““The brain of the computer” that takes The brain of the computer” that takes care of all the computations and care of all the computations and processes.processes.

CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit)(Central Processing Unit)

The component of CPU include,The component of CPU include,

• CU:CU: Control Unit Directs and manages the Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor.activities of the processor.

• ALU:ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, >,<, =)>,<, =)

• FPU:FPU: Floating Point Unit. Performs division and Floating Point Unit. Performs division and large decimal operations.large decimal operations.

• Cache MemoryCache Memory: Predicts and anticipates the : Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs.data that the processor needs.

• I/O Unit:I/O Unit: Input Output unit. The gateway for Input Output unit. The gateway for the processor.the processor.

• Register : Which hold temporary data for a Register : Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function.specific purpose of function.

ArchitecturArchitecturee

Basic Basic ArchitectureArchitecture

ControlUnit

ALU

Cache

IO Unit

Register

FPU

CPU Bus

Internal Busses

ProcessingProcessing

In this chapter, we will focus on the In this chapter, we will focus on the central processing unit central processing unit (CPU) in more (CPU) in more detail.detail.

Input Processing Output

SecondaryStorage

The CPUThe CPU

The The CPUCPU interactsinteracts(affects)(affects) closely with closely with memorymemory (primary storage).(primary storage).

CPU

MemoryMemory, Memory, however, is not however, is not part of the CPU.part of the CPU.

Parts of the CPUParts of the CPU

The CPU consists of a variety of parts The CPU consists of a variety of parts including:33including:33

Control Unit ALU

Registers

• Control unitControl unit

• Arithmetic/logic Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)

• RegistersRegisters

The Control Unit…The Control Unit…

directsdirects the other parts of the computer the other parts of the computer system to executesystem to execute(perform)(perform) stored stored program instructions.program instructions.

The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memory.ALU and memory.

Control Unit

The Arithmetic/Logic Unit The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)…(ALU)…

performs performs mathematical mathematical operations as operations as well as well as logicallogical operations. operations.

ALU

Mathematical OperationsMathematical Operations

The ALU can perform four kinds of The ALU can perform four kinds of mathematical calculations:mathematical calculations:

• additionaddition• subtractionsubtraction• multiplicationmultiplication• divisiondivision

Logical OperationsLogical Operations

The ALU can perform logical The ALU can perform logical operations.operations.

Logical operations can test for these Logical operations can test for these conditionsconditions(position)(position)::

• Equal-to (=)Equal-to (=)

• Less-than (<)Less-than (<)

• Greater-than (>)Greater-than (>)

Registers…Registers…

are temporary are temporary storage areas storage areas for data or for data or instructions.instructions.

Registers

Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memory.in memory.

Memory (Primary Storage)Memory (Primary Storage)

Memory is the Memory is the part of the part of the computer that computer that stores data and stores data and program program instructions for instructions for processing.processing.

CPU

Memory

Memory…Memory…

is also referred to as is also referred to as RAMRAM (random- (random-access memory).access memory).

CPU

MemoryRAM is RAM is temporarytemporary, , finitefinite, and more , and more expensiveexpensive than than secondary storage.secondary storage.

Executing Program InstructionsExecuting Program Instructions

Before the CPU can execute a Before the CPU can execute a program, program program, program instructions and data must instructions and data must be placed into memory from be placed into memory from an an inputinput device or device or storagestorage device.device.

Input Processing

SecondaryStorage

Executing Program InstructionsExecuting Program Instructions

Once the necessary data and Once the necessary data and instructions are in memory, the CPU instructions are in memory, the CPU performs the following steps for each performs the following steps for each instruction:instruction:

CPU

Memory

• FetchingFetching• DecodingDecoding• ExecutingExecuting• StoringStoring

Control Unit

ALU

Registers

Fetching InstructionsFetching Instructions

The control unit The control unit fetchesfetches (gets) (gets) the the instruction instruction from memory.from memory.

