Proceedings of the International Symposium on ICT …€œICT for better tomorrow” Proceedings of the International Symposium on ICT for Environmental Sustainability 23rd - 25th

“ICT for better tomorrow”

Proceedings of the International

Symposium on ICT for Environmental

Sustainability

23rd

- 25th

June 2014

Edited by

V. P. A. Weerasinghe

W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne

Organized by

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya,

Sri Lanka

and

KISSEL Group, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan

ii

This publication may be cited as;

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information and

Communication Technology for Environmental Sustainability,

V. P. A. Weerasinghe and W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne (Eds.), Department

of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 75 pp.

The publisher, editors wish to make clear that the opinions expressed and

data appearing in the articles are of sole responsibility of the authors.

Accordingly the publisher and editors accept no responsibility or liability

whatsoever for contents of the articles appearing in this publication.

ISBN: 978-955-4563-21-6

Published by:

Department of Zoology,

University of Kelaniya,

Kelaniya,

Sri Lanka.

iii

Acknowledgements

Prof. Y.M. SunandaMaddumaBandara

Vice-Chancellor, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. Satoru Ozawa - Ibaraki University, Japan

Prof. Tomio Takara - University of the Ryukyus, Japan

Prof. Franz-Josef Behr -Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Germany

Prof. N. A. K. P. J. Seneviratne

Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. S.R.D. Kalingamudali

Director, Research Services Center, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. W.U. Chandrasekara

Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Dr. NalinWarnajith - Ibaraki University, Japan

Dr. D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka - Ibaraki University, Japan

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. (Mrs.) A. Pathiratne Demonstrators

Prof. U.S. Amerasinghe Ms. T.U.N. Kaluarachchi -

Prof. (Mrs.) M.Hettiarachchi Ms. H.M.R.T. Samarakoon

Prof.(Mrs.) R.K.S. Dias Ms. C. Mohotti

Dr. G. A. S. M. Ganehiarachchi Ms. N.G. Dissanayaka

Prof.(Mrs.) L. D. Amarasinghe Mr. D.S.N. Munasinghe

Dr. U.P.K. Epa Mr. S.N. Weerakoon

Dr. M.M.M. Najim

Dr.(Mrs.) M.D.M.D.W.M.M.K.Yatawara Senior technical officers

Dr.(Mrs.) R. Bandara Ms. H.D.Y. Karunaratne

Ms. N.K. Ranawaka Mr. R.P.K.C Rajapakse

Technical staff members

Undergraduate students

Ms. N.P. Moragoda

Ms. T. M. S. D. G. Silva

Mr. M.P. Gunawardana (Postgraduate Student University of Peradeniya)

iv

Symposium Coordinator: Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe

Organizing Committee:

University of Kelaniya

Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe

Dr. (Mrs.) W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne

Prof. M. J. S. Wijeyaratne

Ibaraki University, Japan Prof. Satoru Ozawa

Dr. NalinWarnajith

Dr. D. D. G. L. Dahanayaka

Cover design: Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe,

Mr. R. P. K. C Rajapakse

Organizing assistance: Ms. T. U. N. Kaluarachchi

Ms. H. M. R. T. Samarakoon

Ms. C. Mohotti

Ms. N. G. Dissanayaka

Mr. S. N. Weerakoon

Mr. D. S. N. Munasinghe

Mr. M. P. Gunawardana


v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

Key note speech :

SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF RYUKYUAN AND

ASIAN LANGUAGES

Tomio Takara

01

Key note speech :

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON COMMON PATTERNS IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Franz-Josef Behr

03

Plenary session speech :

GEODATA FOR HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS IN UN

ORGANISATIONS

Franz-Josef Behr

05

TECHNICAL SESSION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT

THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON OF 2013: ITS DISASTROUS

IMPACT ON THE BALAPITIYA FISHING POPULATION OF

COASTAL SOUTHWEST SRI LANKA AND THE URGENT

NEED FORINFORMATION COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT) APPLICATION

S.K.Mohamed Ali and R.K. Chaminda Kumara

09

MODELING AND MAPPING OF RISK ASSESSMENT FROM

DANGEROUS GORASHI LAKE USING GEOINFORMATICS

Naveed Mustafa, Arshad Ashraf, Bashir Ahmad, Muhammad

Bilal Iqbal and RozinaNaz

11

COMBATING WITH AVALANCHE DISASTERS USING

GOOGLE EARTH - A CASE STUDY OF GYARI SECTOR

AVALANCHE IN PAKISTAN

ShahidParvez, Zafar Iqbal Zafar and Hafiz Ali Imran

12

TECHNICAL SESSION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

EVALUATION OF THE TRENDS IN CLIMATE CHANGE WITH

RESPECT TO SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF

OCCURRENCE OF WET AND DRY EVENTS OF RAINFALL IN

ATHTHANAGALU OYA BASIN

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga and M.M.M. Najim

15

vi

DYNAMIC TRENDS OF RAINFALL EXTREMES IN SRI

LANKA

R.M.S.S.Sanjeewani and L. Manawadu

17

ICT FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN THE WORLD

G. Dassanayake, G. Dahanayake, N. Warnajith, A. Minato,

M. Itaba and S. Ozawa

19

ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN PROMOTING CLIMATE

CHANGE ADAPTATION IN SRI LANKA

Kalpana R. Ambepitiya

20

TECHNICAL SESSION ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN BOLGODA NORTH LAKE,

SRI LANKA.

