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Production of Strawberries in Florida. Monica Cooper. Field Preparation. Clear all debris Construct raised beds Fumigate 2 weeks later, set transplants (15-16 in.) Transplant selection early season yield 3 varieties/field ‘Sweet Charlie’ & ‘Camarosa’. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Production of Production of Strawberries in Strawberries in FloridaFlorida
Monica CooperMonica Cooper
Field PreparationField Preparation Clear all debrisClear all debris Construct raised bedsConstruct raised beds FumigateFumigate 2 weeks later, set transplants (15-16 in.)2 weeks later, set transplants (15-16 in.) Transplant selectionTransplant selectionearly season yieldearly season yield 3 varieties/field3 varieties/field ‘‘Sweet Charlie’ & ‘Camarosa’Sweet Charlie’ & ‘Camarosa’
Gulf Coast Research & Education Gulf Coast Research & Education CenterCenter
Dover, FLDover, FL
The PathogensThe Pathogens Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinerea Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatum Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum fragariaeColletotrichum fragariae Xanthomonas fragariaeXanthomonas fragariae Sphaerotheca macularisSphaerotheca macularis
Gray moldGray mold Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinerea Small, firm, light Small, firm, light
brown spotsbrown spots Fruit eventually Fruit eventually
covered with gray covered with gray mass of myceliummass of mycelium
Invades blossoms, Invades blossoms, then infects then infects maturing fruitmaturing fruit
PostharvestPostharvest
ManagementManagement Leaf sanitation & plant Leaf sanitation & plant
spacingspacing Cultivars with smaller Cultivars with smaller
calyxescalyxes Partially resistant Partially resistant
cultivarscultivars Biological controlsBiological controls Treat transplantsTreat transplants Broad spectrum fungicide Broad spectrum fungicide
on weekly basison weekly basis Iprodione during peak Iprodione during peak
bloom periodsbloom periods
Postharvest:Postharvest: Avoid overripe or Avoid overripe or
damaged fruitdamaged fruit Avoid injuryAvoid injury Cool fruitCool fruit Maintain in COMaintain in CO22
rich atmosphererich atmosphere
Anthracnose fruit rotAnthracnose fruit rot Colletotrichum Colletotrichum
acutatumacutatum Round, firm, sunken Round, firm, sunken
lesions on fruitlesions on fruit Pink, orange, salmon-Pink, orange, salmon-
colored spore massescolored spore masses Favored by warm Favored by warm
temperatures & rainfalltemperatures & rainfall May cause serious May cause serious
losses in nurserylosses in nursery
Management practicesManagement practices AvoidanceAvoidance ResistanceResistance Use minimal amounts of NitrogenUse minimal amounts of Nitrogen Remove infected fruit from fieldRemove infected fruit from field Captan or Thiram (protectant)Captan or Thiram (protectant) Quadris (azoxystrobin)Quadris (azoxystrobin)
Anthracnose crown rotAnthracnose crown rot Colletotrichum Colletotrichum
gloeosporioidesgloeosporioides Colletotrichum fragariaeColletotrichum fragariae Wilting & deathWilting & death Temperature dependentTemperature dependent Warm weather & Warm weather &
frequent rainfallfrequent rainfall Reddish brown rot or Reddish brown rot or
streaking in the tissue streaking in the tissue of the crown of the crown
ManagementManagement PreventativePreventative End of season End of season
removal of removal of inoculuminoculum
Resistant cultivarsResistant cultivars Benlate (benomyl)Benlate (benomyl) Topsin M Topsin M
(thiophanate-(thiophanate-methyl)methyl)
Angular leaf Angular leaf spotspot
Xanthomonas Xanthomonas fragariaefragariae
Angular, water Angular, water soaked leaf spotssoaked leaf spots
Translucent lesionsTranslucent lesions Very resistant to Very resistant to
desiccationdesiccation May become May become
systemic systemic
Angular leaf spotAngular leaf spot PreventionPrevention No resistant commercial cultivarsNo resistant commercial cultivars Copper containing bactericidesCopper containing bactericides