Memory

DecodingDecoding(solve)(solve) Instructions Instructions

The control unit The control unit decodes the decodes the instruction and instruction and directs that directs that the necessary the necessary data be data be moved from moved from memory to the memory to the ALU.ALU.

Control Unit ALU

Registers

Memory

Executing Arithmetic/Logic Executing Arithmetic/Logic OperationsOperations

The ALU performs The ALU performs the arithmetic or the arithmetic or logical operation logical operation on the data.on the data.

Control Unit

ALU

Registers

Memory

Storing ResultsStoring Results

The ALU stores The ALU stores the result of the result of its operation its operation on the data on the data in memory or in memory or in a register.in a register.

Control Unit

ALU

Registers

Memory

Executing Program InstructionsExecuting Program Instructions

Eventually, the Eventually, the control unit sends control unit sends the results in the results in memory to an memory to an ououttput device or put device or secondary storage.secondary storage.

Output

SecondaryStorage

Control Unit

ALU

Registers

Memory

Instruction TimeInstruction Time

The time it takes to fetch an instruction and The time it takes to fetch an instruction and decode it is called decode it is called instruction time.instruction time.

Memory

Control Unit

+Memory

Control Unit ALU

Execution TimeExecution Time

The time it takes to execute an ALU The time it takes to execute an ALU operation and then store the result is operation and then store the result is called called executionexecution(perform)(perform) time. time.

+ALU

Memory

ALU

Registers

Control Unit

Memory Locations and AddressesMemory Locations and Addresses

The control unit The control unit can find data can find data and and instructions instructions because each because each location in location in memory has an memory has an addressaddress..

Memory

Storage LocationsStorage Locations

Each location in Each location in memory is memory is identified by an identified by an addressaddress..

MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique address.a unique address.

Data RepresentationData Representation

The system in which all computer data is The system in which all computer data is representedrepresented(colled)(colled) and manipulated and manipulated(used(used) ) is called the is called the binary system.binary system.

Binary SystemBinary System

The binary system has only The binary system has only two two digitsdigits to represent all values. to represent all values.

This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two statestwo states of a computer’s electrical system —of a computer’s electrical system —on and off.on and off.

Off/On SwitchesOff/On Switches

The computer can represent data by The computer can represent data by constructing combinations of constructing combinations of off off oror on on switches.switches.

off onor

Zero or One?Zero or One?

The binary system can also be represented The binary system can also be represented by the digits by the digits zerozero and and oneone..

0 1or

Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary system.the two digits in the binary system.

The BitThe Bit

Each 0 or 1 Each 0 or 1 in the in the binary binary system is system is called a called a bitbit..

one bit

two bits

three bits

The ByteThe Byte

A group of 8 bitsA group of 8 bits is called a is called a bytebyte. .

0 0 0 0 01 1 1

One Character of DataOne Character of Data

Each byte represents Each byte represents one character of one character of datadata (a letter, digit, or special (a letter, digit, or special character).character).

0 0 0 0 01 1 1

J=

Storing BytesStoring Bytes

Storage and memory capacity is Storage and memory capacity is expressed in the expressed in the number of bytesnumber of bytes they can hold:they can hold:

1 1 kilokilobyte = 2byte = 21010 or 1024 bytes or 1024 bytes1 1 megamegabyte = 2byte = 22020 or 1,048,576 bytes or 1,048,576 bytes1 1 gigagigabyte = 2byte = 23030 or 1,073,741,824 or 1,073,741,824 bytesbytes

Computer WordComputer Word

A computer wordA computer word is defined as the is defined as the number of bits that constitute a number of bits that constitute a common unit of data.common unit of data.

