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Document or GIS image acquisision
Character or mark image segmentation
Preprocessing of objective images
Feature extraction
Character or GIS mark shape recognition
Decision and postprocessing
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(9) The convex model in direction of code 7.
direction of code 1.(16) The concave model in(15) The convex model in
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(13) The convex model in direction of code 3.
(3) The convex model in direction of code 4. direction of code 0.
(2) The concave model in direction of code 0.(1) The convex model in
direction of code 4.(4) The concave model in
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(11) The convex model in direction of code 5.
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(1) (2)
199.29 −0.024
(+ or−) (convex or concave)
1
2
4
6
7
10.78 −0.196
53.13 1.851
0
228.36 0.283
79.21 convex
93.36 convex
81.86 convex
65.65 convex
148.18 convex
5 315.00 0.000
167.47 0.366
ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle angle
270.00 0.000
288.00 −0.474
200.85 0.607
(+ or−) (convex or concave)
1
2
4
6
7
270.00 0.000
15.94 0.192
53.13 0.916
0
231.07 0.406
110.85 convex
74.05 convex
119.05 concave
96.07 concave
96.07 convex
81.87 convex
71.57 convex
140.71 convex
5 315.00 0.000
161.57 0.759
ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle angle
315.00 0.0003 3
97.65 concave
119.93 concave
109.29 convex
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∆| x|2=1
∆| y|2= 2
h u =−−15
∆| x|2=1
∆| y|2= 2
h u
End point
End point
End point
End point
Startingpoint
the fixed number of points.
x[0], y[0]
End point
4
5
1
Startingpoint
a
b
m
=−−15
sel
(2) Finding the maximum linearity for the fixed numberof(1) Some linearized lines forpoints.
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|α−β|
β
α
line[ j]
line[j+1]α
αβ
|α−β|
line[ j]
line[j+1]
180−|α−β|
180−|α−β|
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ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle (+ or −) (convex or concave)
1
2
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347.47 0.732
0
4
6
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9
11
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108.43 convex
138.37 convex
157.10 convex
77.07 convex
143.84 convex
97.33 concave
126.67 convex
137.42 convex
118.12 convex
106.03 concave
114.78 convex
71.57 convex
76.76 concave
148.24 concave
94.76 concave
98.75 0.310
24.78 −0.907
90.00 0.000
198.43 0.712
95.19 −0.498
63.43 0.447
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1
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ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle (+ or−) (convex or concave)
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4
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1
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33.02 0.728
(+ or −) (convex or concave)
90.00 0.000
174.29 0.166
ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle (+ or −) (convex or concave)
85.24 convex
1
2
296.57 −0.298
338.20 −0.464 111.80 concave
0
3
4
6
7
270.00 0.000 76.61 concave
9 340.02 1.132
166.61 0.389
270.00 0.00
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10201.80 0.635
138.37 convex
144.81 convex
111.80 convex
101.89 convex
91.26 concave
99.36 convex
174.29 0.387
9.46 0.296
351.87 0.685
40.60 0.253
77.91 0.586
118.61 −0.607
123.02 convex
95.71 convex
69.15 concave
126.03 concave
162.41 concave
131.27 convex
142.70 convex
139.29 convex
124.32 convex
152.49 convex
5 201.80 0.586
348.11 0.598
8 259.38 0.884
126.99 convex
63.43 0.447
angle ln Curvature Linearuty Bend angle
angle
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No Yes
Finish processing
and adjunctive segments
Determine the main region
Determine how many segments inthe digit field: one;
YesNo
Determinine the main segment
Determine whether the adjunctive segment is in the main region?
Yes No
1.The recognition of the main segment2. The recognition of the adjunctive segment
or not (the adjunctivesegment being not in
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more than one;
The preprocessing
contour
5. Extracting skeletons4. Extracting structural points
3. Linearization of smoothed2. Smoothing contour1. Contour following
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[ * * | F * ** * * * | [ * * | F * ** * * * |
|* ****** ****** ** | |* ****** ****** ** |
| **** * |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * ** * [ * * | ** )
|vo |
| * * * ^** |
| * * * |
| vo vo|
* * * | * *j ******* f * * | * * * | * *j ******* f * * |
|* ********* *** | |* ********* *** |
| **** |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * j s ) * | * * *
| |
| * * * * * |
| * * * |
| |
* * * | * *** **** **m * * | * * * | * *** **** **m * * |
| * ** | | * ** |
| |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * * **** **o * | * e *
| |
| * * * * * |
| * * * |
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* * ) |* * ***** * * | * * ) |* * ***** * * |
| s *** | | s *** |
|** |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * * ****v* * | * *
| |
|* * * * * |
| * * * |
| |
] * * | * * * ( *^* | ] * * | * * * ( *^* |
| v******************* | | v******************* |
| * |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * * ** | s *
| |
|* * * * e * |
| * * * |
| |
* * * | * $**** **** * * ** *** | * * * | * $**** **** * * ** *** |
| | | |
| ** |
| * * * | | * * * |
| s ** ******* | *vo
| e * [ * * |
| * * * |
| |
* * * | * O *** * * tm******** T | * * * | * O *** * * tm******** T |
| | | |
| * |
| *^************** f * *o | | *^************** f * *o |
| ** ******* *o|
| * s ) |
| * * * |
* * * | e * * j****j ***e * | * * * | e * * j****j ***e * |
| | | |
| ******* |
| ***** *m * O | | ***** *m * O |
| * *** |
|*****vo ******vo |
|* * * |