Sphaerotheca macularisSphaerotheca macularis Powdery mildewPowdery mildew White, web-like White, web-like
growthgrowth Undersides of Undersides of
leavesleaves CoolCool High humidityHigh humidity Severe in Severe in
glasshouses & glasshouses & tunnelstunnels
ManagementManagement Clean stockClean stock Destroy leaves on Destroy leaves on
which pathogen which pathogen overseasonsoverseasons
Protectant Protectant fungicidefungicide
Resistant varieties Resistant varieties (‘Sweet Charlie’)(‘Sweet Charlie’)
The Arthropod PestsThe Arthropod Pests Twospotted spider miteTwospotted spider mite ArmywormsArmyworms ThripsThrips Field cricketField cricket Sap beetleSap beetle
Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticae 88% of growers88% of growers Warm, spring Warm, spring
weatherweather Reduce yieldReduce yield Blooms and Blooms and
developing fruitdeveloping fruit
Spider miteSpider mite Clean transplantsClean transplants Beneficial mites Beneficial mites
(30% of growers)(30% of growers) Miticides Miticides
undersides of undersides of leavesleaves
Fall & Southern Fall & Southern ArmywormsArmyworms
Spodoptera Spodoptera fruqiperdafruqiperda
Spodoptera Spodoptera eridaniaeridania
Larvae feed on Larvae feed on fruit & leavesfruit & leaves
Prefer young, Prefer young, developing leavesdeveloping leaves
NocturnalNocturnal
Management practicesManagement practices MonitoringMonitoringSept. through Dec. Sept. through Dec. Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis MethomylMethomyl
Flower thripsFlower thrips Frankliniella Frankliniella
cephalicacephalica Wind-borneWind-borne Rasp flowersRasp flowers Mistaken for Mistaken for
powdery mildew, powdery mildew, spray burn spray burn damagedamage
Field cricketField cricket Gryllus firmus & Gryllus firmus &
G. rubensG. rubens 2-5 months after 2-5 months after
beds coveredbeds covered Nymphs & adults Nymphs & adults
feed on crowns & feed on crowns & scrape seeds from scrape seeds from green fruitsgreen fruits
ScoutingScouting InsecticidesInsecticides
Sap beetleSap beetle Lobiopa insularisLobiopa insularis Minor concernMinor concern Overripe, Overripe,
damaged berriesdamaged berries Disseminate fruit Disseminate fruit
rot pathogensrot pathogens Warm weatherWarm weather
ManagementManagement Maintain sound fruitMaintain sound fruit Don’t leave overripe fruit in fieldDon’t leave overripe fruit in field Harvest all areas of field Harvest all areas of field ScoutScout Insecticides, only in case of Insecticides, only in case of
population explosionpopulation explosion
Beneficial ArthropodsBeneficial Arthropods Predaceous mitePredaceous mite Sixspotted thripsSixspotted thrips Lady beetle larvaLady beetle larva Minute pirate bug larvaMinute pirate bug larva Hover flyHover fly
Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis Orange, shinyOrange, shiny Faster than spider Faster than spider
mitesmites Specialized Specialized
predator of predator of webspinning webspinning spider mitesspider mites
Careful in choice Careful in choice of insecticidesof insecticides
Sixspotted thripsSixspotted thrips Feeds on mites, Feeds on mites,
other small other small arthropodsarthropods
3 dark spots on 3 dark spots on each forewingeach forewing
Minute pirate bug larvaMinute pirate bug larva Orius insidiosusOrius insidiosus Thrips, mites, Thrips, mites,
mite eggs, aphidsmite eggs, aphids
Hover flyHover fly Flower fly, syrphid Flower fly, syrphid
flyfly Mistaken for fruit Mistaken for fruit
flyfly Distinguished by Distinguished by
ability to hover & ability to hover & fly backwards fly backwards
AdultAdultpollinatorspollinators LarvaeLarvaepredaceous predaceous
on aphidon aphid
Insecticides & MiticidesInsecticides & Miticides Methyl bromideMethyl bromide Methomyl (Lannate)Methomyl (Lannate)
ArmywormArmyworm 65-80% acreage65-80% acreage 3-5.2 times/season3-5.2 times/season
Fenbutatin-oxideFenbutatin-oxide VendexVendex MiteMite 31-61% acreage31-61% acreage 1.7-4.8 times/season1.7-4.8 times/season
Abamectin (Agri-Mek)Abamectin (Agri-Mek) MiteMite 68-83% of acreage68-83% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season2.5-3.4 times/season
