PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF THE … · 2012. 10. 8. · Drd. Silviu Sabin Bara of the beef bulls imported in România” III 4. Processing and statistical analysis

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA

DOCTORAL SCHOOL

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

PH.D SILVIU-SABIN BARA

PhD THESIS ABSTRACT

PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF

THE BEEF BULLS IMPORTED IN ROMANIA

Scientific coordinator:

Prof. univ. dr. IOAN ȘTEFAN GROZA

Cluj-Napoca

2012

PhD Thesis Abstract “Productive and reproductive performances

Drd. Silviu Sabin Bara of the beef bulls imported in România”

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PhD THESIS ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

The breeding of beef cattle breeds was not agreed in Romania for a long period of

time due to an error that occurred in the years 1976-1977, when Charolais bulls were

imported for crossbreeding without taking into consideration the fact that they were meant

to be raised as purebred. These, in combination with the local breeds caused distortions at

the majority of the inseminated cows. That is why the specialists recommended

subsequently at the artificial insemination of the autochthonous cows to be used only

mixed and dairy breeds.

Starting from the year 2003, in Romania were imported the first beef bulls, bulls

tested for crossbreeding abilities and destined for artificial insemination of local breeds.

In the absence of a tradition in this field, the bull breeding activity exclusively for

the production of meat had a significant development in Romania once with the

introduction of the milk quota, when approximately 1 million cows were made available

for beef production.

PURPOSE OF THE THESIS

Considering the reduced experience of the Romanian zootechny in this field and

due to the fact that the interest of breeders and specialists in our country for beef cattle

breeds is increasing, the goal of this thesis is to present the productive and reproductive

performances of the beef bulls imported in Romania.

In this respect, the concluded investigations had the following objectives:

1. Presentation of the beef bulls imported at SEMTEST Craiova;

2. Presentation of the beef bulls semen collection and processing technologies;

3. Analysis of usual spermograms depending on certain factors;



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4. Processing and statistical analysis of the resulting data, using specific

methods: X (mean) , Sx (mean deviation) , S (standard deviation) , V% (variation

coefficient);

5. Obtainment of frozen seminal material from two beef bulls, within the same

straw, having as purpose to increase the fertility;

6. Comparative study of performances of the seminal material from dairy and

beef bull breeds, performing at the same time research on the fertility of the seminal

material obtained by the Double Impact method;

7. Making a study on the evolution of the usage of beef bull semen from Semtest

Craiova.

PRESENTATION OF THE BEEF BULLS IMPORTED IN SEMTEST CRAIOVA

Our researches were developed within SEMTEST Craiova bull center. Semtest

Craiova is one of the elite Romanian centers in the zootechnic sector, developing for

several years activities in the field of reproductive biotechnologies having the goal to

increase the genetic potential of cattle.

Fig. 1 SEMTEST CRAIOVA bull center

In this respect Semtest Craiova provides frozen bull semen obtained from dairy

breeds HOLSTEIN, BRUNĂ, FLECKVIEH CATTLE, PINZGAUER, as well as beef

breeds PIEMONTESE, CHAROLAIS, LIMOUSIN, BELGIAN WHITE BLUE and

ABERDEEN ANGUS, bulls used for type F 1 cross.



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We shall present the beef bulls imported at Semtest Craiova for semen production

and destined for artificial insemination.

Fig. 2 Bull Jimm, Charolais breed

Fig. 3 Bull Ivan, Belgian Blue breed



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Fig. 4 Bull Falco, Belgian Blue breed

Fig. 5 Bull Rufus, Belgian Blue breed



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Fig. 6 Bull Casho, Limousin breed

Fig. 7 Bull Nuoro, Piemontese breed



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Fig. 8 Bull Eventful, Aberdeen Angus breed



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1. THE ANALYSIS OF USUAL SPERMOGRAMS AT DONOR BEEF

BULLS USED IN THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BIOTECHNOLOGY

1.1 OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH

Taking in consideration the fact that the assessment methods of the bull semen are a

necessity in the obtainment, processing and use of a fertile sperm product, the object of

this chapter was the analysis of usual spermograms of the beef bulls from Semtest

Craiova, in which the following semen parameters were determined: ejaculate volume,

sperm concentration and motility.

In order to identify the main sources of variation and the modality in which these

factors act on the quality of the bull semen, the semen parameters were assessed depending on

the year, breed, individuality and age of the bulls.

1.2 THE STUDIED BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

For the research to assess the usual spermograms, seven bulls were studied

from the breeds Charolais, Blanc Blue Belge, Limousin, Piemontese and Aberdeen

Angus, semen collected in the period 2005-2010 at Semtest Craiova bull center.

1.3 THE METHOD USED

The semen collection was performed with the help of the artificial vagina in

conditions of tranquility, the donor bulls being neither submitted to violence nor

beaten. The artificial vagina is bent to 450

the collection bag upwards and lubricated

opening downwards.

In the moment in which the donor bull bounces on the dummy bull, the sampler

catches in the left hand the penis through the wall of the slip directing it inside the

artificial vagina. Subsequently to a few movement specific for the copulative act, the



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bull shall ejaculate, reflex exteriorized by a movement characteristic to the croup.

(GROZA I., MUNTEAN M., 2002)

After obtaining the ejaculate, the sampler unties the bag and submits the

collecting bag to the laboratory for quantitative and qualitative assessment for its

processing.

The quantitative and qualitative assessment of the semen was performed

immediately after sampling paying attention to: volume, color, smell, presence of

foreign bodies, density, movement energy of the waves, motility and concentration..

1.3.1 Determination of the semen volume

The semen volume was assessed in the sampling bag by weighing by a precise

scale, expressing in grams the collected quantity of sperm. By assimilation considering

the specific weight of the semen, it may be approximated that one gram of sperm

represents one ml.

According to the norms and the already existing work methodology at the donor

bulls used in the biotechnology of artificial insemination, the minimum volume of the

ejaculate must be al least 3 ml in order to be accepted for processing. (DRĂGĂNESCU

C., 1979)

1.3.2 Determination of the sperm concentration

At SEMTEST Craiova the determination of the sperm concentration is performed

by the photo colorimetric method.

The photo colorimetric method for the determination of the sperm concentration is

basically based on the different retention of light fascicles by the spermatozoa (which is

proportional with the sperm concentration) (as opaque elements) and the measurement of

this opacity with the help of a photoelectric cell located in various models of devices (for

example Evans and Lange photo colorimeters). (TĂNASE D. and colab, 2000)



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The method of photo colorimetric establishment of the sperm concentration,

consists of the following stages: preparation of the samples, preparation of the device and

reading.

