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8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
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Profitable Production of
Quality Winter Greens inUnheated High Tunnels
December 2013 Paul
& Sandy Arnold
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
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y
Pleasant Valley Farm
Argyle, New York
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INEXPENSIVE START-UP WITH SMART EXPENDITURES
GOOD BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & RECORD KEEPING
LABOR EFFICIENCIES TO MAXIMIZE PROFITS
EFFICIENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS & SOIL MANAGEMENT
MULCHING AND WEED CONTROL
PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
SEASON EXTENSION-ROWCOVERS & FIELDHOUSES
YEAR-ROUND HIGH TUNNEL PRODUCTION
POST-HARVEST HANDLING AND CROP STORAGE
CREATIVE MARKETING
OUR 10 KEY FACTORS TO
REACHING OUR GOAL OF
PROFITABLE FARMING
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5 Acres Mixed Diverse Vegetables
Acre Large Fruits
Acre Small Fruits
Perennials & Herbs From Seed
3-4 Acres Cover Crops
Sell at 3 local weekly farmers markets insummer & two Saturday winter markets
Hay fields used by local Beefalo farmer
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PLEASANT VALLEY FARM
1988-1998
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GETTING OLD??
NEED LESS MAINTENANCE!
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HIGH TUNNELS
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
8/963 RIMOL HIGH TUNNELS
2006 30X144
2008 34X1442012 34X144
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
9/96CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Drain tile Polycarbonate
No wood Utilities Auto Roll-up Sides
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
10/96SUN DRIVEN SYSTEMNO HEAT
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WINTER PRODUCTION
IN HIGH TUNNELS
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
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Soil Tests A&L Labs
Compost
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Organic
Fertilizer
Micros
CNG
FERTILITY
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ChiselPlow
Rototill
Plant
8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
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CROPS VARIETIES
SEEDING
DATES SPACING
PERCENT
USE
DECEMBER TO MAY
CROPS WE GROW
Kale Swiss chard
Spinach
Asian Greens
Lettuce Mix
Arugula Broccoli
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DECEMBER TO MAY
VARIETIES Kale: Red Russian, White Russian, Winterbor
Swiss chard: Bright Lights
Spinach: TRIALS
Lettuce Mix: Disease resistant varieties;
Mustards
Arugula: Astro, Regular
Asian Greens: Tokyo Bekana,Yukina Savoy, Vitamin Green,Tatsoi, Red Choi, Black Summer,
Mei Qing Choi, J oi Choi
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LETTUCE ALL WINTER DISEASE
RESISTANCE NOW SEED
SEPARATELY HAPPY CUSTOMERS
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WE RATE OUR LETTUCE VARIETIES
EACH WINTER BY: COLOR-RED AND GREEN GROWTH DISEASE RESISTANCE
RATINGS OF LETTUCE FOR SALAD MIX
R=RED COLOR G=GREEN COLORGR=GROWTH D=DISEASE
1=BEST 7=WORST
Blade
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Blade
Spock
Bolsachica
Refugio Gaviota
Sulu
Trials :
Bixby
Dane Aerostar
Gem
NEW TRIALS ALWAYS!
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20/96SALANOVA LETTUCE
New 2012
Trialed Winter
2012-13 Seeded 9/30
Not ready untilMarch
Very coldtolerant
No disease issues
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Fantasticefficiency forharvest
Cut 8 pounds
in 5 minutes
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Makes a greatquality mix
Same lengthleaves
Can recut
Slower to grow
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SALANOVA
LETTUCE
Trials for 2013-2014
Weekly seedingsstarting Aug 15
8 Varieties
First seedingalmost ready
Record dates forcuts and recuts
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2011-12 VARIETYTRIAL WITH 24+VARIETIES
PRODUCTION BY
