Programme and Abstract Book - esa.ipb.ptesa.ipb.pt/olive2007/Programme_and_Abstract_Book.pdf · Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal October 10 – 12 2007 . IOBC OILB

IOBC OILB

WPRS/SROP

3rd European Meeting of the IOBC/WPRS

Working Group

“Integrated Protection of Olive Crops”

Programme and Abstract Book

Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal October 10 – 12 2007

IOBC OILB

WPRS/SROP

3rd European Meeting of the IOBC/WPRS

Working Group

“Integrated Protection of Olive Crops”

Programme and Abstract Book

Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal October 10 – 12 2007

Edition: Instituto Politécnico de Bragança

Editors: Albino Bento & José Alberto Pereira

Sponsor: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia

Legal Deposit: 265309/07

ISBN: 978-745-091-6

3rd European Meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Integrated Protection of Olive Crops”

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Organizing committee

Dr. José Alberto Pereira Agrarian School Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal Chairperson Prof. Albino Bento Agrarian School Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal Dr. Argyro Kalaitzaki Convenor of the WG “Integrated Protection of Olive Crops” Institute of Olive Tree and Subtropical Plants, Chania, Crete, Greece Ing. Rogério Sismeiro Regional Direction of Agriculture and Fisheries - North, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, Mirandela, Portugal

Ing. Francisco Pavão Association of Producers in Integrated Crop Protection of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Mirandela, Portugal Ing. Luis Ferro Correia Association of Producers in Integrated Crop Protection of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Mirandela, Portugal


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Scientific committee

Prof. Albino Bento Agrarian School Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal Prof. Laura Torres Plant Protection Department University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Dr. Mercedes Campos Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) Granada, Spain

Dr. Alexandrakis Venizelos Entomology Department, Institute of Olive Tree and Subtropical Plants of Chania, Crete, Greece Prof. António Belcari Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Section of General and Applied Entomology, University of Florence. Italy


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PROGRAMME


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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 9

16.00-19.00h Registration and welcome at the Auditório Alcino Miguel (ESTIG/IPB)

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10 8.00-9.30h Registration and welcome at the Auditório Alcino Miguel

(ESTIG/IPB)

9.30-10.15h Opening Ceremony

Prof. João Sobrinho Teixeira

President of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança Mr. Jorge Gomes

Governor of the Bragança District Ing. Jorge Nunes

Mayor of the Bragança Council Architect Carlos Guerra

Director of the North Region of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries

Prof. Albino Bento President of the Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança

Ing. Francisco Pavão President of Association of Producers in Integrated Crop Protection of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro

Dr. Argyro Kalaitzaki Convenor of IOBC working group

Dr. José Alberto Pereira Chairperson


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10.15-11.00h PLENARY LECTURE Chairman: Arlindo Almeida

Arthropod pest management in organic olive groves in Portugal: present status and prospects Prof. Laura Torres

11.00-11.30h Coffee break

11.30-12.30h Bactrocera oleae: genetics and physiology

Chairman: Enrique Quesada Moraga

11.30-11.45 Phylogenetic relationships of Bactrocera oleae with other Dacini tribe species using mitochondrial DNA sequences M. D. Ochando, D. Segura, P. Fernández, C. Callejas

11.45-12.00 Genetic Improvements to SIT for Fruit Fly Control A. M. Kramer, I. Alphey

12.00-12.15 Susceptibility of Sardinian olive cultivars to Bactrocera oleae infestations G. Delrio, S. Deliperi, A. Lentini

12.15-12.30 Attraction of the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) to volatiles from bacterial filtrates P. Sacchetti, M.C. Rosi, S. Landini, A. Camèra, A. Granchietti, D.C. Robacker, A. Belcari

12.30-13.00 Discussion

13.00-14.30h Lunch


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14.30-16.00h Bactrocera oleae: control

Chairman: Argyro Kalaitzaki

14.30-15.15h PLENARY LECTURE

Present status and prospects for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera, Tephritidae) Prof. John Tsitsipis

15.15-15.30 Entomopathogenic fungi show promise for biological

control of olive fly puparia in the soil I. Eldesouki-Arafat, I. Garrido-Jurado, M. Campos, C. Santiago-Álvarez, E. Quesada-Moraga

15.30-15.45 Effectiveness of mass trapping by bottle traps baited with salt sardines to control Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) V. Caleca, M. Maltese

15.45-16.00 Lure-and-kill formulations used in olive culture have an adverse effect on important species of the natural enemy complex arthropod pests P.V. Petrakis, V. Roussis, A. Ortiz


16.15-17.00 Poster exhibition (Section 1)


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17.00-18.30 Bactrocera oleae: control (cont.)

Chairman: António Belcari

17.00-17.15 SPINTOR ISCO: An innovating system for the control of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae in IPM M. Torne, M. Miles

17.15-17.30 Study of the effectiveness of various insecticides for the control of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Crete olive groves A. P. Kalaitzaki, K.N. Varikou, V.Z. Alexandrakis

17.30-17.45 Comparison between current compounds for bait spray against olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Gemelin in Iran (Qazvin-Tarom Sofla) H. Nouri, J. Khalghani, F. Farzali

17.45-18.30 Discussion (oral and poster presentations)


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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 11

9.15-10.30 Natural control of olive enemies Chairman: Dionysios Perdikis

9.15-10.00 PLENARY LECTURE Biological control of olive pests in the Mediterranean region Prof. Gavino Delrio

10.00-10.15 Relation of fruit volume to olive fruit fly development

and biological control by Psyttalia cf. concolor in California

V. Y. Yokoyama

10.15-10.30 Coccinellids as potential predators of Saissetia oleae (Olivier) S. A. P. Santos, J. A. Pereira, L. M. Torres, J. A. Nogueira


11.00-11.30 Poster exhibition (Section 2)


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11.30-13.00 Other olive pests

Chairman: António Mexia

11.30-11.45 Oviposition responses of the olive pyralid moth Euzophera pinguis Haw. induced by their larvae secretion components A. Ortiz, F. Hidalgo, A. Perabá

11.45-12.00 Evaluation of different colour sticky traps in captures of Rhynchites cribripennis

D. Perdikis, N. Garantonakis, A. Paraskeuopoulos, A. Giatropoulos, D. Lykouressis

12.00-12.15 Biology studies on olive leaf moth (jasmine moth), Palpita unionalis (Hbn.) in Iran (Qazvin-Tarom Sofla) H. Nouri, J. Khalghani, F. Farzali

12.15-12.30 Olive tree (Oleae europaea) most common phytosanitary problems on Terceira island, Azores D. J. H. Lopes, A. Figueiredo, L. B. Ventura, N. Macedo, R. Pimentel, J.T.O. Martins


13.00-14.30h Lunch


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14.30-17.45 Olive diseases Chairman: Ana Maria Nazaré Pereira

14.30-15.15h PLENARY LECTURE

Viruses and phytoplasmas infecting the olive crop and control measures Prof. Ivone E. Clara

15.15-15.30 SCORE®: a new systemic fungicide against leaf spot of

olive (Spilocaea oleagina) M. Varela


16.00-16.30 Poster exhibition (Section 3) 16.30-16.45 Biology and etiology of olive anthracnose

P. Talhinhas, J. Neves-Martins, S. Sreenivasaprasad, M.C. Silva, H. Oliveira

16.45-17.00 Pathological study of Colletotrichum acutatum in Olea europaea L. cultivars S. Gomes, P. Prieto, P. Martins-Lopes, T. Barradas, A. Martin, H. Guedes-Pinto

17.00-17.15 Control of root-knot nematode in olive by non volatile nematodicides H. S. Abbas, R. M. Mohammad


17.45-18.00 Closing meeting

20.00 Galla diner


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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 12

9.00-17.00h Technical visit


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Poster exhibition (Section 1) Poster n. 1 Introduction of the African parasitoid Psyttalia lounsburyi in South of France for classical biological control of Bactrocera oleae: Will hybridization affect population establishment and growth?

J.C. Malausa, A. Blanchet, M.C. Bon, S. Cheyppe-Buchmann, G. Groussier-Bout, W. Jones, C. Pickett, N. Ris, M. Roche, M. Thaon, X. Fauvergue Poster n. 2 Field studies on Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the caper fly, alternative host to the olive fruit fly in south Sardinia

G. Marongiu, F. Foddi, R. Pisci, F. Corda Poster n. 3 Assessing the effect of soil treatments with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) sorokin against puparia of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) on soil dwelling non target arthropods

I. Garrido-Jurado, C. Santiago-Alvarez, E. Quesada-Moraga, M. Campos, Poster n. 4 Susceptibility of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt.: Tephritidae) to entomopathogenic fungi

P. Moya, R. Gil, I. Ayala, J. Sanchis, J. Primo Poster n. 5 Survey of entomopathogenic fungi associated with the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) in the northeast of Portugal

F. Gonçalves, C. Rodrigues, L.M. Torres, J. A. Pereira


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Poster n. 6 Seasonal changes in efficiency of traps used in the lure and kill method for control of Bactrocera oleae

A. Lentini, S. Deliperi, G. Delrio Poster n. 7 Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmelin.) control by Eco-trap in Iran (Qazvin-Tarom Sofla)

H. Nouri, J. Khalghani, F. Farzali Poster n. 8 Effect of different attractants used in Olipe traps for olive fly mass-trapping on beneficial arthropods

J.A. Pereira, F. Pavão, A. Bento Poster n. 9 Parasitoids captured by mass-trapping with Olipe traps in organic olive orchards of Southern Spain

M. Porcel, F. Ruano, M. Campos Poster n. 10 Mass-traping of the olive fruit fly with Olipe traps in Trás-os-Montes region (Northeast of Portugal)

F. Pavão, J.A. Pereira, A. Bento, Poster n. 11 The water starvation period and temperature on the attraction to ammonia in Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)

E. Mulinari, I. Martinez Sañudo, G. Soncin, D. Emer, V. Girolami


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Poster n. 12 Efficay of alpha cypermethrin in populations of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Greece

J.A. Tsitsipis, J.T. Margaritopoulos, N. Kalogiannis, D. Nikou, E. Morou, P.J. Skouras, J. Vontas, Poster n. 13 A simplified method of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) infestation analysis

V. Caleca, V. Fancellu Poster n. 14 Population dynamic and number of generation of the olive fruit fly in north of Iran

M.J. Soroosh, K. Kamali, H. Ostovan Poster n. 15 Relationship between captures of adults of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) in McPhail and sex-pheromone chromotropic traps and infestation

F. Gonçalves, L. M. Torres Poster n. 16 Pupation depth of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) and behaviour of the larvae in search of a place to pupate

F. Gonçalves, L. M. Torres


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Poster exhibition (Section 2) Poster n. 17 Analysis of population fluctuations of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) and Prays oleae (Bernard) in southern Portugal

M. A. Gonçalves, L. Andrade, B. Afonso, L. Almeida Poster n. 18 Biological control against Prays oleae Bern (Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutidae) using local oophagous parasitoïdes of the genus Trichogramma

I. Blibech, M. Ksantini, T. Jardak Poster n. 19 Is the indigenous Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) a promising biological control agent to control the olive moth, Prays oleae in Portugal?

A. Herz, L.M. Torres Poster n. 20 Comparing benefits between pesticides and ethylene treatments to reduce Prays oleae Bern. attack in olive trees

R. Rosales, I. Sabouni, F. Chibi, D. Garrido, J.M. Ramos Poster n. 21 Effects of different sugars and pollens on the olive moth, Prays oleae Bern. and their parasitois Elasmus flabellatus Westw.

A. Bento, S. Pereira, J.E. Cabanas, J.A. Pereira Poster n. 22 Field assessment of kaolin as a pest control tool in an olive grove in Madrid

S. Pascual, G. Cobos, E. Seris, M. Gonzalez-Núñez


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Poster n. 23 Monitoring of the main pests of olive in Alentejo (Portugal)

M.I. Patanita, J. Reis Poster n. 24 Economic thresholds level for the fruit generation of olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutidae)

A. Bento, J.A. Pereira Poster n. 25 Thrips on olives in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

R. Bozbuga, N. Z. Elekçioglu Poster n. 26 Beneficial arthropods associated with the olive tree canopy, in Alentejo (south region of Portugal)

F.T. Rei, M. Campos, L.M. Torres Poster n. 27 Effects of no tillage on the abundance and diversity of soil and olive tree canopy arthropods

C. Lousão, A. Bento, M. Campos, F. Ruano, J.A. Pereira


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Poster exhibition (Section 3) Poster n. 28 Effects of agronomic features on verticillium wilt in an important olive-growing area in southern Spain

E. Rodriguez, J.M. Garcia-Garrido, P. Garcia, M. Campos Poster n. 29 Histopathology and epidemiology of olive anthracnose

C. Mota-Capitão, S. Martins, P. Talhinhas, M.C. Silva, H. Oliveira Poster n. 30 Detection of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from olive trees with chronic decline and dieback of branches and shoots

M.E. Gouveia, V. Coelho Poster n. 31

Preliminary study of the parasitic complex associated with Dittrichia viscosa in Andalucía (Spain)

S. Franco-Micán, J. Castro, M. Campos Poster n. 32

Influence of the irrigation and crop protection in the productivity of traditional olive groves in Alentejo (Portugal)

F. L. Santos, J. Reis, M. I. Patanita, P. Valverde, A. Ramos, N. L. Castanheira Poster n. 33 Integrated production and quality of “Galega” olive oil

M.F. Peres, J.P. Luz, P. Fragoso, C. Gouveia, M.C. Vitorino, C. Amaro, L. Henriques, J. Coutinho, C. Pintado, C. Peres, A. Ferreira


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Poster n. 34 Olive growing in Arribes de Duero (Spain). A marginal culture area

I. Armendáriz, A. Pérez-Sanz, S. Juárez, L. Miranda, I. Sánchez, G. Campillo Poster n. 35 Weed seedling emergence from soils of vineyards and olive groves of the Mirandês Plateau, notheastern Portugal

M. A. Rodrigues, J. E. Cabanas, A. Bento, C. F. Aguiar, J.L. Andrade, M. Arrobas


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Abstracts


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Plenary lectures


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ARTHROPOD PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC OLIVE GROVES IN PORTUGAL: PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS L. Torres CITAB/ Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal Compared to other countries in northern Europe, organic agriculture has developed quite recently in Portugal. Although there had previously been some attempts, particularly those carried out by Luís Alberto Vilar, who founded the “Fraternal Union of Farmers” back in the 1950s, the first organized form of organic agriculture did not appear until 1985, with the creation of the “Portuguese Association of Organic Agriculture” (AGROBIO). In the last few years organic agriculture has steadily increased and from only 73 producers in 1993, it grew to more than 1500 in 2005. Today more than 200 000 ha of different crops are managed organically. In 2005, the surface of olive groves under organic management was 28 152 ha, which represented 12.1% of all organic surface. Almost all this surface (about 99.4%) was distributed by the districts of the interior along the Spanish border (Trás-os-Montes, Beira Interior and Alentejo) where olive tree is perfectly adapted and pest and disease pressure is relatively low. In accordance with the classification presented by George Haniotakis, at the 1st European Meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Study Group “Integrated Control in Olives”, for arthropod pests, olive enemies in Portugal can be grouped into four categories: a) major or key enemies, which cause damage of major economic importance throughout the region requiring annual management, and include the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard) and the olive leaf spot, Spilocaea oleagina (mainly in the northern part of the olive growing region of the country), the olive fly, Bactrocera (Daculus) oleae (Gmelin) and the olive anthracnose, Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloesporioides (mainly in the central and southern part of the region); b) major secondary enemies, which also occur throughout the region causing damage of major economic importance locally or occasionally, and include the black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), the olive knot, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (ex Smith) Gardan et al., and the sooty mould – Capnodium spp., Limacinula spp. and Aureobasidium spp.; c) enemies of limited or localized importance, which cause damage of limited importance locally and/or occasionally, vary with location and/or time, and may include the olive beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeiodes (Bernard), the pyralid moth, Euzophera pinguis (Haworth), the olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina (Costa), the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, the olive thrips, Liothrips oleae (Costa), the jasmine moth, Palpita vitrealis (Rossi), eriophiyd mites – such as Aceria oleae (Nalepa), Oxicenus maxwelli (Keifer), Tegolophus hassani (Keifer) and Ditrymachus athiasella Keifer –, the root diseases – such as Phytophora spp., Rosellinia necatrix Prillieux and Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) –, and the verticillium wilt, Verticillium dahliae Klebahn; d) enemies of no economic importance, which under very rare circumstances may cause damage of limited economic importance locally, and may include the “A” weevil, Otiorrhynchus cribicollis Gyllenhal, the cercosporiosis, Pseudocercospora cladosporioides (Saccardo) and the dalmatian disease, Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not). Several virus and nematodes have also been identified in Portugal, however data about their economic importance are scarce.


