Product Cost Flows and Business Organizations

Product Cost Flows and Business Organizations

C H A P T E R 17

Learning Objective 1

Understand the difficulty, yet importance, of having accurate product cost information.

Direct Labor Costs

Direct Labor Costs

Assignment of Product Costs

Product CostProduct Cost

Direct Materials

Costs

Direct Materials

Costs- Expenditure

and use usually match production.

- Expenditure and use usually match production.

Easily assigned to products.

Easily assigned to products.

Manufacturing Overhead

Costs

Manufacturing Overhead

Costs- Total costs not known

until the end of the period.

- Not usually assigned to specific products.

- “Lumped” costs don’t match production very well.

Difficult to assign to products.

Product Cost Systems

Why does management needs accurate product cost information?

Why does management needs accurate product cost information?

Product Cost Systems

What does accurate information allow management to do?

What does accurate information allow management to do?

Learning Objective 2

Explain the flow of goods and services in a manufacturing organization and follow the accumulation of product costs in its accounting system.

Review the Time Line of Business

To accurately measure product costs, accountants must:

Measuring Cost

Outline the Flow of Cost in a Manufacturing Process

Determining Cost

What are some difficulties in determining costs of manufactured products?

Direct materials

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Raw Materials.

Example: Direct Materials Costs

Venus Vehicles purchased $2 million of steel for its new line of cars. What is the journal entry?

Half the new steel is requested from the warehouse for production. What is the journal entry?

Indirect materials ($250,000 of glue and bolts) are requisitioned from the storeroom. What is the journal entry?

Direct labor

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Direct Labor.

Direct Labor Costs and Example

Time clocks, computer entries, time sheets—

- All allow production personnel to identify specific jobs worked on.

This information is revealed on the job cost sheet.

Labor costs can be direct or indirect.

Payroll records report direct labor of $50,000 and indirect labor of $50,000. Record the direct labor.

Record the indirect labor.

Manufacturing overhead

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Factory Overhead.

Describe Characteristics of Manufacturing Overhead Costs

Describe the Two-Step Process to Apply Manufacturing Overhead to

Products

Step One

Step Two

Steel Works estimates annual variable manufacturing overhead costs of $10,000 and fixed manufacturing overhead of $20,000. What is the predetermined overhead rate if the company expects to use the machines 10,000 hours?

Determining Manufacturing Overhead Rate

Steel Works used 10 machine hours in the production of Job No. 12. Using the $3.00 predetermined overhead rate, what overhead costs will be applied to manufacturing overhead (MOH) for this job? What is the journal entry to apply this MOH to Job No. 12?

Determining Manufacturing Overhead Rate

Steel Works used $100 in direct materials in Job No. 12’s production as well as 10 hours of direct labor at $20 per hour. Using a job cost sheet, determine the job’s total cost. Now that the job is complete, prepare the entries for its transfer to Finished Goods and its sale.

Transferring Completed Products to Finished Goods Inventory & then

Selling the Products

Learning Objective 3

Understand the process of accounting for overhead.

Actual versus Applied Manufacturing Overhead

Actual Overhead Actual annual manufacturing overhead costs. Needed for accurate determination of income. Recorded as debit to Manufacturing

Overhead.Applied Overhead

Amount of overhead applied to products using the predetermined overhead rate.

Recorded as credit to Manufacturing Overhead.

Disposition of Over- and Underapplied MOH

Overapplied Manufacturing Overhead:

The excess of applied overhead costs over actual overhead costs for a period.

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual

10

Applied

20

Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead:

The excess of actual overhead costs over applied overhead costs for a period.

(Cost of job is overstated)

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual

20

Applied

10

(Cost of job is understated)

Treating Applied OverheadTwo methods for treating over- and underapplied MOH:

- Allocate over- or underapplied manufacturing overhead to Work-in-Process Inventory, Finished Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold on the basis of the ending balances in these three accounts.

- More accurate; any difference is allocated proportionately.

- More complicated; requires detailed calculations.

- Close over- or underapplied overhead directly to Cost of Goods Sold.

- Easier and more commonly used, especially if amount is small.

- Debit MOH, Credit COGS.

Learning Objective 4

Create a Cost of Goods Manufactured schedule and understand how it is used to calculate cost of goods sold.

Discuss the Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule

Example: Cost of Goods Manufactured ScheduleSatchel Manufacturing, Inc.

