Profil Pulau Enggano (Kawasan Konservasi)

7/22/2019 Profil Pulau Enggano (Kawasan Konservasi)

1/60

VlkbrmVlalk

HLJLKRLVEMK HLD\RMKMKBerlht`rmt Clkblrmi Wlriekbukamk Dutmk Bmk H`kslrvmse MimjFmime H`kslrvmse ^ujflr Bmym MimjF L K A H \ I \

67==


2/60

VlkbrmVlalkVmes, bhh

HLJLKRLVEMKHLD\RMKMKBerlht`rmt ClkblrmiWlriekbukamkDutmkBmkH`kslrvmse MimjFmimeH`kslrvmseûjflr Bmym MimjF L K A H \ I \

67==

Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Wlklrfet3

FH^BM Flkahuiu

&

lkaamk`-n`kslrvmte`k

Nltmhmk Wlrtmjm, Blsljflr 67==

Vlkbrm Vlalk

Lbet`r3

WLD FH^BM Flkahuiu

Mrtesteh & Imyùtlr3Vlkbrm Vlalk

\hurmk Hlrtms F? 6=?51

lkaamk`n`kslrvmte`kGymd``.n`j

pljflfmsmk=562Gymd``.n j

www.lkaamk`.fiàsp`t.n`j


3/60

=Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

Iltmh bmk I`hmse?Mhslsefeietms1

Hmrmhtlresteh Wuimu4

Alìàe 5

R`pàrmo=7

Ehiej=6

Nurmd Ducmk=6

ûdu \bmrm bmk Hliljfmfmk \bmrm =2

Mkaek =2

Imjm Wlkyekmrmk ûrym =2

Debrìàe =2H`kbese flflrmpm ûkame be Wuimu Lka-

amk`=7

Wmi Fmtms>7

Lh`sestlj >=

Jmkar`vl>=

Dutmk Vmwm >6

Dutmk Bmrmtmk Vlkbmd >6

Amkaaumk bmk Mknmjmk>6

NMAMVMIMJRliuh Hi`wl>>Iltmh i`hmse.>2

Wmi Fmtms >?

Dutmk Bmrmtmk Vlkbmd >?Amkaaumk bmk Mknmjmk>?

NMAMVMIMJRmkcuka Imhsmdm>1Iltmh i`hmse.>4

H`kbese Oeseh>4

Wmi Fmtms >4

Lh`sestlj >5

Jmkar`vl >5

Dutmk Vmwm 27

Dutmk Wmktme 27Amkaaumk bmk Mknmjmk27

NMAMVMIMJHe`y` E & EE2=H`kbese Oeseh2>

Wmi Fmtms 2>

Lh`sestlj 22

Dutmk Wmktme 22

Jmkar`vl 22

Dutmk Vmwm 22

Amkaaumk bmk Mknmjmk22

RMJMKF\V\Aukuka Kmkuum2Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k


6/60

2Fmaemk E. Lkaamk`| Wr`oi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Wltm blkamk shmim =3 >


7/60

.2.> hj bmre H`tm Fektudmk bmk hj

bmre Efuh`tm Ekb`klsem Cmhmrtm. Lilvmse tlrtekaae flrmbm

bepuknmh H`d` Fuwm-fuwm (Aukuka Lr`pfo ), 627 bpi).

Beslflimd slimtmk Wuimu Lkaamk` tlrbmpmt > puimu hl-

nei mktmrm imek8 Wuimu Bum (iums >4.57 Dm, hlieieka 6.?4

hj), Wuimu Jlrfmu (iums ?.4 Dm, hlieieka =,65 hj) bmk

Wuimu Fmkahme (7.6? Dm). Bmk besslflimd fmrmt Wuimu

tlrbmpmt Wuimu ^mtu, slnmrm plkmjpmhmk lh`i`aes su-

bmd tebmh mbm, kmjuk jmsed tlrsesm flhms seh puimu

ymka fesm beiedmt pmbm mer surut tlrlkbmd, flrupm dmj-

pmrmk pmser bmk mtmu hmrmka blkamk iums 6=5,4< Dm.

^lnmrm mbjekestrmse pljlrektmd, Wuimu Lkaamk`

jlrupmhmk slfumd hlnmjmtmk ymka tlrjmsuh bmimj

weimymd Hmfupmtlk Flkahuiu \tmrm, Wr`pekse Flkahuiu.

Umka tlrbere bmre ? blsm, ymetu Blsm Fmkcmr ^mre, Blsm

Jl`h, Blsm Mp`d`, Blsm Jmimh`ke, Blsm Hmmkm bmk

Blsm Hmdympu blkamk Efuh`tm Hlnmjmtmk mbmimd be

Blsm Mp`d`. Iums weimymd blsm-blsm mbmimd slfmame

flrehut 3

Wltm3 Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes, FH^BM Flkahuiu

FW^ Flkahuiu \tmrm 67=7


9/60

1Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

Omseietms Wlrdufukamk bmk Rrmksp`rtmse Imut be Hlnmjmtmk Wuimu Lkaamk`

Kmjm Wlimfudmk I`hmse Iums Blrjmam

Wlimfudmk Hmdympu Blsm Hmdympu Olrry M^BW

Wlimfudmk Jmimh`ke Blsm Jmimh`ke Wlrektes

>?7 J


10/60

4Fmaemk E. Lkaamk`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Hmrmhtlresteh Wuimu

Wuimu Lkaamk` jlrupmhmk smimd smtu puimu hlnei

ymka tlrbmpmt be sese fmrmt puimu ûjmtlrm. ^lfmame sm-

imdsmtu puimu tlriumr bmk flrdmbmpmk imkasuka blk-

amk ^mjublrm Ilpms ymhke ^mjublrm Dekbem, puimu

Lkaamk` jljeiehe Hmrmhtlresteh ymka flrflbm blkamk

Wuimu Imekkym ymka tlrbmpmt be sese fmrmt ûjmtlrm.

Beiedmt bmre flflrmpm hmrmhtlresteh pljflktuhmk

puimu hlnei, bmk mpmfeim ben`n`hmk blkamk flflrmpm

tljumk beimpmkamk, pljflktuhmk Wuimu Lkaamk`

bmpmt bejmsuhhmk hlbmimj aì`kamk Wuimu Hmrmka

Rejfui (Vmeslb N`rmi Esimkb). Wuimu hmrmka tejfui

mbmimd puimu ymka tlrflktuh ild tlrujfu hmrmka ymka

tlrmkahmt hl mtms plrjuhmmk imut ìld hmrlkm mbmkym

alrmhmk hl mtms (upieot) bmk alrmhmk hl fmwmd (sufseb-

lknl) bmre bmsmr imut hmrlkm pr`sls alìàe. Wr`sls eke

bmpmt tlrcmbe pmbm puimu-puimu vuihmkeh jmupuk k`k-

vuihmkeh. ^lplrtekym smkamt wmcmr mpmfeim jlkaekamt

p`sese puimu Lkaamk` flrmbm pmbm z`km vuihmkeh mhteo.

Umhke z`km plrtljumk mktmrm iljplkamk hlrmh fuje

Ekb`-Mustrmiem.

Jlkurut imp`rmk bmre jmsymrmhmt sltljpmt, pmsnm

tlrcmbekym aljpm bmdsymt pmbm tmduk 6777 beflflrm-

pm tljpmt tlrcmbe plkbmkahmimk ymka beslrtme kmehkkym

plrjuhmmk fefer pmktme. ^ldekaam cehm slfliujkym kl-

imymk fesm jlilwmte cmiur hltehm imut surut kmjuk pmsnm

aljpm fuje tmduk 6777 rutl tlrslfut tebmh fesm beimiue

jlimekhmk hltehm imut slbmka pmsmka. limek etu becujp-

me puim slcujimd hmrmka ymka jmte mhefmt plrjuhmmk

ymka imut ymka kmeh sldekaam tlrcmbe plrufmdmk dmfetmt

tlrdmbmp fe`tm tlrujfu hmrmka.

Olk`jlkm mimj pljflktuhmk puimu Lkaamk` ymka

tlimd flrcmimk slimjm cutmmk tmduk tlrslfut smjpme smmt

eke jmsed fesm becujpme be flflrmpm tljpmt befmaemk

puimu Lkaamk`. Wmtmdmk iljplkamk fuje jmsed fesm

be cujpme be fmaemk pmieka utmrm puimu Lkaamk`. Mhefmt

olk`jlkm mimj tlrslfut jlkadmseihmk pljmkbmkamk

bmk flktuh ymka ukeh8 flfmtumk ymka tlrcmi, becujpme

fmkymh aum mimj ymka lhs`tes, impesmk hlrmh fuje vlr-

tehmi , d`rez`ktmi bmk bema`kmi ymka jlkamaujhmk. Be

flflrmpm tljpmt ymka cmrmhkym nuhup cmud bmre fefer

pmktme becujpme puim flflrmpm o`sei jmhdiuh plrmermk

ymka usemkym tlktu slfmkbeka blkamk slcmrmd plj-

flktuhmk puimu etu slkbere.

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Olfrumre 67==


11/60


Alìàe

Mbm flflrmpm mdie flrplkbmpmt8 slcmrmd plj-

flktuhmk puimu Lkaamk` tlrpesmd blkamk tlrflk-

tuhkym Wuimu ûjmtlrm. Bmimj ^tube bmym buhuka

Wuimu Lkaamk` beslfuthmk8 ^lfmame slfumd puimu

hlnei ymka iltmhkym behlieiekae plrmermk imut ^mju-

blrm Dekbem, hmrmtlresteh oeseh bmsmr Wuimu Lkaamk`

mamh flrflbm blkamk weimymd bmrmtmk ujujkym.

Alìàe Wuimu Lkaamk` tlbere mtms strmtearmoe bmk

struhtur alìàe. ^trmtearmoe W. Lkaamk` besusuk

ìld fmtumk tum flrmsmi bmre o`rjmse Huwmu (Rjh),

bmk fmtumk jubm flrmsmi bmre lkbmpmk miuveuj.

O`rjmse Huwmu (Rjh) bmpmt berekne jlkcmbe o`rjmse

Jmih`ke (Rwh), o`rjmse Hljehe (Rjph), o`rjmse Im-

h`ke (]tj), bmk o`rjmse Fmtu Amjpeka H`rmi (]ni).

Lkbmpmk miuveuj besusuk ìld f`kahmd (armvli),

hlrehei (plffils), pmser (smkb), blfu (seit), bmk iemt

(nimy). ^ truhtur alìàe W. Lkaamk` mbmimd iepmtmk

bmk slsmr. Iepmtmk flrmsmi bmre sekhiek pmbm o`rjmse

Hljehe flrmrmd fmrmt imut tlkaamrm, bmk slsmr bmtmr

flrmrmd utmrm-slimtmk bmk tejur imut-fmrmt bmym,

slrtm slsmr kmeh flrhljfmka pmbm o`rjmse Huwmu

flrmrmd fmrmt imut-tlkaamrm.