Within this work technology, for the determination of the sperm concentration a

photo colorimeter with electronic display was used. This has included a program which

allows the calculation of the following parameters: the sperm concentration, the volume of

the necessary solvent, the number of doses (sparkles) estimated to be obtained.

1.3.3 Determination of the sperm motility

The determination of the sperm motility was performed in conditions of active

metabolism of the spermatozoa (temperature of approximately 380

C).

The motility of the spermatozoa was assessed depending on their type of

movement. In the microscopic field the spermatozoa may present the following types

of movement: advancement (rectilinear), circular (rotational or manege); vibration

(undulatory) and of reversion (retrograde). (MENGER M., 1980)

For the determination of the sperm motility only the spermatozoa presenting

vivid advancement and rectilinear movements had been taken into consideration,

because only this movement are normal ones. The motility of the spermatozoa was

estimated by the decimal system.

For the processing we admitted only ejaculates with sperm motility of

minimum 0,70.

1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

From this study results that there are pretty big differences regarding the volume of

the ejaculate in every studied year, differences due to environmental factors (climate,

food, exploitation conditions and semen collection operation).

Table 1



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Results for the semen volume, according to the calendar year

Year n* Statistical parameters

X sx s V%

2010 5 8,5 1,16 2,4 22,4

2009 4 8,45 1,15 2,3 26,2

2008 7 6,3 0,25 0,95 15

2007 7 6,14 1,13 3 50,4

2006 3 7,9 1,2 2,1 27,6

*n – number of studied bulls

Analyzing the following obtained data, we find that the semen volume of the

beef bulls, that are part of the same group of age, present significant differences around

the mean.

Table 2

Results for the semen volume, according to the bulls age

Age of bulls n Statistical parameters

X sx S V%

3 2 8,7 1,9 2.69 30,82

4 3 6,9 1,3 2,21 32,0

5 3 7,2 0,86 1,47 20,4

6 3 7,1 1,5 2,7 38,0

7 3 6,3 0,41 0,7 11.1

8 2 9,9 0,31 0,44 4,4

9 2 8,22 0,32 0,38 0,23



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The sperm concentration of the beef bulls is not influenced by the calendar year of

the collection. This semen parameter taken into consideration is not influenced by the

environmental factors (climate, food, exploitation conditions and semen collection

operation).

Table 3

Results for sperm concentration according to the calendar year

Year n Statistical parameters

x sx S V%

2010 5 0,78 0,25 0,21 5,7

2009 4 0,81 0,20 0,40 4,9

2008 7 0,83 0,12 0,34 4,1

2007 7 0,821 0,37 1,0 12,13

2006 3 0,87 0,14 0,25 2,9

The adult age of 5-9 years at the beef bulls assure a higher concentration and more

stable one, not existing big differences from one collection to another.

Table 4

Results for sperm concentration according to the bulls age

Age of bulls n Statistical parameters

X sx S V%

3 2 0,83 0,46 0,66 7,9

4 3 0,81 0,35 0,60 7,5

5 3 0,83 0,08 0,15 1,8

6 3 0,84 0,34 0,59 7,0

7 3 0,83 0,28 0,48 5,0

8 2 0,84 0,17 0,24 2,9

9 2 0,92 0,37 0,73 17,2



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The sperm motility is not influenced by the environment conditions provided by the

calendar year of the semen collection. In this study we found that when the environmental

factors are clearly modified (moldy feed, extreme temperatures) the sperm mobility

decreases under 70%, the processing of these ejaculates not being possible.

Table 5

Results for sperm motility according to the calendar year

Year N Statistical parameters

X sx S V%

2010 5 0,78 0,04 0,06 8,7

2009 4 0,78 0,03 0,07 9,9

2008 7 0,77 0 0 0

2007 7 0,79 0,04 0,11 14,4

2006 3 0,8 0 0 0

1.5 CONCLUSIONS

After our researches the following partial conclusions resulted regarding the

analysis of the usual spermograms from the seven beef bulls in the period 2005-2010 at

Semtest Craiova:

1) the semen volume is influenced by the conditions of the collection year, the

environmental conditions having a strong influence on this feature studied at the bulls

raised for meat, the average of the volume for 2009 and 2010 being around 8,5 , as

opposed to the years 2007 and 2008 years in which the average values were 6,14

respectively 6,3;

2) the calendar year of the collections does not influence the sperm concentration

at the bulls for meat, this being constant, the environmental factors nor influencing this

parameter, the average of the values for all five years of sampling being around 0,82;

3) sperm motility must be considered as a parameter that can hardly be highlighted

by comparison of the averages of analyzable ejaculates. Within the ejaculate averages, are



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not marked out the ejaculates which cannot be analyzed as well. In order to draw realistic

conclusions on the semen motility of a bull, the special spermogram of the bull must be

analyzed, where there are marked out the not analyzable ejaculates as well.

1.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

Following the research we performed, we recommend that in the units of beef bulls

exploitation, to be taken into consideration the following:

1. the real significance of determination the semen volume emerges not from

individual determinations, but especially from values cumulated for a longer period, so as

to assure a scientific basis in the complex assessment of sexual potency of reproducers,

and their zoo economic efficiency. Applying differentiated and founded state of the art

biotechnical intensifying methods we can obtain an increased semen volume;

2. taking into consideration the influence of the environmental conditions and the

quality of the feed on the semen volume obtained from the beef bulls, in order to

maximize the volume of collection, specialists must take into consideration the pretensions

of the breed following to be exploited, its election to be made depending on the growth

and exploitation conditions in the unit, and to take all measures to minimize the influence

of the climate, feeding and maintenance on the bulls;

3. due to the fact that for the adult bulls the sperm concentration is higher, we

recommend that in the effective of bulls in the sampling groups to be mostly bulls aged

between 5 and 9.



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2. STUDY ON THE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES

REGARDING THE BEEF BULLS SEMEN PRODUCTION

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

The objective of this chapter is to present the productive performances regarding beef

bulls semen production. In this respect we made researches for the analysis of the number of

doses obtained (processed), doses stored and the number of rejected samples. In order to

identify the main sources of variation and the modality in which these factors act on the

semen production and implicitly on the quality of the semen, the specific parameters had been

assessed depending on the calendar year, race, individuality and age of the bulls. Within the

cryobiological spermograms, we researched the cryobiological reject index depending on the

mentioned factors.

2.2. THE BIOLOGIC MATERIAL

The research was performed between 2006-2010 at Semtest Craiova on a

number of seven bulls of the breeds Charolais, Blanc Blue Belge, Limousin,

Piemontese and Aberdeen Angus being studied.

