Professions for Women

Contents

Warm up & Preview1

Background2

Text Analysis3

Extension 4

Contents

Warm up: sexism against women Background: Virginia Woolf; Stream of

Consciousness Text appreciation: the organization of the speech;

the characteristic of language in the speech; the rhetorical devices

Extension: introduction to the most influential women in the world

In which fields are women discriminated?

I have to keep silent

Sexism against Women

The term 'sexism' is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and expressed by either men or women is called male chauvinism.

Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the "weaker sex". Women's lower status can be seen in cases.

•equality under the law,

•political representation of women,

•access to education and employment,

•language

•women victims of domestic violence,

•self-ownership of a woman's body,

•the possible impact of pornography on women

The feminist movement promotes women's rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues.

[pɔ:’nɔgrəfi:] 色情描绘 ,

Women’s social status

women did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until 1918.

New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all women) America (1920) Japan (1954) China (1953)

In a survey, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who thought that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in Jordan, 85.6% in Guinea [‘ɡini] , 85.4% in Zambia, 81.2% in Laos, and 81%

in Ethiopia [i:θi’əupjə] Women in the past have been excluded from higher education. When women

were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in English and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study considered suitable to women's "lesser intellects.“

Women have historically been excluded from participation in many professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male profession, they have faced many additional obstacles

Professional discrimination continues today, according to studies done by Cornell University and others. It has been hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University of Toronto led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10 percent of female authors get their papers published when their gender is hidden.

Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually always earn more than a woman doing the exact same job.

Many countries around the world make it mandatory( 强制的，义务的） for males to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in the United States are required to register for military conscription to be drafted to war or military service.

Pre-class work Teaching Hours: 8 Pre-class work for Lesson four 1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the groups) 2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works, contribution, influence, writing style) 3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives, influence) 4. The characteristics of the language in this essay.

(using specific examples to explain) 5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this essay and explain how they function in the essay.

Background

Her education

Her health

Her professions

Her marriage

3 Mental breakdowns

In her father’s library

A book reviewer;

Hosting gatherings of artists and writers

A novelist and essayist

Leonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics

Her Writing Style

experimentation and innovation in novel writing the psychological realm of her characters and the

moment-by-moment experience of living the techniques of interior monologue and stream of

consciousness poetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich

historical and literary reference

Stream of Consciousness

A psychological term Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which

seeks to describe an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes.

1. Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Dorothy Richardson,

2. Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce,

3. Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Virginia Woolf

1. Monologue2. Psycho-analysis 3. Montage4. Poetic and musical quality

Stick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image; "he used his computer to make a collage of pictures

Her major works

The Voyage Out (1915) 《远航） Night and Day (1919) 《时时刻刻》 Jacob’s Room (1922) 《雅各布的房间） Mrs. Dalloway (1925) 《黛洛维夫人》 To the Lighthouse (1927) 《到灯塔去》 Orlando: A Biography (1928) 《奥兰多》 A Room of One’s Own (1929) 《自己的房间》 The Waves (1931) 《海浪》 The Years (1937) 《岁月） Three Guineas 《三个基尼） Between the Acts 《幕间》 闹鬼的屋子及其他（ The Haunted House and Others) （短篇小说

集）

Modernism

Modern literary practices. Also, the principles of a literary school that lasted roughly the beginning the 20th century until the end of World War II. Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary conventions of the nineteenth century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions and economic values.

现代主义 意识流小说 1 、意识流小说是 20 世纪初期（ 20 年代）兴起于西方，以表现

人们的意识流动、展示恍惚迷离的心灵世界为主的小说。认为文学应表现人物的意识流动，尤其是表现潜意识的活动，人的意识流动遵循的是“心理时间”，而非物理时间。

2 、它以象征暗示、内心独白、自由联想等意识流的创作方法为主要特征，在本世纪 20—30 年代英、美、法等国形成一个颇为壮观的现代主义文学流派。

3 、意识流小说家所运用的艺术手法各有侧重，但艺术特征是共同的：“作家退出小说”；情节淡化；大量的内心独白和自由联想；时空交替和心理时间；象征暗示和对比联想；语言使用上的创新和变异。

4 、代表作家是爱尔兰的乔伊斯和英国的伍尔芙，法国的普鲁斯特和美国的福克钠。

特点 详细解说： 1 、内心独白：意识流小说直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生态，

不加以条理化、逻辑化，作家退出小说，主观干预较少，注重表现人物的意识活动本身。 2 、采用自由联想的方式，在某对象上稍许停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打断从前的思维过程而展开新的思绪。

