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HAL Id: hal-01595297https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01595297
Submitted on 3 Jun 2020
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Producing food and electricity in the same system.Experimental evidence of agrivoltaic systems potential
Hélène Marrou, Jacques Wéry, Lydie Dufour, Christian Dupraz
To cite this version:Hélène Marrou, Jacques Wéry, Lydie Dufour, Christian Dupraz. Producing food and electricity in thesame system. Experimental evidence of agrivoltaic systems potential. 12. Congress of the EuropeanSociety for Agronomy, Aug 2012, Helsinki, Finland. 598 p. �hal-01595297�
Producing food and electricity in the same system
Experimental evidence of
AGRIVOLTAIC SYSTEMS potential
H. Marrou, J. Wery, L. Dufour, C. Dupraz INRA – UMR SYSTEM (France, Montpellier)
Helsinki, 21st August 2012
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
An AVS is a production system that associates on the same land unit at
the same time solar panels and food crops
Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) : what and what for?
Key assets : Intensify land productivity
(food + energy)
Keep arrable land available for food production
Increase food security
A wide range of possibilities
2 Dupraz C., H. Marrou, G. Talbot, L. Dufour, Y. Ferard, A. Nogier. 2011. Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimizing land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes. Renewable Energy 36 , 2725-2732.
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Agrivoltaic system under study
3
44.8m 19.2m
6.4m
4m
NORTH
SOUTH
3.2m
1.6m
Half Density
6.4m
44.8m
Same energy production as a conventional solar plant
50% of the production of a conventional solar plant
Full Density
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Agrivoltaic system under study
4
HD FD
3 radiative treatments: FD= Full Density of panels
HD = Half Density of panels
C = Full sun Control
No H20 stress, no N stress
Different species Lettuces (2 seasons, 5 varieties)
French beans
Cucumbers
Wheat
C
C
FD
HD
C
NORTH
SOUTH
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
7
How do PVPs affect the microclimate?
What is the impact on crop productivity?
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Zénith
West
East
el1 el
2 az1 az2
South
(x,y,z) Solar Panel Strips
Assessment of the available radiation
Light distribution is HETEROGENOUS in FD and HD
Measurements on the field :
Developement of a radiation model
Validation with field data (2010)
RMSE : 9-11%
9 Marrou, H., Wery, J., Dufour, L., Dupraz, C., 2013. Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Available radiation at ground level
10
Full Density : 50% GR
Summer 2010 : 51% Spring 2011 : 49%
Half Density : 70% GR
Summer 2010 : 76% Spring 2011 : 67%
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00
Glo
bal
rad
(M
J.m
-2)
1st july 2011 full_sun
mean FD
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00
Glo
bal
rad
(M
J.m
-2)
1st july 2011 full sun
mean HD
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Control point : Temperature and humidity
11
Mean daily Air T° :
no significant changes in the shade
Hourly Air T°, Air VPD, and Wind Speed
Non significant changes either 11
FD HD full sun, Confidence Interval 95%
Marrou et al, in prep
time
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Lettuces Summer 2010
Spring 2011
varieties
varieties
Marrou, H., Wery, J., Dufour, L., Dupraz, C., 2013. Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Fruit crops
14
FRUITS or GRAIN LEAVES and STEMS
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Gra
in y
ield
(t/
ha)
0
100
200
300
400
Yiel
d (
kg/h
a)
FD HD T
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Yiel
d(t
/ha)
Dwarf French beans
Cucumbers
Durum wheat
Different allocation
of DM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Veg
DM
(kg
/ha)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Veg
. DM
(t/
ha)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
Veg
DM
(kg
/ha)
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Re
lati
ve D
ry M
atte
r an
d Y
ield
at
har
vest
Relative transmitted PAR
Lettuce FC+
lettuce_FC-
Lettuce_B0
Lettuce_B+
Lettuce_B-
Beans_DM
Beans_Y
Cucumber_DM
Cucumber_Y
Wheat_DM
Wheat_Y
Crops use light more efficiently in the shade
15 Relative variables refer to ratios between the values measured in the shade (FD or HD) and in the full sun.
Increase Interception &/or Conversion
Decrease Interception
&/or Conversion
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
CO2
O2
(CH2O)n
Decomposing : from light to biomass
16
PARini × RTE × RIE × RCE = DM
Biomass
Climatic resource
Solar Panels Transmitance
Physical Interception
Biological conversion
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
Main shade compensation relies in increased RIE
Ability to increase RCE depends on variety
Different varieties have different tolerance to shade
17
Decrases Biomass
Increases Biomass
Decrases Biomass
Increases Biomass
Assessing RIE and RCE in the shade
Marrou, et al., 2013. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
1/ Increased growth rate?
Growth rate is not affected by shading except in the 3 first weeks of development
19
Lettuces (summer 2011) Cucumbers
Nb
of
leav
es
on
th
e m
ain
ste
m
Figures : Marrou et al, in prep.
Thermal Time(°Cd)
Unchanged growth rate Unchanged growth rate
MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki
2/ Morphological adaptations?
Total leaf area significantly increases in the shade
leaf area is distributed differently in the leaf pool
Bigger leaves are larger and wider
Lettuce head diameter increases
20
Marrou, et al., 2013. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.
In conclusion
21
High productivity is maintained under solar panels
Energy + food production = promising systems
At least 70% of radiation at canopy level (HD)
High yield is achieved through increased RIE
High RIE efficiencies relies on morphological changes
Perspectives for agrivoltaic systems design
22
Further research on plant adaptation to partial/ intermittent shade
Identification of specific traits for plant breeding
Optimize solar panels strips
Solar panels on mobile structure
Integrated assessment
Assessment of productivity at crop rotation level
Economic assessment
Environmental assessment