2.3 THE METHOD USED

The collection of bull semen was made on basis of the monthly sampling

diagram.

In the situation in which the first ejaculate collected did not comply with the

semen parameters in order to be processed, the second ejaculate was collected.

During one calendar year from a donor bull can be collected between 80-90

ejaculates. The medically retained bulls were not submitted to semen collection.

The semen appropriate from the point of view of the quantitative and

qualitative points of view, were processed by dilution, with solvent based on egg yolk



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in combination with the product named Triladyl. For a good homogenization of the

solvent, we used a device equipped with an oscillating plate, which by horizontal

movements assures a very good contact between the solvent and the semen. The

dilution was performed in a single fraction.

After the realization of the dilution, the diluted semen was divided in

polyvinyl chloride tubes of 0,25 ml, Cassou type.

The division of the diluted seminal material in tubes of 0,25 ml, Cassou type

was done with the help of an aspiration and closure of the spangle device based on

ultrasounds.

The tubes with the diluted semen were placed on special metallic ramps

(which serve also in the freezing process). The ramps, having placed the tubes with

the diluted semen, were introduced in the freezer box, specially built in order to

assure a temperature of + 2 - + 40C, and kept there for at least 3 ½ hours, but not

more than 6 ½ hours.

After the conclusion of the equilibration, the ramps with the spangles were

placed in the freezing container, on the freezing grids (perforated metallic leads), for

pre-freezing.

The freezing of the tubes was done using liquid nitrogen vapors, at a

temperature of 135 - 1400C after an exposure of 15 minutes.

After the expiry of the time of exposure in liquid nitrogen vapors, the tubes

were removed from the ramp and with a quick movement they were introduced

through the funnel into the passage bath, in which there were goblets made of plastic

filled with liquid nitrogen.

The goblet with frozen tubes passed then in the prestocking passage. In order

for the operation to take place properly, it was necessary to know the freezing time

of every ejaculate.

For this purpose, a freezing minute was drawn up, based on the data already

extracted from the laboratory register.

The qualitative verification of the frozen semen was performed 24-48 hours

after freezing. The verification of the quality was performed on every two doses of



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frozen semen, taken from every batch of production (collected and processed

ejaculate).

The data obtained were registered in the quality control register of the frozen

semen.

After the verification and approval by C.T.C, the frozen seminal material was

stored in large capacity containers.


The number of collections from beef bulls depended to a large extent on the

exploitation year of the bulls. 2006 is the starting year of use on a large scale of the beef

bulls semen. The exploitation of the bulls was performed depending on the economic

interests of the company, limiting to some extent the stocks. It can be observed that the

semen collectings trend grows every year, starting from 2006 and culminating in 2009 by

X=71, from the four exploited bulls.

Table 6

Number of semen collections according to the calendar year


X S V

2010 5 52 21,5 34,2 63,2

2009 4 71,5 10,6 21,2 29,6

2008 7 47 17,3 45,9 96,6

2007 7 40 11,3 29,8 74,6

2006 3 35 52,8 29,8 85,1



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The average of the processed doses X= 305, varies between X = 246 in the year

2008 and X = 378 in the year 2006, general conditions (environment factors) throughout

the year influencing the number of doses obtained.

Table 7

Number of semen doses obtained according to the year of exploitation


X s V

2010 5 311 35,2 92,3 23,3

2009 4 303 44,5 89 29,6

2008 7 246 38,6 102 41,46

2007 7 287 46,9 124 43,2

2006 3 378 32,4 55,2 14,62

The results analyzed at the studied bulls indicates that the number of stored doses is

influenced by the environment factors throughout the years, as well as certain factors that

influenced the processing and conservation technology of the bull semen. The average of

the doses stored in the five years studied is X = 282 doses. The most reduced amount of

doses were obtained in the year 2008, X=215 doses and the most in 2006 X=362 doses.

Table 8

Number of stored semen doses according to the year of exploitation

Age N Statistical parameters

X s V%

2010 5 275 45,2 93,2 53,2

2009 4 287 43,3 86,8 30,2

2008 7 215 43,5 115 53,5

2007 7 275 44,3 117 42,7

2006 3 362 77,6 132 36,5



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The results obtained regarding cryobiological reject index, show that it is within

normal ranges, except 2008 and 2010, where the values are over 10% influenced by the

bulls Acclain (2008) and Rufus (2010), who for medical reasons were influenced by this

parameter.

Table 9

Results on cryobiological reject index according to the year of exploitation


X S V%

2010 5 12,26 4,2 12 58 32,4

2009 4 5,6 1,15 2,3 41,5

2008 7 10,06 5,34 14,12 140

2007 7 4,18 5,36 14,17 3,3

2006 3 3,84 3,53 6,01 159

2.5 CONCLUSIONS

Following the researches we are able to draw the following conclusions:

1) the number of collections from the beef bulls depends to a large extent on the

management of the processing units, being influenced by the existing stocks, the intensity

of the sales, as well as the requirements particularized on the bulls belonging to a certain

breed, much more demanded. Therefore the individuality of the bulls (genetic basis) as

well as the breed from which they derive influences the rhythm of collections, Ivan bull

of Belgian Blue breed and Nuoro of Piemontese, both transmiters of the culard gene, the

most intensely exploited with an average of exploits for the studied years X=79,7,

respectively X=70,6;

2) the number of doses obtained and stored after the processing of beef bull semen,

depends very much on all conditions the bulls had throughout the exploitation year

(climate, feed, exploitation, etc.). During the year 2006, the average of the processed

doses/ejaculate was 378, compared to the year 2008, when an average of 246 doses was

obtained, for the same years the average of stored doses being X=362 and respectively

X=215;



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3) the age of the bulls does not have determinant influence on the number of

processed doses, variations that do not show an ascendant or descendent trend depending

on aging of the bulls for meat. The average of the processed doses varied between X =

370 at the bulls aged 8 and X = 264 for the ones aged 4, with different variations within

each studied group of age;

4) the individuality of beef bulls has a strong influence on the number of doses

obtained and stored subsequently to the processing; the inherited genetic basis influences

this quantitative parameter and it is maintained throughout the entire exploitation of the

bull. Following the study of the bulls’ spermograms we found that at young bulls the

productive perspectives may be estimated after 5 collections. The bulls from the same

breed (Charolais) showed significant variations during the exploitation years regarding the

processed doses (Thor Sorup – X=458, Jimm – X=238 and Acclain – X=255) and stored