3 、主观性、随意性强，常打破时空限制，跳跃性较大，从心理结构组织流程，而传统小说多在时空的推移中展开情节。

4 、内容和题材上，传统小说往往全知全能，而在意识流小说中作家地位下降，读者的参与性加强，不注意刻画典型人物，凭借人物的意识来写人，情节淡化。

代表作家及其作品： 1 、爱尔兰的乔伊斯：《都柏林人》、《青年艺术家的肖像 》 2 、英国的沃尔夫：《墙上的斑点》、《到灯塔去 3 、法国的普鲁斯特：《追忆逝水年华 4 、美国的福克纳 《喧哗与骚动》（ 1929 ），反映了南方望族康普生家的没落。小说创造了复合意识流方法，使运用意识流手法去发掘人物的内心生活方面达到了新的高度。着重表现昆丁的变态心理和班吉神经错乱的潜意识活动。人物（长子昆丁、二子杰生、小儿子班吉、女儿凯蒂）

Text Appreciation

Part I (paras. ):

Part II (para ):

Part III (para ):

Part IV (para ):

Part V (para ): Part VI (para ):

3

4

5

6

7

1-2the beginning part, introducing the topic under discussion.

the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer.

a transitional link between her 1st and 2nd experiences.

her 2nd experience in her profession

of literature.

sums up the author’s two experiences.

conclusion of her speech

Part I (paras 1-2)

What is the topic under discussion?

The author introduces her experience as a female writer to illustrate the obstacles facing all women while they pursue professions.

Para 1

In which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for women?

Profession of literature

Science;

Medicine;

Law

Why?

In the profession of literature, the road was cut many years ago by many famous women writers as well as many more unknown and forgotten women writers who have been before her, who have made the path smooth, regulating her steps.

The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.

There was no need for a writer to spend much of the family money in order to write.

维多利亚社会已经形成的家长制度是基于对女性的一种假定——女性是低等的因而必须依赖于男性。而这种假定同样也作用于去定义男性作为女性的对立面——男性是强壮、理性、有侵略性和优秀的。在这样的系统中，男性优越性是建立在女性低劣性的基础上，因此，妇女运动对于男性地位的威胁十分明显。男性不仅害怕失去他们的优越地位，也担心这种社会变革将导致妇女的优越性。

Women Writers

Unknown

Well-known

Bronte Sisters

Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë

达洛维夫人是一战后英国社会对女性定义的典型代表：“居家天使”。她接受社会强加的束缚，甚至热切地扮演着自己的角色：政客的太太。

Key Sentences

1. No demand was made upon the family purse.

The figure of speech—metonymy （转喻） Money, financial conditions

This kind of speech is called metonymy, in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or

suggested by it.

More Examples of Metonymy The White House The crown The pen is mightier than the

sword. He succeeded by the sweat of

his brow. He is too fond of the bottle

Fleet Street 10 Downing Street

The President The king or the queen The people wielding these

instruments His own hard work The thing contained—

wine, liqueur, or drinking in general

the British press the residence and office of

the British Prime Minister

Key Sentences

2. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer.

Teachers or tutors; professional practitioners (习艺者 of music or painting; great artists

If you want to be a musician or a painter, you must own a piano or hire models, and you have to visit or even live in cultural centers like Paris, Vienna and Berlin. And also you have to be taught by masters and mistresses. However, if you want to be a writer, you don’t need all this.

Key Sentences

3.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.

Tone Sarcastic tone

The implied meaning is that in the patriarchal society women have been forced into a lower financial status than men.

Para 2

Main Idea

How she became a book reviewer when she was a girl.

Key Sentences 4. But to show you how little I deserve to be called a

professional woman… instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stocking, or butcher’s bills, I went out and bought a cat.

Basic daily necessitiesThe figure of speech---synecdoche (提喻）

A good synecdoche is based on an important part of the whole and not a minor part.

More Examples of Synecdoche

We need 50 hands for the work.

It was a fleet of 20 sails. Have you got any coppers? He is a foot soldier. Walls have ears. During my stay in

Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt sympathetic and helpless as well.

People

Ships Pennies and coins Infantry [‘infəntri] 步兵 Listener

people

Part II (para 3)

The first obstacle

[’ɔbstəkl ]

to becoming a professional woman writer.

Main Idea Questions

1. What is the obstacle?

2. What are its characteristics?

3. How did it stop the author from her working?

4. How did the author deal with it?

The Angel in the House

A poem written by Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)

For Patmore, his wife Emily represented all that was perfect about a Victorian wife and head of the home.

A stereotyped Victorian woman

Characteristics of the angel

be devoted and submissive to her husband. passive powerless, meek, charming, graceful, sympathetic, self-sacrificing, pious, and above all— pure.

Examples?