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The significant financial support provided by the European Union during the last years, which largely have stimulated the interest towards organic agriculture, have also expanded the development of scientific and technical research regarding this type of crop management. In the present work, information on the progress and prospects for arthropod pest management research pertinent to olive organic production is synthesized, using the four phases of a conceptual model recently proposed by Eric Wyss and collaborators.


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PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE CONTROL OF ΤΗΕ OLIVE FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE GMELIN (DIPTERTA, TEPHRITIDAE) J. Tsitsipis University of Thessaly, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Fytokou street 38446, N. Ionia, Volos Magnisias. [email protected] The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a key pest of olive orchards causing damage of major economic importance throughout the Mediterranean region and requires annual management. Both qualitative and quantitative crop losses due to this pest, can reach up to 50% if no control measures are taken. Control of the olive fruit fly has been based mostly on bait sprays with organophosphate insecticides for more than 40 years. Extensive and long-term use of these insecticides against B. oleae, apart from their side effects on beneficial organisms and sometimes the presence of unacceptably high levels of residues in olives and olive oil, could also give rise to insecticide resistance problems. Present control methods for the olive fruit fly mainly include: a) Bait sprays, applied from the ground, with the approved insecticides a-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, dimethoate, fenthion (until 31-12-2007) and spinosad; b) Cover sprays with dimethoate, a-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and Beauveria bassiana; c) Mass trapping by using a large variety of toxic, sticky, or liquid-containing traps, combining a food and/or sex attractant, which are available for this purpose. Advances in olive fruit fly control include the improvement of crop protection level with parallel reduction of bait applications due to a better understanding of the eco-biology of the fly, modeling of its population dynamics and therefore better prognosis, trap calibration, better fly population monitoring systems, and as well as the establishment of realistic economic threshold levels. In the list of advances should be also included the development of alternative methods which are accepted in organic olive culture, namely the mass trapping method, and bait sprays with natural insecticides. The elimination of air sprays on olive orchards within the E.U. and the drastic reduction of cover sprays constitute significant advances which contribute to environmental, ecological, consumer and grower protection as well as to the expansion of organic olive production The future prospects in olive fruit fly control include improvement of crop protection levels with further reduction of pesticide use which should be characterized not only by their specificity and efficacy but also for no disturbing the agroecosystem. Models of olive fruit fly population dynamics remain to be refined, validated and adjusted to local and seasonal conditions. The wide use of these models combined with modern technologies for automated field data collection, and transfer to processing and warning centers will simplify model operation, prevent wrong decisions by non experienced control coordinators, and contribute to reduction of the number of spray applications per year with parallel increase of crop protection level. Further research is also needed for the improvement of other control methods such as sterile insect technique, use of genetic engineering technologies, biological control etc.


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Key words: olive fruit fly, bait sprays, mass trapping, cover sprays


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF OLIVE PESTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION G. Delrio Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, [email protected] The olive agro-ecosystem is characterized by a good stability which has allowed the over time co-evolution of pests and natural enemies. The key pests are the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, the olive moth, Prays oleae, and the black scale, Saissetia oleae, whereas many others phytophagous insects have a variable importance depending on the country and are generally well-controlled by natural enemies. The olive tree is characterized by the presence of various predator species (spiders, hemipteroids, chrysopids, coccinellids and ants) and about 300-400 parasitoid species, which gives an important contribution to the ecosystem stability. The preservation of these natural agents of pest control is of importance for the integrated pest management and can be achieved by the use of selective chemical insecticides, other alternative control methods, conservation and establishment of natural habitats. Classical biological control by the introduction of seventeen species of natural enemies from South Africa, gave excellent results against the black scale, causing a significant reduction in pest populations until an acceptable level. Among these parasitoids, Metaphycus bartletti, M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi, were the main responsible for this transition. Some naturally occurring parasitoids are known to attack olive fruit fly in the Mediterranean area, but they are apparently not able to provide an adequate control. Field surveys conducted in the 20th century documented a diverse assemblage of natural enemies on cultivated and wild olives in southern and eastern Africa. However, previous attempts to introduce these species in Europe were not successful. More recently, the renewed interest in classical biological control of this pest has brought to the attempt to introduce the Braconids Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, Psyttalia lounsburyi and Fopius arisanus. After the success in the biological control of the olive fly obtained in Italy during the 1960’s by large scale-inundative releases of Psyttalia concolor, new trials have been carried out, but in smaller scale.Augmentative releases of Trichogramma species and Chrysoperla carnea were evaluated against the olive moth. The biological control of the olive moth could be based on the use of formulations containing the microbial control agent Bacillus thuringiensis. Similarly, the recent discovery of new strains of this bacterium showing lethal effects against the olive fly, provides an important contribution to the prospect of biological management of this pest.


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VIRUSES AND PHYTOPLASMAS INFECTING THE OLIVE CROP AND CONTROL MEASURES M. R. Félix, C. M. R. Varanda, M. I. E. Clara Departamento de Fitotecnia, Laboratório de Virologia Vegetal, Instituto das Ciências Agrárias Mediterrâneas, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal. [email protected] The olive crop is affected by a number of viruses and phytoplasmas which have been diagnosed both in symptomatic and asymptomatic field trees and nursery seedlings. Fourteen virus species belonging to the genera Nepovirus (Arabis mosaic virus, Cherry leaf roll virus, Olive latent ringspot virus and Strawberry latent ring spot virus), Cucumovirus (Cucumber mosaic virus), Oleavirus (Olive latent virus 2), Necrovirus (Olive latent virus 1, Tobacco necrosis virus D and Olive mild mosaic virus), Tobamovirus (Tobacco mosaic virus), Potexvirus (Olive vein yellowing-associated virus), and three non assigned species, Olive leaf yellowing-associated virus, Olive yellow mottling and decline associated virus and Olive semi latent virus, were detected in plants from the most important olive growing countries in Europe, Middle East and North Africa. The symptoms exhibited by the infected trees ranged from general decline, defoliation, deformation of leaves and fruits, yellowing, necrosis, vein clearing and mild mosaic of leaves and lower rooting capacity of the cuttings of some cultivars, as compared to that of healthy ones. In many regions where surveys were conducted systematically using virus assays, both generalist (mechanical transmission to indicator plants; double stranded RNAs isolation) and specific (serology; Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction), infections were found to be very high reaching 100% in several sites, thus becoming a cause for concern. The viruses disseminate in nature mainly through the use of rooted cuttings and seedlings originated from infected olive mother plants. In addition, there is growing evidence that the soil may serve as a source of OLV-1, TNV-D and its fungus vector Olpidium brassicae, as they all have been consistently found in close association with infected olive plants and their root surrounding soil, in Portuguese olive orchards. Typical syndromes associated to phytoplasma diseases in olive, recorded for the first time in Italy, in 1996, and later in Spain, are: ‘witches broom’, dwarfing, short internodes, stem fasciation, erect growth, yellowing, bud failure, hypertrophied inflorescences, formation of spheroblasts with rosettes of shoots, decline and die-back. Recent studies using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of ribosomal genes (16 S rDNA) specifically amplified by PCR, allowed the identification of members of four fitoplasma groups I (sub groups B and C), III, V and XII (sub group A), and also showed lack of a clear correlation between a given syndrome in olive and the presence of those microorganisms. There is no specific information on their spreading in the field except that species of Hyalestes spp, known vectors of phytoplasmas, were observed in the canopy of symptomatic infected trees. Similarly to others, it is plausible to assume that phytoplasmas from olive are also spread in nature by the use of infected plant material. There is not sufficient data on the prevalence and geographic distribution of olive viruses and phytoplasmas, or on their vectors, which are indispensable tools for the successful control of the diseases. Thus, in view of the current limited knowledge available, it is essential to implement preventive measures, namely sanitary selection,


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in which plants are subjected to sensitive diagnostic tests and only those testing pathogen free are to be used for further propagation. Additional precaution is the use of sterile plant growth substrates, especially in nurseries, to avoid contaminations and subsequent viral invasion of plant roots. The European Union Directive 93/48, concerning the Conformitas Agraria Communitatis (CAC), specifies that all virus and virus-like (includes phytoplasmas) agents are deleterious to the olive plant. Although too restrictive, especially when compared to that applicable to other important economic crops, the Directive has contributed to the development and improvement of highly sensitive and reliable molecular diagnostic technology. This has been applied in Italy, Spain and Portugal, in their respective national olive cultivars certification programmes and in certification of plants to be exported to countries where the olive crop is rapidly expanding, as in Asia and South America. It is on the best interest of importing countries to prevent the entry of some of the above agents, as they are considered ‘quarantine organisms’. In Australia, for instance, major concerns regarding olive plant imports, have been the nepovirus, oleavirus, OLV-1, and phytoplasma of the Stolbur group (group XII-A). A successful integrated control of the olive pathogens still necessitates more scientific knowledge, only attainable by increasing research efforts and funds for the development of technologies to produce high quality and healthy plants for the benefit of growers and of the olive industry.

* Carla Marisa R. Varanda is recipient of a PhD fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - FCT (SFRH/BD/29398/2006)


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Oral communications


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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF BACTROCERA OLEAE WITH OTHER DACINI TRIBE SPECIES USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES M. D. Ochando, D. Segura, P. Fernández, C. Callejas Dpto. de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040- Madrid, Spain. The Tephritidae family comprise more than 4300 species grouped into near 500 genera many of which are important agricultural pests. However, despite that many taxonomic studies have been performed in this family, not fully satisfactory classification has yet been obtained. In fact, one of these species, the olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae), no far in the past was classified as Dacus species. The olive fly constitutes a harmful pest of olive crops. Production losses due to B. oleae have been estimated over 15 % of all production and for Mediterranean basin countries, where 98% of the world’s cultivated olive trees are found, represent a serious economic problem. The number of genetic studies on insect pests has increased greatly in the last 15 years. In particular, advances in molecular technologies are helping to provide genetic information of extraordinary use in making decisions regarding to control programs. And the first necessary knowledge to face pests is the taxonomic position of the studied species. The present work reports a molecular phylogenetic study among 10 Tephritidae species, included in Bactrocera and Dacus genera. Two mitochondrial DNA regions encompassing 551 bp have been sequenced (one segment including cytb, tRNASer and ND1 genes, with 292 bp and the other including part of the cytochrome oxidase II gene with 259 bp). The phylogenetic consensus tree obtained by the maximum parsimony method show three major branches: one comprising the out group species (Ceratitis capitata), another one grouping all the Bactrocera and Dacus species studied (the two species of Dacus grouped together), except one, and the third corresponds to Bactrocera oleae alone. The results confirm, first, the usefulness of the molecular information to help for taxonomic problems, and, second, the differentiation of the olive fly from others Bactrocera and Dacus species. The dendrogram obtained suggests the probable non-monophyletic nature of the Dacini tribe.


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GENETIC IMPROVEMENTS TO SIT FOR FRUIT FLY CONTROL A M Kramer1, l Alphey1,2 1Oxitec Limited, 71 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxford OX14 4RX, UK. 2Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an effective, species-specific and environmentally friendly method for controlling pest populations. SIT involves releasing millions of sterile insects over a wide area to mate with the native insects that are present. Native females that mate with the sterile males produce non viable offspring, leading to a decline in the target pest population. SIT has been used successfully for control of several tephritid fruit fly species in programmes targeting local eradication, suppression below economic thresholds, and prevention of establishment. Modern genetic methods hold out the prospect of significant operational and cost-effectiveness improvements to the SIT, and for extension of the SIT to a broader range of pest species. Genetic improvements include: more reliable identification of released individuals with a fluorescent genetic marker; removing the need for radiation-sterilisation (“genetic sterilisation"); reducing the hazard posed by non-irradiated accidental releases from the mass-rearing facility by arranging that the insects need an artificially-provided condition, for example a dietary supplement, in order to survive or reproduce; providing automated sex-separation prior to release to eliminate females from the release population (“genetic sexing”). Oxitec has developed the RIDL® suite of genetic technologies and has demonstrated all of these properties in Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens), as well as in moths and mosquitoes. SIT would be a useful tool for the Integrated Pest Management of olive fly (Bactrocerea oleae) but implementation has been constrained by the difficulty of mass-rearing, including the lack of a cheap and consistent artificial diet and changes in behaviour such as time of mating. Research into these issues is ongoing in Greece and at the IAEA. The cost-effectiveness of an SIT approach would be greatly improved by the ability to release only males. Each female olive fly lays 50-400 eggs in as many fruits, causing significant damage to the crop, regardless of whether she has been sterilised or not. In addition, if males and females are released together, the males may court the sterile females, and consequently not seek out the wild females as effectively as if they had been released alone. This distraction effect of sterile females on sterile males has been shown to have a major impact on the male effectiveness of Mediterranean fruit fly in the field. Oxitec’s RIDL technology could be applied to olive fly to rear populations of male insects which produce no female progeny in the absence of a specific diet supplement. In addition, they could be reared safely in olive growing areas without the need for irradiation to sterilise them.


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SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SARDINIAN OLIVE CULTIVARS TO BACTROCERA OLEAE INFESTATIONS G. Delrio, S. Deliperi, A. Lentini Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, [email protected] The susceptibility of the main olive cultivars grown in Sardinia (Italy) to olive fly attack was studied in order to improve pest management techniques. Observations were carried out during 2004-2005 in an organic olive grove where the three following cultivars were randomly distributed: Manna, an early ripening cultivar with large drupes (5-6 g), Bosana, a medium-late ripening cultivar with small drupes (2-3 g) and Semidana, a late ripening cultivar with medium sized drupes (3-4 g). The first generation of olive fly females preferred ovipositing in Manna olive fruits, which are characterised by the largest size, whereas drupe size did not influence significantly female fruit preference in autumn. In fact, in October, the number of stings per drupe was 6 and 10 for Semidana, 4 and 6 for Bosana, 3 and 4 for Manna, during 2004 and 2005, respectively. For these reasons, we can conclude that, in autumn, olive fruit attraction was likely to be more related to drupe colour and/or releases of chemical substances than drupe size. On the other hand, we cannot exclude a specific deterrent effect on B. oleae oviposition, related to different amounts of waxes on the surface of fruits from the three diverse cultivars. The olive fruit resistance to B. oleae development was evaluated estimating the mortality of young larvae. The highest percentages of mortality, which were reached in August when maximum summer temperature levels were recorded, differed significantly among cultivars in both years (92% for Manna, 68% for Bosana and 89% for Semidana in 2004, and 72%, 42% and 44% in 2005, respectively). At harvest time, the percentages of wormy olives were 24 and 27% for Manna, 64 and 32% for Bosana and 75 and 55% for Semidana, in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The susceptibility of the three cultivars to the olive fly seems to be strictly related to the over-time-changing oviposition preference and to the cultivar response to the main mortality factors, such as high summer temperature. Key words: olive cultivars, olive fly, preference, resistance.


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ATTRACTION OF THE OLIVE FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE (ROSSI) TO VOLATILES FROM BACTERIAL FILTRATES. P. Sacchetti, M.C. Rosi, S. Landini, A. Camèra, A. Granchietti, D.C. Robacker*, A. Belcari Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Section of General and Applied Entomology, Florence, Italy. * USDA- ARS, Kika de La Garza, Weslaco , TX Field trials and lab bioassays concerning the evaluation of attractiveness to the olive fly of chemical odours emitted by P. putida strain compared to commercial protein baits are reported. We considered 7 treatments: Buminal® at 1%; TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) as culture medium at 3 different concentrations (5, 10, 20%) and Bacterial Filtrate, BF (at 5, 10 and 20%). Traps have been placed in an olive grove near Florence in 2005 according to a randomized block design. Results indicate that males captures are not statistically different among treatments; on the contrary female captures by traps baited with 10% BF were significantly higher compared to the other attractants. Lab bioassays performed in wind tunnel showed a similar response. Females were very active when exposed to 10% BF and 20% BF as well as to 1% Buminal®. Males showed the same activity when exposed to 20% BF and 1% Buminal®. Gas chromatographic analysis of the volatiles collected from the headspace of the BF, TSB and Buminal®. allowed to identify several nitrogenous compounds present in the treatments.