B.D.C. Perera, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne, D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka,

H. Tonooka, A. Minato, S. Ozawa2

23

LOCATING SUITABLE SITES FOR SOLID WASTE

LANDFILLS IN MATARADISTRICT USING GIS AND AHP

N.T. Jayawickrama and V.P.A. Weerasinghe

24

GREEN SPACE PLANING USING GIS AND REMOTE

SENSING FOR CITY OF COLOMBO, SRI LANKA

M. S. P. M. Siriwardane, Jagath Gunatilake and

S. Sivanantharajah

25

MAPPING OF WATER POLLUTION IN PATTIWILA AREA

OF GAMPAHA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA, USING SURFACE

INTERPOLATION METHOD

L. N.W. Perera and V.P.A. Weerasinghe

27

IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON LANDSLIDES: A CASE

STUYDY IN WALAPANE DIVISIONAL SECRETARY

DIVISION IN NUWARAELIYA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

V. P.A. Weerasinghe and Yashoba Sirisena

28

EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS

IN HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SRI LANKA

USING GEO-INFORMATICS AND STATISTICAL TOOLS

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga , K.A.R.K Kodituwakku

29

vii

SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR CULTIVATION OF

SUGARCANE IN THE MONARAGALA DISTRICT, SRI

LANKA USING GIS

Y.M.P. Samarasinghe, P. Wickramagamage, and

K. Shanmuganathan

31

INEXPENSIVE SENSOR NETWORK SOLUTION FOR

ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

K.N.S. Warnajith, S.H.P.K. Lakesh, A. Minato and S. Ozawa

32

TECHNICAL SESSION ON GREEN ICT

AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR SUCCESSFUL ICT

PROFESSIONALS IN SRI LANKA

Shamitha Pathiratne

35

ADOPTION FOR ICT AND E–COMMERCE SERVICES IN

HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY - CHALLENGES AND

OPPORTUNITIES

D.A.K. Anupama Damunupola

36

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT:

THE CASE OF JAFFNA DISTRICT

S.Yoharajan

38

TECHNICAL SESSION ON WASTE MANAGEMENT

E-WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

IN JAFFNA AND NALLUR DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT

DIVISIONS, SRI LANKA – A BASE LINE STUDY

Kayathiri.K, E.Y.A. Charles and S.N. Surendran

43

TOWARDS A SAARC REGIONAL CONVENTION ON SOUND

E-WASTE MANAGEMENT

P.R.K Dayaratne

45

TECHNICAL SESSION ON MULTIMEDIA TECHNIQUES

AN ADAPTIVE HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION ALGORITHM

FOR ENHANCE MAMMOGRAMS

A.S. Amarasinghe and D.P. Abeysooriya

49

viii

TECHNICAL SESSION ON ECOSYSTEMS

FLOW MODELLING IN NILLAMBE OYA, SRI LANKA

M.P. Gunawardena and M.M.M. Najim

53

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF

RIVERBED VARIATION IN IN MOUNTAINOUS RIVER

BEND

Dang Truong An and Park Sang Deog

55

DOES MANGROVE FUNCTION AS SINK OR SOURCE OF

PHOSPHORUS FOR ITS ADJACENT RIVER? A CASE STUDY

IN MANGROVE DISTURBED BY TYPHOON IN CAN GIO

MANGROVE BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Phạm Quynh Huong, Ho Phan Minh Uyen, Le NgọcTran,

Le XuanThuyen, Tran Triet

57

ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW VARIATION DUE TO MINI-

HYDRO DIVERSION AT GURUGODA OYA, SRI LANKA

D.S.N. Munasinghe and M.M.M. Najim

58

APPLICATION OF MASS BALANCE MODELLING TO

ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF FISH STOCKING ON THE

ENERGY FLOW IN A RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEM

PreethaPanikar, M. Feroz Khan and A.P. Sharma

60

TECHNICAL SESSION ON E-LEARNING

KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND MANAGEMENT

APPLICATION FOR NATIONAL WILDLIFE TRAINING

CENTER, SRI LANKA

W.A.K.L.M. Wickramasingha, E.P. Kudavidanage

S. Vasanthapriyan and T.S. Priyadarshana

65

INFLUENCE OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION IN

LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

S. Thuseethan and S. Vasanthapriyan

67

THE ROLE OF ICT IN STUDENTS AND THEIR TERTIARY

STUDIES IN SAMOA

Edna TemeseUalesi , Satoru Ozawa and Atsushi Minato

68

SURVEY ON METADATA STANDARDS FOR AN E-

TEACHING ENVIRONMENT

S. Vasanthapriyan

69

ix

USE OF KISSEL SERVER AS A PLATFORM FOR THE

EXPANSION OF RESEARCH ON THE WATER QUALITY OF

ASIAN WATER BODIES

D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka, H. Tonooka, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne,

A. Minato and S. Ozawa

70

NOVEL APPROACH FOR ANALYZING BRAHMI SCRIPTS

D. Bandara, N. Warnajith, A. Minato and S. Ozawa

72

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE INCORPORATION OF

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

(ICT) IN SCHOOL COUNSELING

Shamitha Pathiratne

73

FEASIBILITYSTUDYONTHEWIRELESSMESHNETWORKAS

ANALTERNATIVEWI-FINETWORKINGFORENTERPRISES

D.S.S. Matharage and M.K.D. Padmasiri

75

“ICT for better tomorrow”

Proceedings of the International

Symposium on ICT for Environmental

Sustainability

23rd

- 25th

June 2014

Edited by

V. P. A. Weerasinghe

W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne

Organized by

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya,

Sri Lanka

and

KISSEL Group, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan

ii

This publication may be cited as;

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information and

Communication Technology for Environmental Sustainability,

V. P. A. Weerasinghe and W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne (Eds.), Department

of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 75 pp.