Flrbmsmrhmk Wltm Alìàe Ekb`klsem (=55>)

bmimj Fmpplbm 677>, Wuimu Lkaamk` tlrbere bmre 5?>>54.1? (4.==2>.4= Dm(14.?1%)

6 =7 >?=44.?%)

> 67 >7211.452=?1.66 (=7.%)

2 >7 6?>=7.?1

>574.


13/60

F.J

mim

h`ke

^MJ

\BLVM

DEK

BEM

Jl`h

Mp`d`

Hmmkm

Hmdympu

Jmimh`ke

Fmkcmr ^mre

Fmkbmrm Lkaamk`

A.Mjl

A.Auim

A.Mr`o

A.Mfldm

A.Hlhlh

A.Flrhe`

A. Hempu

A.Wm`fmd

A.He p`y

A.Rmfud`

A.Lr`pfo

A.Md`pmh

A.Kmku'um

A.Umfeh`m

A.Ulp`mh e

A.Hmdm`mfe

A.Bupmimfl

A.Hmfmrlhl

A.Hemjmkhmh

^.Mdme

^.

H`

dek

^.H

ehu

fm

^.Hmdmfe

^.Wmheydur

^.Jmukm

^.Fmrdmu

^.H

ek`k`

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mey

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mktehe(HumimFlsm

r)

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Huwm

w(Hum

imHlnei)

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lk

^. WmdfmbemdU`puhuw

lu

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wm

.Hmhetm

dm

W.Lkaamk`

W. ^mtu

W.Bum

W.Jlrfmu

W.Fmkahme

=7667'7"L

=7667'7"L

=76=77'7"K

=77'7"K

=77'7"K

=77'7"^

=77'7"^

>77'7"^

>77'7"^

=77'7"K

>7'7"K

77'7"

77'7"

>7'7"^

>7'7"^

?7'7"^

?7'7"^

==Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

R`p`arm Wuimu Lkaamk` nuhup flrvmremse, ymetu

tlrbere bmre bmtmrmk smjpme flr`jfmh , flr`jfmh deka-

am flrfuhet bmk flrfuhet dekaam flraukuka. Hlteka-

aemk Wuimu Lkaamk` flrhesmr mktmrm 7 smjpme 627 j

bmre plrjuhmmk imut. Bmlrmd ymka pmieka tekaae mbmimd

Aukuka Lr`pfo be hmwmsmk Dutmk iekbuka H`d` Fuwm-

fuwm blkamk hltekaaemk jlknmpme 627 jltlr bmre plr-

juhmmk imut. Flktuh plrjuhmmk tmkmd be Wuimu Lkaam-

k` slnmrm ujuj bmpmt behmtmhmk nuhup bmtmr dekaam

imkbme, blkamk slbehet bmlrmd ymka mamh nurmj. Bmlrmd

ymka bmtmr dekaam imkbme tlriltmh be slflimd fmrmt pu-

imu, slbmkahmk bmlrmd ymka mamh nurmj dekaam nurmjtlriltmh be slflimd tejur bmk tlkaamrm. ^lnmrm pr`p`r-

se`kmi ?6,>5% hljerekamkkym imkbme (7 4%)8 61,5 plrs-

lk mamh jereka ( 4 =


14/60

=6Fmaemk E. Lkaamk`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Ehiej

Wuimu Lkaamk` flrehiej tr`pes fmsmd ymka smkamt

beplkamrude ìld imut. Flrbmsmrhmk himsehmse ehiej

^jetd-Olraus`k, ehiej be Wuimu Lkaamk` tlrjmsuh

bmimj z`km ehiej M blkamk clkes vlaltmsekym mbmimd

dutmk ducmk tr`pes. Nurmd ducmk pmbm fuimk hlreka

jmsed bemtms =77 jj. Fuimk tlrhlreka femsmkym dmkym

tlrcmbe pmbm fuimk-fuimk slhetmr Cuke bmk Cuie. Fuimk

fmsmd hmbmka jlknmpme ilfed bmre 277 jj plr

fuimkkym. ^lbmkahmk jlkurut himsehmse ehiej H`pplk,

puimu Lkaamk` tlrjmsuh hl bmimj hlims Mo, mrtekym

hmwmsmk eke flrehiej ducmk tr`pes tmkpm jusej hljmrmu

ymka kymtm mtmu nurmd ducmk pmbm fuimk tlrhlreka ilfed bmre ?7 jj. H`kbese uksur ehiej ymka imek be Lkaamk`

plkamjmtmkkym smkamt tlrfmtms. \ktuh etu bembmhmk j`behmse bmtm ehiej ymka mbm bmk beslsumehmk blkamk

hlmbmmk p`sese puimu tlrdmbmp bmrmtmk Flkahuiu.

Flrbmsmrhmk himsehmse z`km ehiej jlkurut @ibljmk tlrjmsuh S`kl M , bejmkm z`km tlrslfut bmpmt betmkmje pmbe

tlrus jlklrus slpmkcmka tmduk. bejmkm fuimk hlreka tlrcmbe mktmr 7 smjpme = fuimk bmk fuimk fmsmd tlrcmbe bmimj

=7 smjpme =6 fuimk.

Nurmd Ducmk

Nurmd ducmk be Wuimu Lkaamk` nuhup tekaae blkamk pìm tmdukmk flrhesmr bmre 6277 jj smjpme ilfed bmre

Olfrumre => 4>.> 6>.= 61.? >6.= 6.=

Jmrlt =? 4=.= 6>.6 61.2 >=.? 6.6

Mprei =2 46.5 6>.2 61.5 >6.2 =.5

Jle =7 1.< 64.1 >>.5 6.7

Cuke 5 46.7 6>.< 61.= >7.1 >.=

Cuie == 4.= 61.4 >6..1 6>.6 61.4 >6.2 6.=

^lptljflr =< 46.4 6>.6 61.? >6 =.5

@ht`flr =6 4=.> 6>.< 61.< >=.< 6.7

K`vljflr =4 4=.5 6>.6 61.? >6 6.6

Blsljflr =5 46.> 66.4 6?.5 >= 6.7

Vmtm-rmtm =2 46.7 6>.6 61.? >=.5


15/60

=>Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

tmduk 67==. Fuimk tlrhlreka femsmkym dmkym tlrcmbe pmbm

fuimk-fuimk slhetmr Cuke bmk Cuie.

^lbmka Fuimk fmsmd femsmkym bejuime bmre fuimk

slptljflr dekaam jmrlt. Nurmd ducmkkym flrhesmr bmre

6 jj pmbm Cuke smjpme tlrtekaae 2?7 jj

pmbm Cmkumre.

Wmbm amjfmr tlrslfut tlriedmt fmdwm bmimj sltemp

fuimkkym rmtm-rmtm tlrcmbe =2 dmre ducmk. Cujimd dmre

ducmk tlrflsmr tlrcmbe pmbm fuimk Blsljflr slbmkahmk

ymka tlrhlnei pmbm fuimk Cuke. Hliljfmfmk kesfe

ujujkym be mtms 47% blkamk vmremse tlrlkbmd slhetmr

14 % bmk tlrtekaae 5? %. Dmi tlrslfut jlkukcuhhmk

fmdwm be Wuimu Lkaamk` hliljfmfmk ubmrm rlimteo tekaae

slpmkcmka tmduk. ^udu ubmrm rmtm-rmtm sltemp dmrekym

flrhesmr mktmrm 61,4`N, blkamk sudu tlrlkbmd 6>.6`N

bmk tlrtekaae >2 `N. ^udu jekejuj tlrnmpme pmbm

beke dmre slhetmr puhui 72.77, slbmka sudu jmhsejuj

tlrnmpme sltlimd tlkamd dmre, slhetmr puhui =>.>7. Mkaek

jljpukyme vmremse jusejmk ymka tebmh tlrimiu fmkymh flrflbm. Hlnlpmtmk mkaek flrhesmr mktmrm =,4 j.blt-= dekaam

6.6 j.blt-=. Flrbmsmrhmk plkamjmtmk be impmkamk flflrmpm hmie tlriedmt fmdwm mkaek flrteup ilfed humt pmbm

hltekaaemk be mtms 677 j bpi., tlrutmjm ymka flrmbm be mtms hmk`pe p`d`k. (Oekmi Vlp`rt Bmym Buhuka Wuimu

Lkaamk`, Fmplbmibm Flkahuiu 677=? >

=546 261 64> 617 >54 ?< 24 =25 >1 2 =1? 6=? 62>7

=54> 6>5 67= >4> 6? = =1? 6? 4 =1? 64 = 57 ?14 2>1 ?? >6 1 5=6 2761

=544 2= 5= =54 66 >>7 4=7 =4? 6?< 155 275 >5< 2?12=557 1>6 = 2?< 6< >1< =71 >> =2 =< 11 >1> 2 552 67 = 275 6=7 2=5 4? 65 >?< >?6 4>< 2

=552 2 67= =14 614 =61 6> 7 = < 67 =?2 567 627 6 242 6< ? 61

=55? =2= =>= 652 621 5< 6=> 251 46 221 21?4

7

677

277

?77

477

=777

=677

Cm Ol Jmr Mp Jle Cu Cu Mau ^l @ht K`v Bls

Armoeh Nurmd Ducmk

Rmfli Nurmd Ducmk

=514 =547 =54= =546 =54> =542 =54< =54? =541 =544

=545 =557 =55= =556 =55> =552 =55< =55? =551 Vlrmtm

QMIDE (Qmdmkm Iekahukamk Debup Ekb`klsem)=555

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Blsljflr 67=7


16/60


ûdu \bmrm bmk Hliljfmfmk \bmrm

Hliljfmfmk kesfe ujujkym be mtms 47% blk-

amk vmremse tlrlkbmd slhetmr 14 % bmk tlrtekaae 5? %.

Dmi tlrslfut jlkukcuhhmk fmdwm be puimu Lkaamk`

hliljfmfmk ubmrm rlimteo tekaae slpmkcmka tmduk.

ûdu ubmrm rmtm-rmtm sltemp dmrekym flrhesmr mk-

tmrm 61,4 `N, blkamk sudu tlrlkbmd 6>.6 `N bmk tlr-

tekaae >2 `N. ûdu jekejuj tlrnmpme pmbm beke dmre

slhetmr puhui 72.77, slbmka sudu jmhsejuj tlrnmpme

sltlimd tlkamd dmre, slhetmr puhui =>.>7.