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ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI SHOW PROMISE FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF OLIVE FLY PUPARIA IN THE SOIL I. Eldesouki-Arafat1, I. Garrido-Jurado1, M. Campos2, C. Santiago-Álvarez1, E. Quesada-Moraga1 1 Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba. Campus de Rabanales. Building C4 “Celestino Mutis”. Cordoba 14071. España (Spain). e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Zaidin Experimental Station. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). Profesor Albareda nº 1. 18008 Granada (Spain) Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) are present in natural and cultivated soils as an integrating part of the soil microbiota. The soil ecosystem provides a favorable environment for fungal microbial control because it is less affected by environmental extremes therefore increasing the persistence of conidia; thus EF are probably the best candidates for microbial control of soil stages of fruit flies, prepupating larvae and puparia. In the work described herein, we have collected 61 soil samples from olive orchards from the Andalusia region in southern Spain. Entomopathogenic fungi have been isolated from 43 of the 61 (70.5 %) soil samples, with only two species found, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Of the 43 soil samples harbouring EF, 29 yielded B. bassiana (47.5%), 5 yielded M. anisopliae (8.2%), and 9 soil samples (14.8%) harboured both fungi. In total, we obtained 38 B. bassiana and 14 M. anisopliae isolates. In a fist trial, all isolates were assayed against medfly Ceratitis capitata puparia (as model for olive fly puparia) treated as late third instar larvae in sterilized soil at a dose of 1.0 x 108 conidia/ml at 25ºC and -0.01 MPa (9% p/p) moisture conditions, showing mycosis rates ranging between 3.3 and 73.3.%. In a second trial, the three most virulent isolates, M. anisopliae 01/26-Su, 00/19-Su and 01/158-Su isolates, were selected to be evaluated at doses of 1.0 x 106, 1.0 x 107, and 1x108 conidia/ml and three soil moisture conditions -0.1 (5% p/p), -0.01 (9% p/p) and -0.0055 MPa (13% p/p) at 25ºC, in which case, mortality rates were directly related to the dose and inversely related to the water content of the soil. Finally, the most virulent isolate, M. anisopliae 01/158-Su, was bioassayed at a dose of 1.0 x 108 conidia/ml under four temperatures 15, 20. 25 and 30ºC and three moisture regimes -0.1 (5% p/p), -0.01 (9% p/p) and -0.0055 MPa (13% p/p), which again demonstrated that virulence was dose related and inversely related to the water content of the soil.


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EFFECTIVENESS OF MASS TRAPPING BY BOTTLE TRAPS BAITED WITH SALT SARDINES TO CONTROL BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) V. Caleca1, M. Maltese2 1Dept. SENFIMIZO, Sezione di Entomologia, Acarologia e Zoologia, Università di Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128 Palermo ITALY, [email protected] 2contrada Pispisia 616/L, 91025 Marsala (Trapani Province) ITALY.

Various substances are known as attractants of tephritid flies; the putrescine and other compounds coming from animal decay have been positively tested for attraction of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and other tephritids. In Sicilian coastal areas, usually heavily infested by Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), few organic farmers producing high quality olive oil apply mass trapping by using bottle traps baited with salt sardines. The aim of this paper is to test the effectiveness of this kind of mass trapping to control the olive fruit fly. In 2005 and 2006 mass trapping was tested in an organic olive grove (Cerasuola cultivar) located in Trapani. In 2005 two plots were delineated: 189 untreated plants and 190 plants bearing bottle traps. In this year compared theses were three: untreated trees, central and marginal trees bearing bottle traps. In 2006 another plot and the relating thesis were added: 131 trees twice treated with copper hydroxide. The attractive device consists of a transparent 2-l polythene bottle with 2 holes (diameter 2 cm) in the upper third; it is filled two thirds full with water and one salt sardine. Previous to put the sardine in the bottle the salt is rinsed off it. When the solution dries and its level is below one third of the bottle, water is added to reach the initial level. At the beginning of August (5th in 2005, 2nd in 2006) baited bottles were positioned: one every tree along the margin and one every two trees in the rest. The infestation due to B. oleae was monitored by sampling 100 olives from ten trees per each thesis (ten fruits per sampled tree). Samplings were performed every two weeks until total infestation reached 5% and, subsequently, they were weekly. In both years olive oil has been extracted from olives exclusively collected from the ten sampled trees of each plot, to relate oil quality to infestation and treatments. To monitor olive fruit fly captures done by mass trapping, the content of 10 bottles along the margin and 10 bottles in the central part of mass trapping area was sieved at two (2005) or six (2006) samplings. In 2005 total infestation levels due to B. oleae of the three theses recorded statistically significant differences in the whole period, reaching at harvest 39% of infested drupes in the central trees bearing bottle traps with sardines, 64% in the marginal trees with bottle traps and 80% in the untreated trees; on the other hand, in the same period, the harmful infestation (3rd instar larvae, pupae and exit holes) between the marginal and untreated trees did not statistically differ; the oil quality was excellent in all theses and it resulted more related to the harmful infestation rather than the total one. In 2006 both total and harmful infestation levels of the four theses recorded three statistically homogeneous groups: once again the best result was achieved by the central trees bearing bottle traps (total infestation at harvest 23%), the second group consists of marginal trees with bottle traps and those treated with copper hydroxide (36% and 53% of total infestation at harvest, respectively); the worst result was achieved by untreated trees (68% of tot. infestation at harvest). In this year the oil quality was good in all theses, with few differences. Arthropods caught in the bottle traps were almost


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exclusively Diptera Brachycera (98% in 2005, 95% in 2006). B. oleae adults represented 42% of caught arthropods in 2005 and 71% in 2006. In both years B. oleae captures by bottle traps showed no significantly statistical differences between central and marginal trees, or between B. oleae males and females. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was also caught in bottle traps (6% of total in 2005, 14% in 2006). Key words: olive fruit fly, organic farming, attractant, copper hydroxide, oil quality


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LURE-AND-KILL FORMULATIONS USED IN OLIVE CULTURE HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON IMPORTANT SPECIES OF THE NATURAL ENEMY COMPLEX OF ARTHROPOD PESTS P.V. Petrakis1, V. Roussis2, A. Ortiz3 1 National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Research, Laboratory of Entomology, Terma Alkmanos, Ilissia, 115 28, Athens, Greece. [email protected] 2 University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece. [email protected] 3 Universidad de Jaén, E.P.S. de Linares, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, [email protected] Olive trees and Mediterranean pines were frequently neighbouring since the emergence of the Mediterranean climate. For this they share many elements of their natural enemy fauna and they exhibit the same type of biodiversity loss. Attracticide formulations have been recently used to manage insect pest populations. When deltamethrin and ammonium carbonate were used in paper bag attracticide (PBA) formulations as an insecticide and attractant respectively, we surveyed the insect fauna of treated and untreated fields. In addition, we bioassayed the time taken for a natural enemy to be inactive and the time taken to death for insects that either landed on attracticide formulations or ate prey insect already landed and impregnated with deltamethrin. The attractancy of the lure-and-kill trap to various natural enemies was also estimated. It was found that the natural enemy fauna of treated olive groves was much poorer than the fauna of untreated ones. This was attributed to the fact that prey insects were more easily handled in treated fields and predators that landed on attracticide formulations were either used as prey by other predators or died before being eaten by predators consuming live prey. The sexes of a certain species exhibit different times for inability and death for the same prey item. Also, the sexes consumed different numbers of prey items as a result of different handling times or preference. Many ecosystem processes were expectedly disrupted; the most pronounced is that of ‘species complementarity’ and ‘species composition’ while the ability of neighbouring pinewoods to cause natural enemy augmentation to the olive groves is lost. Since natural insecticides such as pyrethrins extracted from species of Chrysanthemum and related genera, exhibit a high insecticide potency and low toxicity to mammals and birds it was originally used as a killing agent in attracticide formulations. The development of synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, was a solution to the problem of field persistence of the insecticide usually incorporated in the attracticide as a paper strip impregnated with the commercial formulation (Decis 5 EC Insecticide in a 50 g (a.i.) / l-1 solution. Deltamethrin has a high self life and persistence in nature but it lacks the very low toxicity of natural pyrethrins on mammals, freshwater invertebrate and fishes, birds and scelionid parasitoids, spiders and predatory Heteroptera on pests of cultivated plants. Its suitability in attracticide formulations has been already questioned because of the emergence of resistant types of traditionally managed insects like Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Tortricidae). This study was designed to provide answers to the existence of any effect on the abundance, attraction and feeding activity of natural enemies, which were exposed at


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loaded paper bags in the field and at sub-lethal doses (i.e. doses lower than those capable of conferring a knock-down effect) of deltamethrin in the laboratory. Also, it is designed to estimate the effect of PBA on the abundance of species belonging to the natural enemy fauna of prey insects exposed to deltamethrin in field conditions.


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SPINTOR ISCO: AN INNOVATING SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY BACTROCERA OLEAE IN IPM M. Torne1, M. Miles2 1Dow AgroSciences Ibérica, Ribera del Loira 4-6 28042 Madrid, España 2Dow AgroSciences, European Development Centre, 2nd floor, 3 Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN, UK SPINTOR ISCO, GF-120, is a newly developed pre-mixed concentrated fruit fly bait containing a reduced risk toxicant to both mammals and non-target insects. GF-120 attracts and controls multiple species of tephritid fruit flies and contains an optimized blend of feeding attractants and the active ingredient, spinosad; an insect control product derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. It provides improved consistency, attractiveness, selectivity, pre-harvest intervals and overall efficacy when compared to current bait-toxicant mixes. GF-120 is approved for use in organic (OMRI™ Listed) and conventional production systems in many countries. Application is by ultra low volume with large droplets (4-6 mm of diameter) that help the product to remain viable in the field for extended periods of time when compared to other baits. GF-120 has an excellent environmental profile and has been demonstrated under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions to be an ideal product for use in IPM systems. In laboratory studies which mimic realistic exposure, GF-120 was reported to be non-toxic to two commercially important Coleoptera beneficials, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Rodolia cardinalis. Effects on the highly sensitive Hymenoptera parasitoid, Opius concolor were invested in two trials under semi-field conditions in Turkey. Olive fruits were field treated with GF-120 at 1L/ha (0.24 g a.i./ha) and taken to the laboratory where mergence of fruit fly larvae was observed. Parasitism rates were recorded and GF-120 was shown to have no unacceptable effects on O. concolor (IOBC class 1). Two field trials in Greece following the effect of a single application of GF-120 at 1.25 l/ha (0.3 g a.i./ha) have been conducted. Dead arthropods were collected from treated trees for up to 20 days after treatment. GF-120 was harmless (IOBC class 1) to Chilocorus sp., Coccinella dipunctata, Chrysopa sp., Hymenoptera parasitoids and Syrphidae predators and was demonstrably safer than Fenthion and Alpha-cypermethrin. In Spain as part of the aerial efficacy trials carried out by “Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal de Málaga” a commercial scale area was treated with GF-120 (500 hectares). The impact on beneficials arthropods was assessed and GF-120 was found to have no adverse impact on a wide range of beneficials species. Transient effects were noted on Hymenoptera parasitoids (Chalcidoidea) but with recovery observed 20 days after application. GF 120 applied by air twice at 1 l/ha with a 9 days interval showed no impact on honeybees, Apis mellifera in trial covering 800 hectares of olive trees in Spain In conclusion, GF-120 is highly selective to beneficials and pollinators whilst delivering outstanding control of tephritid fruit flies. These attributes make it an ideal fruit fly control product for use within IPM programmes in olives. Keywords: Insecticide, Spinosad, Bactrocera oleae, Fruit flies, side-effects, bees, Apis mellifera, IPM, beneficial insects, parasitic insects.


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STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) (DIPERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN CRETE OLIVE GROVES. A.P. Kalaitzaki, K.N. Varikou, V.Z. Alexandrakis Institute of Olive Tree and Subtropical Plants, Agrokipio, 73100, Chania, Greece. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], The control of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gemlin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Greece has been based mostly on bait sprays with organophosphate insecticides (usually fenthion and dimethoate) for more than 30 years. Extensive research has been carried out the last ten years by the Institute of Olive Tree and Subtropical Plants of Chania in order to study the effectiveness of various insecticides, against B. oleae, in olive groves of Chania. The results of last two years study concerning the effectiveness of various insecticides, applied with bait from ground sprays, are represented. In 2005, the tested insecticides were lambda-cyhalothrin 10% and a-cypermethrin 10% which were compared to the reference product fenthion 50%. The mean number of B. oleae per trap was significantly higher in the plots that were sprayed with fenthion compared to those that were sprayed with lambda-cyhalothrin and a-cypermethrin. In 2006, the tested insecticides were lambda-cyhalothrin 10%, a-cypermethrin 10%, deltamethrin 2.5%, deltamethrin 6.25%, deltamethrin + thiacloprid and Spinosad 0.24% which were compared to fenthion 50%. No significant differences were found in the olive fly captures among the tested insecticides. In both years, the percentage of the olive fruit fly infestation remained generally in very low levels and was not observed significant difference among the tested insecticides.


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COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT COMPOUNDS FOR BAIT SPRAY AGAINST OLIVE FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE GEMELIN IN IRAN (QAZVIN-TAROM SOFLA) H. Nouri1, J. Khalghani2, F. Farzali1 1 Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center 2 Ministry Of Jahad-E-Agriculture Research And Education Organization Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmelin was a quarantine pest until 2004 in Iran, but it is olive key pest now. It was reported that infestation level was about 13000 hectare in September 2004; this pest is monophage and damages on different genus of olea spp. Because this pest isn't a native one and olive crop has a strategic role, it was necessary to do multilateral studies for providing its integrated management program. Using bait spray is a current method for controling this pest in United States (California) and Mediterranean countries. This project has been conducted to study on possibility of using bait spray method and compare between its current compounds in Iran climate, and has been done in 2005-2007 in experimental orchards of Tarom Solfa region. Its experimental design was based on paired sample T-test. The project had four treatments including hydrolizated protein with some recommended insecticides such as Deltamethrin, Dimethoate and Bacterial compound by the name of spinosad (Saccharopolysopra spinosa) and control treatment. Obtained results showed that Deltamethrin (11.00) is the most effective compound against olive fruit fly and then other treatments locate such as Dimethoate (23.70), spinosad (42.10) and control (52.50). Key words: Olive fruit fly, Bait spray, Deltamethrin, Dimethoate, spinosad, Iran


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RELATION OF FRUIT VOLUME TO OLIVE FRUIT FLY DEVELOPMENT AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BY PSYTTALIA CF. CONCOLOR IN CALIFORNIA V. Y. Yokoyama U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Research Center 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648 The susceptibility of six size groups of immature olive fruit to oviposition and larval infestation by olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), was studied in laboratory cage tests. Fruit height from the stem to the blossom end was a more useful method to separate the sizes (significant difference among three largest and all other size groups) than the calculated fruit volume (1/6 x height x diameter²) (significant difference between two largest and all other size groups). A significantly greater number of ovipositional sites (t = 3.21, df = 34, P = 0.0001) occurred in all sizes of immature green fruit when exposed to adults in cages for 5 d versus 2 d. The number of adults that emerged from the same fruit was similar for both exposure periods. Adults emerged from fruit exposed to oviposition in size groups with a height of ≥1.0 cm or a volume of ≥0.2 cm³. Adults (3,613-8,322) of the larval parasitoid, Psyttalia cf. concolor (Szépligeti), were imported into California from Guatemala in 2006 and released 1-4 times during October through December for biological control of olive fruit fly in six regions. The rate of parasitism ranged from 5.6 ± 5.6 to 96.0 ± 20.8 with the greatest potential for establishment of the parasitoid in regions with favorable climates and high olive fruit fly populations.


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COCCINELLIDS AS POTENTIAL PREDATORS OF SAISSETIA OLEAE (OLIVIER) S.A.P. Santos1, J.A. Pereira1,2, L.M. Torres3, J.A. Nogueira4 2 CIMO and 1Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Apt. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal 3 CITAB/ Departmento de Protecção de Plantas, Univ. Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal 4 CESAM and Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal The indigenous arthropod fauna, as natural control agents of phytophagous species, can have a relevant function in plant protection. Their specific knowledge and their relationships in the agro-ecosystems are in the scope of a sustainable agriculture. This work pretended to study (1) the structure and biodiversity of the community of coccinellids in the olive grove and (2) the existence of potential trophic relationships between this group of predators and the black-scale, Saissetia oleae, an important pest of the olive tree in the Trás-os-Montes region, by integrating both field and laboratory research. The field work was conducted in two olive groves with different agricultural systems (Organic Farming and Integrated Pest Management) in two consecutive years, 2002 and 2003. A total of 23 species of coccinellids were identified and Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.), Scymnus (Pullus) subvillosus (Goeze), Scymnus (Mimopullus) mediterraneus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, Scymnus (Scymnus) interruptus (Goeze) and Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (Herbst) showed to be the most common species in the olive grove of Trás-os-Montes region. Temporal synchrony between the abundance of coccinellids and the abundance of the different phonological stages of S. oleae was investigated and significant associations were found between the first-instar nymphs and P. subvillosus and S. interruptus. Furthermore, between the second-instar nymphs and C. bipustulatus was also found a significant positive association. A polyclonal antiserum against S. oleae was produced and used in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect remains of this pest in the gut of coccinellids. C. bipustulatus and coccinellid larvae obtained the highest percentages of positives. Important steps were made in the direction of understanding which coccinellid species are potential predators against the black-scale.