The publisher, editors wish to make clear that the opinions expressed and

data appearing in the articles are of sole responsibility of the authors.

Accordingly the publisher and editors accept no responsibility or liability

whatsoever for contents of the articles appearing in this publication.

ISBN: 978-955-4563-21-6

Published by:

Department of Zoology,


Kelaniya,

Sri Lanka.

iii

Acknowledgements

Prof. Y.M. SunandaMaddumaBandara

Vice-Chancellor, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. Satoru Ozawa - Ibaraki University, Japan

Prof. Tomio Takara - University of the Ryukyus, Japan

Prof. Franz-Josef Behr -Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Germany

Prof. N. A. K. P. J. Seneviratne

Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. S.R.D. Kalingamudali

Director, Research Services Center, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. W.U. Chandrasekara

Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Dr. NalinWarnajith - Ibaraki University, Japan

Dr. D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka - Ibaraki University, Japan

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Prof. (Mrs.) A. Pathiratne Demonstrators

Prof. U.S. Amerasinghe Ms. T.U.N. Kaluarachchi -

Prof. (Mrs.) M.Hettiarachchi Ms. H.M.R.T. Samarakoon

Prof.(Mrs.) R.K.S. Dias Ms. C. Mohotti

Dr. G. A. S. M. Ganehiarachchi Ms. N.G. Dissanayaka

Prof.(Mrs.) L. D. Amarasinghe Mr. D.S.N. Munasinghe

Dr. U.P.K. Epa Mr. S.N. Weerakoon

Dr. M.M.M. Najim

Dr.(Mrs.) M.D.M.D.W.M.M.K.Yatawara Senior technical officers

Dr.(Mrs.) R. Bandara Ms. H.D.Y. Karunaratne

Ms. N.K. Ranawaka Mr. R.P.K.C Rajapakse

Technical staff members

Undergraduate students

Ms. N.P. Moragoda

Ms. T. M. S. D. G. Silva

Mr. M.P. Gunawardana (Postgraduate Student University of Peradeniya)

iv

Symposium Coordinator: Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe

Organizing Committee:

University of Kelaniya

Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe

Dr. (Mrs.) W. M. D. N. Wijeyaratne

Prof. M. J. S. Wijeyaratne

Ibaraki University, Japan Prof. Satoru Ozawa

Dr. NalinWarnajith

Dr. D. D. G. L. Dahanayaka

Cover design: Dr. (Mrs.) V. P. A. Weerasinghe,


Organizing assistance: Ms. T. U. N. Kaluarachchi

Ms. H. M. R. T. Samarakoon

Ms. C. Mohotti

Ms. N. G. Dissanayaka

Mr. S. N. Weerakoon

Mr. D. S. N. Munasinghe

Mr. M. P. Gunawardana


v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

Key note speech :


ASIAN LANGUAGES

Tomio Takara

01

Key note speech :



Franz-Josef Behr

03

Plenary session speech :


ORGANISATIONS

Franz-Josef Behr

05

TECHNICAL SESSION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT



COASTAL SOUTHWEST SRI LANKA AND THE URGENT

NEED FORINFORMATION COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT) APPLICATION

S.K.Mohamed Ali and R.K. Chaminda Kumara

09

MODELING AND MAPPING OF RISK ASSESSMENT FROM

DANGEROUS GORASHI LAKE USING GEOINFORMATICS

Naveed Mustafa, Arshad Ashraf, Bashir Ahmad, Muhammad

Bilal Iqbal and RozinaNaz

11




ShahidParvez, Zafar Iqbal Zafar and Hafiz Ali Imran

12

TECHNICAL SESSION ON CLIMATE CHANGE


RESPECT TO SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF

OCCURRENCE OF WET AND DRY EVENTS OF RAINFALL IN

ATHTHANAGALU OYA BASIN

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga and M.M.M. Najim

15

vi


LANKA

R.M.S.S.Sanjeewani and L. Manawadu

17


G. Dassanayake, G. Dahanayake, N. Warnajith, A. Minato,


19





20

TECHNICAL SESSION ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN BOLGODA NORTH LAKE,

SRI LANKA.