Mkaek

Mkaek jlkcmbe uksur numnm bmk ehiej ymka nu-

hup plkteka fmae fmkymh hlplriumk plkaliìmmk bmk

plaljfmkamk sumtu puimu ymka tlrjmsuh hlnei slp-

lrte Lkaamk`. Jusej mkaek fesm jlkuktuhmk pìm

jmtm plknmdmremk klimymk.

Be hmwmsmk eke mkaek b`jekmk tlrfmae bmimj bum

jusej, ymetu jusej fmrmt bmk tlkaamrm. Mkaek jusej

fmrmt tlrcmbe pmbm fuimk-fuimk juime ^lptljflr

smjpme Cmkumre ymka flrteup bmre fmrmt smjpme fmrmt

bmym. ^lbmka mkaek jusej tlkaamrm flrteup mktmrm

fuimk Mprei smjpme Maustus.Mkaek jljpukyme vmremse

jusejmk ymka tebmh tlrimiu

fmkymh flrflbm. Hlnlpmtmk

mkaek flrhesmr mktmrm =,4

j.blt-=dekaam 6.6 j.blt-=.

Wmbm smmt tlrtlktu mkaek bmpmt

jljpukyme hlnlpmtmk ilfed

bmre bum hmie hlnlpmtmk rmtm-

rmtm tlrslfut. Bemimek wmhtu mkaek flrteup ilfed humt

pmbm hltekaaemk be mtms 677 j bpi., tlrutmjm ymka

flrmbm be mtms hmk`pe p`d`k. Bmre seke tlriedmt fmdwm,

slfmame sujflr lklrae mitlrkmteo, blkamk bljehemk

tlriedmt fmdwm mkaek fesm becmbehmk sujflr lklrae

ymka p`tlksemi.

Imjm Wlkyekmrmk ûrym

Wìm nurmd ducmk be Lkaamk` jlkaehute tepl

nurmd ducmk hlpuimumk hlnei be bmlrmd imutmk flrehiej

tr`peh. Repl bljehemk flrehiej smkamt fmsmd, dmj-

per sltemp fuimk nurmd ducmk nuhup tekaae. Blkamk

bljehemk p`tlkse ducmk ymka tekaae jlkaamjfmrhmk

tekahmt hlmwmkmk ymka tekaae puim.

^lcmimk blkamk tekahmt hlmwmkmk ymka tekaae,

jmhm plkyemkmrmk rmbemse jmtmdmre slreka jlkamim-

je dmimkamk uktuh jlknmpme plrjuhmmk. Cmbe imjm

plkyekmrmk surym be puimu Lkaamk` tebmh tekaae.

Vmtm-rmtm imjm plkyekmrmk jmtmdmre beplrhermhmk be

fmwmd ?.< cmj plr dmre.

_mremse fuimkmk imjm plkyekmrmk jmtmdmre tlrsl-

fut tlktukym jljpukyme h`rlimse puim blkamk vmremse

fuimkmk nurmd ducmk. Blkamk bljehemk beplrhermhmk

imjm plkyekmrmk mhmk smkamt hurmka pmbm fuimk-

fuimk juime @ht`flr smjpme Cmkumre.

Debrìàe

Bmimj weimymd Wuimu Lkaamk` jlkamier

flflrmpm sukame. ûkame-sukame tlrslfut mbm ymka

plrlkkemi bmk mbm dmjper tmh mbm merkym pmbm smmt

tmh mbm ducmk nuhup imjm. Kmjuk slnmrm ujuj

merkym beplkamrude jusej. Wmbm jusej ducmk blfet mer

sukame tekaae, slfmiehkym pmbm jusej hljmrmu blfet mer

rlkbmd. Kmjm-kmjm sukame tlrslfut mktmrm imek mbmimdûkame Hehufm, ûkame Humim Hlnei, ûkame Humim Flsmr,

ûkame Hmdmfe, ûkame Hek`k`, bmk ûkame Flrdmw.

Flflrmpm sukame hlnei mktmrm imek ûkame Hmmy, ûkame

Hmjmjuj, ûkame Jm`km, ûkame Kmplmk, ûkame

Mpeh`, bmk sukame-sukame hlnei imek ymka smkamt cmud

bmre pljuhejmk plkbubuh.

ûkame-sukame tlrslfut jlkamier hl slflimd utmrm,

fmrmt, tejur, bmk slimtmk puimu. ûkame ymka jlkamier

hl slflimd utmrm puimu bemktmrmkym mbmimd ûkameHumim Flsmr, ûkame Humim Hlnei, ûkame Jm`km8 ymka

jlkamier hl slflimd fmrmt puimu mbmimd ûkame

Flrdmwl, ûkame Hek`k`, bmk ûkame Hmdmfe (Wltm

K` Kmjm ûkame JumrmWmkcmka

(Hj)

Iums BM^

(hj6

)

IlfmrBmsmr (j)

Blfet

(j>

/blt)

=.6.>.2.

> 1> 1< =66 2? 42 === >6 - 62

27.7?7 =.>74 =.7=2 6.>66

>,46

4,

=42,2

?,>?

>,14

4 6=,. Wlbmamka 5 =,2

2. Furud 44 =>,1


20/60


Hmuk`, ûhu Hmmd`m`, ûhu Hmdmrufm, ûhu Hmetmr`,

ûhu Hmmrude bmk ûhu Hmmjmy (uktuh sljum plk-

bmtmka).

Jmsymrmhmt Wuimu Lkaamk` jmsed tlaud jljlamka

mbmt estembmt plkekaamimk klklh j`ymka. Be Wuimu Lka-

amk` mbm > sestlj plimpesmk s`semi trmbes`kmi bmre team

aì`kamk s`semi ymetu t`h`d mamjm, rmka-`rmka tum blsm,

bmk t`h`d jmsymrmhmt ymka bepmkbmka jljpukyme

plkaltmdumk tlrtlktu ymka beslfut nlrbeh pmkbme. Keime

fubmym jmsymrmhmt Lkaamk` smkamt beplkamrude ìld

fubmym esimj. Dmi eke tlriedmt bmre mhtevetms sldmre-dmre

ymka smkamt jljlamka tlaud keime-keime hl-esimj-mk.

Kmjuk wmimupuk bljehemk, pmbm dmhlhmtkym jlrlhm

jmsed jljeiehe mhmr fubmym wmresmk iliudurkym jmseka-

jmseka.

^lnmrm ujuj pr`sls pljfmurmk mbmt estembmt blk-

amk hmuj plkbmtmka tlimd flrcmimk bmk tebmh mbm jm-

smimd bmimj hmetmkkym blkamk dltlràlketms bmlrmd

msmi. Umka tlrcmbe mbmimd pljfmurmk bmre jmseka-jms-

eka mbmt estembmt ymka flrcmimk blkamk slkberekym bmimj

hldebupmk sldmre-dmre. Flflrmpm suhu be iumr Wuimu Lka-amk` ymka tlimd flrfmur blkamk jmsymrmhmt Lkaamk`

mbmimd suhu sukbm, jekmka, fuaes, cmwm, fmtmh, bmk

ymka imekkym. Jmsymrmhmt fuaes fmkymh tekaami be Blsm

Fmkcmr ^mre, ujujkym jlrlhm jljfuhm imdmk plrtmke-

mk jlkmkmj flrfmame clkes tmkmjmk, tlrutmjm n`himt.

Fmkymhkym jmsymrmhmt Fuaes ymka jljfuhm imbmka sl-

nmrm flrhli`jp`h, slmhmk-mhmk jljflktuh plrhmj-

pukamk slkbere, sldekaam behlkmi Hmjpuka Fuaes.

^truhtur mbmt jmsymrmhmt Wuimu Lkaamk` tlrbere bmre

Wmmfuhe, ymetu pljejpek tlrtekaae bmre iljfmam mbmt

jmsymrmhmt puimu Lkaamk`, ymka jljfmwmde hlpmim

suhu mtmu h``rbekmt`r suhu. ^limkcutkym uktuh sltemp

suhu jljpukyme hlpmim pektu suhu mtmu hmp hmubmr.

Mbm =2 `rmka hlpmim pektu suhu ymetu slfmame flrehut3

=. ûhu Hmuk`, tlrbere bmre Hmp Hmubmr Hmpururu,

Hmp Hmubmr Hmbume bmk Hmp Hmubmr Kmdylmd-

Wmfuuy.

6. ûhu Hmet`rm, tlreber bmre dmkym smtu Hmp Hmu-

bmr ymetu Hmp Hmubmr Hmet`rm.

>. ûhu Hmmrufe, tlrbere bmre > hmp hmubmr, ymetu

hmp hmubmr Mdepl, Hmp Hmubmr Mf`f` bmk Hmp

Hmubmr Hmmkmekl

2. ûhu Hmdmrufm, dmkym tlrbere bmre smtu hmp

hmubmr, ymetu hmp hmubmr Hmdmrufm


21/60

Hmwmsmk Dutmk

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, 67== I`hmse3Fmkcmrsmre


22/60

67Fmaemk EE. Hmwmsmk Dutmk| Wr`oi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

>?,>2% (=2.>11,>< Dm) weimymd Wuimu Lkaamk` jlrupmhmk Hmwmsmk Dutmk. Rlrbmpmt ? (lkmj) Hmwmsmk H`k-

slrvmse (4.1>?,>=,6> Dm),

NM. Rmkcuka Imhsmdm (>>>,64 Dm), NM. He`y` E & He`y` EE (>7.2?.>6 % bmre t`tmi iums weimymd. Iums hmwmsmk dutmk

ymka flroukase slfmame hmwmsmk plriekbukamk sestlj plkymkaam hldebupmk bmk plilstmremk lh`sestlj (Hmwmsmk

dutmk h`kslrvmse bmk Dutmk Iekbuka) mbmimd >7,15 %8 slbmkahmk ymka flroukase slfmame plkadmsei hmyu iumskym


23/60

6=Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

Repl lh`sestlj ymka tlrbmpmt be hmwmsmk dutmk

Wuimu Lkaamk` mbmimd lh`sestlj jmkar`vl, lh`-

sestlj pmktme, lh`sestlj rmwm, bmk lh`sestlj dutmk

bmtmrmk rlkbmd8 blkamk clkes vlaltmse ymka flrmkl-

hm rmamj.

