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“Serving as a Scientist in God’s World”
by
Professor Graeme Milbourne Clark AC, FAA, FRS, (Hon) FRCS
This was an ISCAST*-CASE** Lecture, given on Mon 17th Sept., 2012 at 7.30 pm in the Main Common Room of New College at the University of New South Wales.
This pdf file includes a copy of the PPT slides used by Professor Clark in his lecture and kindly provided by him. The slides (6 per page), which follow, are intended to be used in conjunction with the mp3 audio recording of the lecture.
*ISCAST – Christians in Science and Technology (http://iscast.org/) **CASE – Centre for Apologetic Scholarship and Education (http://case.edu.au/)
The mp3 recording starts with an introduction by the Chair of ISCAST (NSW), Emeritus Professor Peter Barry, which had followed a welcome by the Master of New College, Professor Trevor Cairney. It is available from the ISCAST website. While the many audio and audio-visual clips are quite audible, the playback volume may need to be temporarily turned up for the duration of some clips during playback.
A Brief Biosketch of Professor Clark: Graeme Clark led the research that resulted in the first clinically approved multiple-channel cochlear implant, providing speech understanding in profoundly deaf people. His basic research was also crucial in establishing this could be achieved safely, including a minimal risk of meningitis. It thus became the first sensory-neural prosthesis to effectively bring electronic technology into functional relationship with the central nervous system and human consciousness. His research also established that the multiple-channel implant provided effective speech perception and language in profoundly deaf children, and it was thus the first major advance in helping these children communicate in the last 250 years. Further detailed biographical information about Professor Clark may be found in a pdf file available on the link: http://ict4lifesciences.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Graeme-Clark_online.pdf
An abstract of the lecture follows on the next page
Lecture Abstract: “As a 10year old I developed a strong desire to restore hearing in people like my deaf father, and developed a passion for science after I read the lives of Louis Pasteur and Eve Curie. Then in my first year in Medicine at the University of Sydney I had a serendipitous experience of Jesus, which I had to test in my daily life to see if it was real for me. Then while returning to Australia as a ship’s surgeon I thought I had appendicitis and would have to remove my appendix at sea. This was the first time that prayer became a strident necessity.
On returning to Australia I established myself as a cosmetic nasal surgeon, but looking into nooks and crannies aggravated a high jumping injury and my prayers for healing were answered in an unexpected way. I had the opportunity to do a PhD in neurophysiology with a focus on electrical stimulation of auditory brain pathways. But leading scientists said that speech understanding with electrical stimulation was impossible.
Nevertheless my main research focus was: What can electrical stimulation with a cochlear implant tell us about brain function and human consciousness?” and “How can it alleviate Severe Sensory Neural Deafness?
To answer these questions I carried out our first multi-channel cochlear implant operation in 1978. How could one overcome the bottle –necks for the coding of sound by electrical stimulation? Would multi-channel intra-cochlear electrical stimulation be safe? What signals could be coded with electrical stimulation for speech understanding? Would the formant coding strategy benefit other people and would the memory for speech sounds be retained in people after long periods of deafness? How well were the speech features coded with this strategy and what other features be transmitted through the electro-neural bottle-neck? Could the benefits of electrical stimulation of two ears or with a hearing aid on one side give better hearing in noise and sound localization? Could people deafened early in life develop age appropriate language?
This journey has been more rewarding than I could ever have imagined, and it was shared with wife Margaret, colleagues and industrial partner Cochlear.”
For further information about ISCAST and its future activities, please see the website: www.iscast.org and look at shortly coming events on the Home page or go to the Events page for all listed events.