B.D.C. Perera, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne, D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka,

H. Tonooka, A. Minato, S. Ozawa2

23

LOCATING SUITABLE SITES FOR SOLID WASTE

LANDFILLS IN MATARADISTRICT USING GIS AND AHP

N.T. Jayawickrama and V.P.A. Weerasinghe

24

GREEN SPACE PLANING USING GIS AND REMOTE

SENSING FOR CITY OF COLOMBO, SRI LANKA

M. S. P. M. Siriwardane, Jagath Gunatilake and

S. Sivanantharajah

25

MAPPING OF WATER POLLUTION IN PATTIWILA AREA

OF GAMPAHA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA, USING SURFACE


L. N.W. Perera and V.P.A. Weerasinghe

27


STUYDY IN WALAPANE DIVISIONAL SECRETARY

DIVISION IN NUWARAELIYA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

V. P.A. Weerasinghe and Yashoba Sirisena

28

EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS

IN HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SRI LANKA

USING GEO-INFORMATICS AND STATISTICAL TOOLS

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga , K.A.R.K Kodituwakku

29

vii


SUGARCANE IN THE MONARAGALA DISTRICT, SRI

LANKA USING GIS

Y.M.P. Samarasinghe, P. Wickramagamage, and

K. Shanmuganathan

31



K.N.S. Warnajith, S.H.P.K. Lakesh, A. Minato and S. Ozawa

32

TECHNICAL SESSION ON GREEN ICT



Shamitha Pathiratne

35

ADOPTION FOR ICT AND E–COMMERCE SERVICES IN


OPPORTUNITIES


36


TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT:

THE CASE OF JAFFNA DISTRICT

S.Yoharajan

38

TECHNICAL SESSION ON WASTE MANAGEMENT

E-WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

IN JAFFNA AND NALLUR DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT


Kayathiri.K, E.Y.A. Charles and S.N. Surendran

43

TOWARDS A SAARC REGIONAL CONVENTION ON SOUND

E-WASTE MANAGEMENT

P.R.K Dayaratne

45

TECHNICAL SESSION ON MULTIMEDIA TECHNIQUES



A.S. Amarasinghe and D.P. Abeysooriya

49

viii

TECHNICAL SESSION ON ECOSYSTEMS


M.P. Gunawardena and M.M.M. Najim

53


RIVERBED VARIATION IN IN MOUNTAINOUS RIVER

BEND

Dang Truong An and Park Sang Deog

55


PHOSPHORUS FOR ITS ADJACENT RIVER? A CASE STUDY

IN MANGROVE DISTURBED BY TYPHOON IN CAN GIO


Phạm Quynh Huong, Ho Phan Minh Uyen, Le NgọcTran,

Le XuanThuyen, Tran Triet

57

ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW VARIATION DUE TO MINI-

HYDRO DIVERSION AT GURUGODA OYA, SRI LANKA

D.S.N. Munasinghe and M.M.M. Najim

58

APPLICATION OF MASS BALANCE MODELLING TO

ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF FISH STOCKING ON THE

ENERGY FLOW IN A RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEM

PreethaPanikar, M. Feroz Khan and A.P. Sharma

60

TECHNICAL SESSION ON E-LEARNING

KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND MANAGEMENT

APPLICATION FOR NATIONAL WILDLIFE TRAINING

CENTER, SRI LANKA

W.A.K.L.M. Wickramasingha, E.P. Kudavidanage

S. Vasanthapriyan and T.S. Priyadarshana

65



S. Thuseethan and S. Vasanthapriyan

67


STUDIES IN SAMOA

Edna TemeseUalesi , Satoru Ozawa and Atsushi Minato

68

SURVEY ON METADATA STANDARDS FOR AN E-

TEACHING ENVIRONMENT

S. Vasanthapriyan

69

ix



ASIAN WATER BODIES

D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka, H. Tonooka, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne,

A. Minato and S. Ozawa

70


D. Bandara, N. Warnajith, A. Minato and S. Ozawa

72




Shamitha Pathiratne

73

FEASIBILITYSTUDYONTHEWIRELESSMESHNETWORKAS

ANALTERNATIVEWI-FINETWORKINGFORENTERPRISES

D.S.S. Matharage and M.K.D. Padmasiri

75

1

Proceedings of the International Symposium on ICT for Environmental Sustainability

KEY NOTE SPEECH


ASIAN LANGUAGES

Tomio Takara

The Dean, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.

Communication and processing using audio and video devices, which is

called multimedia communication, is developing along with the

development of high speed computers and high speed communication

networks. Speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition techniques

are being used in daily life as the high-tech human interface using

speech. However, such techniques are mainly developed for languages

of European countries, Japan, China etc. Speech synthesis and

recognition for minor languages have not been developed yet. Therefore,

a general speech synthesis system which could be applied to such

languages have been constructed by extending the Ryukyu dialect

speech synthesis system (RDSS).

In this system, phoneme unit is extended from mora only to also demi

syllable, and the accent rule is extended from pitch accent only to tone

and stress accent. This system was applied to Thai, Vietnamese,

Bangladesh, and Myanmar languages and the systems were evaluated.

The first version of speech synthesis systems were constructed using the

RDSS. Then, the quality of the synthesized speech was evaluated, and

the problems were detected in order to increase the quality to the level

used in daily life.

Because Thai, Vietnamese and Myanmar are tonal languages, the tones

represented mainly by fundamental frequency (F0) were researched. For

Thai speech synthesis system, an extension of generative model of F0

contour for tonal language was applied. Listening tests were performed

to evaluate the intelligibility and the generative model for Thai words

was observed to be effective.

In the Vietnamese Text-To-Speech system, the results were as follows:

(1) Power system control was applied for synthesizing broken and drop

tones; (2) Drop tone and the first part of Broken tone were comparable;

and (3) for the perception, Drop tone had a perceptual threshold of F0,

and F0 of final part of Broken tone had a minor effect.

2


In the Bangladesh system, nasality perception of Bangladesh vowels by

Bangla and Japanese listeners were discussed. Interestingly, Japanese

listeners perceive most Bangla nasal /~i/ as Japanese non-nasal /u/,

which showed that perception depends on listener‘s mother languages.