(Thor Sorup – X=4028, Jimm – X=226 and Acclain – X=255);

5) the age of the bulls influences the number of stored doses; from the younger

bulls the number of inappropriate batches is bigger, this making the number of stored

doses from these bulls to be smaller than at adult bulls. For example at the age of 4, 5, and

6 the averages were of X=241, X=206 and X=264, as compared to the age of 7, 8 and 9

X=298, X=351, X=327. It is thus ascertained a steadiness after the age of 7 of the bulls;

6) the cryobiological reject index after processing, for the studied years is within

normal ranges - under 10% except the year 2010 with 12,26%, percent influenced by the

Rufus bull who presented veterinary issues;

7) the age of the bulls influences directly the cryobiological reject index. The bulls

over the age of 7 present much lower values (X=1,9 , X=4,7 , X=3,7) as compared to the

young bulls aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 (X=11,5 , X =10,2 , X=6,94 and X=10,3);

8) the individuality of the bulls, the inherited genetic basis, influence the index of

the cryobiological reject index. Some bulls, (Casho and Ivan), irrespectively of the

exploitation conditions have a decreased cryobiological reject index, throughout the entire

exploitation period, X=2,76, respectively X=5,05 while other bulls were more sensitive

sometimes to the change of certain environmental factors (temperature, feed, exploitation,

etc.), Thor Sorup – X=12.2, Acclain – X=8,2.



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2.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

1) The cryobiological reject index is a reality confirmed by the production under

the economic-organizational aspect, that is why the specialists must take it into

consideration at the year, trimester and monthly planning of the production of frozen doses

of bull semen;

2) for bulls chosen to import for the production of frozen semen we consider that

must be established clearly the freezing capacity (eventually even mentioning possible

individual references of the bulls).

3. THE DOUBLE IMPACT TECHNOLOGY

3.1 GOAL OF THE RESEARCH

The advantage of heterospermia on swine is a known phenomenon practiced for the

increase of fertility. On cattle, the method was not applied, but once with the introduction

of the beef cattle breeds, this phenomenon must be taken into consideration on this

species too, that is why the object of this chapter is to present as absolute novelty in our

country the method of obtaining frozen semen from two beef bulls (different breeds or the

same breed), in the same straw, the product commercially called by the Cogent company

from UK , “DOUBLE IMPACT”. (***, www.cogentuk.com)

3.2 BIOLOGIC MATERIAL

The research was performed in Semtest Craiova laboratory in the period 2009-2010

and to obtain the Double Impact semen, we studied four beef bulls from the breeds

Charolais, Limousin and B.B. Belge. The bull semen collected from these bulls was

processed and used to inseminate cows from individual households and farms, in various



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geographic areas in the country, in order to establish the fecundation capacity of the bulls

for meat, so as to have as much enlightening conclusions as possible.

3. 3 THE METHOD USED

3.3.1 The technology of obtainment two bull semen in one straw,

bulls of same beef breed

This method is applied when it is desired the use one single breed for meat.

In our research we collected two bulls semen from the same breed. We assessed

each bull semen according to the technology described in the previous chapters; we

established the separate dilution ratio, to dilute then every sampled material in the

sampling bag, according to the known technology. We had a good homogenization of the

two semen compositions, the bag being then connected to the homogenizer with horizontal

movements.

Due to the fact that the volumes of the two semen compounds are different, the

volume (VT) of each bull in the mixture is registered in the sampling register of every

batch.

After homogenization the semen was aspirated in the spangle, and then the code

and the numbers of the two bulls from the combination were written and the denomination

DOUBLE IMPACT.

3.3.2 The technology of obtainment two bull semen in one straw,

bulls of different beef breeds

In order to obtain two bulls from different breeds in the same straw, the same

technique was applied, the difference consisting in that the samples were collected from

two bulls of different breeds.



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Fig. 33 Double Impact straw containning bull semen from two different breeds

(Charolais x Limousin)


Following the research performed after processing the seminal material from

four bulls from the four breeds raised for meat carne Charolais, Limousin and B.B.

Belge we obtained three batches of Double impact seminal material from the same

breed (CH X CH) or different breeds (CH X LIM, CH X BBB), totalizing a number of

2390 doses.

Table 10

Number of doses containing Double Impact bull semen

with bulls from the same or different breed

Bull Breed % Bull Breed % Number of

doses

Big CH 60 X Casho LI 40 850

Big CH 55 X Acclain CH 45 900

Big CH 35 X Ivan BBB 65 640



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3.5 CONCLUSIONS

Following the researches performed we are able to draw the following conclusions:

1) for the increase of fertility, the heterospermia can be practiced successfully at

beef cattle breeds irrespectively of the breed of the bulls;

2) the method is useful considering that the material type Double Impact is used to

obtain F1 products with abilities of growth and slaughtering superior to local breeds, on

which it is not necessary to know the belonging of the father bull, and the products

obtained are directed towards slaughtering;

3) by use of this method can be obtained more doses of seminal material from a

much solicited bull, from the point of view of the samplings, with a chance to obtain

eventually products out of this. For example the bull Ivan of the Belgian Blue breed,

sampled 93 times throughout the year 2009.

3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

1) The material type Double Impact shall be produced depending on the

requirements of the beneficiary by combination of two or three different breeds, from the

same breed;

2) Double impact seminal material shall be used only on effectives of cows not

contained in the official control of production of milk;

3) the Double Impact material is indicated to be used by inseminating operators

who do not have the best conditions to develop their activity. (long distances to I.A to the

animal effectives, misleading of the heat of the cows with lower fertility percentage);

4) the products obtained from this type of material male as well as female, shall be

directed towards fattening and slaughtering;

5) We recommend the use of the Double Impact seminal material in order to

inseminate beef breeds as well as for obtainment of crossbreeds with local breeds.



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4. COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE FERTILITY

OF DAIRY AND BEEF BULLS

4. 1 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

It was found that the use of semen bulls that was assessed as proper from the point

of view of sperm parameters and assessed as equal from the point of view of the antigen

associated to fertility leads to different results regarding the share of pregnant cows, that is

why the objective of this chapter is to study comparatively the fertility of beef and dairy

bulls, as well as the semen obtained by the Double Impact method.

4.2 BIOLOGIC MATERIAL AND THE METHOD USED

Our research were performed in the period 2010-2011 at Semtest Craiova and in

the territory in the counties Argeș, Vâlcea, Sălaj and Mehedinți. In order to establish the

fertility of the beef and dairy bulls, the assessment was made for the years 2010 and 2011.

