Programming, Planning & Practice Daniel Rothschild, AIA Melanie Buzgan Dower, Assoc. AIA

Programming, Planning & Practice

Daniel Rothschild, AIA

Melanie Buzgan Dower, Assoc. AIA

Programming & Analysis

Architectural DesignWhat are your considerations?

• Site-structure• Site – landscape• Function/purpose• Economy• Technology• Human Scale

• Materials & Methods• Hierarchy• Visually rich• Spiritual• Conceptual• Contextual


Architectural DesignForm Prototypes


Architectural DesignForm Prototypes

• Organizational Values• Behavior (function)• Circulation• Health (environmental)• Adaptive (change)• Cost

• What determines form?• Massing• Vegetation• Climate• Structure• Mechanical

• Materials• Function• Culture• Scale• Proportion


Architectural DesignOrganizational Patterns


Programming and Space Needs


Programming and Space Needs


Programming and Space NeedsQuantitative

• function• size• adjacency

Qualitative• meaning• aesthetic• environmental


Programming and Space NeedsScales of Programming


Programming and Space NeedsEstimating Space Needs

• Gross•Net•Leasable•BOMA or other industry standards

1. Square Footage

• Circulation – can be up to 20% of building (gross sf)•Wall thickness

• Exterior thickness x linear feet• Interior thickness x linear feet-or-• % of building

2. Efficiency Factor


Programming and Space NeedsPrototypes

• housing• hotel• shopping centers• schools• places of worship• theatres • parking facilities• hospitals

Environmental, Social, & Economic Issues

Design Relationship to the Human BodyDesign relationship to the human body

• reflection of society• measurement relative to the human body• natural representations

Human elements

• senses• style• culture• beauty• architectural • organizational


Design Relationship to the Human BodyCharacteristics of architectural design

• space• form• scale• proportion• rhythm• balance• symmetry• light• color


Design Relationship to the Human BodyVocabulary of Form

• point• line• plane• volume• shape• size• color• texture


History of Urban DesignWhat do you eat?

• Plants

• Meat


History of Urban Design

Types of villages

• Greek

• Roman

• Medieval

• Renaissance

• Baroque

• America


Urban Forms and Patterns

Transportation Patterns

• Linear

• Rectalinear

• Radiocentric

• Constellation

• Star/Fingers

• Ring

• Sheet


Urban Forms and PatternsGreatest Use of Land

• Agriculture• Housing typologies

Density

• Suburbs: 10 units/acre• Threshold for public transit: 30 units/acre

New Urbanism


Urban Forms and PatternsImage of a City

•Districts• Landmarks• Node• Edge• Path


The Human DimensionBiological Considerations

Perceptual Considerations

Demographic Considerations

Sociological Considerations


Environmental FactorsClimate

• Macroclimate• Microclimate

Ecology

Sustainable Design

• Albedo• Conductivity• Bioclimatic• Noise• Measurements• Glare• Air Pollution


Environmental FactorsAhwahnee Principles

• Mixed use communities• Walkable community• Public Transit• Diversity• Form a Center• Open Space• Continuous activity• Preserve Nature• Minimize waste• Focus on water resources• Energy Efficiency


Land AnalysisHistory of Ownership

• Individual• Communal• Feudalism• Colonization• States• Homesteads


Land AnalysisLand Use

• Agricultural• Residential • Commercial• Institutional• Governmental• Open Space

Land Value• Neighbors• School Districts• Views• Utilities• Soil Properties• Topography• Amenities• Transportation

Valuation – Appraiser’s Method• Comparables (market data)• Income approach (highest & best use)• Allocations (cost of improvements)• Development approach (sale after improvements)


Land AnalysisSurvey

Codes & Regulations

Land and Building RegulationsTypes of Owners

• Individual• Joint Tenancy• Partnership• Corporation• Trustee• Government

Types of Ownership• Fee Simple• Condominium• Cooperative• Leasehold

Codes & Regulations

Land and Building RegulationsProperty Descriptions

• Metes & bounds• Subdivision• Lot & block• Covenants• Easements

Codes & Regulations

Zoning and Building Codes1916 New York City

Zoning• Permitted use v. non-conforming use• Variance• Environmental impact statement• Rights of Way

Building Code• Use• Height & Area• Construction Type• Siting distance• Fire Resistance• Interior - Means of egress• Exterior – Envelope, Energy

Never try to memorize it!

Project & Practice Management

Scheduling of Design & ConstructionPredesignProgrammingSite Selection & AnalysisZoning/Codes

Schematic DesignDesign DevelopmentConstruction DocumentsBid or NegotiationConstruction Administration


Scheduling of Design & Construction


Scheduling of Design & Construction

What affects a construction schedule• Quality of the Construction Documents• Relationship with Constractor and Subs• Complexity• Site• Weather• Labor• Global economy


Budget Analysis & Cost EstimatingHard v Soft Costs

Inflation

Appropriate for phase of design• Internal•External


Financing

Private• Proforma• Relationship with banks• Cost of money• Deprecitation•Tax Laws• Return on Investment• Cash flow analysis

Public• Tax revenues• Appropriation• Bonds


Delivery Methods

Owner Requirements

Conventional (Design/Bid/Award)Negotiated (CM at risk or not at risk)Design/Build


The Architectural Design TeamStructure of Design Team

Construction Document Coordination

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

Sample Questions

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