In the research of Myanmar speech synthesis, F0 normalization and

duration normalization were applied for tone rules. The high

intelligibility of synthesized tone was confirmed through listening test of

synthesized words.

Professor Tomio Takara is the Dean of

Faculty of Engineering, University of the

Ryukyus, Japan. He received his BS

degree in Physics from Kagoshima

University, Japan, in 1976 and ME degree

and Doctoral degree in Information

Processing from Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Japan in 1979 and 1983,

respectively. He was a visiting scientist at

the Carnegie Mellon University in 1991-

1992. He has been a Professor in the Department of Information

Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, since 1995. He had

received the 1990 Okinawa Society Award for Encouragement of Study

on Okinawa. His current research interests are in the field of spoken

language processing and machine intelligence.

3


KEY NOTE SPEECH



Franz-Josef Behr

Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart University of Applied

Sciences, Schellingstr, 24, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany

[email protected]

Nearly in all scientific disciplines the structuring, collection,

compilation, and encoding of digital data plays an increasing role. Huge

amounts of data are collected by various governmental and non-

governmental organisations. Interoperable communication and exchange

of data and services enable the usage of these data. Overall, an

increasing complexity of information and communication technology

can be observed. People have to deal with thiee challenges parallely to

their own specific fields of work, i.e. surveying, botany, geology etc.

In this context it can be helpful to recognize general patterns occuring

throughout different approaches for data modeling, processing, and

encoding. Such patterns comprise identity of features, single features

and collections, structuring vocabularies by namespaces, separating

information chunks, adding semantics, openess, networking, service

orientation and interoperability.

The knowledge of these patterns can help to understand information

handling as it is used in applied computer science. In addition, it

contributes to the IT related developments in everybody‘s own field of

expertise.

4


Prof. Franz-Josef Behr, is the Professor

of spatial information processing in the

Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences,

Germany. He graduated in Geodesy

from Karlsruhe University (KIT),

Germany, in 1983 and in 1989 he

received his Ph.D. in digital

photogrammetry from the same

university.

He has supervised about 40 Master's Thesis. He published two GIS text

books, more than 50 scientific papers and had given several

presentations at international conferences. In addition, he conducted

workshops in India and Egypt and had organised scientific conferences

in Peru , Kenya, Malaysia, and India.

He is active member of the German Organisation for Standardization

and active supporter of Open Source and Open Data. .

5


PLENARY SESSION SPEECH


ORGANISATIONS

Franz-Josef Behr

Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Schellingstr, 24, 70174 Stuttgart,

Germany

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The aims of the international community as summarized by the Charter of

the United Nations are; to maintain international peace and security, to

develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the

principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to achieve

international co-operation in solving international problems of economic,

social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and

encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms

for all.

To achieve these aims a complex system of organizational units were

created. This presentation introduces this ecosystem with focus on bodies

providing or using geodata. A closer look to some units, i.e., UNEP,

OCHA, UNOSAT, will be given, including their websites and the

tools used.

The collaboration between involved actors is needed. Some approaches to

overcome obstacles hampering interoperability such as CODs, FODs, P-

Codes, and Linked Data with respect to general applicability in the

geospatial field will be explained.

6


7


Technical Session

on

Disaster Management

8


9




COASTAL SOUTHWEST SRI LANKA AND THE URGENT NEED

FOR INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

APPLICATION

S.K.Mohamed Ali1*

and R.K. Chaminda Kumara2

1Department of Geography, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

2Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Monsoon was traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind

accompanied by corresponding changes in the precipitation but is now

understood as the seasonal change in atmospheric circulation and

precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. Sri

Lanka is affected annually both by the southwest and northeast monsoons

and shows marked variations from intensified disastrous situations to

failure. The 2013 southwest monsoon brought disaster to the fishing

population of the southwest quadrant especially Balapitiya Divisional

Secretariat Division (DSD). Its impact peaked on June 8th

with the

sudden intensification of the system resulting in high wind and

precipitation that led to human death and property loss. The highest

number of deaths, missing and injured were reported from Balapitiya

DSD. The main objective of the present investigation was to study the

damaging effect of the southwest monsoon of 8th

June 2013 on the fishing

population of the most affected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions of the

Balapitiya DSD. Other objectives were to find out whether an early

warning had been issued, the observations of the fishing community on

the intensified monsoon situation, safety measures adopted by the

community during the disaster, their traditional knowledge on identifying

a severe weather situation and the nature of damages to vegetation. The

study area covered Ahungalla, Weliwathugoda, Wellabada,

Werathuduwa, Brahmanawaththa south and Brahmanawaththa north

Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisions. The primary method used was a

questionnaire survey on the affected fishing population. Random

sampling technique based on the list of affected families provided by the

GN of the affected divisions was used to select the sample. Forty

questionnaires were administered to each GN division except

Brahmanawatte north (39) totaling to 279 affected families in the study

10


area. Other supplementary methods used were interviews, personal and

group discussions and case studies. The study was under taken in July

2013. Simple statistical methods such as percentages were used to analyze

the data. Result show that there were 24 deaths (out of 27 in Sri Lanka) in

the study area. 35.06% said the most serious damage were to their fishing

materials, 29.22% said they were unable to go fishing as a result of bad

weather. 84.94% said that no early warnings were issued before the

disaster and 56.90% have seen uprooted trees in the study area. As

protection methods 56.48% had stayed inside the house. Use of ICT as an

early warning measure could have saved many human lives if applied

during this disaster situation.