Lh`sestlj Dutmk Jmkar`vl

Jlkurut. Husjmkm (6776) plkalrtemk jmkar`vl

mbmimd sumtu h`juketms tujfudmk mtmu ekbevebu cl-

kes tujfudmk ymka jljflktuh h`juketms tlrslfut

be bmlrmd pmsmka surut. _laltmse dutmk jmkar`vljljeiehe hlestejlwmmk hmrlkm bmpmt debup bmimj

tekahmt smieketms ymka nuhup tekaae, jeshek `hsealk

bmk tmkmd slfmame tljpmt debup ymka tebmh stmfei

hmrlkm seomt tmkmdkym ymka fliuj jmtmka. Jmkar`vl

jlrupmhmk sujflr bmym mimj ymka bmpmt bepuied-

hmk (rlklwmfil rlsùrnls mtmu oi`w rlsùrnls) ymka

jljpukyme jmkmommt amkbm (Jmkommt lh`k`jes bmk

lhìàes). ^lnmrm lhìàes dutmk jmkar`vl bmpmt

jlkcmbe plkmdmk mfrmse mtmu lr`s`, ali`jfmka mtmumkaek hlknmka, plkalkbmie ektruse mer imut bmk tlj-

pmt dmfetmt flrfmame clkes omukm

Dutmk jmkar`vl mtmu beslfut cuam dutmk fmhmu

mbmimd dutmk ymka flrmbm be bmlrmd tlpe pmktme ymka

beplkamrude ìld pmsmka surut mer imut sldekaam imk-

tme dutmkkym slimiu tlralkmka mer. Hlmbmmk iekahuk-

amk dutmk jmkar`vl tujfud jljpukyme omht`r-

omht`r lhstrej ymka jljflbmhmk blkamk lh`sestlj

imekkym, slplrte smieketms mer tmkmd, imtmekym flrupm

iujpur bmk slimiu tlralkmka mer, bmk pmbm ujuj-

kym beb`jekmse ìld clkes vlaltmse ymka jljpukyme

plrmhmrmk ymka ukeh, slplrte mhmr iutut, mhmr pmsmh,

bmk mhmr tukcmka. _laltmse be dutmk jmkar`vl flrse-

omt dmiòet, mrtekym vlaltmse tlrslfut tmdmk tlrdmbmp

tmkmd ymka jlkamkbuka amrmj bmk tlralkmka mer

imut. @ild hmrlkm etu hlrmamjmk clkes vlaltmse be du-

tmk jmkar`vl rlimteo ilfed slbehet befmkbekahmk blk-

amk lh`sestlj be dutmk imekkym. _laltmse jmkar`vl

slnmrm hdms jljplriedmthmk mbmkym pìm z`kmse, dmi

eke flrhmetmk lrmt blkamk tepl tmkmdkym, hltlrfuhmmk

tlrdmbmp dljpmsmk ali`jfmka, smieketms, slrtm plk-

amrud pmsmka surut mer imut. Clkes-clkes p`d`k ymkafemsm tujfud be dutmk jmkar`vl mbmimd 3Mnmktdus

spp, Mlaeietes spp, Mlaenlrms spp, Mvenlkem spp, Fru-

auelrm spp, Nlre`ps spp, Nmjpk`splrjm spp, Lx-

n`lnmrem mamii`ndm, Dlretelrm spp, Hmkbliem nmkbli,

Iujketzlrm spp, Kypm orutenmks, @sf`rkem `nt`b`k-

tm, Wd`lkex pmiub`sm, Vdez`pd`rm spp, ^nepdepd`rm

dybr`pdyiimnlm, `kklrmtem spp, bmkTyi`nmrpus spp

(Vuseim K``r U, J. Hdmzmie, EKK ûrymbepurm, =555).

Dutmk jmkar`vl jljeiehe plrmkmk plkt eka bmimjjliekbukae pmktme bmre ali`jfmka, mkaek, bmk fmbme.

Rlamhmk jmkar`vl bmpmt jliekbukae pljuhejmk,

fmkaukmk, bmk mrlmi plrtmkemk bmre mkaek hlknmka

mtmu ektruse mer imut. Hljmjpumk dutmk jmkar`vl uk-

tuh jlkaljfmkahmk weimymdkym hl mrmd imut jlru-

pmhmk smimd smtu plrmk plkteka jmkar`vl bmimj

pljflktuhmk imdmk fmru. Mhmr p`d`k jmkar`vl

jmjpu jlkaehmt bmk jlkstmfeihmk sufstrmt iuj-

pur, p`d`kkym jlkaurmkae lklrae ali`jfmka bmk

jljplrimjfmt mrus, sljlktmrm vlaltmsekym slnmrm

hlsliurudmk bmpmt jljlrmkahmp slbejlk. Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, 67==

Rlamhmk Fmhmu Cmkahmr(Vdezd`p`rm mpenuiimtm)


24/60


Dutmk jmkar`vl cuam flrplrmk plkteka bmimj

plkaljfmkamk plrehmkmk pmktme. Jmkar`vl

jlrupmhmk tljpmt sehius debup flrfmame clkes

ehmk, ubmka, bmk jìushm hmrlkm iekahukamk dutmk

jmkar`vl jlkylbemhmk plriekbukamk bmk jmhmkmk

flrupm fmdmk-fmdmk `ramkeh ymka jmsuh hl bmimj

rmktme jmhmk. limek etu jmkar`vl jlrupmhmk pljms`h

fmdmk `ramkeh sldekaam bmpmt jlkylbemhmk jmhmkmkuktuh `ramkesjl ymka debup pmbm plrmermk slhetmrkym.

Bmre sese lh`k`je, p`d`k jmkar`vl jljpukyme keime

lh`k`jes ymka tekaae. Hmyu p`d`k jmkar`vl bmpmt

beaukmhmk slfmame hmyu fmhmr, fmdmk pljfumtmk

mrmka hmyu, fmdmk fmaukmk, plrmimtmk rujmd tmkaam,

fmdmk fmhu slrmt sektlses, bmk fmdmk fmhu pljfumtmk

fufur hlrtms (puip). Blkamk mbmkym oukase lh`k`jes

bmk oukase plriekbukamk iekahukamk bmre dutmk

jmkar`vl, plriu beplrtejfmkahmk slnmrm fecmhsmkmtlktmka fmamejmkm plkaliìmmk dutmk jmkar`vl,

sldekaam plriu bepeimd jmkm ymka ilfed beutmjmhmk

keime lh`k`jes mtmu keime plriekbukamk iekahukamk.

Dutmk jmkar`vl be Wuimu Lkaamk` tlrslfmr be

fmaemk pmktme Wuimu Lkaamk`, tlrjmsuh hl bmimj

hmwmsmk dutmk h`kslrvmse, slplrte Nmamr Mimj Rliuh

Hi`wl, Nmamr Mimj ûkame Fmdlw`, bmk Rmjmk

Furu Aukuka Kmkum8 iumskym slhetmr =?,4 dlhtmr

(Fmpplbm Wr`pekse Flkahuiu, 677>). ^lfmaemk dutmk

jmkar`vl cuam tlriltmh be slflimd fmrmt Wuimu

Lkaamk`, be Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm bmk slnmrm

sp`t-sp`t tlriltmh be slflimd slimtmk be hmwmsmk Nmamr

Mimj He`y`. Beslflimd fmrmt Wuimu Lkaamk` tebmh

fmkymh betljuhmk lh`sestlj jmkar`vl hmrlkm h`kbese

pmktmekym rliteo nurmj bmk flrhmrmka, sldekaam

hltekaemk pmktme be mtms hltekaemk pmsmka surut mer imut.

Flflrmpm clkes tujfudmk jmkar`vl slplrte

Vdez`p`rm bmk Furalrrem jlkcmbe tmkmjmk pe`kllr

bmimj jlflktuh bmtmrmk fmru pmbm plrjuhmmk

hmrmka ymka kmeh mhefmt plkbmkahmimk fmeh hmrlkm

pr`sls slbejlk jmupuk mhtetms alìàe. Beflflrmp

tljpmt becujpme flflrmpm tlamhmk Fmhmu jubmjlkucu tlrflktuhkym bmtmrmk fmru.

Lh`sestlj Dutmk Wmktme

Dutmk Wmktme tlrbmpmt be slpmkcmka pmktme

imut flrpmser blkamk tmkmd hlreka, blkamk clkes

tmkmd rla`sì hlreka tebmh plrkmd tlralkmka mer

mrmdkym tebmh ilfmr

jlimekhmk jljmkcmka.

Hlmbmmmk dutmk eketlimd jlkylsumehmk bere

blkamk setumse tljpmt

tujfud ymka hlreka, tebmh

tlrbmpmt mer tmwmr slnmrm

tlrus jlklrus, bmk mer

ducmk. ^lnmrm seàrms

hmwmsmk eke beblkesehmk

slfmame weimymd mktmrm

amres pmktme dekaam hlmrmd

bmtmrmk ymka jmsed

beplkamrude ìld pmsmka

surut mer imut, blkamk

ilfmr ymka betlktuhmk

ìld hlimkbmemk (%

ilrlka) pmktme bmk bmsmr

imut, slrtm beflktuh ìld

lkbmpmk iljpuka dekaam

pmser ymka flrseomt ilpms,

bmk hmbmka flrnmjpur

K`. Kmjm Eijemd ûhu Kmjm bmlrmd

=. Vdez`pd`rm mpenuiimtm Vdez`pd`rmnlml Fmhmu cmkahmr

6. Vdez`pd`rm junr`kmtm Vdez`pd`rmnlml Fmhmu pmkcmka

>. Fruauelrm ayjk`rrdezm Vdez`pd`rmnlml Ruj`h

2. Tyi`nmrpus armkmtuj Jliemnlml Kyerld

. Fmrekat`kem msemtenm Ilnytdebmnlml Wutmt Imut

=2. Nlrflrm jmkadms Mp`nykmnlml Fektmr`

=


25/60

6>Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

hlrehei.

Dutmk ymka tujfud be slpmkcmka pmktme, tmkmdkym

hlreka tebmh plrkmd jlkamimje alkmkamk mer imut

mtmupuk mer tmwmr. Lh`sestlj dutmk pmktme tlrbmpmt be

slpmkcmka pmktme ymka nurmj be mtms amres pmsmka mer imut.

Hmwmsmk lh`sestlj dutmk pmktme eke, tmkmdkym flrpmser

bmk flrfmtu-fmtu bmk hmbmka-hmbmka jljflktuh cmiur-

cmiur. Bemktmrm cmiur-cmiur tlrslfut tlrbmpmt nlhukamk ymka

tlralkmka ìld mer imut bmk mer tmwmr.

Clkes-clkes p`d`k ymka tujfud be hmwmsmk dutmk

pmktme mbmimd Fmrrekat`kem splne`sm, Rlrjekmiem nmtmppm,

Nmi`pdyiiuj ek`pdyiiuj, Defesnus teiemnlus, Nmsumrekm

lqueslteoìem, Wes`kem armkbes, bmk Wmkbmkus olnt`reus.