Chicken leg;

Sit in a draught

The angel’s interference

Be sympathetic Be tender Flatter Deceive Use all the arts and wiles of our

sex Never let anybody guess that you

have a a mind of your own. Be pure

The traditional V

ictorian Values

Understand the mind of men and not to disagree with them

Not be too harsh in her criticism

Praise the book in an insincere way to please the readers

Not write what she really thought

Tricks of the female sex, such as charm

Such topics as human relations, morality, sex, can’t be dealt with freely and openly by women.

Key Sentences

5. She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish.

firmly and seriouslylimitless, vast and huge

Totally and unconditionally

All of the three adverbs are for emphasis.

Key Sentences

6. In those days---the last days of Queen Victoria---every house had its angel.

1

Every house had a woman like that, who was sympathetic, charming, unselfish and pure.

2

The belief that every woman should be sympathetic, charming, unselfish, and pure was prevalent in English society.

Key Sentences

7. She would have plucked the heart out of my writing.

Those conventional attitudes would have taken away the most important part of her writing, that is, the essence of her writing.

Be sympathetic, charming, unselfish,

and pure

Key Sentences

8. Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her wing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the inkpot and flung it at her.

A circle of light, radiance surrounding the head of an angel

Throw sth with a lot of force

Thus, whenever, I felt the influence of the Victorian attitudes on my writing, I fought back with all my power.

The features of phantom?

Not a real person No physical form Mental image Imaginary nature It is far difficult to deal with a phantom than a

reality. When you think you have done away with them, you will find them back again. So the struggle takes a long time.

The author’s reaction

A severe and fierce struggle against the angel. She did her best to kill her. But she died hard. She was always creeping back. It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality.

Part III (para 4)

Function

A transitional link between the author’s first and second experiences.

How is the transition achieved?

Part IV (para 5)

Main Idea

Questions

Her 2nd experience in her profession of literature.

1. What is a novelist state of mind?

2. How to be as unconscious as possible?

3. What is the author’s experience?

4. What is the 2nd obstacle?

Key Sentences

1. I bought a Persian cat with the proceeds.

Money or profit derived from a sale, business venture

A novelist’s state of mind

Be as unconscious as possible

A term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc. of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behavior.

For Woolf, the description of the immediate flow of her characters’ thoughts and their feelings of the moment was more important than the realistic depiction of their physical behavior. She conceives of the imagination as shy and hidden so that the writer can only draw the deepest inspiration by suspending everyday rational consciousness in order to liberate an imaginative expression of their deepest creativity.

I hope I’m not giving away professional secrets if I say that…be as unconscious as possible.

1. Translate the sentence 2. How to understand “unconscious” 如果我说小说家的主要愿望是尽量处于无意识状态，我希望我没有泄露行业秘密。

-unconscious means not aware of one’s existence, not conscious of one’s self.

“Sb’s unconscious” is a term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc, of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behaviors.

two levels of the interpretation of “unconscious”

2 levels of interpretation: (1) she could be thinking in Freudian terms, that is,

expressing a desire to have the subjects of her unconsciousness ,which may reflect ancient angers and anxieties, ruse up into her authorial perspective.

(2) she may be reacting against the notion expressed by Henry James in “the art of fiction”, which explicitly expressed his sense that an author should above all attempt to be fully conscious.

The way of being unconscious

See the same faces Read the same books Do the same things day

after day, month after month

A state of perpetual lethargy The utmost quiet and

regularity

The imagination/unconsciousness will not be distracted away from the creative task.

Freudian Terms: Freud postulated(假定） the existence of three internal forces that govern a person’s psychic life:

1.The id （本我） : the instinctual force of life—unconscious, uncontrolled, and isolated

2.The ego （自我） : the external force that has contact with the real world.

3.The super-ego （超我） : the governing force, or moral conscience, that seeks to control and direct the ego into socially acceptable patterns of behavior.

Key Sentences

2. Be that as it may, I want you to imagine me writing a novel in a state of trance.

A state in which you behave as you were asleep but are still able to hear and understand what is said to you, similar to the unconscious state.

The author’s experience

A fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake

Her imagination, like the line, rushed away, seeking the pools, the depths, the dark places. But it came across a smash, an explosion, foam and confusion.

The deep lake is her inner world that lies hidden in the deepest part of her unconscious existence.

A smash, an explosion, foam confusion

Sth about body, about the passions which it was unfitting for her as a woman to say.

What is the author’s experience without figures?

She realized that men didn’t approve of a woman telling the truth about the body and her passions. This realization interrupted her imagination and roused her from the state of unconsciousness.

The 2nd obstacle to women writers

The sex-consciousness is a great hindrance to women’s writing.

Key Sentences

3. For though men sensibly allow themselves great freedom in these respects, I doubt that they realize or can control the extreme severity with which they condemn such freedom in women.