Key words: Integrated protection, organic farming, black-scale, coccinellids, predation, ELISA.


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OVIPOSITION RESPONSES OF THE OLIVE PYRALID MOTH EUZOPHERA PINGUIS HAW. INDUCED BY THEIR LARVAE SECRETION COMPONENTS A. Ortiz; F. Hidalgo, A. Perabá Departamento Química Inorgánica y Orgánica. EPS de Linares. Universidad de Jaén. C/Alfonso X El Sabio nº 28. 23700. Linares (Jaén). Spain. [email protected] The olive pyralid moth (OPM) Euzophera pinguis Haworth (Lepidoptera: pyralidae) is considered to be one of the most injurious olive groves pests in Spain, Portugal, and some North African countries. OPM larvae feed on the cambium of the olive tree, boring into the trunk where they develop to pupation before emerging as adults, causing the dead of branches or the entire tree, depending of the level of infestation. Females of E. pinguis Haw. showed more oviposition affinity for particular plant parts and habitually laying eggs singly or in small groups on frass ejected by previous larvae or in bark crevices. Inside their galleries, OPM last-instar larvae produce oral exudates. The analysis by GC-MS of hexane larvae regurgitate extracts, revealed the presence of high quantities (>80%) of straight-chain (C9 to C22) saturated and unsatured fatty acid methyl esters (FAME’s). Utilizing gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC/EAD), more than 10 compounds eliciting responses from antennae of female E. pinguis were detected. EAG measurement responses to a synthetic mixture of the identified components indicated that FAMES are detected by female antennae. The same compounds when applied on adult male EAG activity tests, showed no activity. Wind tunnel bioassay with mated females showed that the synthetic mixture of the 12 components identified significantly enhanced oviposition. The data suggest that FAMES may participate in the location and/or selection of oviposition sites by OPM indicating that the chemical larval secretion cues should be involved in the aggregation/dispersion of their progeny. A better understanding of the cues that elicit or inhibit host-plant location and oviposition by Euzophera pinguis could lead to novel control strategies.


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EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLOUR STICKY TRAPS IN CAPTURES OF RHYNCHITES CRIBRIPENNIS D. Perdikis1, N. Garantonakis1, A. Paraskeuopoulos2, A. Giatropoulos1, D. Lykouressis1 1Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; 2Directorate of Rural Development, El. Venizelou 29, 24500, Kyparissia, Messinia The weevil Rhynchites cribripennis (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) is an important pest of olive crops in western Greece. Population monitoring is an essential tool for effective control of this insect pest. For this reason, the potential of different colour sticky traps in capturing adults of R. cribripennis was evaluated during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007 in an olive orchard located in the area of Kyparissia in western Peloponnesus. The traps were PVC leaves of 20x12.5cm of blue, green, red, yellow and white colour. As controls transparent traps were also used. One trap of each type was placed on each of 10 olive trees at random. The experiments proved that the most attractive traps were those of green and white colour, followed by those of red colour whereas the traps of yellow and blue colour were the least effective. Based on these results, and taking into account that traps of green and white colour are considered as having relatively little adverse effects in the beneficial fauna in olive orchards, these colour traps can be recommended for potential use in monitoring the population of R. cribripennis.


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BIOLOGY STUDIES ON OLIVE LEAF MOTH (JASMINE MOTH), PALPITA UNIONALIS (HBN.) IN IRAN (QAZVIN-TAROM SOFLA) H. Nouri1, J. Khalghani2, F. Farzali1 1 Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center 2 Ministry Of Jahad-E-Agriculture Research And Education Organization The olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Hbn.) was reported in August 1999 for the first time from Guilan province (Roodbar orchards). It is one of the most important pests of nurseries and young olive orchards. Its larva causes shoot drying up by feeding on shoot young leaves and terminal buds. This experiment was carried out during 2001-2004 in the form of laboratorial and field studies, in Iran (Qazvin), To performe this experiment two orchards were considered and five trees that had same varieties selected in each orchard. In order to field studies twenty infested branches were enclosed by some bags and were surveyed weekly. In addition to these studies, some experiments were done in laboratory in order to obtain more accurate results, and egg number, embryonic, larval and pupal period, longevity of mature insects and sexual conditions were studied and these results were obtained: 1) average number of laied eggs by female: 182±18.1; 2) average duration of embryonic development stage: 5.8±0.75 days; 3) average duration of larval stage: 21.6±0.3; 4) average duration of pupal stage: 9.1±1; 5) average longevity of female insects: 12.6±1.3; 6) average longevity of male insects: 13.5±1.1; and 7) average longevity of first larval instar to adult emergence in field conditions: 34.2±2.1. This pest had 4-5 interferential generations in field and 7-8 generations in laboratorial conditions per year. Key words: Olive leaf moth (jasmine moth), Biology, Iran


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OLIVE TREE (OLEAE EUROPAEA) MOST COMMON PHYTOSANITARY PROBLEMS ON TERCEIRA ISLAND, AZORES. D.J.H. Lopes1, A. Figueiredo1, L.B. Ventura1, N. Macedo1, R. Pimentel1; J.T.O. Martins2 1 Universidade dos Açores, Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Secção de Protecção de Plantas, 9701-851 Terra chã, [email protected] 2 Divisão de Protecção das Culturas, Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agrário da Terceira, Vinha Brava - 9700-236 Angra do Heroísmo

The olive tree appears in the Azores islands in a small area. In Terceira Island is only near a small village, Porto Martins and the most common cultivar is the Galega (Valadão, 1999 cit por Figueiredo, 2003), and all its production is only for conservation. This study had as main goal to make the first survey of all the phytosanitary problems that affect the olive tree (pests and diseases) and concerned: the olive fly (Bractrocera oleae Gmel.) population evolution relationship with the damage level registered in the olive fruits, as a way of knowing this pest in this special environment, and the Prays oleae Bren. population evolution. This study was done in 2002 from January to November, in four different places; three of them explore it in a traditional way and in the other was made the first demonstration field of applied integrated plant protection in olive tree. The methodology used was based on the risk assessment, the visual observation and the use of sexual lures in different types of traps: colored plates for olive fly; Delta for Prays oleae. Bractrocera oleae Gmel. was the most important pest in olive tree, in this special area, because it’s climatic conditions were the most adequate for the appearance of the adults of olive fly, in particular on the olives development phase and ripe. The major level of its population was registered in the olives final development phase, about one month before they were collected. Regarding the different olive tree phenology phases, they were registered with some anticipation and permanence comparing it to the mainland olive production areas. This was a major contribution to change the attitude of the olive farmers regarding the application of traditional plant protection measures.


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SCORE®: A NEW SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE AGAINST LEAF SPOT OF OLIVE (SPILOCAEA OLEAGINA) M. Varela Syngenta Crop Protection, Lda – Av. República, nº57 - 4º 1050-189 LISBOA – Portugal. [email protected] The olive anthracnose (Gloeosporium olivarum) and the leaf spot or olive-tree scab (Spilocaea oleagina Hughes) are two key diseases in Portuguese olive orchards where significantly losses of production can happen. Raining Spring and Fall with temperatures between 15º and 25º C are the perfect conditions to the development of both fungus. The solutions available in the market – cooper based products - were not enough, considering the increasing demand of an economic sector which is in a strong and fast evolution. To change this situation, Syngenta has made trials and got the registration of a systemic fungicide – difenoconazole - against Spilocaea oleagina. Further trials are being carried on looking for a new registration, against Gloeosporium olivarum, with the mixture difenoconazole+copper oxychloride, with promising results got until now.


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BIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF OLIVE ANTHRACNOSE P. Talhinhas1, J. Neves-Martins1, S. Sreenivasaprasad3, M.C. Silva2, H. Oliveira1 1 Instituto Superior de Agronomia – Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. 2 Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro – Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. 3 Warwick-HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom. Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) is the most important disease affecting olives in Portugal, with high values of disease incidence (pathogen detected in 55% of surveyed orchards) and frequently with high disease severity (up to 100% fruits affected, particularly in the susceptible variety ‘Galega’). Due to a combination of more resistant varieties and more continental climate, anthracnose was almost unheard of at Trás-os-Montes until very recently. However, following consistent, albeit sporadic, reports of the disease in the region in the last few years, autumn 2006 has seen disease incidence rising to 23% and, at certain orchards, severity has reached near 100% fruits infected. Proportionally, during autumn 2006 unusually high levels of disease incidence and severity were recorded in the Centre and South of Portugal, attributed to a combination of high and precocious rainfall, long periods of high humidity and unusually mild night temperatures during October and November. In Portugal, C. acutatum populations are dominant (96%), with C. gloeosporioides representing the remaining (4%), with similar proportions being reported from Spain. Among C. acutatum populations, group A2 is the most frequent (85%), while other groups are minoritary (A4 and A5) or sporadic (A3 and A6). However, different patterns of population distribution are found both in the Algarve and Trás-os-Montes, as compared to the rest of the country (Alentejo, Ribatejo, Beira Baixa and Beira Litoral). In the Algarve C. gloeosporioides and groups A2, A4 and A5 of C. acutatum occur with comparable frequencies. At Trás-os-Montes group A4 of C. acutatum is dominant (64%) and group A2 minoritary, although these proportions were inverted in 2006, with group A2 becoming dominant (62%). Interestingly, the increase of the frequency of group A2 isolates in Trás-os-Montes during 2006 seems to be related to the higher disease incidence recorded, with most of such isolates being isolated from orchards were severity was high, while A4 isolates were more frequently associated with lower disease incidence. In fact, pathogenicity tests with detached ‘Cobrançosa’ olive fruits have shown that an isolate from group A2 of C. acutatum (along with another from group A5) is more virulent that an isolate from group A4. Epidemiology studies currently being conducted in different orchards are showing the importance of leaves and branches for inoculum survival during winter and spring. Under favourable conditions, inoculum can be detected in flowers and young fruits. Histopathology studies have shown that the pathogens are capable of infecting unripe fruits, with symptoms being developed only at ripening.


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PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM IN OLEA EUROPAEA L. CULTIVARS S. Gomes1, P. Prieto2, P. Martins-Lopes1, T. Barradas3, A. Martin2, H. Guedes-Pinto1 1 Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genetics and Biotechnology - University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CGB-UTAD/IBB), P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. 2 Department of Genetic, University of Córdoba. Campus Rabanales, Gregor Mendel 2ª, 14071 Córdoba, Spain 3 Department of Oliviculture, National Plant Breeding Station, INIA, P.O. Box 6, 7350-951 Elvas, Portugal. Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds is a cosmopolitan plant pathogen which causes anthracnose and blight in agriculturally important hosts such as olive trees. In Portugal its importance is growing on olive production and differences of sensibility/tolerance among cultivars could be detected. While the organism’s phytopathogenic potential has been well documented, the infections strategies and development of this agent, of disease in olives, remain poorly understood. In order to understanding necrotrophic development of C. acutatum in olives, three cultivars were selected (‘Galega Vulgar’-susceptible; ‘Cobrançosa’-moderate tolerant and ‘Picual’-tolerant), which express different susceptibility to this pathogen, and under three types of treatments (1-with natural inoculation; 2- with inoculation with a specific isolate and 3- with a fungicide treatment) C. acutatum development were studied. According to the confocal microscopy observation, we verify, in this first approach, that C. acutatum exhibits both infection strategies previously described by Bailey et al. (1992): intracellular hemibiotrophy and subcuticular intramural necrotrophy. The infection process observed by us, in resistant and susceptible olive cultivars, supports a different response of these cultivars to this pathogen. However, more confocal studies should be done in others olive cultivars to understand which mechanisms could be used by resistant olive cultivar to limit the invasion of C. acutatum. Supported by: Project POCTI/AGR/57817/2004 and PhD grant SFRH/BD/25384/2005 (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia –Portugal)


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CONTROL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN OLIVE BY NON VOLATILE NEMATICIDES

H. S. Abbas, R. M. Mohammad Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O.Box 1454, Tehran 19395, I.R.Iran. Gilan Agricultural and Natural Research Centre, Rashat,I.R.Iran Nematodes causes considerable damage either directly through feeding on host or indirectly through interaction with soil borne microorganisms to olive groves. Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are one of the most destructive phytonematode attacking this crop and infestation of olive seedling and newly established orchards to this nematode is well known. In this investigation, impact of different nematicides viz., Aldicarb, Oxamyl, Nemacur, Rugby and Mocap either concomitantly or sequentially with inoculation of olive seedling with 2000 J2 of the nematode were determined. Nematicides were applied at the rate of 0,2,4,6, and 8 kg active ingredient per hectare. Experiment was designed on completely randomized block design and each treatment was replicated three times. In order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the chemicals, in one treatment 5- grams of nematicides were applied to each pot. In all, systemic nematicides caused greater reduction of the nematode as compare to contact nematicides. Highest nematode reduction was observed in Aldicarb treated pots and Oxamyl, Nemacur, Rugby and Mocap were the next effective nematicides respectively. Application of nematicides at the time nematode inoculation caused greater reduction of nematode and this reduction increased with the increasing nematicides dosage.


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Poster communications


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INTRODUCTION OF THE AFRICAN PARASITOID PSYTTALIA LOUNSBURYI IN SOUTH OF FRANCE FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BACTROCERA OLEAE: WILL HYBRIDIZATION AFFECT ESTABLISHMENT AND POPULATION GROWTH? J.C. Malausa1, A. Blanchet2, M.C. Bon2, S. Cheyppe-Buchmann1, G. Groussier-Bout1, W. Jones2, C. Pickett3, N. Ris1, M. Roche2, M. Thaon1, X. Fauvergue1 1 INRA, Centre de recherches de Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France. 2 European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 90013, 34988 St. Gely-du-Fesc cedex, France. 3 California Department of Food and Agriculture, BCP, 3288 Meadowview Rd., CA 95832, Sacramento, USA. Classical biological control can be considered as a particular type of biological invasion where experimental approaches are possible. The scientific objective of our research programme is to test in natura the influence of hybridization on the success of biological control introductions. The underlying hypothesis is that hybridization may result in an increase of the mean and/or the variance of life-history traits. Both effects should favour the invasion of hybrid populations, through either an immediate increase of the growth rate and/or a delayed increase resulting from natural selection and adaptation after establishment in the novel environment. The model organism for this project is Psyttalia lounsburyi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), chosen for at least two reasons: (1) it is a parasitoid of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) an important pest of olives in south of France, and (2) it has never been released in this area. The past years, several African strains of P. lounsburyi were collected by EBCL researchers for the benefit of the California Department of Food and Agriculture and some were maintained and made available at EBCL laboratory. Twenty-one microsatellites have recently been developed in order to monitor the putative hybridization between these strains both in the field and in laboratory conditions. It is expected that populations separated by the highest genetic distance based on the microsatellite data might result in the highest effects of hybridization. Two complementary approaches are planned. The first one relies on experimental methods from quantitative genetics to be carried out mostly in laboratory conditions. The other approach is to perform replicated releases according to different treatments. Hence, we will release either "pure" strains (originating from one single geographic origin) or hybrid strains (resulting from crosses between individuals from different geographic origins) in 60 field sites according to a randomized block design. Presence/absence, density and sex-ratio of parasitoid populations will be measured after the release in order to test the effect of hybridization on the success of invasion. The olive fruit fly density will also be assessed in order to document the success of biological control. Individuals sampled in introduced populations will be genotyped in order to estimate the level of genetic variability and the level of introgression in established populations. The experiments conducted during 2007 have already increased our knowledge on the P. lounsburyi biology and allowed for a significant improvement in mass rearing


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methods. Intensive field surveys have also been carried out to locate the 60 suitable release sites.