Key words: ICT, Southwest monsoon, Coastal fishing population,

Balapitiya, Damages

11


MODELİNG AND MAPPİNG OF RİSK ASSESSMENT

FROM DANGEROUS GORASHİ LAKE USİNG

GEOİNFORMATİCS

Naveed Mustafa*, Arshad Ashraf, Bashir Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal

Iqbal and Rozina Naz

Climate Change, Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute

(CEAWRI), National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Chack

Shazad, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Peoples on mountains are living with disasters such as landslides,

avalanches, rainfall flash floods, earthquakes, snow fall flash floods and

glacial lake out flood events. With the phenomenon of climate change, the

frequency of such disaster events increases. Pakistan is most affected due

to climate change because of alarming situation of glaciers depletion in

Hindu Kush, Karakorum and Himalayan (HKH) region. The HKH region

is the hot spot for climate effects. Pakistan is a country which not

contributes much release of greenhouse gasses that are the major cause of

global warming and climate changes as compare to developed countries.

The climatic condition dramatically affects the land and economy in this

part of world due to heavy intensity of flood and cloud burst rainfall

events which cause of flash floods and landslides. The Gorashi lake which

is formed due to a landslide event is highly dangerous because there are

about eight glacial lakes in its catchments. If any of these lakes breaks,

water volume of Gorashi lake will be increased causing a landslide. The

water flow from Gorashi lake causes heavy floods with landslide material.

This type of event can be disastrous for downstream villages such as

Ghandoos, Kharmang and Gambat Brok.

Using Geo-Informatics tools (GIS and Remote Sensing), the damaged

area, crops losses and Economic losses are calculated and post disaster

damages can be assessed. Safe locations for affectees are also be

suggested thus minimizing the losses.

Key words: Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing, Hindu

Kush, Karakorum and Himalayan), Disasters, Glacial Lake out Floods.

12





* Shahid Parvez, Zafar Iqbal Zafar and Hafiz Ali Imran

Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Snow avalanches are highly lethal disasters due to their sudden

occurrence and impacts. In Pakistan, a similar incident was occurred at

Gyari Sector on 07 April 2012 at 2:00 a.m. killing 140 people. A study

was conducted to monitor the major causes of such huge human losses, as

well as to provide suggestions for future preventive measures. Pakistan,

being Alpine glacier and Snowpack resource rich country, always requires

proper monitoring, mapping and estimation of these avalanche prone

areas for better planning and decision making. Environmental monitoring

and mapping of all these very important areas of natural resources, can

easily be addressed with advanced technologies of Remote Sensing and

GIS. In the present study, free satellite images as well as DEM of Google

Earth were utilized as the major data source to investigate Gyari Sector

avalanche incident. Besides this, 3D Profiling utility of Google Earth was

used for tracking potential avalanche paths and their slopes. It was noted

that the Gyari Sector infrastructure was established exactly in the line of

an avalanche path. The path of this avalanche which had smashed out all

the buildings, people, and other infrastructure, was thoroughly

investigated using Google Earth utilities. The slope of this avalanche path

was calculated to be 37.27o, which falls under the maximum danger zone

limit of avalanche occurrence. Alternate future options for installation of

necessary infrastructure in the adjoining areas are also proposed in this

study. Moreover, possible pre-emptive measures to retaining the existing

site are also discussed. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, in general,

and Google Earth techniques, in particular, are found to be very useful in

monitoring and mapping avalanche disasters as well as for their

combatting efforts.

Key words: Avalanche, Disaster Management, Remote Sensing, Google

Earth, Gyari Sector

13


Technical Session

on

Climate Change

14


15



RESPECT TO SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE

OF WET AND DRY EVENTS OF RAINFALL IN ATHTHANAGALU

OYA BASIN

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga and M.M.M. Najim*

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya,

Kelaniya. Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Socioeconomic aspects of life have changed due to alterations in the

climatic patterns. Sri Lanka needs to pay more attention to the climate

extremes as the available water resources are directly affected by these

changes. Hence planning and management of water resources based on

climatic patterns play a key role in sustainable development. Sustainable

planning and management of water resources of Aththanagalu Oya that

feeds many large and small scale multi-purpose water extraction schemes

in Sri Lanka is vital in the event of climate change. Thus, an analysis of

the shifts and trends of climatic patterns with respect to wet and dry

events within the Aththanagalu Oya basin was carried out to evaluate the

state and the extent of climate change using Standardized Precipitation

Index(SPI). Daily rainfall data covering the period from January 1991 to

February 2011 of Henarathgoda, Vincit, Chesterford, Kirindiwela,

Nittambuwa and Pasyala rainfall gauging stations which are located

within the Aththanagalu Oya catchment area were obtained from the

Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka. Two periodic intervals of years

