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8/10/2019 productivity pptx.pptx
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Page 1
WORK STUDY
&
ERGONOMICS
For productive workplaces
*People *Job *Environment
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Work Study :
A generic term for techniques, which are
used in the examination of human work in allits contexts
Objectives:
- The elimination of unnecessary work,
- The design of methods and procedures
- most effective
- require the least effort- suited to the person who uses them.
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Work study
MethodsStudy
Methods improvement
Ergonomics
Workmeasurement
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Method study :
Improve
Reduce
Standardize
Objectives :
Systematic recording and critical examination
of existing and proposed ways of doing work
and developing an easier and economical
method
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Procedure:
1. Select- the job /field of study
In Consideration with:
(a) Economical Factors
-Operations having bottlenecks
-Operations done repetitively
-Operations having a great amount of
manual work and material handling
.
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(b) Human Factors -co-operation of people
Resistance:
- The fear of unemployment
- The fear of reduction in wages
- The fear of increased work load
(c) Technical Factors -To improve the
method of work
ex: a worker feels that speed of the
machine can be increased by X tool. But the
capacity of the machine may not permitincreased speed
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2. Record- All the details about the
existing method
Charts and diagrams used in recording:
(a) Operation process chart:
All the operations and inspections are
recorded
(b) process chart: Motions of both Right hand
and Left hand chart is recorded
independently
(c)String diagram: The movements of
workers are recorded using a string in a
diagram drawn to scale
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(d)Flow process chart
-Man type
-Material type
-Equipment type
(e)Flow diagram: This is drawn to suitable scale.
Path of flow of material in the shop is recorded
(f) Multiple activity chart: Activities of a group of
workers doing a single job or
the activities of a single worker operating a
number of machines are recorded
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Activities of a stenographer in preparation of a
letter are recorded in the flow process chart
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An example of operation process chart: process
of manufacture of electric motor is shown
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Example of a two-handed process chart
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Study of movement of
machinist
Movement from raw
material to finished goods
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3. Examine- the recorded facts critically
The following factors are questioned:
PurposeTo eliminate the activity, ifpossible
PlaceTo combine or re-arrange the
activities
Sequenceof operations
Personworking
MeansTo simplify the activity
By doing this,
Unwanted activities can be eliminated
Number of activities can be combined or
re-arranged
Method can be simplified
All these steps will reduce production time
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4. Develop- A better method..
The answer to the questions given belowwill result in the development of abetter method:
PurposeWhat should be done?
PlaceWhere should it be done?SequenceWhen should it be done?
PersonWho should do it?
MeansHow should it be done?
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6. Install- the most difficult stage
It consists of :
(a) Gaining acceptance of the change by
supervisor
(b) Getting approval of management
(c) Gaining the acceptance of change by
workers and trade unions(d) Giving training to operators in the new
method
(e) To be in close contact with the progress
of the job until it is satisfactorily executed
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7. Maintain the new method
HOW? Any defects should be rectified in time by
the work study personnel
Periodical review should be made
Reactions and suggestions from workers and
supervisors must be noted
The differences between the new written
standard practice and the actual practice are
analysed and rectified
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Work Measurement:
A technique to establish the time required for a
qualified worker to carry out a specified job
at a defined level of performance
Uses:
To compare the efficiency of alternate
methodsBasis for wage incentive schemes
Determine the requirement of men and
machine
Helps in better production control
Helps to control the cost of productionHelps to plan the workload of man and
machine
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(a) Selection of jobUnder the following situations, a job is
selected for time study:1. A new job, new component or a new
operation
2. When new time standard is required
3. To check the correctness of the existing
time standard4. When the cost of operation is found to be
high
5. When two methods are to be compared
1) Stop Watch Time Study:make use of a stop
watch for measuring the time
Procedure for conducting stop watchtime study:
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(b) Record
The following information are recorded:
About the product, machine, equipment About the working conditions
(c)Break down operation into elements
This is done for easy observation and accurate
measurement
The elements are grouped as constant element,
variable element, occasional element, human
element, machine element etc and analyse
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(g)Calculate the basic time
Basic time is calculated by applying rating factor
(h)Determine the allowance
Allowance is an extra to basic time