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FIELD STUDIES ON PSYTTALIA CONCOLOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND THE CAPER FLY, ALTERNATIVE HOST TO THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY IN SOUTH SARDINIA G. Marongiu1, F. Foddi2, R. Pisci2, F. Corda2 1AGRIS – Az. Palloni, Nuraxinieddu, Oristano – [email protected] 2AGRIS – Laboratorio Allevamento Insetti Utili – Az. S. Michele, Ussana (CA) During 2004 and 2005 a series of investigations was conducted on populations of Psyttalia concolor (Szépl.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an endophagous parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies, of its main host in the Mediterranean basin, the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and of what is thought to be an alternative host reported in Tunisia, Capparimyia savastani (Martelli) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The purpose of the investigations was to determine whether the latter host, whose larvae infest caper flower buds, could also be parasitized by Psyttalia in Italy, whether it could contribute substantially to the population growth of the parasitoid or whether it could in any case enable it to survive for long periods of the year in the absence of olives and hence of B. oleae. The findings have shown that the parasitoid is capable of parasitizing C. savastani in Italy too and of being hosted by the latter during that period when parasitizable stages of the main host B. oleae are absent. The parasite load of Capparimyia is not however considered sufficient to allow it to multiply abundantly.


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ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SOIL TREATMENTS WITH THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE (METCHNIKOFF) SOROKIN AGAINST PUPARIA OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ON SOIL DWELLING NON TARGET ARTHROPODS I. Garrido-Jurado1,2, C. Santiago-Álvarez1, E. Quesada-Moraga1, M. Campos2 1 Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba. Campus de Rabanales. Building C4 “Celestino Mutis”. Cordoba 14071. España (Spain). e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Environmental Protection. Zaidín Experimental Station.(CSIC). Profesor Albareda nº 1. 18008 Granada (Spain) The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of the autochthonous Metarhizium anisopliae EAMa 01/58-Su isolate in the soil when applied beneath olive trees for controlling olive fly puparia and to elucidate its possible effect on non-target soil dwelling arthropod communities. For that, we selected 200 olives trees in an organic olive orchard at the province of Málaga(Spain) to be sprayed either with a 2.5·107 conidia m-2 suspension of the fungus on the ground beneath the tree canopy (100 trees) or with the blank formulation as controls (100 trees). Before fungal treatments, we selected 10 trees for the treated ones for evaluating both the possible presence of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi in the soil by using the Galleria Bait Method and the evolution of the conidial densities in the soil after spraying. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. was the most common species, being found in all the samples, while M. anisopliae was found only in one sample. After spraying the 100 treated and 100 control trees, soil samples beneath the 10 selected trees from the top 10 cm were taken to calculate the number of conidial forming units per gram of soil at 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 days after treatment respectively. Our preliminary data indicate that the soil ecosystem favours the persistence of this autochthonous isolate, which could allow long term protection of the crop against olive fly puparia. In order to assess the possible effect of the fungal treatment on soil arthropod populations, 40 pitfall traps (7.5 cm diameter by 10 cm deep) placed beneath the tree canopy of randomly selected 20 treated and 20 controls trees, were sampled every two weeks. Our preliminary data indicate that formicidae species are the most abundant arthropods trapped, but no infected insects have been found in field as a result of the treatment to now.


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SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTROCERA OLEAE GMELIN (DIPT.: TEPHRITIDAE) TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI. P. Moya, R. Gil, I. Ayala, J. Sanchis, J. Primo Centro Ecología Química Agrícola. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n. Edificio 6C. 4ª y 5ª Planta. 46022, Valencia, Spain. [email protected] The effectiveness of seven strains of entomopathogenic fungi, belonging to Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith species, for the control of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin adults was evaluated in the laboratory. At the highest assayed dose (0.5 x 108 conidia/cm2), all the fungi showed a certain level of pathogenicity against the olive fly adults when treated by contact method. Strains belonging to P. fumosoroseus were the most virulent, both with respect to the percentage of infected flies and the speed of mortality of the host. Two of the strains were able to kill all the flies in only three-four days. However, virulence notably decreased when concentrations were reduced; 10-day mortality after exposure to the 0.5 x 107 conidia/cm2 concentration was approximately 50%. On the other hand, B. bassiana ATCC 74040 and M. anisopliae Mbac strains showed a slightly lower level of activity than P. fumosoroseus strains but they were able to maintain a high virulence even with lower concentrations. Ten days after treatment the mortality caused by B. bassiana ATCC 74040 and M. anisopliae Mbac was 92% and 86%, respectively, at the low concentration (0.5 x 107 conidia/cm2). Our study has shown the susceptibility of Bactrocera oleae to different species and isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, some of them with considerable potential for control of the pest.


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SURVEY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) IN THE NORTHEAST OF PORTUGAL F. Gonçalves1, C. Rodrigues1, L. Torres2, J.A. Pereira3 1Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; 2CITAB/Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; 3 CIMO/Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apt. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) is a major pest of olives in the Mediterranean Basin. The ecological and toxicological effects of organophosphorous insecticide treatments currently used against this pest, argue for the development of more sustainable means of control. Entomopathogenic fungi have been successfully used to control other pests and can be a promising alternative to conventional chemical pesticides, but information about this subject is yet scarce. The aim of this study was to identify fungal species occurring naturally in the northeast of Portugal, potentially interesting as biological control agents of B. oleae. For that purpose, samples of infested olive fruits were collected during the end of the autumn of 2005 from ten olive groves at Mirandela region and two groves at Vila Real region. The fruits were placed in laboratory at approximately 20ºC, until larvae completed their development and left the fruit to pupate. Pupae were also collected from olive oil factories (five at Mirandela region, one at Vila Flor and one at Almendra). The pupae were put in a climatic chamber at 22ºC, 60% relative humidity and a photoperiod cycle of 12 light:12 dark, until emergency of the adults. A 10% of the dead pupae were sterilized by submersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min.. After that, they were washed three times with distilled water and each one was placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 25ºC. Pure cultures were identified. The identifications were carried out by phylogenetic analysis based on sequence of ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S and D1/D2 regions of the rDNA. From the identified species, three: Cordyceps bassiana Z.Z.Li,C.R.Li,B.Huang & M.Z.Fan, Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx, and Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis Wehmer, as well species of the families Niessliaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae which identification resulted inconclusive, needing a more detailed phylogenetic analyse, seems to be interesting in future studies to evaluate their virulence against the olive fruit fly. The first author is grateful to the Science and Technology Foundation (SFRH/BD/24910/2005) and to “Acção 8.1 PO AGRO nº482” for financial support.


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SEASONAL CHANGES IN EFFICIENCY OF TRAPS USED IN THE LURE AND KILL METHOD FOR THE CONTROL OF BACTROCERA OLEAE A. Lentini, S. Deliperi, G. Delrio Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, [email protected] The efficiency of two types of traps used in the “lure and kill” system for the control of the olive fruit fly, was studied by laboratory and field experiments performed in Sardinia during the period 2003-2006. The traps tested were (i) Eco-Trap (Vioryl, Greece) and (ii) Attract&Kill (AgriSense, UK). The efficiency of these devices was evaluated by measuring their attraction power and insecticidal property during the season. In addition, the effectiveness of the “lure and kill” method for the control of olive fly populations was evaluated comparing monthly ovipositions in treated versus non treated plots. The attraction power of devices releasing ammonium bicarbonate, estimated comparing the number of captured B. oleae females by these traps (ad hoc coated with glue) to those captured by yellow sticky traps, turned out to be higher in summer and considerably lower in autumn. Laboratory bioassays, where Ceratitis capitata adults were exposed (tarsal contact for 10 seconds) to traps periodically collected from the field, confirmed the persistence of a good knockdown power for about 4 months for both kind of traps. On the other hand, Ecotrap were able to determine a higher mortality level (recorded after 24 hours) than Attract&Kill, but in both cases the lethal effect decreased progressively up to 20-40% after 4 month-exposition in the field. As a result of observations on olive fly attack, the two types of devices (100 per hectare), were very efficient in September, when a significant reduction in ovipositions was noticed, whereas they became less effective in October. The addition of further 50 or 100 traps per hectare in September, did not cause a greater olive fruit protection. The reduction in efficiency of both devices recorded in the fall, might be due to both the lower female attraction power of ammonia lures during the wet season and the over time decreasing insecticide activity of the devices. Key words: olive fly, lure and kill traps, attraction by ammonium bicarbonate.


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OLIVE FRUIT FLY (BACTROCERA OLEAE GMELIN.) CONTROL BY ECO-TRAP IN IRAN (QAZVIN-TAROM SOFLA) H. Nouri1, J. Khalghani2, F. Farzali1 1 Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center 2 Ministry Of Jahad-E-Agriculture Research And Education Organization The olive pests and diseases had been controled by relevant executive organizations and olive growers based on accomplished researches, methods and guide direction presenting, in form of IPM program until 2004. In 2004 in addition to social and economical crisis, the olive crop extension program has been confronted to a serious hindrance by olive fruit fly dispersion and severe damage. Olive fruit fly has a very important damaging property because of its high reproduction ability, propagation and mobility, marketing reduction in table olives, qualitative and quantitative reduction of olive oil and carrying olive knot bacteria. Regarding to mentioned reasons, it is necessary to provide an integrated management program for olive fruit fly in order to reduce its population as long as it can reach under economic injury level and with considering environmental aspects. One of IPM methods for controling olive fruit fly is using a kind of lure & kill traps by the name of Eco-Trap, that are Safe for environment. In 2006, a project was carried out base on using this trap in Tarom sofla region. Considering to orchard equality and trees average size, Eco-Traps were installed every other tree in upper half of the tree, in shade and without any contact with foliage. Consumption time was 18 July coincident with pit hardening and the time of second installation was 23 September when high pest population was observed. Because of high temperature, second series of Eco-Traps were installed in half of the plot after pocket salt sublimation, and then both of treatments were compared with each other and control treatment. Two factors were considered for evaluating the effect of Eco-Trap including: fruit infestation percentage and the number of trapped adult insect in Mcphail traps. The obtained results showed that two-time consumption of Eco-Trap treatment had a significant difference in 1% probability level and also with one-time consumption of Eco-Trap treatment in 5% probability level. Key word: Olive fruit fly, Eco-Trap, Iran


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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ATTRACTANTS USED IN OLIPE TRAPS FOR OLIVE FLY MASS-TRAPPING ON BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS J.A. Pereira1, F. Pavão2, A. Bento1 1 CIMO/Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta Apolónia, Apt. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. [email protected] 2 Associação de Olivicultores de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Rua Centro Transmontano de S. Paulo, 75. 5370-381 Mirandela. Portugal The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmel. is the most serious olive’s pest in Mediterranean countries. Generally, its control requires the application of insecticides presenting limited efficacy, high environmental impacts and residue accumulation in olive products. Olipe traps with different attractants have been developed and used in organic farming as an alternative method to chemical insecticides. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of different attractants used in Olipe traps for olive fly mass-trapping on beneficial arthropods. The experimental work was carried out during 2005 and 2006, in an organic olive grove located in Trás-os-Montes region (Northeast of Portugal). Four plots of about 2 ha of surface were constituted and in each plot, Olipe traps with different attractants [biammonium phosphate 4% (BaP), ammonium phosphate 5% (AP), endomosyl 5% (End.) and urea 5% (Ur.)] were installed at middle August. Monthly, in 2005, and biweekly, in 2006, 15 traps were changed per attractant and the number of individuals of the Orders Aranea, Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera, and Families Chrysopidae, Formicidae and Coccinelidae were registered. Considering all individuals, a total of 17 378 (41.6% in BaP, 0.9% in AP, 47.7% in End. and 9.7% in Ur.), were recovered in 2005 and 8 174 (16.5% in BaP, 1.4% in AP, 76.7% in End. and 5.4% in Ur.) in 2006. The individuals of Formicidae were the most captured. In both years, if ants were excluded, the captures in Olipe traps with Urea represents 52.6% and 49.6% of the total recovered for 2005 and 2006, respectively. Urea attracts significantly more Aranea, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera and Neuroptera, in 2005, and Neuroptera, in 2006, than the other attractants. In the both years of study significantly higher captures of Formicidae and total arthropods were registered in End.. Attractant Ur. was especially armful for Neuroptera, with cumulative number of captures of 12.7±1.37 and 12.7±0.96 in 2005 and 2006, respectively (approximately three fold higher than the other attractants). Key words: olive fruit fly, OLIPE traps, attractants, beneficial arthropods.


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PARASITOIDS CAPTURED BY MASS-TRAPPING WITH OLIPE TRAPS IN ORGANIC OLIVE ORCHARDS OF SOUTHERN SPAIN M. Porcel1, F. Ruano2, M. Campos1 1 Department of Environmental Protection. Estación Experimental de Zaidín, CSIC Profesor Albareda nº1, 18008 - Granada, Spain 2 Department of Animal Biology. University of Granada. Campus de Fuentenueva s/n 18071 - Granada, Spain. Mass-trapping control methods are a promising option towards the achievement of an optimal degree of crop protection against the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmel.) in olive orchards under organic management. However, and as previously observed, non-target arthropods catches have been recorded for a variety of combinations trap-attractant. This catches could result in an impact on arthropod communities, and possibly pressure beneficial arthropod populations as parasitoids. The combination of the OLIPE trap and three different attractants (ammonium phosphate, Entomela® and NuLure® hydrolyzed protein) was tested to evaluate its effect on parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Parasitica) populations through captures. Plots of 70 traps of each attractant were set up in 3 different commercial organic olive orchards (9 total plots).Ten samples from traps were taken from each plot every 15 days during the mass-trapping period (June to November). The results obtained from the three different orchards showed statistically significant homogeneity for same attractants (P=0.527 for ammonium phosphate plots, P=0.359 for Entomela® and P=0.150 for NuLure®). A total of 648 parasitoids were captured in traps throughout the sampling period belonging to 5 different superfamilies and 16 families. Parasitoids population mass-trapping impact measured in total captures per attractant in the complete period varied. Traps baited with ammonium phosphate recorded a mean of 0.74 catches per trap (cpt), Entomela® baited traps a mean of 1.02 cpt and NuLure® baited a mean of 0.39 cpt. However, no statistical differences were observed between ammonium phosphate and Entomela® and thus, it may be asserted that NuLure® captures significantly less number of parasitoids when comparing with the other attractants (P<0.002). The most diverse group recorded were the Chalcidoids with 9 families out of the 16. Scelionidae was the most abundant family captured with a mean of 0.29 cpt in traps baited with ammonium phosphate, 0.45 cpt in traps baited with Entomela® and 0.29 cpt with NuLure® during the sampling period (41-44% of the total for the three attractants). Pteromalidae and Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea) catches followed distantly in number, and as above, differences were observed among attractants. Other relevant captured families were Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea), Braconidae and Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonoidea). Important species in natural pest control as Eupelmus sp., Ageniaspis sp. and Chelonus sp. were identified, however catches were insignificant (less than 5% of the total). Significantly higher captures (P<0.005) took place in June and July for every attractant type and orchard. Catches decreased in general towards the end of the sampling period till nearly zero.


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MASS-TRAPING OF THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY WITH OLIPE TRAPS IN TRÁS-OS-MONTES REGION (NORTHEAST OF PORTUGAL) F. Pavão1, J.A. Pereira2, A. Bento2 1 Associação de Olivicultores de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Rua Centro Transmontano de S. Paulo, 75. 5370-381 Mirandela. Portugal 2 CIMO/Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta Apolónia, Apt. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. [email protected] The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmel), is the major olive’s pest in the Mediterranean countries. In the Northeast of Portugal, the losses caused by this pest vary between very low values and more than 80% of attacked fruits, in different years. In organic farming no phytossanitary treatments with chemical products can be applied. Accordingly, the use of Olipe traps due to their easily acquisition and very low costs is a possible solution. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using different attractants in Olipe traps for olive fruit fly mass-trapping, in organic farming. The experiments were conducted in an olive grove located in Valbom dos Figos-Mirandela (Northeast of Portugal) in three consecutive years (2004-2006). Five plots of about 2 ha of surface were constituted. One plot was used as control without treatment, while in the other plotes Olipe traps with different attractants [biammonium phosphate 4% (BaP), ammonium phosphate 5% (AP), endomosyl 5% (End.) and urea 5% (Ur.)] were installed at middle August. In each plot, the number of olive fly captures was checked weekly in three yellow stick traps, baited with sex pheromone. Furthermore fruit infestation was measured four to seven times during the experimental period by inspecting 10 fruits/20 trees/treatment, under binocular microscope. The data were analyzed by Anova following by Tukey multiple range tests. The different attractants used in Olipe traps showed similar results in all years. The total number of flies captured in yellow stick traps was significantly higher in the control site than in the mass-trapping ones. BaP plot presented lower infestation than the other attractants, however no statistically differences were registered between attractants. The results showed statistically difference until the mid-end of October and after that, the infestation increased and the traps lost efficacy. The results of these experiments suggest that the control of olive fruit fly can be achieved in organic farming with mass-trapping methods using Olipe traps independently of the attractant. However, this method needs to be complemented, namely with the anticipation of olives collection time. Key words: olive fruit fly, Olipe traps, control, attractants.