The slides follow
Belief, Bioengineering & The Bionic Ear:
Ephphatha – be Opened
Schiller – Ephphatha Wood Cut - 1962© GClark/NLA
1944 Deaf Father in Pharmacy – Camden NSW
Graeme Clark with Father 19981945
© GClark/NLA
Inspiring Scientists- Louis Pasteur
1953Prosectors Anatomy University of Sydney
© GClark/NLA
Graeme Clark’s Bible 1952
© GClark/NLA
Cardiac Surgery –RNS Hospital 1959
© GClark/NLA
Graeme & Margaret Married Sydney 1961
© GClark/NLA
Sea Sick Great Australian Bite
© GClark/NLA
Honeymoon Scotland, Ireland & England1962
© GClark/NLA
© GClark/NLA
Throat , Nose & Ear Hospital, London 1962 1964
© GClark/NLA
Surgeon, Shaw Savill Line
Egypt 1964
© GClark/NLA
Dr Bill Hawse: Ceylon for Borneo Evangelical Mission1964
© GClark/NLA
© GClark/NLA
Margaret and first born daughter -Sonya1964
© GClark/NLA
Stress/Strain in the Nasal Bones and Septum1966
© GClark/NLA
The Cantilever Support for the NoseRhinoplasty –Hump Removal
© GClark/NLA
Blair Simmons Multi-electrodeConnector
1966 An Early Attempt to Produce Hearing by Electrical Stimulation of the Inner ear
© GClark/NLA
Advice - from Eccles –Nobel Laureate
1966 Graeme & Margaret leaveMelbourne for Sydney
© GClark/NLA
University of Sydney:The Department of Physiology
Lindsay AitkenLindsay Aitken
Graeme ClarkGraeme Clark
1967- 69
© G Clark /NLA
Graeme Clark – Nasal bone research 1967
© GClark/NLA
Graeme Clark’s MS Thesis University of London
Prof Tony Wright
Royal College of Surgeons London
lark /NLA
“Direct stimulation of the auditory nerve fibres with resultant perception of speech is not feasible”
(Lawrence 1964)
Cochlear Implant: Climate of Opinion
Auditory NerveAuditory Nerve
MastoidMastoid
BrainBrainMiddle
EarMiddle
Ear
Cochlea(Inner Ear)Cochlea
(Inner Ear)
Fluid canalsFluid canals
Organof
Corti
Organof
Corti
Apical(Low frequency)
Apical(Low frequency)
Basal(High frequency)
Basal(High frequency)
Outer, Middle & Inner Ear
© GClark/NLA
ark /NLA
Temporal Frequency Coding
Auditory Brainstem Action Potentials
500Hz Sound Wave
Clark (1969)
Cochlea and Auditory Nerves
Electrode Brain
G Clark /NLA
1967 Colin Dunlop’s auditory neurophysiology laboratory
Angela Dulhunty BSc Hons
Colin Dunlop
lark /NLA
Rate of Electrical Stimulation & Auditory Brainstem Response
Cat Brainstem Field Potentials
Clark (1969)
1 pulse/s 300 pulses/s
50μV1ms
N
1967-69
ark /NLA
Place Frequency Coding
Cochlea
20 kHz10 kHz
5 kHz
AuditoryCortex
2 kHz
2 5 10 20
Brain
Multiple Electrode Cochlear Implant
Skin
Speechsignals
Nervesignals
Radiowaves
Cochlearimplant
Speechprocessor
© GClark/NLA
1969Application: Chair at University of Melbourne
© GClark/NLA
Lab (mortuary)OfficeTechnical 1970
The First Department of Otolaryngology - RVEEH
© GClark/NLA
Matthew 5:44
43You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbour and hate your enemy.’44But I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45that you may be sons of your Father in heaven.
© GClark/NLA
Press interview with Graeme Clark - 1973
Promotional Film for Telethon 1973
© GClark/NLA
1 Thessalonians 5:17
15See that noone repays another with evil for evil, but always seek for that which is good for one another and for all men; 16Rejoice always; 17pray without ceasing; 18in everything give thanks; for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.
© GClark/NLA
Sir Reginald Ansett, 1973
ATV 0 Nerve Deafness Telethon 1973-76
Graeme Clark Appeals in the City
© GClark/NLA
Bionic Ear constructed with
Valves Transistors
Radio Valve
Transistor
Silicon Chip
© GClark/NLA © GClark/NLA
Silicon Chip Design 1976
1977 Donald Mackay – Head of epartment
Keele University 1976
Mould of human cochlea1975
© GClark/NLA
1977
© GClark/NLA
Mechanical principles for cochlear implant electrode
Minnamurra Beach NSW
Turban shell
The University of Melbourne’s Prototype Receiver-Stimulator
Aerials
Data
Power
1977-78
© GClark/NLA
1978
© GClark/NLA
Multi-channel Cochlear Implant
GClark
First Multi-channel Implant Operation: G Clark and B Pyman
1978
© GClark/NLA
First Patient1st Test Session1978
©G Clark/NLA
© G Clark Foundation/NLA
Second Patient – Deaf for 13yrs Operation 17th July & test 7th -14th August
1979
© GClark/NLA
Rod first uses the wearable speech processor to talk with wife
1979
© GClark/NLA
Isaiah 42:3
Here is my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen one in whom I delight; I will put my Spirit on him and he will bring justice to the nations.2He will not shout or cry out, or raise his voice in the streets.3A bruised reed he will not break, and a smoldering wick he will not snuff out. In faithfulness he will bring forth justice;
© GClark/NLA © GClark/NLA
University of Melbourne’s Cochlear Implant Produced by Nucleus/Cochlear Pty Ltd 1982
© GClark/NLA
Graham Carrick
George Watson
Lorna Lewis Lionel Robinson
Jennifer Dawson Cheryl Sheehan
Graham Carrick First Hears 1982 Graham Carrick Understands Speech1983
Nucleus “Mini” Receiver-Stimulator 1985-
© GClark/NLA
© G Clark Foundation/NLA
First Implant Children 1985-86
Scott10 Years of age 1985
Bryn5 Years of age 1986
© G Clark Foundation/NLA
Bryn at early training session 1986
© G Clark Foundation/NLA
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration Approval
for children 2 to 17 years
1990
Cochlear Implant Benefit in Severely Deaf Child
John Polkinghorne FRS – Professor Physics Cambridge University & Anglican Clergyman
© GClark/NLA
mon Conway Morris FRS- Professor aeobiology Cambridge University 2002
Francis Collins: The Language of God