Lh`sestlj dutmk pmktme be Wuimu Lkaamk` fmkymh

tlrbmpmt be fmaemk fmrmt bmk tejur puimu. Be fmaemk utmrmpuimu, lh`sestlj dutmk pmktme ymka mbm be iumr hmwmsmk

dutmk. Flflrmpm vlaltmse ymka tujfud mbmimd Rlrjekmiem

nmtmppm, Defesnus teiemnlus, Nmi`pdyiiuj ek`pdyiiuj.

Lh`sestlj Dutmk Vmwm

Dutmk rmwm mbmimd dutmk ymka tujfud be mtms

hmwmsmk ymka slimiu tlralkmka ìld mer tmwmr.

@ild hmrlkm etu dutmk rmwm tlrbmpmt be bmlrmd

ymka imkbme, femsmkym tlriltmh be flimhmka dutmk

pmymu. ^lplrte dmikym dutmk jmkar`vl, nere bmre

dutmk rmwm cuam jljpukyme tljpmt tujfud

ymka furuh plrtuhmrmk mer jmupuk ubmrmkym.

Qmimupuk bljehemk, clkes-clkes p`d`k be dutmk

rmwm rlimteo ilfed fmkymh befmkbekahmk blkamk

dutmk jmkar`vl, hmrlkm h`kbese lbmoeh dutmk

rmwm eke hurmka lhstrej befmkbekahmk blkamk

dutmk jmkar`vl.

Be Wuimu Lkaamk` dutmk rmwm fmkymh

tlrbmpmt be Hmwmsmk Rmjmk Furu Aukuka Kmkum,

Nmamr Mimj Rliuh Hi`wl, Nmamr Mimj ûkame

Fmdlw`, bmk Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm.

^limek etu lh`sestlj rmwm fmkymh cuam tlrbmpmt

bem mrlmi k`k hmwmsmk dutmk mtmu hmwmsmk mrlmi

pljmkommtmk imek. Clkes-clkes vlaltmse be dutmk

rmwm bemktmrmkym Aiutm rlkams, Nrmt`xyi`k

spp, Wmijml spp, Wmkbmkus spp, bmk clkes-clkes

imekkym. mimd smtu clkes p`d`k rmwm ymka fmkymh


Jlkylflrmkae ûkame Jmukm (NM.ûkame Fmdluw`), blkamktlamhmk dutmk rmwm ymka beb`jekmse Kefuka bmk Wmkbmk

Dmim (Wmkbmkus tlnt`reus) mimd smtu splsels dutmkpmktme pmbm Nmamr Mimj He`y` E


26/60


be Lkaamk` mbmimd clkes kefuka.

Lh`sestlj Dutmk Bmtmrmk Vlkbmd

Dutmk bmtmrmk Vlkbmd jlrupmhmk dutmk ymka

tlriltmh be bmtmrmk rlkbmd beflimhmka dutmk pmktme

pmbm hltekaaemk 6 =777 jbpi blkamk nurmd ducmk

flrhesmr mktmrm 6777 ->777 jj/tmduk. Dutmk bmtmrmk

rlkbmd jlrupmhmk smimdsmtu tepl lh`sestlj dutmk eke

jljeiehe nere-nere ymetu, tlrplkamrud ehiej, hmym mhmk

hlmklhmrmamjmk clkes fmeh `rm jmupuk omukm, jljeiehe

strmtm tmcuh ymka ilkahmp, slrtm jljeiehe vmremse ymka

tekaae flrbmsmrhmk plrflbmmk tljpmt tujfud.

Dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd mbmimd dutmk ymka tujfud

be tljpmt ymka hlreka mtmu tebmh jlkamimje alkmkamk

mer smjpme hltekaaemk tlrtlktu be mtms plrjuhmmk imut.

Lh`sestlj dutmk eke jlrupmhmk lh`sestlj dutmk tlriumsbe fuje eke, flaetu puim be Wuimu ûjmtlrm. Wmrm mdie

flrflbm plkbmpmt tlktmka fmtms hltekaaemk dutmk

bmtmrmk rlkbmd eke. Flflrmpm mdie jljfumt fmtmsmk

hltekaaemk smjpme 177 jltlr bmre plrjuhmmk imut,

slbmkahmk mdie ymka imekkym jljumt fmtmsmk hltekaaemk

smjpme =.777 jltlr bmre plrjuhmmk imut.

Dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd mbmimd lh`sestlj ymka

pmieka fmkymh jljpukyme

hlmklhmrmamjmk clkes

v l a l t m s e k y m .

Flflrmpm

nere-nere ujuj lh`sestlj dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd mbmimd

p`d`kkym flrfmker, tlrbmpmt tujfudmk pljmkcmt,

bmk tlrbmpmt tujfudmk lpet bmk lpei. Jlkaekamt

cujimdkym ymka flsmr, dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd eke bmpmt

beflbmhmk jlkcmbe flflrmpm tepl slsume blkamk

hlmbmmk ehiej bejmkm dutmk tlrslfut flrmbm, hdususkym

plkamrud bmre nurmd ducmk. Repl-tepl dutmk bmtmrmk

rlkbmd jlkurut seomt ehiejkym mbmimd 3 dutmk ducmk

tr`pehm, dutmk tr`pehm dujebm sltlkamd auaur bmuk,

dutmk jus`k, dutmk smfmkm, dutmk fliuhmr. Repl-tepl

dutmk tlrslfut, bejmsuhmk bmimj lh`sestlj dutmk

bmtmrmk rlkbmd cehm fmtms hltekaaemk tljpmtkym smjpme

blkamk 177 mtmu =777 jltlr bmre plrjuhmmk imut.

Bmlrmd tlrtekaae be Wuimu Lkaamk` jljpukyme

hltekaaemk slhetmr 627 jltlr bmre plrjuhmmk imut,

iltmhkym be hmwmsmk Dutmk Iekbuka H`d` Fuwm-fuwm

Fuhet Lr`pfo. Blkamk hltekaaemk hmwmsmk dutmk

juime bmre 7 -667 jltlr bmre plrjuhmmk imut, jmhm

slfmaemk flsmr lh`sestlj dutmk be Wuimu Lkaamk`

tlrjmsuh hl bmimj lh`sestlj dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd.

^limek lh`sestlj dutmk jmkar`vl, dutmk pmktme, bmk

dutmk rmwm, sljum hmwmsmk dutmkkym tlrjmsuh hlbmimj lh`sestlj dutmk bmtmrmk rlkbmd.

K`. Kmjm Eijemd ûhu Kmjm bmlrmd

=. Dmvlm supimkteìmtm Lupd`rfemnlm Mfedu

6. Bepi`sp`rm sekauimres Rurnuiemnlml Mlh

>. H``jpmsem sp Ilaujek`nlml Mpum

2. Wtlr`splrjuj cmvmkenuj ^tlrumnlml Fmyur

. ^d`rlm sp Beptlr`nmrpmnlml Wukek

=2. Jyrestenm liilptenm Jyrestenmml Wurut

=. êb`rm sp Ilaujekmnlml êred-sered62. Rlrjekmiem nmtmpm N`jfrltmnlml Hltmpmka

67. Mrtd`nmrpus imknlòìeus J`rmnlml Rlrmp

L

kaamk`N`kslrvmte`

k,

Blsljflr

67=7

Clkes Mrm-mrmmk (Oenus spp) jlrupmhmk tujfudmk ymka plkteka bmimjrmktme jmhmkmk flrfmame clkes furuka be Wuimu Lkaamk`, slimek etu

clkes eke jlrupmhmk clkes ymka fmeh uktuh jlkcmam mer tmkmd. Kmjuksmkamt besmymkahmk beflflrmpm tljpmt be Wuimu Lkaamk` clkes eke

fmkymh ymka bejuskmdhmk.


27/60

Omukm Wuimu Lkaamk`

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, 67== I`hmse3Jl`h


28/60

6?Fmaemk EEE. Omukm Lkaamk`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Cmtkm ûpremtkm bmimj Jlilstmrehmk mimj Ekb`klsem jljplrhermhmk Wuimu Lkaamk` bmimj pr`sls pljflktuhmkkym

tlrpesmd blkamk Wuimu ûjmtlrm. bejmkm Wuimu ûjmtlrm jlrupmhmk smimd smtu puimu ymka tlrhmym blkamk hlmklh-

mrmamjmk clkes omukmkym, tlrnmtmt slfmkymh =5? clkes jmjmiem bmk


29/60


Furuka Jlrfmu Furuka ymka Deimka0

^mmt eke Furuka Jlrfmu ymka slreka becujpme be Wuimu Jlrfmu submd susmd betljue. Flrbmsmrhmk nlretm bmre jmsymr-

hmt sltljpmt Furuka Jlrfmu fesm becujpme blkamk jubmd pmbm jusej hlreka ymhke pmbm fuimk Cuie smjpme blkamk

Maustus. Wmbm fuimk tlrslfut furuka Jlrfmu flrmbm bmimj omsl plrhljfmka femhmkkym. Kmjuk flrbmsmrhmk dmsei

plkliurusmk eko`rjmse bmre jmsymrmhmt, slslhmie furuka tlrslfut jmsed fesm becujpme be bmrmtmk puimu Lkaamk` bmk

submd smkamt cmrmka becujpme be Wuimu Jlrfmu.

Jmjmiem.

Clkes-clkes jmjmiem flsmr slplrte hlrfmu, smpe, rusm, bmk fmfe jlkurut slcmrmdkym befmwm bmre bmrmtmk ûjmtlrm pmbm

cmjmk Hì`kemi Flimkbm. ^mjpme slhmrmka eke mbm eko`rjmse ymka jlkclimshmk fmdwm hlrfmu bmk smpe tlrslfut jmsed

debup bmk flrhljfmka femh slnmrm iemr.

Flrbmsmrhmk Bmtm E\NK Vlb Iest ò Rdrlmtlklb splnels tlrbmpmt 6 ^plsels jmjmiem ymka tlimd beblktehmse ilfed bmre

=77 Rmduk ymka imiu, bejmkm hlflrmbmmkkym pmbm smmt eke smkamt bejukahekhmk tlrcmbe hlpukmdmk ymhke Vmttus

lkamkusbmk Vmttus mbustus ymhke bum splsels Rehus ymka jlkcmbe Jmjmiem Lkbljeh Wuimu Lkaamk`. Becujpme Wuim

Clkes Hlimimwmr Dutmk bmk Hmi`ka.

Fmfe dutmk bmimj debup flrhli`jp`h bmk ymka sìetlr becujpme fmeh dutmk plrfuhetmk bmk jmupuk be dutmk rmwm.