DiazinonDiazinon ArmywormArmyworm 24-35% of acreage24-35% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season2.5-3.4 times/season
Naled (Dibrom)Naled (Dibrom) 15% acreage15% acreage 2.2-3.1 times/season2.2-3.1 times/season
More chemicalsMore chemicals Carbaryl (Sevin)Carbaryl (Sevin)
11% of acreage11% of acreage 2.6 times/season2.6 times/season
Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis When populations of worms lowWhen populations of worms low 57-65% of acreage57-65% of acreage 4.2-5.2 times/season4.2-5.2 times/season
WeedsWeeds Several grasses & Several grasses &
broadleaf weedsbroadleaf weeds Managed mainly Managed mainly
by fumigation & by fumigation & plastic mulchplastic mulch
Weeds problem in:Weeds problem in: Row middlesRow middles Planting holesPlanting holes Perimeter of fieldPerimeter of field
Nutsedge:Nutsedge: Most troublesomeMost troublesome Not managed by Not managed by
plastic mulchplastic mulch
Weed managementWeed management Cultivation of row middlesCultivation of row middles Hand weedingHand weeding Plastic mulchesPlastic mulches Cover crops, sods, living mulchesCover crops, sods, living mulches FallowingFallowing HerbicidesHerbicides
Applied to row middlesApplied to row middles Rotate herbicides due to changing weed population Rotate herbicides due to changing weed population
over 6-7 month seasonover 6-7 month season
HerbicidesHerbicides Paraquat (Gramoxone)Paraquat (Gramoxone)
PostemergencePostemergence Annual broadleaf & grassesAnnual broadleaf & grasses Top kill of perennialsTop kill of perennials Non-selective, need shield to protect berriesNon-selective, need shield to protect berries 82-98% of acreage, 1.7-1.9 applications/season82-98% of acreage, 1.7-1.9 applications/season
Napropamide (Devrinol)Napropamide (Devrinol) Annual grasses & broadleaf weedsAnnual grasses & broadleaf weeds Not effective on established weedsNot effective on established weeds Not from bloom to harvestNot from bloom to harvest 25% of acreage, 1.23 applications/season25% of acreage, 1.23 applications/season
NematodesNematodes Sting Sting
Belonolaimus Belonolaimus longicaudatuslongicaudatus
Root knotRoot knot MeloidogyneMeloidogyne spp. spp.
FoliarFoliar AphelenchoidesAphelenchoides
sp.sp.
Make plants more Make plants more susceptible to:susceptible to: DroughtDrought Salt damageSalt damage Other pathogensOther pathogens
FusariumFusarium sp. sp. PythiumPythium sp. sp.
Sting nematodeSting nematode EctoparasiteEctoparasite Most damaging:Most damaging:
NurseriesNurseries TransplantsTransplants
Sandy soilSandy soil 25-3025-30ooCC
Symptoms:Symptoms: Well defined bordersWell defined borders Dead transplantsDead transplants Stunting, decline, Stunting, decline,
dormancydormancy Browning of leaf edgesBrowning of leaf edges
On roots:On roots: Overall, coarse Overall, coarse
appearanceappearance Tips injuredTips injured No new growthNo new growth Lack of feeder rootsLack of feeder roots
NematodesNematodes SamplingSampling
At end of growing At end of growing seasonseason
When soil damp, not When soil damp, not soggy or drysoggy or dry
10-20 samples at 10-20 samples at depth of 6-10 inchesdepth of 6-10 inches
Management Management practices:practices: Preplant or Preplant or
postharvestpostharvest
Clean stockClean stock Destroy crop at Destroy crop at
end of seasonend of season Fallowing with Fallowing with
frequent tillagefrequent tillage Cover cropCover crop Crop rotationCrop rotation ChemicalChemicalmost most
commoncommon
Methyl bromideMethyl bromide January 1, 2005January 1, 2005 Soil fumigant Soil fumigant ControlsControls
WeedsWeeds NematodesNematodes soil-borne pathogens soil-borne pathogens
& insects& insects Telone C-17 or C-35 Telone C-17 or C-35
with Devrinolwith Devrinol Telone ECTelone EC Mulches, cover cropsMulches, cover crops
Tunnel systemTunnel system Decrease diseaseDecrease disease Increase early Increase early
season yieldsseason yields Where water is Where water is
limiting factorlimiting factor ‘‘Sweet Charlie’Sweet Charlie’