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THE WATER STARVATION PERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON THE ATTRACTION TO AMMONIA IN BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN). E. Mulinari, I. Martinez Sañudo, G. Soncin, D. Emer, V. Girolami Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD). E-mail: [email protected] The olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) is one of the worst olive tree pests in the Mediterranean basin. To control B. oleae adults, protein or ammonia poisoned baits are used. It is known that in high humidity conditions, olive flies are poorly attracted to alimentary baits. It was first suggested that the olive flies are not attracted to the baits due to the availability of food and water in the environment (Dal Guercio, 1930). The aim of this work is to understand whether attraction to ammonia baits is influenced by water availability, temperature or both. In this experiment flies were maintained with relative humidity lower than 60% in cubic tulle cages, containing 20 adults (sex ratio 1:1). The flies were divided into groups reared at temperatures of 21°C, 25°C or 30°C respectively. They were fed with a crystalline sucrose solution and without water for a defined number of days. Controls had always available water. The tests were repeated every 24 hours over three days. The olfactometer test consists in a vertical glass parallelepiped (15cm x 15cm x 50cm) in which air moves from the bottom to the top with a speed of about 1m/s. The temperature and relative humidity of air entering from the outside are controlled and an extractor fan eliminates the outgoing air, to avoid the contamination of the laboratory. The cubic cage is inserted into the bottom of the olfactometer to evaluate the attraction of the insects. A piece of paper (4 x 4 cm) dampened with the different experimental solutions is inserted at the base of the olfactometer. The adults present on the bottom of the cage are counted: first, before the insertion of the wet paper and then again at 30 and 60 seconds after. Light comes from the window with a frontal direction, flies tend to linger at the top of the cage and reach the bottom only when responding to odors coming from the base of the olfactometer. Ammonium carbonate 1% and water were used. Thirsty flies show a frenetic attraction to ammonium carbonate. Water starvation period necessary to induce the response to ammonium carbonate is shorter for higher temperatures, as expected. It was further shown that also tap water can exert some attraction to B. oleae adults, but only when the flies have been thirsty for at least three days.


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EFFICACY OF ALPHA CYPERMETHRIN IN POPULATIONS OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FROM GREECE J.A. Tsitsipis1, J.T. Margaritopoulos2, N. Kalogiannis1, D. Nikou3, E. Morou3, P. J. Skouras1, J. Vontas3 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece; 2Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; 3Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece In the present study we examined the susceptibility of field Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) populations from Greece to the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin, which has been recently registered for bait sprays. Twenty populations collected during a two year period from various regions were assayed by topical application. Variation was observed in their response to alpha cypermehrin, with ED50 ranging from 0.14 to 3.28 ng/insect. Resistance factors (RFs) compare to a susceptible laboratory strain ranged from 2.3 to 54.7. Putative resistance mechanisms were investigated. Carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monoxygenase activities were analysed; only the latter showed an association with the resistance phenotype. The domain IIS4-IIS6 of the para sodium channel gene, the target of pyrethroids, was obtained by a degenerate PCR strategy from the susceptible laboratory B. oleae strain. Sequences were compared between resistant and susceptible insects, in a small scale genotyping approach, but no resistance associated mutations were identified within this region. The results suggest that alpha-cypermethrin can be used effectively against B. oleae, but the moderate resistance levels and the heterogeneity in response observed in some populations is an important concern. Therefore, the continuous monitoring is of primary importance and caution is required in the introduction of this new active ingredient, in order to expand its lifetime and efficacy.


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A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) INFESTATION ANALYSIS V. Caleca1, V. Fancellu2 1 Dept. SENFIMIZO, Sezione di Entomologia, Acarologia e Zoologia, Università di Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128 Palermo ITALY, [email protected] 2 via Cristoforo Colombo 8, 91100 Trapani ITALY.

The traditional method of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) infestation analysis is the most precise one to assess the real risk of damaging the olive production, but unfortunately it comprises the use of a stereomicroscope and it is time consuming; for this reason it is not suitable at farm level. Many olive growers are not assisted by public services in analysing olive fruit fly infestation, or they are in particular growing conditions (irrigation, different cultivars, table olives, organic farming) and cannot use the suggestions of public services. Some of this growers analyse olives to the naked eye, also cutting them by a pocket knife to choose the moment for their intervention. In this paper we show the results of a two years trial of a simplified method of B. oleae infestation analysis, by using a counting glass and a grafting knife. In two table olives organic orchards (Nocellara del Belice cv.) in Castelvetrano (Sicily) two samples of 100 untreated olives were collected in six sampling dates in 2005 and in 11 sampling dates in 2006; one sample was analysed following the traditional method (using a stereomicroscope and a scalpel), the other sample was analysed using a counting glass (magnification 5x) and a grafting knife. In 2005 detected total, active and harmful infestation did not statistically differ (ANOVA repeated measurements) between traditional and simplified method. On the contrary in 2006 detected total, active and harmful infestation was statistically higher (ANOVA repeated measurements) using the traditional method, mostly due to the difficulty in detecting all fly larvae in the more infested two last samples by using the simplified method. In both years recorded sterile stings (punctures without eggs or larva) were more abundant using the simplified method rather than using the traditional one, showing the unsurprising difficulty in detecting eggs and first and second instar larvae when the simplified method is used. Nevertheless the strong statistical correlation between active infestation (eggs + larvae) and active infestation plus sterile stings in all the analysed samples allow us to consider this simplified method as a promising tool in the field. Key words: olive fruit fly, sampling, counting glass, sterile stings


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POPULATION DYNAMIC AND NUMBER OF GENERATION OF THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY IN NORTH OF IRAN M.J. Soroosh, K. Kamali, H. Ostovan Departement of Entomology. Sciences and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. Tehran – Iran. The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), 1788) (formerly Dacus oleae) is one of the major olive pest which is currently threatening most of the olive orchards in Iran. It was first detected in August 2004 in North province of Gilan and less than three months it spread to 13 provinces throughout Iran. By 2005 most of cultivated olive orchards in Iran were infested by this pest. In 2006 an annual monitoring of generation of the Olive fruit fly conducted on 30 hectare in Tarom area (North of Iran) by using: 1-Pheromone Traps 2- Macphil traps 3- Color traps (yellow) 4- Protein hydrolizat-baited traps 5- Success baited traps. Factors such as temperature, rainfall, and host species were the controlled for (kept constant). The results showed that the fruit fly has 4 generation; first generation from 16th of June until 21st of July 45 days Second generation from 21st of July until 21st of August 30 days Third generation from 21st of August until 13th of November 82 days Forth generation from 13th of November until next spring 7.5 months. Survey on population dynamic of insect and plant phonology indicated that the first and second generation damage occurs most on table cultivars, in addition during the third and forth generation damage occurs on cultivars product for oil which left on the trees after harvest or on the ground Temperature is major factor comprehensively influencing the population fluctuation, and when temperature rise up on 16 C insect became active and the susceptibility of the olives increases and ready for oviposition at the time of pit hardening, before this period Diapauses occur on fruit fly for 1 to 1.5 month.


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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPTURES OF ADULTS OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) IN MCPHAIL AND SEX-PHEROMONE CHROMOTROPIC TRAPS AND INFESTATION F. Gonçalves1, L. Torres2 1Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; 2CITAB/Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), is generally considered the most damaging of the insect pests of olives in the Mediterranean basin. An important element in the establishment of a sustainable system of control against this pest is the development of sound monitoring and forecasting systems to decide if and when direct control measures has to be applied. This study examined the potential of sex-pheromone chromotropic traps and McPhail traps for monitoring adult populations of B. oleae in the Northeast of Portugal, in two of the main varieties cropped in the region (Madural and Verdeal Transmontana), by investigating the relationship between captures and infestation. The study was carried out at an olive grove located in Mirandela during 2005 and 2006. McPhail traps baited with 4% diamonium-phosphate and chromotropic traps with sexual pheromone, were placed in the field from middle of July to the end of November and were checked weekly. Fruit infestation was assessed by collecting samples of 240 fruits per variety, weekly from the middle of October until the end of November, in 2005, and fortnightly from the middle of September to the middle of October and weekly until the end of November, in 2006. Fruits were examined under a stereomicroscopy and olive fruits with oviposition punctures were sectioned to count the pre-imaginal stages (eggs, young and developed larvae and pupae), as well as the exit holes. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between trap catches and fruit damage. Analysis was based on the cumulative number of adults caught per trap and the percentage fruit infestation expressed as the “global” percentage infestation, calculated by accumulating both the number of fruits observed and the number found to be infested. Significant positive correlations were found between these variables, for both varieties, either with sex-pheromone traps (R2 = 93%, P < 0.01 for Madural, and R2 = 97%, P < 0.01 for Verdeal Transmontana), or with McPhail traps (R2 = 85%, P < 0.01 for Madural, and R2 = 95%, P < 0.01 for Verdeal Transmontana), with data from the two years of study pooled. The first author is grateful to the Science and Technology Foundation (SFRH/BD/24910/2005) and to “Acção 8.1 PO AGRO nº482” for financial support.


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PUPATION DEPTH OF THE OLIVE FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE LARVAE IN SEARCH OF A PLACE TO PUPATE F. Gonçalves1, L. Torres2 1Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; 2CITAB/Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), during the summer, mainly pupate inside the fruits, but from late summer onwards, most of the well developed third instar larvae leave the fruit and falls in the soil to pupate. Information about the pupation depth of the insect in natural conditions is a pre-requisite for the development of efficient sampling techniques having as objective for example population dynamics studies. Moreover the behaviour of the larvae in the soil affects the exposition to parasites and predators and so their mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the pupation depth of B. oleae in the soil, as well as the larvae behaviour in search of a place to pupate. The experiments were conducted in two olive groves located in the northeast of Portugal, one in Romeu and the other one in Vila Real. Romeu soil is a Leptic Cambisols, developed from schists, with coarse texture and continuous rock less than 50 cm from the soil surface, whereas Vila Real soil is a Haplic Cambisols developed from schists with medium texture and continuous rock at more than 50 cm from the soil surface. Full-grown larvae were obtained from infested fruits previously collected, within a period of 24 h after leaving them to pupate. These larvae were placed at the surface of the soil under the tree canopy and the distance from the point where they were put till that where they have entered the soil, as well as the time spent were measured. Two dates were tried at Romeu (21th November and 11th December) and one at Vila Real (23th November). One week after, pupae were retrieved and pupation depth was recorded. In November, the time spent by larvae was of 5.70 ± 1.33 min. at Romeu and 9.91 ± 2.26 min. at Vila Real, and the corresponding distance was of 4.44 ± 0.75 cm, at Romeu and 2.04 ± 0.69 cm at Vila Real. These differences were probably due to the fact that the soil of Romeu was weedy while that of Vila Real was uncovered. So, in the first case it was more difficult for the larvae to find a place suitable to burrow due to the weed´s presence, but once it was found it was easier to burrow into the soil, as the weeds roots made it less hard. In December that time was of 19.79 ± 3.41 min., and the distance covered by the larvae was of 2.59 ± 0.43 min. The differences observed between the results obtained in December and those obtained in November experiments can be explained by the lower temperature registered in the first date (mean air temperature 2.7ºC) relative to the second (mean air temperature 12ºC), which lowered the insect activity. Pupation took place at 4.83 ± 1.20 mm of depth in November and 3.08 ± 0.57 mm of depth in December. The first author is grateful to the Science and Technology Foundation (SFRH/BD/24910/2005) and to “Acção 8.1 PO AGRO nº482” for financial support.


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ANALYSIS OF POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS OF BACTROCERA OLEAE (GMELIN) AND PRAYS OLEAE (BERNARD) IN SOUTHERN PORTUGAL M. A. Gonçalves1, L. Andrade1, B. Afonso2, L. Almeida1 1 Univ. Algarve/FERN, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 FARO 2 Cooperativa agrícola de Brinches CRL, Monte Acima, 7830 PIAS The present study concerns the investigation on the fluctuations of the populations of the two main pests of olive trees, the olive fly Bactrocera oleae and the olive moth Prays oleae, in two regions of southern Portugal. This study was carried out for 3 years (2004, 2005 and 2006) and the trials took place in two olive orchards, one situated in Moncarapacho (Algarve) and the other in Vale de Vargo (Baixo Alentejo), both in IPM. The population density of both pests was determined with the use of traps with lures. For the monitoring of the olive fly, vertical yellow sticky traps (VYST) with sex pheromone were used. Olive moths were monitored using sexual traps (Delta traps). All traps were placed at a height of 1,5m above the ground surface and placed on the south part of the tree. The trapped insects counted weekly. Results showed that B. oleae was detected in the beginning of June until the end of December in the years 2004 and 2005 in Moncarapacho. It was present during all the year of 2004 and 2005 in Vale de Vargo. In 2006 the insect was present during all the year except for the months of February and May in Moncarapacho and it was present all the year in Vale de Vargo. The total number of insects captured was higher in Algarve (12390) than in Baixo Alentejo (2998). For P. oleae the results from Algarve indicated that the moth was present between March and December, April and December and during all the year except for the month of February in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. In Baixo Alentejo the moth was detected between April and December in 2004 and during all the year of 2005 except for the months of February and August. In 2006 it was present between April and June and between October and December. It was also verified that for both the studied orchards the total number of captured insects was not very different (Moncarapacho:8975; Vale de Vargo: 10661).


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGAINST PRAYS OLEAE BERN (LEPIDOPTERA, HYPONOMEUTIDAE) USING LOCAL OOPHAGOUS PARASITOÏDES OF THE GENUS TRICHOGRAMMA I. Blibech, M. Ksantini, T. Jardak OLIVE INSTITUTE, Sfax, TUNISIA The population level of Prays oleae Bern. (Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutidae) has increased in all prospected sites of Sfax region following the favourable climatic conditions the three last years. Among the most infested olive growing fields in Sfax, El Hajeb presents an infestation of 3,6% for the antophagous generation in 2006 and witch has been kept for Trichogramma releases using Tunisian identified strains: Trichogramma oleae (code:IO47, Gene Bank identity: DQ 389070), Trichogramma cacoeciae (code: IO18) and Trichogramma bourarachae (code: IO17, Gene Bank identity: DQ389073). The test has been achieved according to block organization of 15 olive trees for each released strain and 15 olive trees for control. The assessment of Trichogramma releases efficiency is assured by a random weekly sampling per tree of 100 flowers at the anthophagous generation of P. oleae and 100 fruits at the carpophagous generation. In laboratory, these samples were examined to appraise parasitism and emergence rates of each strain but also the infestation rates of inflorescences and fruits. Against the antophagous generation, the three strains showed different parasitism rates. The strain IO18 showed a maximal rate of 46% at the end of April, whereas the strain IO47 showed most important parasitism rates who reaches 70% the beginning of May which proves the efficiency of this Trichogramma oleae while covering a long spring period. Against the carpophagous generation, the parasitism rates were materialized by an infestation reduction of 26.3%, 32% and 12% on released trees respectively by IO47, IO18 and IO17. Efficient biological control against Prays oleae in olive fields using local Trichogramma, require a program of maintenance and multiplication of local strains IO47 and IO18 for continued releases while studying number, period and doses of each release. Key words: Prays oleae, biological control, Trichogramma, local strains, releases.


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IS THE INDIGENOUS TRICHOGRAMMA NERUDAI (HYMENOPTERA, TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) A PROMISING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT TO CONTROL THE OLIVE MOTH, PRAYS OLEAE IN PORTUGAL? A. Herz1, L.M. Torres2 1 Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, D-64287 Darmstadt 2 CITAB/ Universidade des Tras-os-Montes et Alto Douro, Vila Real As reported earlier (Herz et al., 2007), egg parasitoids of a species, identified as T. nerudai Pintureau and Gerding, were collected in an organic olive grove situated at Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, North-Eastern Portugal in 2002 and 2003. Identification was based on the similarity of ITS2-sequences of the Portuguese strain and a Chilean strain of this species and was also confirmed by sexual compatibility of these strains. This was the first observation of this species outside Chile, the area of its first description. In laboratory tests, T. nerudai showed promising potential to parasitize eggs of the olive moth (Herz & Hassan 2006). Field releases of T. nerudai and two other native Portuguese species against P. oleae in 2004 were less successful and did not result in a significant reduction of flower or fruit infestation of the olive moth.