^lslhmie uktuh jlkbmpmthmk jeklrmi amrmj becujpme fmfe dutmk jlkbmtmkae plseser pmktme.

K` Ejemd Hltlrm

=. Klmr Rdrlmtlklb (E\NK >.=)

6. Ilmst N`knlrk (E\NK >.=)

>.

2. Ilmst N`knlrk (E\NK >.=).=)

?. Ilmst N`knlrk (E\NK >.=)

1.4.5.

ûs snròm lkamkus (Iy`k, =5=?)Vmttus mbustus (^`by, =527)Vmttus lkamkus(Veily, =561)

Wmrmb`xurus dlrjmpdr`betusWtlr`pus vmjpyrusWtlr`pus dyp`jlimkusFufmius fufmiesF`sNlrvus ukenì`r

sp^lfmtms Eko`rjmse^lfmtms Eko`rjmse

Rehus Lkaamk`

Fmfe Dutmk

JusmkaHmi`kaHlimimwmr

Hlrfmu iemr^mpeVusm

I`hmi




Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Cmkumre 67==

hli`jp`h Huktui Hmrmka (Larlttm nmsrm) pmbm tlamhmk

jmkar`vl be bebmimj hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj He`y` EE


30/60

64Fmaemk EEE. Omukm Lkaamk`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Vlptei bmk ^mtwm Imekkym

Clkes Dlwmk jlimtm ymka becujpme be Wuimu Lkaamk` mktmrm imek8 Fumym Jumrm (Nr`n`byius p`r`sus), \imr ^mknm

(Wytd`k rltenuimtus), \imr Mer (Lkdybres lkdybres), Nenmh Rlrfmka Decmu (Brmn` sp), R`hlh Dutmk (Alhh` sp), Hurm-

hurm,(Rlrrmplkl ^p), Femwmh (_mrmkus bujlreiie), Hmbmi (Jmfuym juiteomsnemtm), Wlkyu Decmu (Ndli`kem jybms), Wl-

kyu êseh (Lrltj`ndliys ejfrenmtl), Wlkyu Fliejfeka (Blj`ndliys n`remnlm).

^mtwm imekkym ymka fesm becujpme ymhke I`hmk (Wìyjls`bm lxpmksm), \jmka-ujmka (Nl`k`fetm niyplmtus), Hmtmh

Hlnei (Jenr`dykm mndmtekm)H`b`h Jmknuka, Hl`ka Dutmk.

sljum amjfmr be dmimjmk eke Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, 67=7 & 67==


31/60

^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-EE/ =54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =547Fmaemk E_. NM. ûkame Fmdluw`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Nmamr Mimj ukame Fmdluw`

jlrupmhmk smimd smtu

pektu alrfmka puimu

Lkaamk`. Cehm

jljmsuhe Wuimu

Lkaamk` jlimiueCmiur Hmpmi Olrry

jmhm plrtmjm

hmiekym hetm

mhmk bedmbmphmk

blkamk dmjpmrmk

dutmk jmkar`vl kmk msre

blkamk tlamhmk Veszd`p`rm ^pp ymka ilfmt.

ûkame Fmdluw` ymka slhmrmka ìld jmsymrmhmt

sltljpmt beslfut slfmame sukame Jmukm jlrupmhmk

sukame ymka jlflimd hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj ûkame

Fmdluw` bmk slhmieaus jlkcmbe sukame ymka

jljfmtmse bum blsm be hlnmjmtmk Lkaamk` ymhke

Blsm Hmdympu bmk Blsm Hmmkm. Jmhm bebmimj ^H

plkukcuhmkkym bekmjme slfmame Nmamr Mimj ûkame

Fmdluw`. Wlrtmjmhmie betukcuh slfmame hmwmsmk

H`kslrvmse flrbmsmrhmk ^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-

EE /=54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =54< bmk beplrtlams

jlimiue ^H.Jlkdut K`.267/Hpts-EE/=555 tmkaami ==Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

=551 bepmknmka Fmtms Iumr Wmktme slpmkcmka ?,< Hj,

ymhke pmi fmtms D^M.?? smjpme blkamk D^M.11. bmk

slfliujkym pmbm Flretm Mnmrm Rmkaami 66 K`vljflr

=55= pmbm pljmknmkamk fmtms blolkekeo tmduk mkaamrmk

=55=/=556 tlimd beimhuhmk plkltmpmk fmtms IumrBmrmt ymhke Wmi Fmtms D^M.= smjpme blkamk D^M.?6Fmaemk E_. NM. ûkame Fmdluw`| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

(Lkdybres lkdybres), I`hmk (Wìyjls`bm lxpmksm)

bmk \jmka-ujmka (Nl`k`fetm niyplmtus)

Dutmk Vmwm

Beflimhmka flktmkamk dutmk jmkar`vl tlrbmpmt

puim dutmk rmwm blkamk beb`jekmse ìld tlamhmk

Kefuka (@kn`splrjm teaeiimreuj) ymka ilfmt.

Becujpme puim ^mimh Dutmk (^mimnnm sp), V`tmk-r`tmkmk(Nmimjus sp) bmk pmkbmk bure (Wmkbmkus sp).

Dutmk Bmrmtmk Vlkbmd

Wmbm slfmaemk fmtms iumr bmrmt tlrbmpmt mrlmi

blkamk tepl Lh`sestlj Dutmk Bmtmrmk Vlkbmd blkamk

vlaltmse ymka ilfed flromremse, Clkes tujfudmk ymka

becujpme bemktmrmkym mbmimd Jlrfmu (Ektsem fecuam),

Fektmkaur (Nmii`pdyiiuj sp), Hltmpmka (Rlrjekmiem

hmtmpm), Mrm (Oenus sp), Jliekc` (Akltuj aklj`k),

Jmt`m (W`jlktem pekkmtm), Vlkams (Aiutm rmkams) bmkimek-imek. Becujpme puim clkes Mkaarlh ymhke Mkaarlh

Fuimk, Mkaarlh Rlfu bmk clkes Mkaarlh dutmk imekkym.

Amkaaumk bmk Mknmjmk

Wmbm smmt eke hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj ukame Fmdluw`

tlrmknmj tlrdmbmp mhtetms plrmjfmdmk wmimupuk

slnmrm seh fliuj tlrbmpmt mhtetms plrmjfmdmk

bebmbmimj hmwmsmk ymka betukcuh flrbmsmrhmk tmtm

fmtms hmwmsmk. Kmjuk jlkcmbe slfumd mknmrmjmk

sljlkcmh fmkymhkym mhtetms pljfuhmmk mrlmi

plrtmkemk fmeh smwmd jmupuk plrtmkemk ymka

flrfmtmsmk imkasuka blkamk fmtms hmwmsmk.

H`kbese pmi fmtms ymka cmrmka becujpme blkamk

fmtms ymka fuhmk jlrupmhmk fmtms mimj jlkyuiethmkfmae jmsymrmhmt ymka ekaek jljfuhm imdmk fmru

jmupuk fmae pltuams bmimj jlkcmam hlutudmk

hmwmsmk.

Beflflrmpm tljpmt becujpme puim mtetms eiilami

iàaeka, plknmremk mkaarlh iemr bmk plrfurumk smtwm

furuka.

Becujpme puim mrlmi sliums ilfed hurmka =1 Dm

imdmk tlrfuhm ymka tlimd jlkcmbe sljmh fliuhmr.

Rlrfuhmkym mrlmi tlrslfut beplrhermhmk bemhefmthmk

ìld hlfmhmrmk dutmk pmbm Rmduk =551, bejmkm

blkamk bmjpmh ehiej likek` tlrcmbe hljmrmu ymka

pmkcmka ymka jljenu hlfmhmrmk dutmk bmk imdmk.

Mrlmi sljmh fliuhmr slplrte eke femsmkym rmwmk mhmk

tlrcmbe plrmjfmdmk hmrlkm blkamk h`kbese fliuhmr

smkamt jubmd beimhuhmk plkaìmdmk jlkcmbe mrlmi

plrhlfukmk mtmu plrsmwmdmk.

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Cuke 67==

Nmkamh Jlrmd (Mrblm purpurlm) betlkamdtlamhmk Fmhmu (Vdez`pd`rm mpenuiimtm)


35/60

^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-EE/ =54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =54>=, 6> DM

Vlaestlr 5?Rliuh Hi`wl


36/60

>2Fmaemk _. NM. Rliuh Hi`wl| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

^lfmamejmkm Nmamr Mimj ûkame Fmdluw`, Nmamr

Mimj Rliuh Hi`wl cuam jlrupmhmk smimd smtu pektu alr-

fmka puimu Lkaamk`. Cehm NM. ûkame Fmdluw` jlru-

pmhmk sese pektu slflimd Rejur (Hmkmk), jmhm NM. Rliuh

Hi`wl jlrupmhmk sese pektu pmbm fmaemk Fmrmt (here). Hlb-

umkym bepesmdhmk ìld mrlmi plimfudmk olrry bmk mrlmi

pljuhejmk Blsm Hmdympu. Mhmk tltmpe dmfetmt jmk-

ar`vl hlbumkym jmsed jlrupmhmk smtu hlsmtumk ymka

dmkym bepesmdhmk ìld cmimk utmjm.

NM.Rliuh Hi`wl Wlrtmjmhmie betukcuh slfmame hm-

wmsmk H`kslrvmse flrbmsmrhmk ^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-

EE/=54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =54< bmk beplrtlams

jlimiue ^H.Jlkdut K`.267/Hpts-EE/=555 tmkaami =< Cuke

=555 tlktmka Wlkukcuhmk Hmwmsmk Dutmk be Qeimymd

Wr`pekse Flkahuiu sliums 567.5?2 Dm blkamk Iums

Nmamr Mimj Rliuh Hi`wl >>=,6> Dm

Iltmh i`hmse.

^lnmrm Alàrms flrmbm be 7


37/60

> @ht`flr =55>. Hljubemk pmbm tmduk =551 beimhu-

hmk pljmknmkamk fmtms sljlktmrm blkamk Flretm Mnmrm

tlrtmkaami ? Cuie =551 bmk cuam pmbm tmduk ymka smjmbeimhuhmk pljmknmkamk fmtms blolketeo blkamk Flretm

Mnmrm tlrtmkaami 6> ^lptljflr =551. Wmkcmka fmtms

ymhke ==,? hj blkamk iums >>=,6> Dm.