Computer Word LengthComputer Word Length

Word length Word length varies by computer. For varies by computer. For example:example:

8 bits = 1 byte = one word length8 bits = 1 byte = one word length

64 bits = 8 bytes = one word length 64 bits = 8 bytes = one word length

Coding the ComputerCoding the Computer

A code for determining which group of bits A code for determining which group of bits represent which characters on a keyboard is represent which characters on a keyboard is called called ASCIIASCII. . ((American Standard Code for American Standard Code for Information InterchangeInformation Interchange))

ASCIIASCII

ASCII has been adopted, as the ASCII has been adopted, as the standard, by the U.S. government and standard, by the U.S. government and is found in a variety of computers.is found in a variety of computers.

0 0 0 0 01 1 1 J=ASCII-8 code Keyboard

character

Computer Speed and PowerComputer Speed and Power

Speed and power are determined by:Speed and power are determined by:• Microprocessor speedMicroprocessor speed

• Bus linesBus lines

• CacheCache

Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor Speeds

Microprocessor speeds can be Microprocessor speeds can be measured in a variety of ways:measured in a variety of ways:

• MegahertzMegahertz• MIPSMIPS• MegaflopsMegaflops

MegahertzMegahertz

One measure of microprocessor speed is One measure of microprocessor speed is megahertzmegahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per

second. second. gigahertzgigahertz(billions of cycles per (billions of cycles per second).second).

MIPSMIPS

Another measure of microprocessor Another measure of microprocessor speed is speed is MIPSMIPS which is one million which is one million instructions per second.instructions per second.

MegaflopsMegaflops

Megaflops,Megaflops, or one million floating-point or one million floating-point operations per second, is still another operations per second, is still another measure of microprocessor speed.measure of microprocessor speed.

Bus LinesBus Lines

A bus line is a set of parallel electrical A bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths. A bus is like a mode of paths. A bus is like a mode of transportation for data.transportation for data.– Bus width Bus width (Wide)(Wide)= = the number of wires the number of wires

in the bus over which data can in the bus over which data can traveltravel+--+--

Bus WidthBus Width(wide)(wide)

The amount of data that can be carried The amount of data that can be carried at one time is bus width (wider = at one time is bus width (wider = more data).more data).

Two types:Two types:

1.1. Socket typeSocket type

2.2. Slot type.Slot type.

• Pin arrangement in the Socket type Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is known as processor is known as Pin Grid ArrayPin Grid Array (PGA). (PGA).

• Slot type processor is also known as Slot type processor is also known as Single Single Edged Contact CartridgeEdged Contact Cartridge (SECC). (SECC).

Processor TypesProcessor Types

Types of Types of ProcessorsProcessors

SECC

PGA

• 8085-8bit8085-8bit

• 8086-16bit8086-16bit

• 80186-32bit80186-32bit

• 80286-32bit80286-32bit

• 80386(SX/DX)-32 bit80386(SX/DX)-32 bit

• 80486(SX/DX)-32bit80486(SX/DX)-32bit

Intel Scalar ProcessorsIntel Scalar Processors

• 2 ALU2 ALU• Pentium –first super scalar processorPentium –first super scalar processor• Pentium family uses super scalar Pentium family uses super scalar

technologytechnology• P4 also uses Hyper Threading(HT)P4 also uses Hyper Threading(HT)

Super Scalar Super Scalar ProcessorsProcessors

• FPU-Floating Point Unit (carry out FPU-Floating Point Unit (carry out operations on operations on floating pointfloating point numbers. ) numbers. )

• BPU-Buffer Processing Unit ( A temporary BPU-Buffer Processing Unit ( A temporary storagestorage area, usually in area, usually in RAMRAM) )

Processor ManufacturersProcessor Manufacturers

• Intel (Intel (InteIntegrated grated ElElectronics)ectronics)

• AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

• VIA VIA technologiestechnologies• CyrixCyrix

Brands of IntelBrands of Intel

• Pentium IPentium I• Pentium ProPentium Pro• Pentium MMXPentium MMX• Pentium IIPentium II• Pentium IIIPentium III• Pentium IVPentium IV• Pentium DPentium D• CeleronCeleron• Centrino MCentrino M• Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo • Core 2 ExtremeCore 2 Extreme• Core 2 QuadCore 2 Quad

