Project final ppt

Dept. of Civil Engineering , GIT, GU

Effect of habitation on the water quality of a fresh water stream –

GIS Approach

ABSTRACT


•The main objective of the project is to study the effect of inhabitation on the water quality of a natural stream, aimed at finding a relation between the water quality and the inhabitation in the vicinity of the stream.•The stream heading from bakkannapalem reservoir to the shore of the beach, having a length of 6.12 km has been considered for this purpose.•The first part of the project involves the study of the water quality of the stream, by collecting samples at a successive intervals of 0.5 km throughout the stream.•The second part of the project involves the study of the kind of in habitation in the vicinity of the stream, at an offset of 0.5km on both sides of the stream, to be done using Google Earth.•The project will culminate with the entire water stream, its water quality details being geo-coded using GIS

SIGNIFICANCE OF CHOOSING PROJECT

• The idea behind choosing this project is to aid the GVMC in having a geo-coded profile of this natural stream, serving as a sub-project of the bigger project being handled by the department of civil engineering.

• It also gives us a chance to explore the possibilities of GIS, which is new for us.

• Trying to derive a relation between habitation and water quality, we believe will give us an insight on real-time research projects which generally are done on similar lines, in the field.


Objectives• THE ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER QUALITY OF THE FRESH WATER STREAM. THIS IS

ACHIEVED BY LOCATING SEVERAL ACCESSIBLE POINTS ON THE STREAM, AT ALMOST EQUAL INTERVALS OF DISTANCE, SUCH THAT THE QUALITY OF THE WATER AT THAT PARTICULAR LOCATION WOULD GIVE AN IDEA OF THAT PART OF THE STREAM AND HENCE, GETTING A PICTURE OF THE QUALITY OF THE ENTIRE STREAM.

• STUDY OF THE HABITATION AROUND THE STREAM. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY ASSUMING AN INFLUENCE AREA OF RADIUS OF 500 MTS, FROM THE LOCATION OF THE POINT OF SAMPLE LOCATION AND STUDYING THE SETTLEMENTS AND THE LAND USE PATTERNS OF THE AREA.

• GEOCODING THE ENTIRE DATA OBTAINED FROM THE WATER ANALYSIS OF THE STREAM AND ALSO THE SUBSEQUENT HABITATION AND LAND USE PATTERN.

• ANALYSING AND DRAWING INFERENCES AS TO HOW THE HABITATION AND THE LAND USE HAS AFFECTED THE WATER QUALITY OF THE STREAM.


THE STUDY AREA

The area of the Bakkanapalem reservoir is of 131,134.84 m² with a perimeter of 5.02 km, holds a total of 2.05 % of the water which is supplied to all over the city


SCOPE OF STUDY

• Only the parameters of PH, Alkalinity, Solids (Total, Dissolved, Suspended), Total Hardness, Chlorides, Sulphates and Dissolved Oxygen are tested with respect to quality analysis of water

• Only the main stream of fresh water which flows from the reservoir is considered and not its 2 tributaries.

• The influence area that is considered is just a circumferential area of radius 500mts. This has been assumed taking into consideration the accuracy required and the accessibility of the stream.


THE WATER STREAM CONTAMINATION

The following factors were the major factors that were observed during the field study as the primary factors for contamination of the water stream:1. Liberal use of water for Domestic Activities


2. Human and Animal Excreta 3. Sewage Disposal

4. Dumping of Plastics

METHODOLOGY

STEPS INVOLVED IN METHODLOGY


Collection of water samples at suitable points of the stream

Analysing water quality with standard parameters

Geo-coding using Q-GIS and Analysis

SAMPLE COLLECTION

A sample of 2 liters has been collected in well-cleaned plastic bottles at a successive intervals of 0.5 km throughout the stream of length 5.3 km. A total of 9 points have been considered throughout the stretch of the stream.


• The red markers on the stream represent the points of collection.

WATER ANALYSIS

After the completion of sampling, the samples were taken to the lab and the following tests were conducted:1. PH Test2. Solids i) Total solids ii) Total dissolved solids iii) Total suspended solids3. Alkalinity Test4. Total Hardness5. Chlorides6. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)7. Sulfates Test


PH Test

Limits – 6.5-8.5

Q-GIS : GEO-CODING AND ANALYSIS

The GIS tool being used in this study is Q-GIS. QGIS (previously known as "Quantum GIS") is a cross-platform free and open-source desktop geographic information system (GIS) application that provides data viewing, editing, and analysis capabilities

A step by step process is as follows:

1. The first step in this part of the methodology begins during the sampling process, i.e. locating the point of sampling in a GPS enabled device which can actually give the output in the form of an ‘.xml’ file. This was achieved with the help of the “My Tracks” mobile app,

2. The process is very simple. All that needs to be done is to record the location of mobile, by pressing the record button, while standing adjacent to the sampling point. This has to be done for all the sampling points.

3. Once this is done, the mobile is connected to any computer which has Google Earth already installed in it. The ‘.xml’ files of each location is loaded into Google Earth. Once this is done, all the points of sampling can be saved as a single ‘.xml’ file as well as a ‘.shp’ file. It is the shape file that is necessary for taking things forward in Q-GIS.


Project team, locating the sample collection points

Screenshot of My tracks App

• A new Q-GIS browser is now opened. The Sampling Points are added as a vector later with the help of the 'shape' file.