In the year 2010, 61 bulls were taken for study, of which 47 of dairy and mixed

breeds (Holstein, Brown, Simental, Pintzgau and Red Holstein) and 14 bulls from the

breeds raised for meat (Belgian Blue, Charolais, Piemontese, Abeerden Angus and

Limousin), the semen collected from these bulls being produced in Semtest Craiova

laboratory, as well as from import and used for inseminations within the cow effectives in

the territory.

In the year 2011, research was completed on a number of 36 bulls (26 dairy and

mixed breeds and 10 beef bulls), bulls used for inseminations, from own production as

well as from semen originating from laboratories such as Masterrind-Germania and

Belgimex - Belgia.

For the establishment of the fertility of the Double impact type semen, this type of

material was spread in various geographical territories of the country in order to have as

enlightening conclusions as possible.



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In Mehedinţi county comparative studies were performed on six bulls from beef

breeds and six dairy and mixed breeds. For the establishment of the fertility of the seminal

material obtained by the Double Impact method, a number of 68 cows and heifers were

inseminated.

In Vâlcea a number of four bulls were taken to study, from beef breeds raised for

meat, which activated on an effective of 1703 cows and heifers. They were compared with

five dairy and mixed bulls, 1573 cows and heifers were inseminated with. A number of 59

cows and heifers were inseminated with Double impact seminal material.

In the counties Argeş and Sălaj 1884 cows and heifers were inseminated with six

bulls from the breeds raised for meat, and with the Double impact material a number 74

cows and heifers were inseminated.

In order to supervise the fertility process, a number of trips were taken in order to

register the data in the territory together with the staff from the County Improvement and

Reproduction Bureau (O.A.R.Z.)



XXVII


4.3.1 The fertility of the beef and dairy bulls used for

artificial inseminations in the year 2010

From the analysis of the data we found that the average of the fertility of the dairy

cattle breeds is at a value of 76,3%. From the 47 bulls studied (12,7%) were at average

level, 23 bulls (48,9%) under average with values of the fertility percentage between

66% - 76% and 18 bulls (38,4%) above average with values between 78%-89%.

Table 11

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from dairy bulls

used for artificial insemination during 2010

Entry Name Cod Breed

Fecundity (%)

Achieved Difference from average

1 Tantalo 52395 B 89 12

2 Jockel 51935 HF 86 9

3 Ernesto 51782 HF 84 7

4 Amigo 51937 B 82 5

5 Degen 51938 B 81 4

6 Dural 51873 HF 81 4

7 Jenno 51783 HF 81 4

8 Lamento 51252 HF 81 4

9 Sicos 51779 B 80 3

10 Radialis 51877 BG 80 3

11 Ralpi 51795 BG 79 2

12 Juvize 51524 B 79 2

13 Cadero 51933 RH 78 1

14 Hupsi 51932 B 78 1

15 Zetec 52397 B 78 1

16 Tunis 51842 HF 78 1

17 Liconi 52154 RH 78 1

18 Enos 51874 HF 78 1

19 Heliand 51876 BG 77 0

20 Anison 51629 B 77 0

21 Maidal 51875 HF 77 0

22 Connery 52359 RH 77 0

23 Patrizier 51845 HF 77 0

24 Mungo 51939 PZ 77 0

25 Enzian 51563 B 76 -1



XXVIII

26 Jecko 51827 HF 76 -1

27 Kasimir 51550 RH 76 -1

28 Cebit 52153 HF 75 -2

29 Convex 51755 HF 75 -2

30 Janther 51801 HF 75 -2

31 Hofberg 51715 BG 75 -2

32 Jorin 52394 RH 75 -2

33 Barok 51843 BNR 74 -3

34 Jury 51555 B 74 -3

35 Fambo 51551 RH 74 -3

36 Jenkins 51784 HF 73 -4

37 Duron 52149 HF 73 -4

38 Nog Metz 51785 HF 73 -4

39 Hamann 51878 BG 73 -4

40 Ratinho 51638 BG 72 -5

41 Ranten 72762 BG 72 -5

42 Jesolo 51934 HF 72 -5

43 Emden 51826 BNR 72 -5

44 Decent 51798 HF 71 -6

45 Dukan 52151 HF 69 -8

46 Jokus 52150 HF 68 -9

47 Jokei 52152 HF 66 -11

From the analysis of the data the fertility average at cattle raised for milk and

mixed is of 76,3 % , as compared to the breeds raised for meat with an average 75.5% (a

bull at this value, six bulls with values above average between 78% - 86% and seven

bulls under average with values between 67% - 75%). The difference of 0,8 % is small and

it cannot be concluded that the cattle raised for meat would have a more reduced fertility

than the breeds specialized for milk and mixed.

Table 12

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from beef bulls


Entry Name Cod Breed

Fecundity (%)

Achieved Difference from average

1 Conquistadore 72338 LIM 86 9

2 Aclaim 52020 CH 81 4

3 Jimm 51527 CH 80 3

4 Sikko 52357 CH 79 2

5 Casho 51936 LIM 79 2

6 Nuoro 52066 PM 78 1

7 Thor Sorup 51638 CH 76 0



XXIX

8 Ivan 51829 BBB 75 -1

9 Rufus 52209 BBB 74 -2

10 Chagall 52091 BBB 71 -5

11 Maxi 52356 AA 71 -5

12 Gargo 52354 BBB 70 -6

13 Eventfull 52019 AA 69 -7

14 Falco 52092 BBB 67 -9

4.3.2 The fertility of the beef and dairy bulls used for

artificial insemination in the year 2011

For the year 2011, it was recorded an average fertility of the dairy bulls of 78%.

This value was obtained by five bulls (20%), nine bulls (36%) being under average with

results between 74% - 77% and 11 bulls (44%) with values above average (79%-89%).