(1991-2000 and 2001-2011) were formulated and monthly accumulated

rainfall for each month of the considered periods were used as the input to

the SPI Model in Mat Lab R2007b (version 7.5). The events were ranked

into five classes (normal, mild moderate, severe and extreme) based on

the severity of each event and the variations in climate (with respect to

SPI) were evaluated using Paired Chi-Square method. A decrease in dry

events and an increase of the wet events in the climatic pattern of recent

years (2001-2011) compared to the past (from 1991 to 2000) in Vincit,

Kirindiwela, Nittambuwa and Pasyala could be observed in accordance

with the SPI analysis while an opposite trend was observed in

Henarathgoda and Chesterford. Unlike the predictions of many studies

which expect significant alterations in climate patterns in the recent years

than the past years, according to the SPI approach, only the wet events of

16


Pasyala (a significant increasing trend of wetness) and the dry events of

Vincit (a significant decreasing trend of dryness) indicate significant

alterations in climatic patterns while the climatic variations indicated by

the rest of the areas are statistically insignificant. Hence, a significant

increase in wetness in Vincit and Pasyalain terms of both severity and

frequency of occurrence with variations of rainfall seasonality could be

predicted in accordance with the SPI.

Key words: climate change, wetness, dryness, severity, frequency, SPI

17



LANKA

R.M.S.S.Sanjeewani* and L. Manawadu

Department of Geography, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Changes in extreme weather and climate events have significant impacts

on environment and are among the most serious challenges to the society.

Among them floods and droughts are crucial weather extremes. To date,

these hazardous extremes are becoming more frequent. World

Meteorological Organization (WMO) emphasizes the importance of the

studies relevant to the above phenomena and motivates the countries by

providing necessary indices and guidelines on analyzing these weather

extremes.

Sri Lanka is also undergoing these weather extremes and among them

severe rainfall extreme events are one of the frequent weather hazards.

These events cause vast damages to many sectors. Therefore, it is a timely

important to identify the spatial and temporal dynamics of rainfall

extremes over the country to examine the trends in frequency and

intensity of extreme rainfall events.

This study was mainly based on ascertaining the dynamic trends of

rainfall extremes across the country for the period of 1981 to 2010.

Extreme rainfall events were identified using daily rainfall data collected

from the Meteorological Department for the particular period. The

RClimDex 1.0 package, designed by the Expert Team on Climate Change

Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) was used in this analysis. WMO also

recommended this package for analyzing extreme weather events

providing guidelines in 2009. Ten rainfall extremes indices including

frequency indicators and intensity indicators were utilized in identifying

extreme events.

Based on the main objective, trends of above mentioned two index types

were analyzed using different techniques. Spatial and temporal trends

were mapped using IDW interpolation technique in Geographical

Information System. Box plots and basic statistics were used to analyze

the spatial and temporal trends of rainfall extremes. Non parametric Mann

18


Kendall test was used to detect the trends and their significance using

XLStat software.

Most of the extremes were concentrated in the southern eastern quarter of

the country. There too higher influence was seen in Western Province

including Colombo, Ratmalana. Likewise eastern regions including

Trincomalee, Batticaloare were exposed to risk of the rainfall extremes.

Inversely dry extremes occur in other dry zonal regions. But the impact is

becoming lesser. Ratmalana is highlighted with significant increasing

trends in most of the wet extremes excluding simple daily intensity index

and consecutive wet days. Nuwara Eliya shows the decreasing trends of

almost all the extreme indices. However, with the passage of time,

decreasing trends of intensity indicators of Rathnapura were visible even

though the trends were not significant. Rathnapura is the region which has

mostly succumbed to the impact of rainfall extremes as most of annual

maxima of extremes in Sri Lanka are recorded in Rathnapura. This impact

seems to be shifting towards western province. These detections of trends

of spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall extremes facilitate in decision

making and planning related to disaster management and development in

Sri Lanka.

Key words: Extreme rainfall events, frequency indicators, intensity

indicators, spatial pattern, temporal trends.

19



G. Dassanayake*, G. Dahanayake, N. Warnajith, A. Minato,


KISSEL Group, Ibaraki University, Japan.


ABSTRACT

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), including

satellites, mobile phones or the Internet, play a key role in addressing the

major challenges related with climate change and sustainable

development. ICTs can play a significant role to improve the carbon

footprint of cities by moving to a more intelligent use of energy.

Climate change has risen rapidly up the agenda of international

organizations, governments, communities, universities and industry

sectors in the past decade, reflecting the growing impact of climatic

manifestations at multiple levels with the potential to become a major

disruptive factor in the achievement of economic growth and

development over the next fifty years, climate change is playing an

increasing role in processes of policy design, strategy implementation,

livelihood maintenance and business practices around the world.

This paper aims to raise awareness of the need to design and implement

strategies for the ICT sector to better prepare for, respond and adjust to

the impacts of short-term and long-term climatic manifestations. It gives

an overview of the importance of adaptation for the ICT sector and of the

challenges and opportunities resulting from this adaptation. It

also describes the ICT sector's current response to climate change and

gives a list of suggested adaptation actions.

ICTs are fundamental for monitoring climate change, mitigating and

adapting to its effects and assisting in the transition towards a green

economy. By raising awareness of the role of ICTs, it is promoting

transformative solutions that can ensure a sustainable future for all.