WEIGHT PER FOOT COLOR HARVEST TIME VT Veg & Berry
Website Results http://www.uvm.edu/vtve
gandberry/meetings/meetlist.html
SPINACH VARIETIES
AMERICA TYEE
http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/meetings/meetlist.html8/9/2019 Profitable Production of Quality Winter Greens in Unheated High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, New York
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AMERICABAHAMASCORVAIR
CROCODILEDONKEYEMILIA
EMUERSTE ERNTEGIANT WINTER
LAZIOLOMBARDIAMENORCA
24 VARIETIES FOR 2011-12 WINTER TRIALS
TYEEQUEENRACCOON
RED KITTENREFLECTREGIMENT
SAMISHSEVEN GRNSPACE
SPARGOST HELENSTARPY
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COLOR RATED JAN 1ST
1 TO 10 (10 BEST)
AMERICA 7BAHAMAS 5CORVAIR 9CROCODILE 9DONKEY 7-8EMILIA 7
EMU 5ERSTE ERNTE 2GIANT WINTER 3LAZIO 8
LOMBARDIA 5-7MENORCA 8
QUEEN 7RACCOON 6-8RED KITTEN 8REFLECT 4-5REGIMENT 7-8SAMISH 8
SEVEN GREEN 7SPACE 5-8SPARGO 8ST HELENS 7
TARPY 6TYEE 7
MAR8FEB16
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MAR 81 SPACE2 LOMBARDIA3 REGIMENT
4 LOMBARDIA5 ST HELENS6 SAMISH7 DONKEY7 EMU8 GIANT WINTER8 REFLECT9 SPACE10 BAHAMAS10 TARPY10 ST HELENS
10 7 GRN10 LOMBARDIA
YIELDS CAN VARY!! OPERATING FRM
MAR 811 EMILIA11 SAMISH11 LOMBARDIA11 LOMBARDIA11 RACCOON11 QUEEN11 SPARGO12 RED KITTEN12 TYEE
12 LOMBARDIA12 GIANT WINTER12 CORVAIR12 ERSTE ERNTE13 REGIMENT
13 ST HELENS13 GIANT WINTER13 CORVAIR14 SPACE15 CORVAIR16 EMU16 TYEE
FEB 161 SPACE2 LOMBARDIA3 LOMBARDIA4 REGIMENT
5 ST HELENS6 REFLECT6 LOMBARDIA6 GIANT WINTER7 SAMISH7 DONKEY
7 EMU7 ST HELENS8 GIANT WINTER9 LOMBARDIA9 EMILIA9 ERSTE ERNTE
9 REGIMENT9 CORVAIR10 7 GRN10 RACCOON10 GIANT WINTER10 TYEE
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NOT A SIMPLE
LIST!! SOME EARLY SOME LATE UPRIGHT FLAT SPACING DIRECT SEED
TRANSPLANT
SUMMARY
TOP 10
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TOP 10SPINACH?? SPACE
RACCOON LOMBARDIA REFLECT
GIANTWINTER
PIGEON
LOMBARDIA DONKEY SAMISH EMU ++NEW ONES
SPINACH VARIETIES
GREENHOUSE
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GREENHOUSE
SEEDING DATES
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SEED STRIPS, SPEEDLING, WINSTRIPS
SEEDING TRAYS
Must be on special list toget imported Winstripsfrom Korea-ask!
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SEEDED JULY 15TH
KALE & SWISS CHARD
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Asian Greens- Sept 1st
to Oct 15th
GREENHOUSE
SEEDING DATES
Spinach- Sept20thto Oct 1st
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HAVE READY TO PLANT IN TUNNEL
ABOUT OCTOBER 15TH
TRANSPLANT UP
TRANSPLANTS ALLO
SUMMER PRODUCETO CONTINUEPRODUCING INTUNNELS
CAN POT UP IFNECESSARYDEPENDING ONVALUE OF TUNNEL
CROPS LIKETOMATOES
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ROCK DOWN BIOTELLO---ADD STRAW TO PATHS
PREPARE TUNNEL MID-LATE OCTOBER
6 BEDS IN 30 WIDETUNNEL
7 BEDS IN 34 WIDETUNNEL
ROTOTILL AND FORM
BEDS BY HAND WITH ASHOVELTAKESAPPROX 5 HOURS
BEDS ABOUT 3.5 FT
WIDE LAY BIOTELLO BY
HAND TO SAVE SPACE
PLANT TRANSPLANTS
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MUSTPLANTBY NOVEMBER1ST
PLANT TRANSPLANTS
5 Rows per bed
3 Rows of Kale orSwiss Chard withrows of AsianGreens in-
between
TEAGLE TOMAHAWK FOR MULCH
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FRENCH INTENSIVE METHOD
Swiss Chard and Asian Greens
Asian Greensfor Braising Mix
TokyoBekana
YukinaSavoy
VitaminGreen
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FRENCH INTENSIVE METHOD
Kale and Asian Greens
Asian Greensalso namedLarge leafmesclun mix!
Start harvesting
December/Januarylovecold
Kale & Swiss
Chard dormanttill late Febunless warm!
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SPACING
8 x 12 for
Kale
Swiss chard Asian Greens
Happy Rich
Broccoli
4 X14 for
BroccoliRaab
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SPACING
Spinach-From
Transplantswith 3-4 seedsper cell: 5x8
Spinach-DirectSeeded 8between
rows
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DIRECT SEEDING DATES
WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY
SEPTEMBER 20THTO OCT 10TH
OCTOBER 1stOPTIMUM FOR US
(some years!)