* * * | * ** * * * ) | * * * | * ** * * * ) |
| | | |
| *******vo|
| *** * * | | *** * * |
| * **** |
| |
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* * * | * S * ***************** **o | * * * | * S * ***************** **o |
| |
| **** * * | | **** * * |
| * **** |
| |
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* * * |* * ] * O | * * * |* * ] * O |
| |
| ** *********** * ( | | ** *********** * ( |
| ********v* |
| |
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* * * | * * * * * | * * * | * * * * * |
| |
| ** *** * *******j t* | | ** *** * *******j t* |
| |
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* e * | *vo * * * | * e * | *vo * * * |
| |
| ** **** j* * T | | ** **** j* * T |
| |
|* * * |
* * | * * $****************** * | * * | * * $****************** * |
| ** ** * *** * | | ** ** * *** * |
| |
|** * |
* * | * * O *vo | * * | * * O *vo |
| * ** ^*** * * * | | * ** ^*** * * * |
| |
| * * |
[ * | * * * | [ * | * * * |
| F *** ***** T * * * | | F *** ***** T * * * |
| e * |
s * | * * * | s * | * * * |
|* * *** ) * **$S * * | |* * *** ) * **$S * * |
| * |
vo | * * * | vo | * * * |
|* * ** o * * * * * | |* * ** o * * * * * |
|*vo |
| * * * | | * * * |
|* ** *** ** * ** * * * | |* ** *** ** * ** * * * |
| |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * * * * * * * * | | * * * * * * * * |
| |
| * * * | | * * * |
| * * *** ** ** * * * | | * * *** ** ** * * * |
| |
| * ** * * * * * * | | * ** * * * * * * | | * F * ** ** * * * | | * F * ** ** * * * | | * [ * ** * * * * | | * [ * ** * * * * | | * s ** * * * * * | | * s ** * * * * * | | * v********* ** * * * * | | * v********* ** * * * * | | * ** *** * * * | | * ** *** * * * | |* * ** *** * * * | |* * ** *** * * * | |* ************ * * e * | |* ************ * * e * | |* * * ) | |* * * ) | |s * s o | |s * s o | | v***************** v* | | v***************** v* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
e
^^
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T
s
^
vo
[ [
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svo
the main region
e
^^
)e
T
s
^
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[ [
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svo
the main segment the adjunctive segment 1
the adjunctive segment 2
S
^
m
mt
^
j
j j
e
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v
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S
^
m
mt
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j
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e
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v
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$
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t
(10) (11) (12)
(2)(1) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(8)(7) (9)
the main region
the adjunctive segment 2
the main segment
the adjunctive segment 2
the adjunctive segment 1
"reverse crossing"
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The handwirtten digits
No Yes YesNo
No Yes
Preprocessing 21. Contour following2. Smoothing contour3. Linearization of
smoothed contour4. Extracting structural
5. Extracting skeletonspoints
Preprocessing 1
Determining how many block
one: more than one: Yes
Detecting and deleting spurious segments ofthe digit field
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between two block regions Preselecting broken points
(the main segment and the adjunctive segment)
NoYes
regions in the digit field:one:
Reconstruction and recognition of theinternally broken digits
Finish processing
Determining how many block
more than one:No
regions in the digit field:
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2. Detecting constrained
3. Constrained dilationcontour points
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(4) The original image.(3) The filled and dilated result.
holeSpurious
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(5) The filled and dilated result.
code 0points in
points incode 4
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image.
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(4) The preselected and selected broken points.
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Handwritten digits Reconstruction
Preprocessing
How many segmentsin the digits?
Separation of spurioussegments
How many segmentsin the digits?
One
>one One
>one
No
YesRecognition of digits withone segment (no internallybroken digits)
Recognition of internallybroken digits
Internally broken digits?
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k = 1
k = 0k = 2 noyes y > y ?
How many pairs pairs of structurepoint S and ] :
**
digit 3digit 7 (having a crossed line at thevertical part of 7)
* digit 2 (having no lowerleft hole)
* digit 2 (having lowerleft hole)
* digit 7 (having no crossed line at the vertical part of 7
****
digit 0
digit 6 (having lowerdigit 6digit 1
left hole)* numeral 6 (having no
upper left hole)* digit 8 (having both
upper left hole andlower left hole)digit 8 (having lower*left hole)
*
*
*
digit 4 (having no upperleft hole)digit 4 (having upperleft hole)digit 5
left hole)digit 9 (having upperleft hole)
*
digit 9 (having no upper*
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of object imagescolour separation
structural pointsextraction of
recognitionshapepatterns andmorphological Preprocessing
binaryimages
1. Contour
2. Contour smoothfollowing
following
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Output found
2. The curvature angle
1. Linearization
3. The bend angle oflinearized lines
of linearized lines
and main colour and shape Prior information: key text,
of object image
Input color images (document GIS images)
3. Filling
object images
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LayoutAdjustmentand Navigation
Geographical Informationsystem
Shape Recognition
Description of Contour
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