Brands of AMDBrands of AMD

• Athlon Athlon

• DuronDuron

• SempronSempron

• TurionTurion

• 273/296 pins273/296 pins• PGA arrangementPGA arrangement• Socket 4,5 or 7Socket 4,5 or 7• Speed:60 to 200 MHzSpeed:60 to 200 MHz• L1 cache-16 KBL1 cache-16 KB• L2-256 to 512 KBL2-256 to 512 KB• Power supply- 3.3 to 5 vPower supply- 3.3 to 5 v• Transistors:3.1 to 3.3 millionTransistors:3.1 to 3.3 million• Features:1Features:1stst super scalar processor,64 bit super scalar processor,64 bit

registersregisters

Pentium (1993)Pentium (1993)

• 242 contacts242 contacts• SEC/SECCSEC/SECC• Slot 1Slot 1• 233-333 MHz233-333 MHz• 32 KB L132 KB L1• 512KB L2512KB L2• 3.3v power supply3.3v power supply• 7.5 million transistors7.5 million transistors• First SEC processorFirst SEC processor

Pentium II (1997)Pentium II (1997)

• 242 contacts/370 pins242 contacts/370 pins• SEPP/SECC/PGASEPP/SECC/PGA• PGA370/slot 1PGA370/slot 1• 450 MHz to 1.13 GHz450 MHz to 1.13 GHz• 32 KB L132 KB L1• 256 KB to 512 KB L2256 KB to 512 KB L2• 2v power supply2v power supply• 9.1 to 9.3 million transistors9.1 to 9.3 million transistors• Streaming SIMDAStreaming SIMDA(single instr. multiple data access)(single instr. multiple data access)

Pentium III (1999)Pentium III (1999)

• 423/478 pins423/478 pins

• SPGA( SPGA( staggered pin grid array)staggered pin grid array) • PGA 423/PGA 478(PGA2)PGA 423/PGA 478(PGA2)• 1.3 to 3.2 GHz1.3 to 3.2 GHz• 8 KB L18 KB L1• 256 KB to 512 KB L2256 KB to 512 KB L2• 1.44 to 1.75v power supply1.44 to 1.75v power supply• Billion transistorsBillion transistors• Net burst architectureNet burst architecture• Technology HT (Hyper Threading) (above 2.4 GHz)Technology HT (Hyper Threading) (above 2.4 GHz)

Pentium Pentium 44 (2000) (2000)

• A technology developed by Intel that enables A technology developed by Intel that enables multithreadedmultithreaded(current of data)(current of data) software software applications to execute threads in parallel on a applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by of dual-processing threading in software by splittingsplitting(dividing)(dividing) instructions into multiple instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could streams so that more than one processor could act upon act upon (on)(on)them at once. them at once.

Hyper threadingHyper threading

Why multicore?Why multicore?

• New modern processors are launchedNew modern processors are launched

• How to make a use of new How to make a use of new technologies?technologies?

Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU

57

Intel Core 2 modelsIntel Core 2 models

– Desktop CPUDesktop CPU– Introduced on July 27, 2006Introduced on July 27, 2006– Number of Transistors 291 Million on 4 MB ModelsNumber of Transistors 291 Million on 4 MB Models– Number of Transistors 167 Million on 2 MB ModelsNumber of Transistors 167 Million on 2 MB Models– Variants Variants

•Core 2 Duo E6700 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6700 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) •Core 2 Duo E6600 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6600 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) •Core 2 Duo E6400 - 2.13 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6400 - 2.13 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) •Core 2 Duo E6300 - 1.86 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6300 - 1.86 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) •Core 2 Duo E4200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E4200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB)

6 / 376 / 37

What is L1 and L2?What is L1 and L2?

• Level-1 and Level-2 cachesLevel-1 and Level-2 caches

• The cache memories in a computerThe cache memories in a computer

• Much faster than RAMMuch faster than RAM

• L1 is built on the microprocessor chip L1 is built on the microprocessor chip itself.itself.

