding such signs as: past, finished, later, not yet, and after a

while.

6. Presents shorter sentences in various word orders, any of which are acceptable.

7. Uses little fingerspelling.

Finger spelling

Hand positioning:

• The palm of the hand should face the person(s) with whom you are

communicating.

• Hold your arm in a comfortable position.

• The hand should not block your lips.

Flow and Rhythm:

• Each letter should be signed clearly, distinctly, and crisply with a slight pause between words. The pause is indicated by holding the last letter of the word for

several seconds.

Vocalization:

• The words you finger spell should be spoken at the same time. The individual

letters should not be spoken.

Double letters in a word:

• The hand is opened slightly in between the first and second letter.



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CONCLUSION:

Body language is the most crucial part of any communication. Fine tuning body languagehelps ordinary persons to become an extra ordinary persons thereby excelling in all walks of

life. Improving your body language can make a big difference in your people skills, emotional

intelligence, attractiveness and general mood. The difference between the good leaders and

great leaders is the right application of body language to convey, enthuse and inspire their

followers.



Bibliography

Documents

project on body language