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COMPARING BENEFITS BETWEEN PESTICIDES AND ETHYLENE TREATMENTS TO REDUCE PRAYS OLEAE BERN. ATTACK IN OLIVE TREES R. Rosales1, I. Sabouni1, F. Chibi2, D. Garrido1, J.M. Ramos1 1.Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n. 18071 Granada, Spain 2.Laboratoire de Biologie appliqué et sciences de l’environnement. Faculté des sciences et techniques Tánger. BP.416 Tanger, Morocco Two treatments to control the olive pest Prays oleae Bern. were compared in a two-year study at five olive-growing different sites. In one treatment the pesticide dimethoate was sprayed, and in the second treatment ethylene was applied to olive trees in the form of ethrel (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid). From the results we have calculated the mean benefits of both applications during the years 2005 and 2006. The ethylene treatment rendered a mean of 340 euros per hectare, whereas the dimethoate treatment inflicted losses of 100 euros per hectare. We conclude from the results that treatments with dimethoate, the most widely used pesticide in southern Spain, are even harmful to olive farmers, statistically reducing both the activity and effectivity of Prays oleae oophagous predators (mainly Chysoperla carnea larvae), as compared to control and ethylene treated trees.


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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SUGARS AND POLLENS ON THE OLIVE MOTH, PRAYS OLEAE BERN. AND THEIR PARASITOIS ELASMUS FLABELLATUS WESTW.

A. Bento, S. Pereira, J.E. Cabanas, J.A. Pereira CIMO - Escola Superior Agrária Bragança, Quinta Sta. Apolónia 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. [email protected] The quality of food consumption has an important role in predators and parasitoids development and performance like as their longevity and fecundity. However low attention was been made to phytofagous where their parasitoids and predators exerts action. In the presented context, this preliminary work aimed to study the influence of pollen of plants abundant around olive groves, individual sugars and honey in the longevity of the adults of olive moth, Prays oleae Bern, and their parasitoid Elasmus flabellatus Westw.. Three plants, Echium plantagineum L., Chamaemelum fuscatum (Brot.) Vasc. and Calendula arvensis L., four sugars (sacharose, galactose, frutose and glucose) and honey were used as food and water as control. For the experiment 30 P. oleae males and females, and parasitoids recent emerged were put in glass vials and the longevity (in days) were measured. The obtained results showed that the longevity of the insects were different according to the generation of P. oleae. Pollen had a positive effect on female longevity when honey was used as food the females and meles presented a significantly high longevity. The sugars fructose, glucose and sacharose increased significantly the longevity of E. flabellatus.


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FIELD ASSESSMENT OF KAOLIN AS A PEST CONTROL TOOL IN AN OLIVE GROVE IN MADRID S. Pascual, G. Cobos, E. Seris, M. Gonzalez-Núñez Plant Protection Department. INIA. Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5 28040 Madrid. Spain Particle film technology, based on application of kaolin sprays, is a relatively new crop protection tool, which has been tested for controlling pests and plant diseases on different crops. In this study, population levels of phytophagous insects were monitored along 2005 and 2006 in Kaolin-treated and control plots in an olive grove in Madrid. Kaolin sprays (SURROUND WP) were applied twice a year at a dose of 3 kg/100 l. Incidence levels of the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gemelin), were estimated at the end of the crop season as the percentage of attacked olives, which did not differ significantly between control and treated plots. However, the extremely low pest levels recorded (less than 3 adults/trap in yellow sticky traps with sex pheromone) could give account for this result. Evaluation of the olive black scale, Saissetia oleae (Oliver), was carried out by periodical visual assessment of olive shoots. Kaolin application resulted in a significant reduction in the number of shoots attacked by the scale, which was increasingly obvious along time. A beating method was used when sampling trees to asses the evolution of the olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina (Costa). No significant differences were observed between kaolin-treated and control plots in any of the samples taken along the two years of study. As B. olea is a key pest in olive groves, whose incidence along the two years of study was unusually low, it is necessary to carry out a longer term study to establish the efficacy of kaolin treatments in the control of this pest species, as well as its effect on other secondary pests.


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MONITORING OF THE MAIN PESTS OF OLIVE IN ALENTEJO (PORTUGAL) M. I. Patanita, J. Reis Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Área Departamental de Ciências do Ambiente. Apartado 6158, 7801-908 Beja (Portugal) E-mail: [email protected] The olive grove is a culture which has occupied for a long time a prominent role in the context of the portuguese agriculture and especially in the agriculture of Alentejo, which is the most important producing region of the country. In recent years the relative importance of olive growing has become more and more accentuated, which may be proved by the creation of origin denominations and by the installation of new plantations. The traditional system of the olive fruit cultivation, is giving origin to new techniques and systems of exploration. Among those techniques, it may be emphasized a more rational fertilization and pruning, watering, new cultivars, mechanization of the crops, a system of no mobilization or the slightest mobilization of the soil and a more rational protection of the culture. In order that the pest management of the culture may develop directed to an integrated pest management (IPM), it is necessary a good knowledge of the biology of the main pests of the culture. In this context, the results of three years of monitoring of the main pests of an olive grove, where are introduced new technology like the irrigation, in the region of Alentejo are introduced and discussed here.


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ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS LEVEL FOR THE FRUIT GENERATION OF OLIVE MOTH, PRAYS OLEAE (BERNARD) (LEPIDOPTERA: HYPONOMEUTIDAE) A. Bento, J.A. Pereira CIMO - Escola Superior Agrária Bragança, Quinta Sta. Apolónia 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. [email protected] The olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is one of the most destructive pests of olive groves in the Mediterranean basin. In recent years, the interest in evaluating the economic importance of P. oleae has been increasing, being loss assessment essential to the development of integrated pest management programs (IPM). Reliable economic thresholds for the pest are associated to any IPM practice, since enables the growers to reduce the input of pesticides and even target their use, when necessary. The purpose of this study was to establish economic thresholds against the fruit generation of P. oleae (Bern.) in Trás-os-Montes region (north-eastern Portugal), where the olive moth is a key pest of olive (Bento et al., 1997; Bento, 1999). The study was carried out in olives of the oil-producing variety "Cobrançosa, Verdial Transmontana and Madural", grown on non irrigated conditions and without pesticide treatments for several years. Data of Cobrançosa variety were recorded every year from 1993 to 2006. Olive infestation was determined in 25 fruits taken from 25 trees selected at random in orchard, weekly collected, from the time of fruit setting until the end of the egg-laying period. Crop losses due to preharvest fruit drop were evaluated on 25 olive trees from fruit setting until harvest. A mathematical model is developed which aims to establish the economic thresholds for the olive moth in Portugal. The model takes into account several factors such as: cost and efficacy of spraying, environmental impact, expected yield, price and crop losses. The percentage of fruits attacked by P. oleae was highly variable along the studied years, ranging from 27.5 % and 53.8 % in 1995 and 1993, respectively. Severe yield losses were observed due to the pest occurred in 1993, reaching 62.0 % of the total harvest. According to the calculated thresholds, the control of the pest is justified when the attacked fruits reaches 20% during the years of high expected yields (about 6,000 kg per hectare) and 35% in the years of lower expected yields (approximately 1,000 kg per hectare) for the mean price practised in the region. Key words: integrated pest management, olive, crop loss assessment, carpophagous generation


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THRIPS ON OLIVES IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY R. Bozbuga, N.Z. Elekçioglu Entomology Lab., Plant Protection Research Institute, Kışla Cad. Pk.21, Köprüköy, 01321 Adana -Turkey A survey of thrips (Thysanoptera), was carried out in the olive orchards in the eastern Mediterannean region of Turkey which includes Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Gaziantep and Osmaniye provinces during 2006-2007. For extraction of thrips in the laboratory, new shoots with terminal buds and flowers were collected and 1000 olive fruits were randomly checked visually for any damage. A total of 933 adult thrips were collected. Nine species of thrips were identified: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Thrips tabaci Lindeman, T. major Uzel, Aeolothrips gloriosus Bagnall, T. meridionalis (Priesner), Haplothrips andresi Priesner, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall), Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel and A. collaris Priesner. Among these species, F. occidentalis was the most widely distributed species (88%), occurring throughout all olive-growing districts in the eastern Mediterannean region followed by T. tabaci (3%), T. major (2%) and A. gloriosus (2%) in both years. Thrips are presently of little economic importance as pests of this crop in the region. Key Words: Olive, Thrips, Turkey, Pest


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BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OLIVE TREE CANOPY, IN ALENTEJO (SOUTH REGION OF PORTUGAL) F.T. Rei1, M. Campos2, L.M. Torres3 1 Phytotechny Department, Évora University, 7000-554 Évora, Portugal. [email protected] 2 CSIC, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Profesor Albareda nº 1. 18008, Granada, Spain. [email protected]. 3 CITAB/ Plant Protection Department. Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. [email protected]. Knowledge about the beneficial arthropod community occurring in agroecosystems is an essential prerequisite for the development of plant protection programmes within the context of a sustainable agriculture. In the olive ecosystem the value of these beneficials was discovered mainly as a consequence of their elimination by the use of insecticides, leading to outbreaks of secondary pests. The objective of this study was to gain insight on the beneficial arthropod fauna occurring in olive groves from Alentejo (South region of Portugal), which was at that time a relatively undisturbed ecosystem. The study was carried out during two consecutive years, 1999 and 2000, in four olive groves located near Évora. Arthropods were collected by the beating technique, using a modified japanese umbrella device. Sampling was done weekly between March and November in 1999, and between April and November in 2000. In each sampling period, two branches randomly selected, from each of 60 trees per grove, were beated. Results showed that 29% from the 138 858 individuals collected were predators (27%) or parasitoids (2%). Among the predators, the most numerous families were, by decreasing order of abundance: Aranea (11.6%), Coccinellidae (8.9%) and Formicidae (5.3%). Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Raphidiidae, Coniopterygidae and Mantidae were also captured in the canopy but, in total, they represented only 1.9% of the total individuals obtained. Aranea, Coccinellidae and Formicidae were present during all the sampling period. However Aranea and Coccinellidae were captured in higher numbers during June and August, while Formicidae were obtained mainly during June and July. Parasitoids were represented mainly by Chalcidoidea, representing 1.5% of the total captured arthropods, and Ichneumonoidea, representing 0.2%. Chalcidoidea were captured during all the sampling period, while Ichneumonoidea were obtained mainly between April and May, and in September.


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EFFECTS OF NO TILLAGE ON THE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF SOIL AND OLIVE TREE CANOPY ARTHROPODS C. Lousão1, A. Bento1, M.Campos2, F. Ruano3, J.A. Pereira1 1 CIMO/Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta Apolónia, Apt. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. [email protected] 2 Departments of Environmental Protection. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Profesor Albareda 1. 18008.Granada. Spain. 3 Department of Animal Biology. University of Granada. Campus de Fuentenueva s/n 18071 - Granada, Spain. Soil tillage is a traditional practice in the olive groves of Trás-os-Montes region (Northeast of Portugal) where the soil is maintained without any vegetal cover. However, this agronomic practice may have dangerous environmental effects of several orders. In this way, with the present work we aimed to contribute for the knowledge about the effect of two soil management practices in the olive grove (traditional tillage in comparison to no tillage) on the arthropods abundance and diversity of the olive grove soil and the olive tree canopy with special reference to Formicidae family. The work was developed between April and October of 2004, in two continuous plots submitted to the following agronomical practices: one plot submitted to frequent tillage to control weeds, and the other plot was no tilled. Monthly, the soil fauna was evaluated by 30 pitfall traps and olive canopy fauna was monitored by the beating technique of 25 trees per plot. The recovered material was sorted and identified. The results showed the existence of a diverse and rich fauna associated to the soil of olive grove and olive tree canopy. The olive soil arthropods are constituted mainly by Formicidae and Collembola. Sixteen ant species were identified in the soil being Tapinoma nigerrimum the most abundant. The no tilled plot had significantly higher specific richness and diversity of Formicidae. Also, the number of total arthropods, Aranea, Acari and Collembola was higher in the no tilled plot. On the olive tree canopy the Acari, Formicidae and Psocoptera were the most abundant groups. Concerning Formicidae family, 13 species were identified being T. nigerrimun the highest in number. The no tilled plot showed significantly high number of total arthropods (without Acari order), Formicidae and Coleoptera in comparison to the tilled one. Key-words: olive grove, tillage, arthropods, abundance, diversity, Formicidae.


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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC FEATURES ON VERTICILLIUM WILT IN AN IMPORTANT OLIVE-GROWING AREA IN SOUTHERN SPAIN E. Rodriguez1, J.M. Garcia-Garrido1, P.Garcia2, M. Campos1 1Departments of Environmental Protection and Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Profesor Albareda 1. 18008.Granada. Spain 2Department of Statistic and O.R. University of Granada. Campus de Fuente Nueva s/n. 18071. Granada. Spain. The development of the Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae) in olive orchards is often related to intensive modern plantations of highly productive cultivars, planted at high densities, usually irrigated and mechanised. We studied the effects of agricultural practises, such as irrigation and high plant density in combination with agronomic features, such as plant age and cultivar type, on the pathogen prevalence and disease incidence in an important olive-growing area in southern Spain. A stratified double-sampling technique was designed and sampling survey was conducted from 2002 to 2005 in 873 olive fields randomly selected. The pathogen prevalence was three times greater in irrigated soils than in non-irrigated soils. V. dahliae prevalence was strongly associated to plant density, since the increase in fungal prevalence was correlated with the increase in plant density values. In irrigated soils the disease incidence was positively correlated with plant density (R2=0.98). Unlike irrigated soils, a negative and moderate correlation (R2=0.96) between disease incidence and plant density was found in non-irrigated soils. V. dahliae was more prevalent in young plantations, and in these plantations, both pathogen prevalence and disease incidence was greater in irrigated soils than in non-irrigated soils. Neither olive cultivar type had an effect in pathogen prevalence. Overall, disease outbreaks occur through the interaction between irrigation x plant density x young plantations.


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HISTOPATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OLIVE ANTHRACNOSE C. Mota-Capitão1,2, S. Martins1, P. Talhinhas1, M.C. Silva2, H. Oliveira1 1 Instituto Superior de Agronomia – Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. 2 Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro – Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. Anthracnose is the most important disease affecting olives in Portugal. It mainly affects fruits at ripening, causing sunken lesions and abundant masses of spores. The disease provokes the drop of fruits or, when harvested, originates poor oil quality due to high acidity. Although ripe fruits are mostly affected by the disease, preliminary observations suggested that the pathogen might be present on fruits prior to maturation and long before development of symptoms. Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, the fungi responsible for olive anthracnose, are known in other pathosystems to show diverse life-styles and infection strategies. Little information is available on the infection and colonisation strategies adopted by these fungi when infecting olives, which in turn causes uncertainty on key epidemiological aspects of the disease and on the life cycle of the pathogens, with obvious consequences on effective disease management. The aim of this work was to elucidate key aspects of the histopathology and epidemiology of olive anthracnose. Epidemiology studies in a network of 14 orchards demonstrated the asymptomatic presence of Colletotrichum spp. in different organs of the olive tree (and other plants present or adjacent to the orchard) throughout the olive tree annual cycle, specially in organs that were already formed in the previous autumn (as leaves and branches, therefore subjected to inoculum dissemination from infected olives), but also on young organs (such as flowers and fruits). Results suggest that inoculum reaches fruits in different moments, namely in spring and autumn. Spring inoculum dispersal depends mainly on the abundance of inoculum on the orchard (which in turn depends on the disease severity in previous autumn) and on the occurrence of rain events during flowering and early fruit development. Histopathology studies demonstrated that C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides conidia are able to germinate on olive fruit surface (at different maturarion stages), differentiate melanised appressoria, from where a penetration peg is formed, with direct penetration of the fruit cuticle. The period in which no further development was observed corresponded to the absence of symptoms. Once fruits ripen, a rapid hyphal development was observed in fruit necrotic cells, leading to disease symptoms and formation of acervuli. Autumn inoculum dispersal has traditionally been assumed as the main event originating infections and disease. The conjugation of epidemiology and histopathology studies shows that the pathogens are present on the orchard throughout the year, at times on flowers and young fruits, and that they are able to colonise asymptomatically unripe fruits, originating symptoms only once fruits mature.


