PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1957FORTRAN

program hello

print *, "Hello World!"

end program hello

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslating system) is a language, still in use today, for performing mathematical and scientific calculations.

1958ALGOL

program HiFolks; begin print ‘Hello world’; end;

ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) was the foundation for many programming languages used today.

1959COBOL

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

DISPLAY 'Hello, world'.

STOP RUN.

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) is based on the work of Rear Admiral Grace Hopper. Hopper developed the first compiler and is credited with coining the term "debugging" after colleagues solved a programming error by removing a dead moth from the innards of an early computer they were working on. More than 60% of all of the code in the world today is written in COBOL.

1970PASCAL

Program HelloWorld;Begin WriteLn('Hello world!')End.

Pascal, named for Blaise Pascal, was introduced. Its original purpose was for use as a training language, but it has found various niche uses in application development.

1972C

main(){ printf("hello, world\n");}

C (a successor to the language called "B") is one of the most widely used languages. Many other languages borrow their syntax from C.

1972SMALLTALK

Transcript show: 'Hello, world!'.

SmallTalk was the first true Object Oriented language. It was designed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) to teach Object Oriented Programming (OOP), and it featured a robust Graphical User Interface (GUI).

1974SQL

SELECT * FROM Book WHERE price > 100.00 ORDER BY title;

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the primary language used for retrieving and manipulating data stored in Relation Database Management Systems (RDBMS).

1980C++ # include <iostream>

int main(){ std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";}

C++ added features to the original C language, and is widely used today for writing operating systems and other low-level software.

ADA1983

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;procedure Hello isbegin Put_Line ("Hello, world!");end Hello;

Created for the DoD, Ada is a highly fault-tolerant language that is also widely used where reliabilty is critical. Examples include air traffic control, rockets and railway operations. Ada is named in honor of Ada King.

1991PYTHON

print "Hello, World!"

Named after the comedy group Monty Python, Python was conceived as a language that should be fun to use. It is a very versatile language, and is used by Google, NASA, YouTube and some embedded devices.

1995JAVA class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); }}

Java was created by Sun Microsystems. It is named for the large quantities of Java coffee consumed during its creation. Java is a language that is designed to run on any platform running a Java Virtual Machine. This means that code written in Java can run in any operating system. It is used by many smart phones, databases, and web sites.

1995JAVASCRIPT

console.log("Hello world!");

JavaScript was created by Mozilla Corporation as a language for adding interactive capabilities to web pages. The name JavaScript was intentionally chosen to piggyback on the popularity of the newly-released Java language. The two languages were developed independently. The only thing they have in common is that they are both based on C. JavaScript is now based on a specification called ECMAScript. Each brand of web browser implements its own version of ECMAScript, but they are collectively referred to as JavaScript.

1995DELPHI

program ObjectPascalExample;

type THelloWorld = class procedure Put; end;

procedure THelloWorld.Put;begin Writeln('Hello, World!');end;

var HelloWorld: THelloWorld;

begin HelloWorld := THelloWorld.Create; HelloWorld.Put; HelloWorld.Free;end.

Delphi is a Rapid Application Development (RAD) environment created by Borland. It is based on Object Pascal, which is an extension of the Pascal language. Delphi was a very popular development environment for nearly a decade. Although still in use today, its use is declining.

1995PHP

<!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>PHP Test</title> </head> <body> <?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?> </body></html>

PHP (a recursive backronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a popular language for developing dynamic web pages. It is currently in use by over 80% of web sites worldwide.

2001C# AND VB.NET

C#:using System;class Program{ static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!"); }}

VB.NET:Module Module1 Sub Main() Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!") End SubEnd Module

Microsoft developed the .NET Framework (pronounced “dot net”) platform, which abstracts interaction with the Windows operating systems. C# was developed to attract C programmers to .NET, and VB.NET is a successor to Microsoft’s Visual Basic.

LOW-LEVEL VS. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

LOW-LEVEL

• Communicates directly to the computer hardware

• Examples of low-level software include BIOS, operating systems, drivers

HIGH-LEVEL

• Does not communicate directly to hardware

• Runs within an operating system or framework

• Examples of high-level software include word processors, video games, web browsers

LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• A language is considered low-level if it is machine-specific.

• Machine language is a low-level language. It is the only language that a computer can read without some kind of translation.

• Assembly language, a simplified form of machine language, is also low-level.

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• Generally speaking, any language that must be translated into machine language is considered high-level.

• Some high-level languages permit embedded machine code

• Informally, some high-level languages are considered low-level because of how they are most commonly used (e.g., C)

COMPILED VS. INTERPRETED LANGUAGES

COMPILED

• Program code is converted (compiled) into machine language before it can be executed

• Typically faster execution

• Limited to the platform for which it was compiled

INTERPRETED

• Program is converted to machine code as it is executed

• Typically slower execution

• Will run on any platform for which an interpreter exists