Table 13

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from dairy bulls


Entry Bull Cod Breed

Fecundity % A.I females Females diagnosed

gestating

Achieved Difference

from average Total

from which: Total

from which:

Cows Cattle Cows Cattle

1 Zetec 52397 B 89 11 829 567 262 734 510 224

2 Heliand 51876 BG 84 6 533 491 42 449 415 34

3 Jockel 51935 HF 83 5 410 382 28 339 312 27

4 Jorin 52394 RH 82 4 897 773 124 733 634 99

5 Jokus 52150 HF 81 3 637 595 42 519 484 35

6 Lamento 51252 HF 81 3 368 352 16 297 283 14

7 Ranten 72762 BG 80 2 542 506 36 434 407 27

8 Decent 51798 HF 79 1 1581 1452 129 1255 1157 98

9 Duron 52149 HF 79 1 255 225 30 202 182 20

10 Jockey 52152 HF 79 1 355 313 42 279 249 30

11 Maidal 51875 HF 79 1 1293 1160 133 1027 925 102

12 Hofberg 51715 BG 78 0 1185 1061 124 928 828 100

13 Aqualino 52507 HF 78 0 1519 1247 272 1187 958 229

14 Ralpi 51795 BG 78 0 457 408 49 357 318 39

15 Hupsi 51932 B 78 0 4228 3746 482 3298 2825 373

16 Fidelito 52156 RH 78 0 484 448 36 378 352 26

17 Dolce 52503 B 77 -1 3096 2705 391 2396 2092 304

18 Janther 51801 HF 77 -1 4939 4278 661 3811 3304 507

19 Tunis 51842 HF 77 -1 3137 2787 350 2406 2123 283

20 Radialis 51877 BG 76 -2 1179 1090 89 892 821 71



XXX

21 Barock 51843 HF 76 -2 2701 2067 634 2041 1515 526

22 Sicos 51779 B 75 -2 2120 1899 221 1591 1422 169

23 Alidio 52506 HF 75 -3 1104 988 116 828 729 99

24 Jenno 51783 HF 75 -3 2978 2574 404 2226 1963 263

25 Enzian 51563 B 74 -4 882 818 64 652 600 52

Following the study we found that the average fertility at the breeds for milk was of

78,72%, and at the breeds raised for meat 79% (a bull had this value, 6 bulls (54,5%)

values above average between 79% - 84% and 4 bulls (36,3%) with values below average

(76%).

Table 14

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from beef bulls


Nr.

Crt

Entry

Taurul

Bull Cod

Rasa

Breed

Fecunditate %

Fecundity %

Femele I.A.

A.I females

Femele diagnosticate

gestante

Females diagnosed

gestating

Realizată

Achieved

Diferenţa faţă

de medie

Difference from

average

Total

din care:

from which: Total

din care:

from which:

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle

1 Nuoro 52066 PM 84 6 1732 1670 62 1460 1413 47

2 Kobra 52482 BBB 82 4 1064 1051 13 872 861 11

3 Casho 51936 LIM 81 3 2777 2670 107 2256 2174 82

4 Illico 52568 BBB 80 2 5088 4781 307 4068 3833 235

5 Big 20153 CH 79 1 2524 2437 87 1990 1918 72

6 James 52567 BBB 79 1 1517 1449 68 1194 1140 54

7 Zico 52566 BBB 78 0 3228 3156 72 2528 2414 114

8 Maxi 52356 AA 77 -1 870 842 28 667 646 21

9 Sikko 52357 CH 77 -1 836 800 36 643 620 23

10 Iwan 51829 BBB 76 -2 5459 5146 313 4168 3923 245

11 Rufus 52209 BBB 76 -2 2297 2199 98 1748 1683 65

It can be noticed an insignificant difference between the two averages obtained,

between the two categories not existing differences regarding the fertility percentage.



XXXI

4.3.3 Comparative study regarding the fertility of the beef and dairy bulls

used for artificial insemination in Mehedinţi country

In the study performed regarding the fertility of the bulls which activated in the

farms and households from Mehedinţi county, it was found that out of the 12 analyzed

bulls, the bulls from the breeds raised for meat average of 79%, as compared to the dairy

bulls with an average of 81,8%. Taking into consideration the allowed limit of the fertility

percentage of 60%, both categories of bulls have good values and comparatively at small

differences between them. The semen produced according to the DOUBLE IMPACT

method, presents a value of the fertility of 91% as compared to the value of 79%, which

represents the average value of fertility of bulls raised for meat. The difference of 12%

represents an important growth of the fertility of this type of material.

Table 15

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from beef and dairy bulls

used for artificial insemination in Mehedinți

Nr. Crt

Entry

Taur

Bull

Femele I.A. 1

A.I 1 females

Femele gestante

Gestating females

Fecunditate %

Fecundity %

Nume

Name Cod

Rasa

Breed Total

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle Total

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle Total

1 Casho 51936 LI 94 93 1 78 77 1 81

2 Nuoro 52066 PI 166 156 10 119 115 4 70

3 Thor Sorup 51781 CH 11 11 - 10 10 - 90

4 Acclaim 52020 CH 22 22 - 18 18 - 81

5 Sikko 52357 CH 59 59 - 53 53 - 90

6 Maxi 52356 AA 12 12 - 10 10 - 83

TOTAL 364 353 11 288 283 5 79

1 Tunis 51842 HF 243 213 30 201 174 27 82

2 Janther 51801 HF 808 750 58 645 598 47 80

3 Juvize 51524 B 143 123 20 125 109 10 87

4 Ralpi 51795 BG 60 59 1 48 47 1 80

5 Barock 51843 HF 682 592 90 547 482 65 80

6 Hupsi 51932 B 526 462 64 450 393 57 85

TOTAL 2462 2199 263 2016 1803 207 81

1 DUBLU IMPACT

DOUBLE IMPACT

CH 68 55 13 62 52 11 91

BBB



XXXII

4.3.4 Comparative study regarding the fertility of the beef and dairy bulls

used for artificial insemination in Vâlcea county

In Vâlcea county nine bulls underwent fertility analysis, four bulls from the breeds

raised for meat, with the fertility average of 91% and five bulls from the dairy breeds with

the average of 90%. The DOUBLE IMPACT semen material presents the fertility average

of 96%, value average above the two categories of bulls analyzed and even above the

fertility average of the bulls from which the material originates from (BIG bull - 91%,

CASHO - 93%).

Table 16

Results on the semen fecundity percentage from beef and dairy bulls

used for artificial insemination in Vâlcea

Nr.