Cost of Goods Manufactured ScheduleFor the Year Ended December 31, 2006

Raw Materials: Beginning raw materials inv. $ 30,000 Add: Raw materials purchased 150,000 Total: raw materials available $180,000 Less: Ending raw materials inv. 20,000 Raw materials used in production $

160,000Direct labor

220,000Applied manufacturing overhead 330,000Total manufacturing costs $ 710,000

We will begin with the bottom line from the previous slide.

Total manufacturing cost $ 710,000

Add: Beginning work-in-process 25,000

Less: Ending work-in-process 35,000

Cost of goods manufactured $ 700,000

Example: Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule

Learning Objective 5

Explain the flow of goods and services in a merchandising organization and follow the accumulation of product costs in its accounting system.

The Distribution Channel

The process of wholesalers purchasing from manufacturers and supplying retailers who sell to final customers.

A Typical Channel of Distribution

Manufacturer Brand A

Manufacturer Brand B

Manufacturer Brand C

Manufacturer Brand D

Manufacturer Brand E

Manufacturer Brand F

Wholesaler

Wholesaler

Wholesaler

Retailer

Brand A Customers

Brand B Customers

Brand C Customers

Brand D Customers

Brand E Customers

Brand F Customers

Describe What Wholesalers Do

Retailers – Define Risk and Stockturns

Often work with many wholesalers (and some manufacturers) to obtain inventory mix.

Risk

Stockturns

Second-tier merchants who typically purchase products from wholesalers to distribute to customers. Many will often bypass wholesalers to purchase inventory directly from the original manufacturers.

Second-tier merchants who typically purchase products from wholesalers to distribute to customers. Many will often bypass wholesalers to purchase inventory directly from the original manufacturers.

Describe Merchandise Cost Flows

Accounts Payable

xxx

xx

Merchandise Inventory

xxxx

x

xxCost of Goods

Sold

xx

xx x

Describe Accounting for Inventory

Prepare journal entry for when $465 inventory is sold.

Learning Objective 6

Explain the flow of goods and services in a service organization and follow the accumulation of product costs in its accounting system

Define a Service Company

What are the Effects of Deregulation?

List Similarities Between Service and Manufacturing Firms

List Differences Between Service and Manufacturing Firms

Work-in-Process Inventory

At period’s end, there may be situations where significant effort and resources have been invested in a service product that is not yet completed.

Revenue is not yet earned; therefore, costs should not be recognized yet as expenses. This work in process is an asset, referred to as Work-in-Process Services.

When service is completed and delivered, service costs (overhead costs and work-in-process services) are transferred to Cost of Services.

Learning Objective 7

Understand the impact of e-business on product costing.

What Impact Has e-business Had on Product Costs?

Expanded MaterialLearning Objective 7

Use the FIFO method to do process costing.

Process Costing

Process costing is appropriate if what two general conditions are met?

What are the 5 Steps in Process Costing?

1

2

3

4

5

Step 1: Compute Equivalent Units of Production

Physical Units (lbs) % Done

Equivalent Units % Done

Equivalent Units

Beginning work-in-process 4,000 0% - 80% 3,200 Started & completed 44,000 100% 44,000 100% 44,000

Ending work-in-process 2,000 100% 2,000 60% 1,200

Equivalent units of production 46,000 48,400

Transferred out 48,000

Direct Materials Costs Conversion Costs

Step 2: Compute Product Costs per Unit

Total Costs

Equivalent Units

Cost per Unit

Beginning work-in-process Direct materials costs 800$ 4,000 0.20$ Conversion costs 1,200 800 1.50

Total 2,000$ Total 1.70$ Current period Direct materials costs 9,660$ 46,000 0.21$ Conversion costs 70,180 48,400 1.45

Total 79,840$ Total 1.66$

Step 3: Compute the Costs Transferred Out

Cost per Unit

Equivalent Units

Beginning work-in-process Initial direct materials costs 800$ Initial conversions costs 1,200 Cost to complete materials 0.21$ - - Cost to complete conversion 1.45 3,200 4,640

Total 6,640$ Started and completed 1.66$ 44,000 73,040 Total costs transferred out 79,680$

Step 4: Compute Costs of Ending Work-in Process Inventory

Cost per Unit

Equivalent Units

Costs for direct materials 0.21$ 2,000 420$ Conversion costs 1.45 1,200 1,740

Cost of ending work-in-process 2,160$

Step 5: Prepare the Production Cost Report

The production cost report contains the information prepared and presented in steps 1 through 4.

This Completes Managerial Chapter 3