Programming Language

Marisa Paryasto

OBJECTIVES

n  Explain the differences among the categories of programming languages

n  Identify programming languages commonly used today

n  Identify the uses of application generators, macros, and RAD tools

n  Describe various Web page development tools, including HTML, DHTML, and XML

WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?

n  A set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

n  Programming language n  Set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a

programmer to communicate a solution algorithm to the computer

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

n  User-friendly software products designed to assist in the creation of information system solutions

CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

n  Machine languages n  Assembly languages n  Third-generation languages n  Fourth-generation languages (4GL) n  Natural languages

Low Level Versus High Level

n  Low level n  is written to run on one particular

computer n  High level

n  can run on many different types of computers

Machine languages n  Also known as first-generation language n  Machine language is referred to as level languages n  Instructions use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) n  The only language that the computer directly

understand n  Disadvantage

n  Tedious to code program

n  Time consuming

n  Program is machine dependent

Example of machine languages

Assembly languages n  instructions are written using abbreviations and codes n  Also referred as low-level languages

n  Writes codes such as A for addition, C for compare n  Programmer can refer to storage locations with symbolic addresses n  Machine dependent n  Source program

n  Program containing the assembly language code

n  Macros n  Generate more than one machine language instruction

n  Needs translator (assembler) to convert program into machine codes

Example of assembly languages

Third-generation languages n  Instructions, which use a series of English-like

words n  Are procedural languages because the computer

must be told what to accomplish and how to do it. n  Needs translator to convert program into machine

codes n  Compilers n  Interpreters

n  Object code or object program n  The machine language version that results from the

compiling the 3GL

Example of a Compiler

Example of a Interpreter

Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)

n  Which also uses English-like statements n  Is a nonprocedural language because a

programmer only specifies what the program should accomplish without explaining how.

n  Syntax (rules of the language) are to be followed

n  Machine independent

Example of SQL

Natural languages

n  Is a type of query language that allows the user to enter requests resembling human speech.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

n  Programmers create objects n  Classes n  Subclasses n  Superclasses n  Inheritance

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

n  Object-Oriented Programming n  Object-oriented programming (OOP)

language n  Event-driven

POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

n  BASIC n  Visual Basic

n  Design the graphical user interface n  Write code for program events n  Generate the application

n  COBOL

POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

n  C n  C++ n  FORTRAN n  Pascal n  Ada n  RPG (Report Program Generator) n  Other programming languages

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

n  Application generators (program generators) n  Form builders (screen painters) n  Menu generator

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

n  Macros n  Recording macros n  Writing macros n  Running macros

n  RAD Tools: Visual Basic, Delphi, and PowerBuilder n  Visual Basic n  Delphi n  PowerBuilder

WEB PAGE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

n  HTML n  Hypertext markup language (HTML) n  Tags (markups) n  Resulting Web page

n  Scripts, Applets, and Servlets n  Common gateway interface (CGI) n  Counter n  Image map n  Processing form

WEB PAGE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT n  Java, JavaScript, and Perl

n  Java n  JavaScript n  Perl

n  Dynamic HTML (DHMTL) n  Allows more graphical interest and interactivity in Web

pages n  Style sheets

n  XML n  eXtensible Markup Language n  May replace HTML

MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

n  Multimedia authoring software n  Used to display text, graphics,

animation, audio, and video into an electronic interactive presentation

SELECTING A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOL

n  Standards of the organization n  Interface with other programs n  Suitability of the language to the

application n  Portability to other systems

SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

n  Categories of programming languages n  Object-oriented program development n  Popular programming languages n  Program development tools n  Web page program development n  Multimedia program development