Crt

Entry

Taur

Bull

Femele I.A. 1

A.I 1 females

Femele gestante

Gestating females

Fecunditate %

Fecundity %

Nume

Name Cod

Rasa

Breed Total

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle Total

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle Total

Vaci

Cows

Viţele

Cattle

1 Big 20153 CH 304 283 21 278 257 21 91 90 100

2 Casho 51936 LIM 646 607 39 601 564 37 93 92 94

3 Nuoro 52066 PI 552 524 28 487 464 23 87 88 82

4 Rufus 52209 BB 201 186 15 189 176 13 89 94 86

TOTAL 1703 1600 103 1555 1461 94 91 91 91

1 Hupsi 51932 B 223 108 115 215 102 113 93 94 96

2 Heliand 51846 BG 308 263 45 272 237 35 89 90 77

3 Decent 51796 HF 330 272 58 311 263 48 95 98 82

4 Enzian 51634 B 411 368 43 352 322 30 89 99 69

5 Sicos 51779 B 301 270 31 273 247 26 90 91 83

TOTAL 1573 1281 292 1423 1171 252 90 91 90,5

1

DUBLU

IMPACT

DOUBLE

IMPACT

CH

59 53 6 57 51 6 96 96 96 LIM



XXXIII

4.3.5 Comparative study regarding the fertility of the beef bulls used

for artificial inseminations in the counties Argeş and Sălaj

The study of fertility of the bulls activating in countries Argeș and Sălaj, showed

the fact that the material produced by the Double Impact method had a fertility of 85,13%,

as compared to the one from bulls raised for meat with a fertility of 75,02%. The

difference of 10,10 % shows superiority, regarding the fertility of this material obtained by

the classical method from the bulls from the breeds raised for meat of which the

combination was produced, respectively Casho X = 76,79% and Ivan X = 78,67% .

4.4 CONCLUSIONS

Following the research we can draw the following conclusions:

1) From the comparative studies regarding the fertility percentage of the beef and

dairy bulls throughout the two years (2010-2011), there are no notable differences

regarding the average and the value of the deviations from the average between beef and

dairy breeds, in the year 2010 the average of the fertility percentage at the dairy bulls

being of 77, at the beef bulls of 76. For the year 2011, identical values of the fertility

percentage were obtained at the dairy breeds as well as those for meat, namely 78;

2) by comparative study of the bulls who activated in the farms and households in

Mehedinţi county, it was found that there is an insignificant difference regarding the

fertility of the bulls for meat (78%) in relation to the fertility of the dairy breeds (81%). It

can be noticed a difference of 12% between the fertility percentage of the semen material

obtained by the Double Impact method, as compared to the fertility of the bulls from the

breeds raised for meat obtained by classical method;

3) in Vâlcea county, it was found that there is an insignificant difference between

the fertility of the dairy breeds (90,5%) and those for meat (91%), but regarding the

fertility of the semen material obtained by the Double Impact method, it was noticed a

fertility higher by 5%, 96% as compared to 91% of the bulls from the beef breeds;



XXXIV

4) the fertility study of the beef bulls which activated in the counties Argeș and

Sălaj it showed the fact that the material produced by the Double Impact method was a

fertility of 10,11% higher (85,13%), an increase that leads to the certainty that the seminal

material produced by this method can be used on a larger scale.

4.5 PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

From the objective and detailed analysis of the results obtained and the factors

influencing the fertility and particularizing at the factors directly linked to the spermatozoa

and their role in the fertility process, results the necessity of introduction of the semen

material obtained by the DOUBLE IMPACT technology at the insemination of cows

selected for the obtainment of calf destined for meat (F1) – in which the origin is not

necessary, the priority being the increase of the fertility percentage.



XXXV

5. COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF USE

IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BEEF BULL SEMEN FROM

SEMTEST CRAIOVA IN THE PERIOD 2003-2011

5.1 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

Taking into consideration the major objective of artificial insemination, that to

propagate in the population of animals with valuable genes, by intense and rational usage

of male reproducers of great zootechnic value on a large effective of females, as compared

to the one that can be contained by using that particular reproductive in breeding (VASILE

MARIA, 1998), in this chapter we shall realize a study on the impact of the use of beef bull

semen, insisting on the scope of the phenomenon following its distribution in the territory.

It shall be analyzed numerically, the percentage and by graphics the place and the role

which the beef bull semen gained, in detriment of the dairy breeds.

5. 2 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND THE METHOD USED

The study was performed in the period 2003-2011, the biological material being

represented by the frozen seminal material obtained at Semtest Craiova laboratory, from

bull breeds HOLSTEIN, BROWN, FLECKVIEH CATTLE, PINZGAUER, as well as

from the breeds raised for meat PIEMONTESE, CHAROLAIS, LIMOUSIN, BELGIAN

BLUE and ABERDEEN ANGUS. The frozen seminal material was distributed in the

territory being destined for type F 1 cross.



XXXVI


5.3.1 Study on the use of bull seminal material in the period

2003-2011 at Semtest Craiova

The beef bull breeds were introduced in Romania in the year 2003, the trend of use

of bulls raised for meat being an ascendant one, growing from 0,31% to 43,45 % in 2011.

In the year 2003 the relative importance was held by the breeds Holstein 56,88% , Brown

23,23% and Bălţată Românească 14,11%.

Chart 1 Study on the use of bull semen during 2003

In the period 2004-2006, the percentage of use of bulls raised for meat was still

low, around 1%, but starting from 2007, due to the outstanding results obtained with the

beef cattle breeds and the specific growth conditions of the cows in small farms in our

country, which do not have milk quota, and are not registered in the official control of the

production of milk, the artificial inseminations from bull raised for meat extended.

Holstein 56,88%

Brună 23,23% Brown

Balţată Germană 14,11% German Bălțată

Testare 5,47% Testing

Rase de carne 0,31% Breeds for meat



XXXVII



Holstein 59,43%

Brună 27,54% Brown

Bălţată Germană 7,67% Geman Balțată



Holstein 54,91%

Brună 23,68% Brown

Bălţată Germană 16,05% German Balțată





XXXVIII



Holstein 45,93%

Brună 29,52% Brown

Bălţată Germană 15,81% German Bălțată



Holstein 38,59%

Brună 19,62% Brown






XXXIX



Holstein 46,77%

Brună 23,61% Brown


Bivol 0,34% Buffalo


Holstein 40,18%

Brună 21,85% Brown


Bivol 0,99% Buffalo




XL


The tendency to use of beef bull semen continues in 2011 as well, year in which

43,45% of the total doses of this type of material are used. We consider that it is a

maximum limit, which should not be exceeded, due to the fact that there is a risk of

diminishing in the future the bed effective, which would lead to decrease of the effectives

and would interrupt the reproductive cycle at effective already in existence.


Holstein 32,35%

Red Holstein 3,10%

Brună 13,71% Brown

Bălţată Germană 9% German Bălțată


Pinzgau 0,07%

Bivoli 0,47% Buffalo

Holstein 29,22%

Red Holstein 4,38%

Brună 13,34% Brown

Bălţată Germană+Austriaca 9,01%


Diverse rase 0,61% Miscellaneous breeds



XLI

5.3.2 Study on the beef bull semen in the period 2003-2011

Starting from the year 2003 it was imported from the Czech Republic the bull from

the breed Charolais – Jimm, bull selected and tested for breed crossing, the semen

sampled from it being distributed for free, in order to obtain F1 products on cows from

various areas of the country. The products obtained from this, had normal birth,

outstanding products resulting, with abilities for raising and fattening.