Lh`sestlj

Jmkar`vl

Dmjpmrmk dutmk jmkar`vl jlkb`jekmse,tlrutmjm be fefer pmktme . _laltmse jmkar`vl sl-

nmrm hdms jljplriedmthmk mbmkym p`im z`kmse,

dmi eke flrhmetmk lrmt blkamk t epl tmkmdkym,

hltlrfuhmmk tlrdmbmp dljpmsmk ali`jfmka,

smi eketms , slrtm p lkamrud pmsmka surut mer imut.

Clkes smtwm ymka fesm becujpme bemktmrmkym

mbmimd flrfmame clkes furuka, bemktmrmkym

Wlnuh \imr (Mkd ekam jlimk`amstlr ), Nmkamh

Mfu (Mrblm ne klrlm), Nmkamh Jlrmd (Mrblm

purpurlm), Furuka Dmktu Lkaamk` ( @ t us

Rliuh Hi`wl mtmu beslfut cuam Rliuh Dmrmpmk, jlrupmhmkdmfetmt jmkar`vl ymka plkteka be Wuimu Lkaamk`.


38/60

>?Fmaemk _. NM. Rliuh Hi`wl| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

lkamklkses) , Hmnmjmtm Lkaamk` (S`s tlr`ps

smivmb`re e ) Mkes Lkaamk` (S``tdlrm

ilunìmljm), Fltlt Lh`r Wmkcmka (Wsettmnuim

i`kaenmubm) , Fl` Lkaamk` (Armnuim rlieae`sm),

Wlramj (Bunuim mlklm syivmtenm), Vmcm

\bmka (R`berdmjpdus ndi`res), Nehmhmh

(Minlb` mttdes) , Huktui hmrmka (Larlttm smnrm),

Wlramj imut (Bunuim fenì`r) bmk Hldenmp

rmkteka (Dyp`tdyjes mzurlm)

^mtwm imekkym ymka fesm becujpm ymhke

Fumym Jumrm (Nr`n`byius p`r`sus), Femwmh

(_mrmkus bujlreiie ), Hmi`ka, Hlpeteka Fmhmu

(^nyiim slrrmtm O`rshmi ) , \imr ^mknm (Wytd`k

rltenuimtus ), \imr Mer/\imr hmbut (Lkdybres lk-

dybres) , Fmfe Dutmk, bi i

Dutmk Vmwm

^ltlimd impesmk dutmk jmkar`vl tlrbmpmt

puim dutmk rmwm be cujpme slbehet tlamhmk ke-

fuka (@kn`splrjm teaeiimreuj), ^mimh Dutmk

(^mimnnm sp) , V`tmk-r`tmkmk (Nmimjus sp)bmk

pmkbmk bure (Wmkbmkus sp) Mrm (Oenus sp)

Dutmk Bmrmtmk Vlkbmd

Lh`sestlj dutmk bmtmk rlkbmd jlknmpme

hltekaaemk


39/60

^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-EE/ =54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =54>>, 64 DM

Vlaestlr 5< MRmkcuka Imhsmdm


40/60

>4Fmaemk _E. NM. Rmkcuka Imhsmdm| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm mtmu Mtmu ìld jm-

symrmhmt sltljpmt beslfut blkamk Rmkcuka Imhm`dm

jlrupmhmk smimd smtu Nmamr Mimj ymka jljeiehe dmfe-

tmt jmkar`vl ymka jmsed ilfmt be weimymd pmieka \tmrm

Wuimu Lkaamk`. Hlrlkm bewmimymd nmamr mimj tlrslfut

flrjumrm bum ûkame blkamk blfet mer ymka tlraì`ka

flsmr ymhke Humim Fmrdmu blkamk blkamk pmkcmka miermk==.1 hj ba iums mrlmi tmkahmpmk 65 hj6 bmk Humim Hm-

dmfe blkamk pmkcmka miermk =4>/Hpts-EE/=54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =54>>,64 Dm

Iltmh i`hmse.



41/60

>5Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

66 K`vljflr =55=. Hljubemk pmbm tmduk =551

tlrdmbmp fmtms iumr bmrmtmk beimhuhmk pljmknmkamk

fmtms sljlktmrm blkamk Flretm Mnmrm tlrtmkaami =?

Cuie =551 bmk cuam pmbm tmduk ymka smjm beimhuhmk

pljmknmkamk fmtms blolketeo blkamk Flretm Mnmrm

tlrtmkaami > ^lptljflr =551. Wmkcmka fmtms iumr pmktmeymhke ?,?4 hj bmk fmtms iumr bmrmtmk slpmkcmka ?,6 hj.

Jmhm sltlimd beimhuhmk pljmknmkamk bebmpmt iumsmk

>>>,64 Dm.

Lh`sestlj

Jmkar`vl

H`jp`sese clkes plkyusuk pmbm dutmk jmkar`vl

be bmlrmd eke mbmimd =? clkes. _laltmse tekahmt p`d`k

be Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm Lh`sestlj Jmkar`vl

besusuk ìld ? clkes. Wmbm hmwmsmk nmamr mimj eke, uktuh

tekahmt p`d`k beb`jekmse ìld Vdez`pd`rm mpenuiimtm

blkamk EKW =?=,66 %, slimkcutkym beehute ìldFruauelrm

ayjk`rrdezmblkamk EKW =76,? % bmk hljubemk beehute

ìld clkes ^`kklrmtem mifm blkamk EKW 61,6? %.

Wmbm tekahmt pmknmka, h`jp`sesekym besusuk ìld = plr

dlhtmr blkamk cujimd p`d`k slhetmr >? nj bmk tekaaekym 5 j.

Lh`sestlj jmkar`vl

be Lkaamk` rlimteo jmsed utud, tekahmt amkaaumk uimd

jmkusem smkamt hlnei.

Clkes smtwm ymka fesm becujpme cuam jlkymjme

blkamk ymka becujpme pmbm Nmamr Mimj ûkame Fmdlw`

bemktmrmkym mbmimd flrfmame clkes furuka, bemktmrmkym

Wlnuh \imr (Mkdekam jlimkàmstlr ), Nmkamh Mfu

(Mrblm neklrlm), Nmkamh Jlrmd (Mrblm purpurlm),

Furuka Dmktu Lkaamk` (@tus lkamklkses), Hmnmjmtm

Lkaamk` (S`stlr`ps smivmb`ree) Mkes Lkaamk` (S``tdlrm

ilunìmljm), Fltlt Lh`r Wmkcmka (Wsettmnuim i`kaenmubm),

Fl` Lkaamk` (Armnuim rlieae`sm), Wlramj (Bunuim

mlklm syivmtenm), Vmcm \bmka(R`berdmjpdus ndi`res),

Nehmhmh (Minlb` mttdes), Huktui hmrmka (Larlttm smnrm),Wlramj imut (Bunuim fenì`r) bmk Hldenmp rmkteka

(Dyp`tdyjes mzurlm) ^mtwm imekkym ymka fesm becujpm

ymhke Fumym Jumrm (Nr`n`byius p`r`sus), Femwmh

(_mrmkus bujlreiie), Hmi`ka, Hlpeteka Fmhmu (^nyiim

slrrmtm O`rshmi), \imr mknm (Wytd`k rltenuimtus), \imr Mer

(Lkdybres lkdybres), I`hmk (Wìyjls`bm lxpmksm) bmk

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Blsljflr 67=7

Jmsymrmhmt jlrupmhmk slfumd p`tlksebmk mslt bmimj jlimhuhmk plkamjmkmkhmwmsmk. Kmjuk tekaaekym mhteotms plj-fuhmmk imdmk fmae jmsymrmhmt be slhetmr

hmwmsmk jlkcmbe mknmjmk tlrslkbere,mpmfeim pljfuhmmk imdmk beimhuhmk

beiumr hmebmd bmk preksep plkaljfmkamkiekahukamk.


42/60

27Fmaemk _E. NM. Rmkcuka Imhsmdm| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

\jmka-ujmka (Nl`k`fetm niyplmtus)

Dutmk Vmwm


puim dutmk rmwm blkamk beb`jekmse ìld tlamhmk kefuka

(@kn`splrjm teaeiimreuj) ymka ilfmt. Becujpme puim

^mimh Dutmk (^mimnnm sp), V`tmk-r`tmkmk (Nmimjus sp)

bmk pmkbmk bure (Wmkbmkus sp).

Dutmk Wmktme

Dutmk Wmktme tlrbmpmt be slpmkcmka pmktme imut flr-

pmser blkamk tmkmd hlreka be fmaemk pmieka tejur hm-

wmsmk. Mrlmi eke buiukym jlrupmhmk plrhmjpukamk

ymka tlimd betekaami slcmh imjm. Rlriedmt flflrmpm tmkm-

jmk hlimpm jlkcuimka tekaae ymka tlimd flrujur rmtu-

smk tmduk. ûsukmk vlaltmse mtmskym imekkym ymhke8 Fek-

tmka`r (Nmii`pdyiiuj sp), Hltmpmka (Rlrjekmiem nmtmpm),

Mrm (Oenus sp), Qmru (Defesnus teiemnlus), Wmkbmk Wmktme

(Wmkbmkus sp).


Jlkekahmtkym pljfuhmmk imdmk ìld jmsymrmhmt

be slhetmr Fmkcmr ^mre jlrupmhmk mknmjmk tlrflsmr smmt

eke. Rekaaekym jearmse bmre iumr puimu ymka jljeiehe pìmpljfuhmmk imdmk tlrslkbere flrmhefmt ilpms h`ktrì bmre

mturmk Blsm bmk jmsymrmhmt mbmt sltljpmt. ^limjm eke

pìm ymka tlimd flrcmimk dmkym jliefmthmk hltum fi`h

ymka bepejpek ìld hltum fi`h. ^ltemp pmrm plkbmtmka

ymka ekaek jljfuhm imdmk be i`hmse fi`h jmseka-jmseka

dmkym plriu jljplrìld ezek bmre hltum fi`h tmkpm jl-

imiue pr`sls mbjekestrmse Blsm bmk mturmk mbmt sltljpmt.

^ldekaam smjpme smmt eke pljfuhmmk imdmk tlrus jli-

ums. Hlmbmmkkym sljmhek tlrmknmj hmrlkm smjpme smmt

eke fmkymh bmre jmsymrmhmt slhetmr tebmh jlkaltmdue

pmste fmtms hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj betmjfmd imae h`kbese

pmi fmtms ymka deimka mtmu rusmh. Blkamk tekaaekym mh-

tetms pljfuhmmk imdmk tlrslfut slnmrm tebmh imkasuka

jlkamknmj hlflrmbmmk Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm,

wmimupuk smmt eke tebmh tlrbmpmt mhtetms plrmjfmdmk.