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DETECTION OF VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB. FROM OLIVE TREES WITH CHRONIC DECLINE AND DIEBACK OF BRANCHES AND SHOOTS M. E. Gouveia, V. Coelho CIMO – Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia - Apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança. Portugal [email protected] Verticillium wilt of olive tree, associated with the soil borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is considered an important disease in all countries of the Mediterranean region. This disease has been increasing in newly established olive orchards which have a negative economic impact in all regions of olive culture. In Portugal Verticillium wilt has not been considered an important disease and few studies were carried out about this disease. Recently, a great number of cases of chronic decline, slow growth and dieback of shoots and branches of olive trees have been reported in all regions where extensive plantations had occurred. These symptoms are characteristic of Verticillium wilt in olive tree, but very often are also associated with adverse environmental or agronomic conditions or inclusively with mechanical damages which hampered diagnosis of biological causes. In some of these reported situations and for diagnostic purposes we isolated Verticillum dahliae from plant tissues of trees with characteristic symptoms of decline and slow growth. The sample of plant tissues were tap water cleaned and surface disinfected with sodium hypochloride and incubated on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) in Petri dishes at 22-23 ºC in the dark. Positive isolation of the suspected pathogen has not been always obtained even though the same laboratory procedure was adopted. Detection and identification of Verticillium dahliae in olive trees with slow growth and chronic decline impose new strategies for risk assessment of Verticillium wilt in Portugal and for developing reliable methods of detection of the pathogen in plant tissues and soils and to improve disease control measures to stop disease spatial spreading.


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PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE PARASITIC COMPLEX ASSOCIATED WITH DITTRICHIA VISCOSA IN ANDALUCÍA (SPAIN). S. Franco-Micán¹, J. Castro², M. Campos¹ ¹ Department of Enviromental Protection Estación Experimental del Zaidín. (CSIC). Profesor Albareda Nº1 18008-Granada, Spain ² IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil Junta de Andalucia, Spain Organism interactions in the agroecological system of the olive tree are due to the diversity of plant species growing around it, influencing beneficial insects directly. The systematic and drastic elimination of these species affects through increasing populations of olive tree harmful insects. Among the plant species historically related to olive groves there is Dittrichia viscosa, everlasting plant that blooms from September to October. Its flowers are infested by the dipteran Myopites stylata that causes galls formation where the larvae are parasited by Eupelmus urozonus, one of the main parasitoids associated with the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae). The goal of this study was to determine the parasitic complex of Myopites stylata associated to Dittrichia viscosa in olive zones of Andalucía (south of Spain). Samples were taken from river Genil banks (37º09 ' 55.36" N, 3º35 ' 07.74" W, 683m), Iznalloz (37º25 ' 06.45" W, 914m), Granada province and “Los Villares” (37º41 ' 38.89" N, 3º48 ' 46.88" W, 869 m) Jaen province, where plant were present. Galls were collected and kept individually in glass vials in incube chamber conditions with photoperiod of 14:10h (L:D), and 25ºC ± 3ºC (L:D) temperature, until adults emerged. We observed the presence of Hymenoptera from superfamily Chalcidoidea belonging to the families Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae and Eupelmidae in quantity order. Adult parasitoids emerged from a single gall ranged between 1 to 4. Gall size seemed to be an important factor affecting emerged adults number. It was observed that individuals belonging to different families emerged from a same gall. The number of families, as well as adults presence in galls changed depending on the locality in which galls were collected.


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INFLUENCE OF THE IRRIGATION AND CROP PROTECTION IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TRADITIONAL OLIVE GROVES IN ALENTEJO (PORTUGAL) F. L. Santos1, J. Reis2, M. I. Patanita2, P. Valverde1, A. Ramos2, N. L. Castanheira1 1Universidade de Évora, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Èvora, Portugal E-mail: [email protected] 2Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Área Departamental de Ciências do Ambiente, Apartado 6158, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal E-mail: [email protected] The implementation among the farmers of the olive cultivation, of systems of irrigation drop-to-drop in traditional olive groves in Alentejo, formerly in dry system, with the aim of improving its productivity, it has been having a growing interest in the last years. The trial was installed in a traditional olive grove, of low density, with compass of 12 x 12 m, recently converted to irrigation system (2005). In 2005 and 2006 the olive grove was submitted to three modalities different from irrigation and for effects of pest control treatment of the olive tree, each irrigation modality (A, B and C), as well as the no-irrigated plot, was divided in two portions, being constituted a portion with irrigation and pest control and another one with irrigation and without pest control. The aim of this study is know the influence of the irrigation and of the pest control in the productivity of the olive in a traditional olive grove in Alentejo (Portugal). The results obtained allow us concluded that when the olive grove is of dry system, or in years of weak rain, the application of pest control is important for the obtaining of better productions. Already when it is reconverted to the irrigation system, the olive grove that better production will present will be what to benefit of pest control, although the results are also significant for the olive groves with irrigation, but no treated against pests. The advantage of the pest control treatment is that, partly, it substitutes the water. That is, with pest control treatment is obtained high productions with smaller applications of water. In case it is not made the pest control treatment, the amount of applied water during the productive cycle of the olive tree will have to be in larger amount to maintain a good production.


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INTEGRATED PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF “GALEGA” OLIVE OIL M.F. Peres1, J.P. Luz1, P. Fragoso3, C. Gouveia1, M.C. Vitorino1, C. Amaro1, L. Henriques1, J. Coutinho1, C. Pintado2, C. Peres2, A. Ferreira1 1Escola Superior Agrária, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, [email protected] 2Estação Nacional de Melhoramento de Plantas, Apartado 6, 7350-951 Elvas 3APPIZÊZERE, Av. Eugénio de Andrade, lote 80, r/c Esq., Fundão The evolution of olive major enemies that most affect olive oil quality, fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), was assessed for cv. Galega Vulgar in two olive groves in Beira Baixa region, Portugal, under Integrated Production during 2004/05, 2005/06, and 2006/07. Several physical and chemical parameters of the virgin olive oil, as well as organophosphate pesticides residues were studied. Based upon the economical threshold and the climatic conditions, the levels of olive fruit fly and anthracnose lead to one or two pesticide sprays. The olive fruit fly was present in all olive groves, which surpassed the economical threshold (8-12% of olives infested). From all olive groves it was obtained a high quality virgin olive oil. In what concerns acidity and oxidation all the oils showed values much lower than the limits fixed by law for extra virgin olive oil. The pesticide residues were always lower than the quantification limit. All the olive oils showed high content of α-tocopherol and good oxidative stability. In conclusion, Galega olive oil under Integrated Protection has a very high quality and is a safe food, taken into account the pesticide residues. Keywords: Galega cultivar; Beira Baixa region; oxidative stability; organophosphate residues; olive oil. Project AGRO 463 “Segurança e Qualidade Alimentar em Produtos do Olival”.


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OLIVE GROWING IN ARRIBES DE DUERO (SPAIN). A MARGINAL CULTURE AREA I. Armendáriz, A. Pérez-Sanz, S. Juárez, L. Miranda, I. Sánchez, G. Campillo ITACYL, Ctra Burgos Km. 119, Valladolid, España. [email protected] El cultivo del olivo en los Arribes del Duero (Zamora y Salamanca) es un caso de marginalidad en agricultura, ya que se encuentra en el límite norte de distribución en Castilla y León. La débil densidad de olivos, su intercalamiento con otros cultivos, la ausencia de tratamientos insecticidas, la presencia de amplias zonas de vegetación natural y espontánea y la abundancia de entomofauna hace de esta zona un interesante laboratorio para una futura expansión del cultivo en un escenario de mediterraneización del clima en la península Ibérica. En este contexto se presentan datos de plagas (prays y mosca) y fauna auxiliar en los olivos durante los años 2004 al 2007, relacionando su presencia con los datos obtenidos en varias estaciones meteorológicas cercanas. The culture of the olive tree in Arribes de Duero (Zamora and Salamanca) is a case of marginality in agriculture, since it is in the North limit of distribution in Castilla y Leon. The weak density of olive trees, it intercropping with other cultures, the absence of insecticide treatments, the presence of ample zones of natural and spontaneous vegetation and the abundance of entomofauna make of this zone an interesting laboratory for a future expansion of the culture in a scenario of mediterraneization of climate in the Iberian Peninsula. Data of plagues (prays and olive fly) and auxiliary fauna in the olive trees are showed during years 2004 to the 2007, relating their presence to the data collected in several near meteorological stations.


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WEED SEEDLING EMERGENCE FROM SOILS OF VINEYARDS AND OLIVE GROVES OF THE MIRANDÊS PLATEAU, NORTHEASTERN PORTUGAL M. A. Rodrigues, J. E. Cabanas, A. Bento, C. F. Aguiar, J. L. Andrade, M. Arrobas Mountain Research Centre (CIMO) – Escola Superior Agrária, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] Weed management in the vineyards and olive groves of the Mirandês Plateau, NE Portugal, is usually performed with soil tillage. The crops are tilled two or three times in a year, from early spring to mid summer, to achieve the weed control desired by the farmer, notwithstanding it is well documented that excessive soil tillage promotes soil erosion and the mineralisation of soil organic matter. In this study one try to show what kind of weeds could resist to this very aggressive ground-cover management system. A pot experiment and a field survey were carried out to identify the most common weeds in these agro-systems. Six vineyards and two olive orchards were considered in the present study. The pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the weed seed bank abundance by recording seedling emergence during the winter (Sep 14th, 2005, to April 14th, 2006) and summertime (April 14th, 2006 to Sep 16th, 2006), considering five replications of 1 kg dry soil per treatment. Young plants were removed immediately after their botanical identification. At April 14th, the pots were manually tilled to simulate the effect of conventional tillage in field. During the summer period the pots were regularly irrigated to stimulate seed germination. In the field, two visual floristic surveys were carried out at the end of winter (March 6th, 2006) and in the summer (Aug 1st, 2006). In the pot experiment, the 10 most abundant species emerging during the winter period were Mibora minima (57.0 plants kg-1 dry soil), Stellaria media (18.3), Spergula arvensis (15.5), Cerastium glomeratum (12.3), Lamium amplexicaule (5.0), Crassula tilea (3.8), Linaria spartea (1.8), Capsella rubella (1.7), Senecio vulgaris (1.2) and Poa annua (1.2). During the summer period the 10 most common species were Portulaca oleracea (4.0 plants kg-1 dry soil), Solanum nigrum (2.2), Chenopodium album (1.1), Amaranthus blitoides (0.8), Spergula arvensis (0.7), Crassula tilea (0.7), Capsella rubella (0.7), Digitaria sanguinalis (0.5), Mibora minima (0.5) and Sonchus oleraceus (0.2). The results of the visual field survey performed at March 6th agreed with those that were found in the pot experiment. The visual field survey made at August 1st showed as the most abundant species three perennial weeds with vegetative reproduction mechanisms. These species were Cynodon dactylon, Convolvulus arvensis and Chondrilla juncea. On the other hand, the annual species found in the pot experiment in the summer were also observed in the field survey. Thus, one can find three main types of weeds in these agro-systems: 1) annual weeds with a very short growing cycle, emerging and developing during the autumn-winter period; 2) annual weeds well adapted to drought, emerging over the spring-summer period; and 3) perennial weeds, also resistant to water stress and mechanical weed control that develop during the summer season.


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Author Index Abbas, H.S. 75 Afonso, B. 111 Aguiar, C. F. 147 Alexandrakis, V.Z. 53 Almeida, L. 111 Alphey, I. 39 Amaro, C. 143 Andrade, J. L. 147 Armendáriz, I. 145 Arrobas, M. 147 Ayala, I. 85 Barradas, T. 73 Belcari, A. 43 Bento, A. 93, 97, 119, 125, 131, 147 Blanchet, A. 79 Blibech, I. 113 Bon, M.C. 79 Bozbuga, R. 127 Cabanas, J. E. 119, 147 Caleca, V. 47, 101 Callejas, C. 37 Camèra, A. 43 Campillo, G. 145 Campos, M. 45, 83, 95, 129, 131, 133, 139 Castanheira, N. L. 141 Castro, J. 139 Cheyppe-Buchmann, S. 79 Chibi, F. 117 Clara, I. E. 33

Cobos, G. 121 Coelho, V. 137 Corda, F. 81


150

Coutinho, J. 143 Deliperi, S. 41, 89 Delrio, G. 31, 41, 89

Eldesouki-Arafat, I. 45 Eleiçioglu, N. Z. 127 Emer, D. 99 Fancellu, V. 103 Farzali, F. 55, 65, 91 Fauvergue, X. 79 Félix, M.R. 33 Fernández, P. 37 Ferreira, A. 143 Figueiredo, A. 67 Foddi, F. 81 Fragoso, P. 143 Franco-Micán, S. 139 Garantonakis, N. 63 Garcia, P. 133 Garcia-Garrido, J.M. 133 Garrido, D. 117 Garrido-Jurado, I. 45, 83 Giatropoulos, A. 63 Gil, R. 85 Girolami, V. 99 Gomes, S. 73 Gonçalves, F. 87, 107, 109 Gonçalves, M. A. 111 Gonzalez-Núñez, M. 121 Gouveia, C. 143 Gouveia, M.E. 137 Granchietti, A. 43 Groussier-Bout, G. 79 Guedes-Pinto, H. 73


151

Henriques, L. 143 Herz, A. 115 Hidalgo, F. 61 Jardak, T. 113 Jones, W. 79 Juárez, S. 145 Kalaitzaki, A. P. 53 Kalogiannis, N. 101 Kamali, K. 105 Khalghani, J. 55, 65, 91 Kramer, A M 39 Ksantini, M. 113 Landini, S. 43 Lentini, A. 41, 89 Lopes, D. J. H. 67 Lousão, C. 131 Luz, J.P. 143 Lykouressis, D. 63 Macedo, N. 67 Malausa, J.C. 79 Maltese, M. 47 Margaritopoulos, J.T. 101 Marongiu, G. 81 Martin, A. 73 Martinez Sañudo, I. 99 Martins, J.T.O. 67 Martins, S. 135 Martins-Lopes, P. 73 Miles, M. 51 Miranda, L. 145 Mohammad, R.M. 75 Morou, E. 101


152

Mota-Capitão, C. 135 Moya, P. 85 Mulinari, E. 99 Neves-Martins, J. 71 Nikou, D. 101 Nogueira, J. A. 59

Nouri, H. 55, 65, 91 Ochando, M. D. 37 Oliveira, H. 71, 135 Ortiz, A. 49, 61

Ostovan, H. 105 Paraskeuopoulos, A. 63 Pascual, S. 121 Patanita, M.I. 123, 141 Pavão, F. 93, 97 Perabá, A. 61

Perdikis, D. 63 Pereira, J. A. 59, 87, 93, 97, 119, 125, 131 Pereira, S. 119 Peres, C. 143 Peres, M.F. 143 Pérez-Sanz, A. 145 Petrakis, P.V. 49 Pickett, C. 79 Pimentel, R. 67 Pintado, C. 43 Pisci, R. 81 Porcel, M. 95 Prieto, P. 73 Primo, J. 85 Quesada-Moraga, E. 45, 83


153

Ramos, A. 141 Ramos, J.M. 117 Rei, F.T. 129 Reis, J. 123, 141 Ris, N. 79 Robacker, D.C. 43 Roche, M. 79 Rodrigues, C. 87 Rodrigues, M. A. 147 Rodriguez, E. 133 Rosales, R. 117 Rosi, M.C. 43 Roussis, V. 49 Ruano, F. 95, 131 Sabouni, I. 117 Sacchetti, P. 43 Sánchez, I. 145 Sanchis, J. 85 Santiago-Álvarez, C. 45, 83 Santos, F. L. 141 Santos, S. A. P. 59 Segura, D. 37 Seris, E. 121 Silva, M.C. 71, 135 Skouras, P.J. 101 Soncin, G. 99 Soroosh, M.J. 105 Sreenivasaprasad, S. 71 Talhinhas, P. 71, 135 Thaon, M. 79 Torne, M. 51 Torres, L. M. 27, 59, 87, 107, 109, 115, 129 Tsitsipis, J. 29, 101


154

Valverde, P. 141 Varanda, C.M.R. 33 Varela, M. 69 Varikou, K.N. 53 Ventura, L.B. 67 Vitorino, M.C. 143 Vontas, J. 101 Yokoyama, V. 57

Documents

Programme and Abstract Book - esa.ipb.ptesa.ipb.pt/olive2007/Programme_and_Abstract_Book.pdf · Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal October 10 – 12 2007 . IOBC OILB