Production of EnergyRespiration & Glycolysis

Unit 43.4.4

Objectives•Gain an overview of respiration as a

process

•Understand glycolysis

Expected outcome•Name the stages of aerobic respiration

•Define key terms related to respiration

•Explain how glycolysis occurs

•Summarise the process of glycolysis

Respiration- Key termsOxidation is..... Reduction is......Addition of oxygen Removal of oxygenRemoval of hydrogen Addition of hydrogenRemoval of electrons Addition of electrons

OIL RIGOxidation is lossReduction is gain

•NAD – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide•Can accept a hydrogen atom • http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/nadjdisplay.html

Respiration- OverviewWhere do these reactions occur?

• Glycolysis• Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle• Electron Transport Chain

•Take one clean piece of paper•Name•Carbon number•Conversions•Enzymes•ATP gain / loss

Glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphateFructose 1-6-bisphosphate

Glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

Glycerate 3-phosphate

Phosphoglycerate mutase

glycerate- 2-phosphate

phosphoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate

Pyruvate kinase (with Mg cofactor)

Link reaction– next step from glycolysis towards Krebs cycle

PyruvateAcetyl coenzyme A

Glycolysis

Use the diagram to write a summary paragraph for glycolysis.

Ensure you refer to oxidation, reduction and phosphorylation.

What is the net production of ATP from Glycolysis?

Energy Production from Glycolysis• 2 ATP are used up to phosphorylate glucose and fructose 6-

phosphate.

• Energy is released to synthesise ATP from ADP from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

• Energy is released to synthesise ATP from ADP from phosphoenolpyruvate

• These reactions are substrate level phosporylation.

• Net gain of ATP is therefore 2.• 2 molecules of NADH + H+ can pass through electron

transport chains.• This can, in aerobic conditions, result in the generation in two

or 3 molecules of ATP.• Potential gain is therefore 6 to 8 molecules of ATP

•Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD

ATP synthesis•Substrate-level phosphorylation•Oxidative phosphorylation

•Plants - photophosphorylation