LETTUCE for Salad Mix
MUSTARDS-Reds,Greens
SPINACH ASIAN GREENS-
Mizuna, Tatsoi, etc
FIND YOUR
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FIND YOUR
DATE!THE WINTER HARVESTHANDBOOK BY ELIOTCOLEMAN
Time of seedings arecriticalSuccessiveseedings gives
consistency
Weather is achanging factor
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SPACINGLettuce, Asian
Greens & Mustardsfor Salad Mix
Arugula
2 inches
Separate varieties
Earthway Seeder
or Jang
G
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ARUGULA
Successiveseedings
Oct 1sttoNov 15th
Astro &
Regular
JANUARY SEEDINGS
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JANUARY SEEDINGS Asian Greens
Salad MixGreens
IN THEGREENHOUSE
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GH Seededin earlyJanuary,transplanted
to tunnel inMarch
Produces for
April & May
ASIAN GREENS
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GH Seeded in earlyJanuary,transplanted totunnel in March
Produces for April &May
Includes lettuce,
mustards & greens
SALAD MIX GREENS ll
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GO PLAY TILL HARVEST! Well.. Rowcovers left off
as much aspossible to getsunlight
Keep humidity
down
Scout often fordiseases
Monitor and settraps for rodents
Sluggo for slugs
Water
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PERCENT USE & VALUE
Map forefficiency
Value persquare foothigh:
Usually about$4-$5
Winter Weeding
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WINTER MAINTENANCE
Winter Weeding
WEEDING
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WINTER MAINTENANCE
WEEDINGOur Favorite: DutchPush Hoe
Walking paceIncorporate fertilizer
WATERING OVERHEAD
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WINTER MAINTENANCE
WATERING OVERHEAD
Good for seed starting
Use nozzles that empty water out sodont freeze
Out of way
DRIPTAPE
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WINTER MAINTENANCE
DRIP TAPEWATERING
Great for BioTelobeds
Can use on allbeds year-round
Dont get rowcovers wet
HAND WATERING
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WINTER MAINTENANCE
HAND WATERING In winteronly about once per month
Even watering
Seed starting & Transplant watering in
Row covers can be left in place
Fusarium &
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DISEASES
Fusarium &Mildews
Root Shield
Root Shield Plus
Actinovate
Greenhousedrench andTunnel Drench
Re-drench every6 to 8 weeks ifdisease
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WINTER DISEASES
Venting mostimportant!
Temperaturefluctuations
+/- 20
degrees HAF fans
helpful-6 pertunnel
Cladosporium leaf spot
Venting critical
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WINTER DISEASES
Venting critical-no moisture!
Fans help
Keep row coverdry
Actinovate
Regalia
Cease
Double Nickel
LOTS OF TRIALS!
Downy Mildew inLettuce and Greens
Aphids
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WINTER INSECTS
Aphids
Ladybugs:
Buy Early
Spread weekly
Aphids
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WINTER INSECTS
AphidsAphidoletes
Predaceousmidge
Safer Soap
Mites
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WINTER INSECTS
Mites Microscopic
Predatory
Mites-IPM Labs
Aza-direct
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Ragged edges
on leaves/Irregularleaves
Monitor tocatch early!
SPINACH CROWN MITE
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VENTS OPEN 24/7 TO KEEP HUMIDITY DOWN
LESS THAN 85%HUMIDITY
WEATHER STATION
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WEATHER STATION
SOLAR TEMP HUMIDITY WIND RAIN
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WEATHER STATION
Wireless 3 Stations Computer
Davis Vanta e Pro II
WEATHER STATION
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WEATHER STATION
Scientific Sales, Inc. RepeaterHarvest time
DATA LOGGERS
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DATA LOGGERS
44 temperature data loggers with multipleparameters: Soil temp 1 down, outside temp,rafter temp, plant height, 1 up, 6 up
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44 DATA
LOGGERSJANUARY TO
APRIL 2009
HOURLY TEMPRECORDINGS
3 DIFFERENT
FARMS
2 Unheated High Tunnels
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2 Ground-Heated HighTunnels
1 Heated Low Tunnel & 1Unheated Low Tunnel
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LOTS OF DATA!!