• Now each point is selected with the selector option, and a buffer is created with a radius of 500m and the center as the sampling point itself. The buffer option is available in the 'vector' menu under 'geoprocessing tools'. Each buffer is which is created is saved as a separate shape file.

• Hence, buffer zones for all the 9 sampling points are obtained as separate shape files.

• Now, the Data of the various features of the area is obtained from GVMC. The main shape files which came in handy for this study are the water bodies-polygon file, the water bodies-lines file, the roads files, the structures file, and the land use patterns file.

• Various other features like playgrounds, cricket stadiums, worship places, public utility, industries etc were also obtained. But none of these features were located in the vicinity of the stream and hence could not be used in a proper manner.

• With the help of the 'clip' tool, which is available in the 'geoprocessing' tools under the 'vector' menu is made use of to find all those features of the various shape files which intersect with the buffer region of each sampling point, along with their attributes and are saved as separate shape files.

• After all the features have been processed, the original shape files are removed and the newly made clipped shape files of all features are added.

• For the features of structures and land use patterns, the attribute table is opened and the types of structures and land uses available are studied and noted.

• The browser is saved in the form of a '.jpeg' file which is used in this report to show the various features of all the sampling points which fall in their respective influence area, are as follows:

RESULTS & INFERENCES

The observations made by the quality analysis of the water in the fresh water stream is compared with the observations made on the habitation around the stream with the help of Q-GIS. The following inferences are made:1.PH Test:

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandNo inference can be made

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe first set of settlements, has alter the PH value to increase gradually, while the second set of settlements which include minor settlements such as small houses and huts have caused a sudden spike in the PH value


2.Solids: a.Dissolved Solid

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt can be easily inferred that as the amount of inhabited land increases, the quantity of dissolved solids reduces drastically

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe first set of settlements, which consist of Apartments and Independent Houses mostly, has more input of dissolved solids through sewage, while the second set of settlements which include minor settlements such as small houses and huts have caused little change in the variation of dissolved solids


2.Solids: b.Suspended Solids:

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt can be inferred that as the amount of inhabited land increases, the quantity of suspended solids reduced drastically, but with the reduction in the area, the quantity of solids slightly improved

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe first set of settlements, has improved the quantity of suspended solids. With the decrease in the no.of settlements, the solids have also considerably reduced but again, with the increase in settlements, the quantity improved as well


2.Solids: c.Total Solids

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt follows the trend of dissolved solids, wherein it can be easily inferred that as the amount of inhabited land increases, the quantity of dissolved solids reduces drastically

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe first set of settlements, which consist of Apartments and Independent Houses mostly, has more input of dissolved solids through sewage, while the second set of settlements which include minor settlements such as small houses and huts have caused little change in the variation of dissolved solids


3. Alkalinity:

Variation with respect to Uninhabited Land & SettlementsIt can easily be noted that the values of alkalinity continuously decrease with the passage of the stream and have no resemblance


4.Total Hardness

Variation with respect to Uninhabited Land & SettlementsIt can easily be noted that the values of total hardness have a series of dips and falls and have no resemblance


5.Chlorides

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt can be noted that, the fall in amount of chlorides is a major factor of the increase in the amount of uninhabited area.

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe rise and fall of the no of settlements seem to have no impact at all, and as such no correlation can be drawn


6.Dissolved Oxygen (DO):

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt can be noted that, there is an incredible increase in the amount of DO, with the increase in the amount of uninhabited land.

Variation with respect to SettlementsThe isn’t seem to be any correlation between DO and the no of settlements in the surrounding area


7.Sulphates:

Variation with respect to Uninhabited LandIt can be noted that, as soon as the uninhabited land appears in the graph, the value of suphate content seems to reduce and it does so, till the last point.

Variation with respect to SettlementsThere is no correlation between settlements and the amount of sulphates.

FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

There is a huge scope of study in the future as this study is just a peek into vastness of the subject in handkey points in which the study can be further expanded is as follows:• The influence area that is considered is just a circumferential area of radius 500mts. • The duration of the study should in years, for some concrete evidence and not just a span of a few months•The GIS data taken from GVMC is dated at 2010. There was no other source and the effort to draw these shape files on our own was too strenuous and also quite time taking and hence, we had to adjust with the data available. If the new data was available, our inferences would have been more accurate.• A wider plain or a larger stream can be considered, where the scope for sampling will be more. Even if the same stream is considered, taking to consideration the other 2 tributaries can be a good way forward.• Other parameters of water quality such a turbidity, phosphates, BOD, nitrates etc can also be done which might lead to a better understanding of the impact under consideration


REFERENCES

1) IS10500 – Standards of Drinking Water Quality2) Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual – IIT Madras (CE4030)3) You tube Tutorials on Q-GIS – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOtdogz2GWQ4) Relationship of Land-Use/Land-Cover Patterns and Surface-Water Quality in The

Mullica River Basin – by Robert A. Zampella, Nicholas A. Procopio, Richard G. Lathrop and Charles L. Dow - JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association - Volume 43, Issue 3.

5) Spatial and temporal variation in nutrient parameters in stream water in a rural-urban catchment, Shikoku, Japan: Effects of land cover and human impact – Goro Mouria, Satoshi Takizawab, Taikan Okic - Journal of Environmental Management – Volume 92, Issue 7

6) Wikipedia – for information on Water, Importance of Water Monitoring, and introduction to Q-GIS


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOtdogz2GWQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOtdogz2GWQ

ANY Questions…?

Documents

Project final ppt