Be wmimymd fmrmt hmwmsmk flrmbm ilfed hurmka

64 Dm bmk 6,2 Dm bemktmrmkym flrmbm be-

bmimj Hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj Rmkcuka Imhsmdm. Mhefmt

tlrfuhmkym imdmk tlrslfut jljenu jmsymrmhmt sltljpmt

uktuh jljfuhm mrlmi plrsmwmdmk. ^ltlimd beimhuhmk s`-

semiesmse ìld pltuams Vls`rt FH^BM Lkaamk` tlrdmbmp

jmsymrmhmt ymka jljfuhm imdmk tlrslfut, jmhm slhm-

rmka jmsymrmhmt tlrslfut flrslbem jlkekaamihmkkym.

Be jumrm ûkame Hmdmfe ilfed hurmka 6


43/60

2=Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

^H. Jlkdut K`.>4>/Hpts-EE/ =54< Rmkaami 61 Blsljflr =544>/Hpts-EE/=54< Rmkaami 61 Blslj-

flr =54< bmk beplrtlams jlimiue ^H.Jlkdut K`.267/

Hpts-EE/=555.

Iltmh

i`hmse.



45/60

2>Vlkbrm Vlalk Vmes| Lkaamk` N`kslrvmte`k

^lhse H`kslrvmse Qeimymd E, Vls`rt Lkaamk` pmbm Fmime

H`kslrvmse ûjflr Bmym Mimj (FH^BM) Flkahuiu.

H`kbese Oeseh

^lnmrm j`roìàe weimymd Hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj He`y`

E bmk EE flrmbm bebmimj hli`jp`h Bmlrmd blkamk ilrlka

bmtmr blkamk hltekaaemk 7->7 jltlr slhetmr pmktme bmk

Bmlrmd blkamk ilrlka imkbme ymetu mktmrm > - ?7 jltlr.

Fmaemk utmrm slhetmr H``jmka tlrbmpmt tlfeka blkamk

flfmtumk tlrcmi ymka jeshek mhmk vlaltmse. Wmbm jusej

plkaducmk tlrbmpmt flflrmpm mer tlrcuk jusejmk bejmkm

merkym imkasuka jlkamier hl imut. ûsukmk tmkmd tlrbere

bmre Iet`sì, Hmjf`sì ieblrmk bmk Vla`sì blkamk fmdmk

ekbuh `ramkeh, fmdmk tlrujfu bmk pmser.

Wmi Fmtms

Wmbm tmduk =55= beimhuhmk Wljmknmkamk blolketeo

tlrdmbmp slfmdmaemk fmtms blkamk Flretm Mnmrm Rmkaami

62 K`fljflr =55= ymka hljubemk fmru be smdhmk ìld

Jlktlre Hldutmkmk pmbm Rmkaami 1 @ht`flr =552.

Wmbm fmtms ymka imek Wljmknmkamk Fmtms sljlktmrm

beimhuhm pmbm tmduk =552 bmk pmbm tmduk =55< beimhuhmk

Wljmknmkamk Fmtms blolketeo blkamk Flretm Mnmrm tmka-

ami 67 Olfrumre =55< hljubemk pmbm tmkaami < lptljflr

=55< besmdhmk ìld Jlktlre Hldutmkmk.

Wljmknmkamk fmtms sljlktmrm cuam beimhuhmk pmbm

tmduk =55? blkamk Flretm Mnmrm tmkaami < Olfrumre =551

bmk Wljmknmkamk Fmtms blolketeo tmduk =551 blkamk

Flretm Mnmrm tmkaami => Jmrlt =554.

Rlamhmk jmkar`vl be slhetmr mwmkaFuaes bebmimj Nmamr Mimj He`y` EE

Mer Rlrcuk ymka juknuisltlimd ducmk turuk.

Hmrmka Fì`ka be slhetmr H``jmka,Wmktme\cuka Fmrmt Imut NM.He`y` EE

mii ejmals tdes pmal Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Olfrumre 67==


46/60

22Fmaemk _EE. NM. He`y` E & EE| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

Lh`sestlj

Dutmk Wmktme

Dutmk Wmktme tlrbmpmt be slpmkcmka pmktme imut

flrpmser blkamk tmkmd hlreka. Be flflrmpm tljpmt

jlrupmhmk mrlmi flhms plrhmjpukamk ymka slcmh

mwmi mfmb hl 67 tlimd betekaami ìld plkbubuhkym.

Rlriedmt flflrmpm tmkmjmk hlimpm jlkcuimka tekaae

ymka tlimd flrujur rmtusmk tmduk, be bmlrmd tmkcuka

He`y` tlrbmpmt puim h`jpilhs pljmhmjmk tum ymka

jlkmkbmhmk mrlmi tlpe fmrmt puimu Lkaamk` buiukym

jlrupmhmk plrhmjpukamk ymka plkteka.

usukmk vlaltmse mtms ymhke8 Fektmka`r (Nmii`pdyi-

iuj sp), Hltmpmka (Rlrjekmiem nmtmpm), Mrm (Oenus sp),

Qmru (Defesnus teiemnlus), Wmkbmk Wmktme (Wmkbmkus

sp), beslhetmr smwmka fuaes tlrbmpmt slbehet tlamhmk

Nljmrm Imut (Nmsumrekm lqueslteoìem).

ûsukmk vlaltmse tekahmt fmwmd ymhke Mj`rpd`-

pmius ^p,

Jmkar`vl

Flflrmpm jumrm sukame bmk tliuh tlrbmpmt

vlaltmse jmkar`vl ymka tepes. Bemktmrmkym be weimymd

Rliuh Dmhmudlr (@hlr-`hlr) beslhetmr smwmka fuaes,

Rmkcuka Wm`fmd,Jumrm ûkame Hmhetmdm bmk jumrm

sukame Mdme. Hlljpmt i`hmse tlrslfut flrmbm be

Nmamr Mimj He`y` EE.

Dutmk Vmwm

B e f l i m h m k a

f l k t m k a m k

d u t m k

jmkar`vl tlrbmpmt puim dutmk rmwm blkamk beb`jekmse

ìld tlamhmk kefuka (@kn`splrjm teaeiimreuj) ymka

ilfmt. Becujpme puim V`tmk-r`tmkmk (Nmimjus sp) bmk

pmkbmk bure (Wmkbmkus sp).


Cmudkym mhsls jmsymrmhmt bmre hlbum Nmamr Mimj

eke sldekaam tebmh tlrbmpmt mknmjmk ymka flaetu

flrmrte bmre flrfmame mhtetms eiilami bmre jmsymrmhmt

slhetmr. Kmjuk slslhmie tlrbmpmt mhtetms jmsymrmhmt

klimymkmk jusejmk ymka jlkberehmk p`kb`h k`k

plrjmklk bebmimj hmwmsmk Nmamr Mimj. Rlrutmjm be

slhetmr flflrmpm smwmka ymka jlkcmbe i`hmse pmo`ret

fmae klimymk uktuh jlknmre ehmk bmk dmsei imut imekkym.

Hmrlkm cmudkym mhsls jlkucu hlbum hmwmsmk

Nmamr Mimj eke jlkcmbe mknmjmk tlrslkbere hmrlkm

suietkym plkamwmsmk bmre pltuams jmupuk jmsymrmhmt.

Flflrmpm mhtetms ymka jlknureamhmk bmk plriu

mbmkym mktesepmse beke mbmimd mhtetms plknuremk hmyu

fmeh ìld klimymk sltljpmt jmupuk plkbmtmka bmre

iumr Lkaamk`. Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, Olfrumre 67==


47/60

2

bmk besmdhmk `ild Jlktlre Hldutmkmk pmbm tmkaami

=1 K`vljflr =54>. Wlklamsmk fmtms beimhsmkmhmk

slfmkymh bum hmie ymhke8 @relktmse fmtms pmbm Rmduk

Mkaamrmk =55?/=551 bmk Vlh`ktruhse Fmtms pmbm

Rmduk Mkaamrmk =551/=554. ^mjpme smmt slhmrmka

eke fliuj plrkmd beimhuhmk pljliedmrmk tmtm fmtms

bmk fliuj plrkmd beimhuhmk survly p`tlkse hmwmsmk.

Hlmbmmk beslhetmr fmtms ymhke pmbm Wmi RF = smjpme

blkamk RF 17 jlrupmhmk fmtms fumtmk blkamk

h`kbese jmsed flrdutmk bmk pmbm Wmi RF 17 smjpme

blkamk RF 621/= jlrupmhmk fmtms mimj flrupm



50/60

24Fmaemk _EEE. RF. Aukuka Kmkuum| Wròi Hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse Lkaamk`

fefer pmktme ymka jmsed flrdutmk. Wmkcmka fmtmshlsliurudmk mbmimd 2?.< Hj blkamk iums hmwmsmk

1.61=,77.

Lh`sestlj

Jmkar`vl

Dmjper besltemp jumrm sukame tlrbmpmt lh`sestlj

jmkar`vl. Kmjuk fliuj plrkmd beimhuhmk survly

tlamhmk jmkar`vl ymka flrupm sp`t-sp`t beweimymd

alkmkamk ymka tlrplkamrud ìld weimymd pmsmkasurut.

Dutmk Vmwm


puim dutmk rmwm blkamk beb`jekmse ìld tlamhmk

kefuka (@kn`splrjm teaeiimreuj). Becujpme puim ^mimh

Dutmk (^mimnnm sp), V`tmk-r`tmkmk (Nmimjus sp),

pmkbmk bure (Wmkbmkus sp), Vlkams (Aiutm rlkams),

bmk Nrmt`xyi`k spp.

Dutmk Wmktme

Wmbm sese pmktme ymka hlreka bejmkm tebmh tlrbmpmt

tlamhmk jmkar`vl jlrupmhmk lh`sestlj dutmk pmktme.

Wmbm ei`hmse eke femsmkym jlrupmk i`hmse pmo`ret fmae

klimymk sltljpmt uktuh jlkberehmk fmkaukmk p`kb`h

uktuh jlkaekmp bmimj flflrmpm dmre.

Dutmk Bmtmrmk Vlkbmd

Lh`sestlj dutmk bmtmk rlkbmd jlknmpme

hltekaaemk =57 jpbi blkamk j`roìàe Bmlrmd ymka

ilfed flromremse besfmkbeka hmwmsmk H`kslrvmse imekkym

be Wuimu Lkaamk`. Juime bmre Bmlrmd plrfuhetmk

flrali`jfmka iljmd hltekaemk =17 - =57 jltlr, ymka

flrmbm be slhetmr Aukuka Kmkuum. Bmlrmd plrfuhetmk

hmrst blkamk hltekaaemk =77 - =


51/60

W`tlkseQesmtm

Lkaamk`N`kslrvmte`k, 67== I`hmse3Wuimu Bum


52/60

'7"L

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