Rowcovers varied; Tent heights varied (0, 18, 2 to 3)
80
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-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2/1/2009 0:00 2/2/2009 0:00 2/3/2009 0:00 2/4/2009 0:00 2/5/2009 0:00 2/6/2009 0:00 2/7/2009 0:00 2/8/2009 0:00 2/9/2009 0:00
H1_no BP_18"hoop_ground (7) H1_BP_18"hoop_ground (20)Outside (13) 32F
Soil temps: Biotello plastic and No Biotello plastic
under 18 hooped Swiss Chard; Outside temp
Not much difference at night, but daytime
advantage to warm the soilmore growth
Down right cold night
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-20
-10
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
2/1/2009 0:00 2/2/2009 0:00 2/3/2009 0:00 2/4/2009 0:00 2/5/2009 0:00 2/6/2009 0:00 2/7/2009 0:00 2/8/2009 0:00 2/9/2009 0:00
H2_2rc__no hoop_plant height_spinach (18) H2_18" hoop_plant height (19)
H2_3' tent_plant height (16) 32F
45F Outside (13)
COLD NIGHT: Plant Height (2):
No hoops; 18 Hoops; 2-3 Hooped area; Outside
5-10 degree increase in temp the closer rowcover is to
the ground; laying right on crop best for night;
Daytime peak temp all about the same
Chilly nights
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-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3/6/2009 0:00 3/7/2009 0:00 3/8/2009 0:00 3/9/2009 0:00 3/10/2009 0:00 3/11/2009 0:00 3/12/2009 0:00
H2_2rc__no hoop_plant height_spinach (18) H2_18" hoop_plant height (19)
H2_3' tent_plant height (16) 32F
45F Outside (13)
Down right cold night
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-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2/1/2009 0:00 2/2/2009 0:00 2/3/2009 0:00 2/4/2009 0:00 2/5/2009 0:00 2/6/2009 0:00 2/7/2009 0:00 2/8/2009 0:00 2/9/2009 0:00
HeatHa_plant height (33) H2_18" hoop_plant height (19) H2_3' tent_plant height (16) 32F 45F Outside (13)
Plant Height (2) and outside temp
Heated tunnel; 18 hoops; 2-3 tent
COLD NIGHT: 5 to 7 degree benefit from
heat at night and 2 to 5 degrees in the
daytime.
WORTH THE COST OF PROPANE or OIL?
Stockpile? Production yields????
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WINTER HARVESTING
Tools
SpecialtyKnives
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WINTER HARVESTING
Buckhorn
crates
Window of
opportunityfor harvest
Keep areal d
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WINTER HARVESTING
clean andneatno
debris
Clean upbed aftercutting
Many re-cuts
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WINTER HARVESTING ONE OF OUR FAVORITE THINGS!
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GOLF CARTS
We now have 3 Easy to drive
Inexpensive
Great for kids
PROTECTION
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PROTECTIONROWCOVER 1, 2, 3 Height
Hoops
Winter WashingStation for Energy
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STAINLESS STEEL
FLOOR MATS
WARM WATER
Station for EnergySavings & Efficiency
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YIELD DATA DECEMBERTO APRIL
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TO APRIL
Kale
Swiss chardSpinach
Asian Greens
Lettuce MixArugula
Turnips
Herbs
Increased weeklysales by $450 in08-09
SPINACH
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FIRST WINTER 2007Plastic on in January11 Rows of SpinachGross over $10,000
Just one crop!
2009-10 Gross$16,000 and$150,000 per acre2010-11 Winter
9 Variety Trial
Winter Tunnels
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Wincreased Sales$1200 per week
09-10
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SWISS CHARD: 800 square feet yielded
$4998 for one winter season
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2010 11
Perfecting thesystems
More persquare footYielded $1630
per weekMarketsbuilding every
year
Every year differentW th i bl
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2011-12
Weather variablesDiversity Important
Asian Greens 11/12 to 5/19 $4,116Arugula 11/19 to 4/28 $4 039
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TOTALS 2011 12
Arugula 11/19 to 4/28 $4,039Spinach 11/25 to 4/3 $12,858
Swiss Chard 12/17 to 6/20 $7,440Salad Mix 1/1 to 6/1 $18,484Kale 1/28 to 5/12 $3,291
TOTAL: $50,228 Gross2 Tunnels-6 Crops!
Averaged approximately 120 pounds ofkl t f th th t l
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TOTALS 2012 13
greens weekly out of the three tunnels
ALWAYS NEW THINGS TO TRIAL!
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TURNIPS ONIONS-FORUM & BRIDGER
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WINTER TUNNELS INCREASE PROFITS IN THE
SPRING..
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AS WELL AS
IN THEWINTER!!
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DIVERSITY AND BIG DISPLAYS!
TAKEN IN MID - JANUARY!
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY LARGE INVESTMENT
FAST PAYBACK
COST $20,000 to $30,000
LESS THAN TWO YEAR PAYBACKFOR EACH
PRODUCTION HIGHLABOR LOW
MUST BE GOOD MARKETER
IMPROVING EVERY YEAR
HOWWEGETOUR
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SOLAR, SOLAR & MORESOLAR!
2007-10kW
2012-19kW
NETMETERED
HOW WE GET OURELECTRICITY.
THANKS AND HAVE A GREAT
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2014 SEASON!
Alaska, Glacier 2011Hawaii 2006