Table 17

Study on the use of beef bull semen during 2003-2011

Year Breed Semen doses Percentage of doses used

2003 Charolais 1245 100%

Total doze m.s.c. 2003 1245 100%

2004 Charolais 3120 100%

Total doze m.s.c. 2004 3120 100%

2005 Charolais 5980 100%

Total doze m.s.c. 2005 5980 100%

2006 Charolais 11150 32,39%

B.B.Belgique 22879 66,45%

Limousin 400 1,16%

Total doze m.s.c. 2006 34429 100%

2007 Charolais 11830 18,10%


Limousin 14366 21,97%

Total doze m.s.c. 2007 65383 100%

2008 Charolais 13224 14,5%


Limousin 11919 13,07%

Aberdeen - Angus 2500 2,73%

Piemontese 10498 11,51%



XLII

Total doze m.s.c. 2008 91200 100%

2009 Charolais 8825 7,29%


Limousin 22270 18,38%



Blonde D’Aquitaine 500 0,41%

Total doze m.s.c. 2009 121153 100%

2010 B.B.Belgique 90881 70,31%

Charolais 12386 9,58%

Limousin 11466 8,87%



Blonde D’Aquitaine 145 0,11%

Dublu Impact 1305 1,01%

Total doze m.s.c. 2010 129250 100%

2011 B.B.Belgique 70570 64,92%

Charolais 16756 15,41%

Limousin 12212 11,23%



Dublu Impact 2174 2%

Total doze m.s.c. 2011 108700 100%

Total number of beef bull semen used during 2003-2011 = 560460



XLIII

If in the year 2003 the Charlois breed was the only used breed, with a very reduced

number of used doses, starting from 2004-2005 the number of doses used increased due to

the positive results obtained following the inseminations in the previous years.

Chart 10 Study on the use of beef bull semen during 2003-2011

In the year 2006, bulls from the breed Belgian Blue and Limousin were imported.

The Belgian Blue bull Ivan, by outstanding abilities regarding reproduction and

performances obtained at the products, led to an every time more increased interest of the

breeders for the Belgian Blue breed, from which in the year 2006, 22870 doses were used,

representing 66,45 % of the total. The ascendant curve continues in 2007 as well; by a

careful selection of the bulls used for breed crossing, Semtest Craiova succeeded over the

years to change the mentality of the breeders and specialists in this field who did not

recommend this type of cross.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

doze m.s.c. 1245 3120 5980 34429 65383 91200 121153 129250 108700



XLIV

In the year 2008 the insemination with seminal material from the breeds raised for

meat continued using more breeds: Piemontese 10498 doses - 16,05% , Aberdeen Angus

2500 doses - 3,82% , Limousin 11919 doses - 18,22% , Belgian Blue 27281 - 41,70% ,

Charolais 13224 doses - 20,21%.

5.4 CONCLUSIONS

Following the researches performed we are able to draw the following conclusions:

1) due to the fact that Semtest Craiova used for artificial inseminations bulls tested

for breed crossing abilities, the calvings of the partner cows were easy without creating

problems for the breeders. This led to an increase of the number of artificial inseminations

with beef bulls, in the detriment of dairy breeds, from 0,31% of the total of doses used in

the year 2003 to 43,45% in 2011.

2) the percentage reached was 43,45% doses used for artificial inseminations we

consider that it is a maximum limit, which must not be exceeded, due to the fact that it

would cause decrease of the matrix effective interrupting the reproductive cycle at already

existing effectives.

3) taking into consideration the diversity of the cows in the local breeds that would

be inseminated with breeds for meat, it was necessary to use more beef breeds (Charolais,

Limousin, Belgian Blue, Aberdeen Angus, Piemontese and Blonde D’Aquitaine) in order

to obtain products which would not produce calving distortions, the feed adaptability with

concentrates and fibrous products early, with reduced winning rapid growth and high

slaughtering efficiency.

4) the use of beef cattle breeds, lead to the ability of breeders from all counties to

draw conclusions on the characteristics of the obtained F1 products, so that in the future to

be able to choose the best combinations depending on their goal.

5) Belgian Blue breed was the favorite breed of Romanian breeders from all

counties in the country, due to outstanding qualities regarding reproduction and

performances of the products obtained. In all studied years (ever since it started to be

imported in Romania) this breed exceeded 50% from the total of used breeds. For example

in 2006 - 22870 doses were used, representing 22,45% from the total of doses given.



XLV

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

1) We recommend the artificial insemination of bulls raised for meat in order to

obtain F1 products, be performed only after preliminary testing, on a reduced effective of

females, regarding easiness of calvings, otherwise they may cause economic damage, by

loss from the female effective, increasing as well the distrust of the breeders in the use of

this hybridation technology;

2) the use for certain cross breeding only of a beef cattle breed, determines the

other not to be acknowledged by breeders, limiting the possibility to obtain F1 products

with the most optimal characteristics to the farm’s conditions. Therefore it is avoided the

excessive use only of certain spectacular breeds such as the Belgian Blue, in farms whose

condition does not engage in the use of such crossbreeds;

3) the use of the breeds raised for meat in households with 1-2 cows, has economic

implications regarding the profitability of income by capitalization for a better price of the

calves obtained following the crossbreeding with beef breeds;

4) depending on the raising conditions and the goal, only breeds that comply with

the requirements shall be used. For example F1 crossbreds obtained from Charlois bulls,

are recommended for the breeders who wish the products to be raised in their own farm,

the weaning to be done without too much stress, the consumption of concentrated feed

and fibrous products to start as early as possible. This type of crossbred suits very well the

breeders who do not have the best conditions;

5) the Piemontese bulls suit very well cross breeding with Bălţată Românească,

breed out of which outstanding products are obtained, regarding their adaptability and

ability of fattening, increasing the efficiency in hull of the fattened and slaughtered

products;

6) we recommend the insemination of local cows with bulls of Limousin breed,

because these bulls do not create distortions and the abilities of the crossbreds recommend

this type of cross breeding;



XLVI

7) the F1 products obtained from all breeds for meat (male as well as female) are

fattened and slaughtered. In the case of crossbreeding for absorption females shall be kept,

we recommend the application of a crossing scheme;

8) taking into consideration that the marketing of F1 products (male and female)

from the Belgian Blue breed, for export in Italy and Greece, we recommend the rational

use of crossing with these breeds due to the fact that there is a risk of diminishing the

cattle effective.



XLVII

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