• L2 is a seperate chipL2 is a seperate chip

• L2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheL2 cache is much larger than L1 cache

19 / 3719 / 37

Core processorCore processor

• Dual coreDual core

• Core 2 duoCore 2 duo

• Quad coreQuad core

Dual core processorDual core processor

• Desktop processor Released in 2006. Desktop processor Released in 2006. for laptop 2007 for laptop 2007

• two cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X2,)two cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X2,)

• CacheCache

• No of pins 478/956/988No of pins 478/956/988

• No of transistor=233 million No of transistor=233 million transistorstransistors

• Voltage rate=Voltage rate=

Core 2 duoCore 2 duo

• The The Core 2Core 2 brand was introduced on July brand was introduced on July 27, 2006 27, 2006

• 2 core2 core• 2-4 MB /2 MB/2-4 MB /2 MB/Core 2 Solo U2xxxCore 2 Solo U2xxx1 MB1 MB• it can better multi-task, play games and it can better multi-task, play games and

multimedia espn videos. multimedia espn videos. • Use less powerUse less power( ( 0.85–1.5 V )0.85–1.5 V )• Clock speed min=1.8 GHz max=3.2 Clock speed min=1.8 GHz max=3.2

GHzGHz

Intel’s Core i3,i5,i7Intel’s Core i3,i5,i7

i3i3

• Core i3Sep 2009Core i3Sep 2009• 4 threads4 threads• 3-4 MB cache3-4 MB cache• medium clock speed=3.06 GHz medium clock speed=3.06 GHz • transistor=177/382 million milliontransistor=177/382 million million• Voltage range=0.6500V-1.4000V Voltage range=0.6500V-1.4000V • DDR3-1066/1333DDR3-1066/1333• No of pins: LGA 1156/PGA 989 No of pins: LGA 1156/PGA 989 • Hyperthyroid technology( adv)Hyperthyroid technology( adv)• No turbo boost technology(Intel Turbo Boost Technology No turbo boost technology(Intel Turbo Boost Technology

2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to manage current, power, and temperature to maximize manage current, power, and temperature to maximize performance and energy efficiency ) disadvantage performance and energy efficiency ) disadvantage

i5i5

• Core i5 Aug 2009Core i5 Aug 2009• 2-4 threads2-4 threads• 3-8 MB cache3-8 MB cache• higher clock speed than i3=3.6 GHz higher clock speed than i3=3.6 GHz • Voltage range (0.6500V-1.4000V )Voltage range (0.6500V-1.4000V )• Transistors 177 million/382 million Transistors 177 million/382 million • No of Pins: LGA 1156(desktop) /BGA 1288 / µPGA-989(for No of Pins: LGA 1156(desktop) /BGA 1288 / µPGA-989(for

laptop) laptop) • DDR3-1066/1333 DDR3-1066/1333 • Advantage=Hyper thread technologyAdvantage=Hyper thread technology• disadvantage=thermal monitoring technology( Temperature disadvantage=thermal monitoring technology( Temperature

monitoring)monitoring)

i7i7

• Core i7 Nov 2009Core i7 Nov 2009• 8 threads8 threads• 4-8 MB cache4-8 MB cache• Hyper thread technologyHyper thread technology• 4 cores 4 cores • No of Transistors :382 million No of Transistors :382 million • No of Pins:1366 No of Pins:1366 pinspins) ) • Produce less heatProduce less heat• DDR3-800 DDR3-800 • Advantage: Hyper threading technology, thermal Advantage: Hyper threading technology, thermal

monitoring technologies, turbo boost technology monitoring technologies, turbo boost technology

• BGA-Ball Grid ArrayBGA-Ball Grid Array

• PGA-Pin Grid ArrayPGA-Pin Grid Array

• LGA-Land Grid ArrayLGA-Land Grid Array

Land Grid Array PGA

Ball Grid Array

Tank for your time and patience