(i)Compile the standard timeThe standard time is the sum of basic time andallowances. The standard time is also known as
allowed time
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2) PRODUCTION STUDY - To check
accuracy of the original time study
-This study is done to find the time delay
due to occasional elements. These elementsmay occur at irregular intervals
Example: Tool grinding, setting tools etc
There are chances of missing
these elements in the stopwatch time study
Production study is
conducted for a longer period -
at least for half a day or one
shift
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3)Work sampling -the ratio of the delaytime and working time to the total time of an
activity is found out
Large number of observations are made over a
period of time of one or group of machines,
processes or workers
Each observation records what is happening
at that instant and the percentage ofobservations recorded for a particular activity
Or delay, is a measure of the percentage of
time during which that activities delay occurs
This study is applied to:
1. Long cycle operations
2. Activities where time study is not possible
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4) Synthesis from standard data
Many operators in an industry have
several common elements
Example: starting the machine,stopping the machine etc.. These
elements are called constant
elements
Time for some elements vary
proportionately with the speed,feed, length of cut etc. in machining
operation. These elements are
known as variable elements
Measurement technique to work out standard
time for a job by totaling the elemental times
already obtained from previous time studies
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Few well-known systems using this concept
are:1. M.T.M. : Method Time Measurement
2. W.F.S. : Work Factor System
3. M.T.A. : Motion Time Analysis
4. D.M.T. : Dimensional Motion Times
5. B.M.T. : Basic Motion Times
5) PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME
SYSTEM (PMTS)
Technique where by times, established are
used to build up the time for a job at adefined level of performance
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6) ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING
To determine the time values for jobs either
by using the synthetic data or on the basic of
the past experience of the estimator when nosynthetic or standard data is available
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Ergonomics :
Both work study and Ergonomics
are complementary and try to
fit the job to the workers;
however Ergonomics adequately
takes care of factors governing
physical and mental strains
Scientific study of the relationship between
man and his working environments
Ergons =work and Nomos =Natural laws
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Principles of ergonomics:
1. Work in neutral postures
Your posture provides a good starting point for
evaluating the tasks that you do. The bestpositions in which to work are those thatkeep the body in neutral
2. Reduce excessive forceExcessive force on your joints can create apotential for fatigue and injury. One has to
identify specific instances of excessive force
and think of ways to make improvements
3.Keep everything in easy reach
This deals with keeping things within easy
reach. It helps to evaluate a task from this
specific perspective
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4.Work at proper heightsDo most work at elbow height
A good rule of thumb is that most work should
be done at about elbow height, whether sitting
or standing
5.Reduce excessive motionsOne of the simplest ways to reduce manual
repetitions is to use power tools whenever
possible
6.Minimize fatigue and static loadHolding the same position for a period of time is
known as static load. It creates fatigue and
discomfort and can interfere with work
7.Provide clearanceEquipment should be built and tasks should be
set up so that nothing blocks your view
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8.Minimize pressure pointsA good example of this is squeezing hard onto a
tool, like a pair of pliers. Adding a cushioned
grip and contouring the handles to fit your
hand makes this problem better
9.Move, exercise and stretchIf you sit for long periods, you need to shift
postures:
Adjust the seat up and down throughout the day.Move, stretch, and change positions often
10.Maintain a comfortable environmentEx: lighting issues.One good way to solve lighting
problems is by using a small light right at yourwork that you can orient and adjust to fit your
needs
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Good and Bad
Ergonomics
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Applications of ergonomics:
1) The working environment
It includes considerations regarding light,climatic conditions, noise, smokes, fumes,
etc., which affect the health and efficiency of
a worker
Provisions:-Day light should be reinforced with artificial
lights, depending upon the nature of work
The environment should be well-ventilated and
comfortable
Dust and fume collectors should preferably be
attached
Glares and reflections coming from glazed and
polished surfaces should be avoided
Excessive contrast, owing of colour or badly
located windows, etc., should be eluded
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2)Work place layout:
If the eyes are used to
select material the
latter should be kept
as far as possible in anarea where the eyes
can locate them
without turning the
head.
Depending on the work done by each hand there
should be a supply of the same materials or parts for
each hand
S t d k l l t
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Suggested work place layout
A work place layout with different areas and
typical dimensions
It shows the left hand covering the maximumworking area and the right hand covering the
normal working area.
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Last thank u slide