Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 26, 2013 - Hydroelectric - Hydroelectric - Solar - Wind - Geothermal - Marine (Wave and Tidal) - Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 26, 2013

- Hydroelectric Hydroelectric

- Solar

- Wind

- Geothermal

- Marine (Wave and Tidal)

- Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)

RE technology options:RE technology options:


Hydroelectric powerHydroelectric power


Amount of electricity

generated depends

on the height

difference.

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 26, 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity


Technological status mature

Average growth 2.2% per year

Total share of global energy mix

16% of electricity in 2008

16% of electricity in 2035 (potential)

Source: International Energy Outlook 2011



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HydroelectricTotal electricity


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RestHydroelectric


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Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.

No waste or pollution produced.

Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.

Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.

Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly.

Electricity can be generated constantly.

Dams help preventing flooding (following predicted climate change induced heavy rains), if built over capacity.

Why hydroelectric power?



The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam in Washington state, USA, is one of two huge dams built in the 1910s to power a local paper mill, under the direction of Thomas Aldwell.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_Dam

The reservoir that fills the

valley behind the dam is now known as Lake

Aldwell.



River bed is eroded by lack of sediment needed to create suitable habitats for spawning (25 million cubic yards of sediment have piled up behind the dam over time). Water stays for so long in the Lake Aldwell and Lake Mills (created by damming), it warms up to about 16°C (which would have been 0°C in the absence of dam). These high temperatures are unnatural for spawning fish. High temperature also increases parasite populations, which wipe out two thirds of a spawning population. Natural flow patterns (which promote the health of native species and help eliminate non native species) are evened out by the reservoirs and dams.

Effects of dam on river habitat:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_Dam



The Elwha Dam is being dismantled since Sept 2011.

It is a 3-year project costing $351 millions.

Removal of dam will restore

the fish habitats, will create an

additional 715 acres of

terrestrial vegetation, and

improve elk habitats.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/09/110923-elwha-dam-removal/



The Three Gorges Dam project in China Installed capacity: 22,500 MW Project cost: 39 billion US$

Length: 2.3 kmHeight: 101 m



- has flooded a total of 632 km² area

- displaced 1.24 million people

- washed away 13 major cities (submerging cultural and archaeological sites)

- causing dramatic ecological changes

- used 27,200,000 m3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and moved about 102,600,000 m3 of earth.

- when the water level is maximum at 175 m over sea level (110 m above the river level down stream), the reservoir created is about 660 km in length and 1.12 km in width on average, and contains 39.3 km3 of water.

The Three Gorges Dam project



The Twin Aswan Dams of Nile river Installed capacity of 2100 MW.

Length: 3.8 kmHeight: 111 m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam



provide protection from floods and droughts

load of rich fertilizing silt are deposited in reservoirs instead of the delta

lack of natural fertilizer has resulted in an increase in erosion of the river and Nile Delta, and an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers

chemical fertilizers have to be imported and thus cost money for the farmers, and it also causes pollution of the surrounding environment due to runoff.

chemical fertilizers contain high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous which are harmful to the water resources

The Twin Aswan Dams

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam



Barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities.

The world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million. metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually.

Reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge.

Failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences.

Loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements.

The future generations must pay for destroying dams.

What are the problems with hydroelectric power?



Add more information here..

What are the problems with hydroelectric power?


Documents

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 26, 2013 - Hydroelectric - Hydroelectric - Solar - Wind - Geothermal - Marine (Wave and Tidal) - Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and