D. H. Lawrence’s novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover

It was a sensible thing for men to give themselves great freedom to talk about the body and their passions. But if women want to have the same freedom, men condemn such freedom in women. And I do not believe that they realize how severely they condemn such freedom in women, nor do I believe that they can control their extremely sever condemnation of such freedom in women.

Part V (para 6)

Main Idea

It sums up the author’s two experiences, pointing out that the second obstacle is more difficult to overcome than the first. Women have many prejudices to overcome in the profession of literature and especially in new professions that women are entering.

Why is the 2nd obstacle more difficult to solve?

The 1st has to do with the conscious way of thinking, one’s education, social attitudes and traditional values, etc. The 2nd experience has to do with one’s unconsciousness, the depths of the unconscious being. Thus it is more difficult to define, to examine and certainly harder to deal with.

Key Sentences

Indeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a woman can sit down to write a book without finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be dashed against.

Slay--kill

It will take a long time for women to rid themselves of false values and attitudes and to overcome the obstacle to telling the truth about their body and passions.

Part VI (para 7)

Main Idea

Woolf concludes her speech by raising some important questions concerning the new role of women and the new relationship between men and women.

The 3rd figure of speech

A room of one’s own

With whom to share it?

Upon what terms?

How to furnish it?

How to decorate it?

freedom

Key Sentences

11. Even when the path is nominally open---when there is nothing to prevent a woman from being a doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant---there are many phantoms and obstacles, as I believe looming in her way.

Appear, take shape

Even when the path is open to women in name only, when outwardly there is nothing to prevent a woman from being a doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant, inwardly there are still false ideas and obstacles impeding a woman’s progress.

Key Sentences

12. You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men.

Until this time; to now

Through fighting against the Angel in the House, through great labor and effort, some women have gained a position or certain freedom in a society which has been up to now dominated by men.

Key sentence

13.Have you going to furnish it, how are you going to decorate it…upon what terms?

a. Conditions of a contract, agreement;

b. mutual relationship between or among people;

c. footing d. Price

I bought this car on reasonable terms.

We are on good terms with all our neighbors.

If I agree to do this, it will be on my terms.

Under the terms of agreement, Hongkong

returned to China in 1997.

Introduction to the most influential women

Mother Teresa [tə'ri:sə]

（ 1910-1997）

Mother Teresa Mother Teresa was born in 1910 in Macedonia( 南斯拉夫） . Her father

was a builder. When she was young, Mother Teresa studied religion and loved everyone. She became a nun in Ireland and left for India in 1929.

She taught Geography for many years in India. She spent her life caring for the poor. Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name “ Saint of the Gutters.” （贫民窟的圣人）

The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity （仁爱传教修女会） have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.

Mother Teresa’s Funeral

 

Madame Curie

Madame Curie was one of the greatest scientists in the world She was born in 1867 She first lived in Poland, then to France When she was very young she was interested in science She worked very hard and discovered the element radium She received the Nobel Prizes for Physics and Chemistry respectively in 1903 and in 1911

For the last ten years of her life she was almost blind The radium with which she had worked for many years had caused blindness and illness and finally a disease of the blood She died in Paris at the age of 66

Today she is remembered as a great scientist But she is also remembered for her determination and courage

(June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. The story of how Keller‘s teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become known worldwide through the dramatic depictions of the play and film “The Miracle Worker”.(奇迹创造者）

Helen Adams Keller

Helen Keller

EXTENSION

1. Nothing can slow down his progress. A. prevent B. impede C. excel D. torment 2. She moved in a sudden turn that makes it seems that she is going to speak. A. to make as if to speak B. to figure to herself C. be that as it may D. to speak without figure 3. My little niece always causes problems between me and when I go about my reading. A. does battle with B. gives away C. comes between D. turns upon

4. Flights have been ___________by the fog. A. dislocated B. disordered C. disputed D. disquieted 5. I accept that he is old and frail;__________, he’s still a

good politician.

A. to make as if to do B. to speak without figure

C. to figure it to myself D. be that as it may

Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__ short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__ There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__ by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__ style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year, a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__ on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__ decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__ waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__

Error Correction

Answers

1. strucked改为 struck或者 stricken strike 的过去式是 struck ，过去分词为 struck或者 stricken 。 2. date改为 dated或者 outdated 3. on other hand 改为 on the other hand 4. entire改为 entirely 5. minority改为 majority 从上下文以及常识判断，多半男性成功地抵制了改变他们服装款式

的企图，即多年来，男性大服装款式跟女性服饰相比没有多大的变化。

6. it改为 them them指代 the great majority of men 。 7. fewer改为 few 此处没有比较的意味。 8. 去掉 on ， lay down 为习语，表示“规定 (规则，原则，法规

等 )” 。 9. sometime改为 sometimes 。 10. height改为 high 形容词作 be 的表语。

The Young Victoria (video)

Victoria