Keywords: ICT, Internet, Climate change, Sustainability, Climate

Change

20






Saegis Campus, 135, S De S Jayasinghe Mawatha, Nugegoda,

Sri Lanka

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Climate Change and its impact are a growing concern of the modern

world. Most of the present climate problems have occurred as a result of

technological and scientific successes. Scientific mode of production and

consumption has led to the problem of climate change because of the

ignorance of morality and ethics of development as well as sustainable

traditional knowledge. Modern scientific knowledge is trying to find a

solution to the sustainable development, but at the same time it cannot be

ignored the fact that the Traditional Knowledge is equally important to

supplement the scientific knowledge. Climate change is an ecological

problem so, the knowledge and people who are close to the nature will

have potential solution and their involvement must come into policy

discussion. To identify how information and communication technology

(ICT) can use indigenous knowledge of people to promote climate change

adaptation and to study the ways of using communication technology to

create awareness of climate change adaptation among publics in Sri

Lanka are the main objectives of this study. A descriptive research

methodology is used for this study and administered to a selected sample

from a specific population included with executives who are from private

and public sector offices. The study was carried out for six months using a

questionnaire as the survey instrument. This paper discussed the

importance of acquiring the traditional knowledge of people and how the

available information is being disseminated through ICT in Sri Lanka.

Literature outlines the importance of applying traditional knowledge

which leads to a sustainable living environment and the methods of ICT

used to promote climate change adaptation in other countries. It can be

concluded from the present study that ICT is a key to the modern world to

promote indigenous knowledge to facilitate climate change adaptation and

create awareness of its impact to Sri Lanka.

Key words: Climate change, adaptation, indigenous knowledge, ICT,

internet, promotions

21


Technical Session

on

Remote Sensing and GIS

22


23


EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN BOLGODA NORTH LAKE, SRI

LANKA

B.D.C. Perera1, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne

1*, D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka

2,

H. Tonooka2, A. Minato

2, S. Ozawa

2

1 Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya,Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 2Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,

Hitachi, Japan *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the Bolgoda North Lake (06.400–

06. 480 N; 079. 55

0-079. 58

0E), which is a shallow brackish water body

situated in the western coastal region of Sri Lanka, was determined

through correlating Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and

Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) optical sensor data with in-situ data

measured from April 2013 to October 2013 in 05 sampling sites. ASTER

band ratio of B1/B2 which gave the highest correlation with in-situ Chl-a

data was used to generate 15 m resolution Chl-a distribution maps.

Chl-a distribution maps generated using ASTER data indicated that most

areas of Bolgoda North Lake were eutrophic. Some regions of the Weras

Ganga which flows into the Lake showed very high Chl-a concentrations

during April indicating hypereutrophic conditions while in June,

September and October these areas indicated eutrophic conditions.

Observations on land use pattern revealed that industrial zones border

these areas. High Chl-a concentrations were also observed in the areas

bordered by the lands with low income houses from which household

waste as well as sewage are discharged directly to the lake.

Chl-a distribution maps developed for 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2011

revealed that eutrophication of the Bolgoda North Lake has gradually

increased in the recent past. This may possibly be due to the increase in

the industrial effluents as a result of industrial development in the area

and also due to increased population of low income groups that live in

some areas bordering the lake.

Key words: Bolgoda Lake, ASTER, Eutrophication, Chlorophyll-a

24


LOCATING SUITABLE SITES FOR SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS

IN MATARADISTRICT USING GIS AND AHP

N.T. Jayawickrama and V.P.A. Weerasinghe*

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Landfill site selection in highly populated areas is a critical issue in

today‘s society because of its enormous impact on the economy, ecology

and the environmental health of the region. Present study was conducted

to find suitable locations for landfills in Matara district, which is a highly

urbanized area. Geographic Information Systems and Analytic Hierarchy

Process were integrated in this study to solve the landfill site selection

problem. Waste collection and population data of the study area were

used to estimate the cumulative waste amounts up to the year 2020 and

the minimum effective area needed for landfill sites.

Eleven landfill siting constraint criterion maps including surface water,

forest reserves, wetlands, coastal zone, rainfall, town centres, residential

areas, important buildings, major roads and railways, slope and soil were

prepared and unsuitable areas for landfills were determined according to

the existing regulations. Further evaluation of the remaining suitable areas

in three categories of high, medium and low priority for being suitable for

landfill sites was done using factor criteria.

Depending on the relative importance of the identified criteria, weights

were calculated by Analytic Hierarchy Process and were incorporated in

to the analysis. The maps prepared for each criterion were then overlaid

in Geographic Information Systems environment to obtain the final

suitability. The resulting final factor map shows a land area of 112.4 km2

from Matara district as highly suitable for landfill areas.

Field investigations show that Thalpawila, Parawahera and Kekanadura

have most suitable areas for landfill sites at Matara district.

Key words: AHP, criterion, GIS, landfill

25


GREEN SPACE PLANING USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

FOR CITY OF COLOMBO, SRI LANKA

M. S. P. M. Siriwardane1*

, Jagath Gunatilake2 and

S. Sivanantharajah3

1Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya,

2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya,

3GIS Division, Survey Department of Sri Lanka

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of human population, their demands, and constructed

environment have replaced the natural environment in a significant way.

Therefore, people reconsider building up natural environment with

artificial constructions. This study is focused on sustainable development

of Urban Green Spaces (UGS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies are very important for the study as

they have powerful spatial scientific approaches.

The present study area was Colombo Municipal Council (CMC)

administrative area with three objectives. Identification and analyzing of

existing green areas and their patterns was one objective. This was done

through supervised image classification method using high resolution

satellite images. After extracting the vegetation cover, central place theory

was used to understand the existing patterns.

The second objective was to analyze the green areas with the natural and

human factors, such as, buildings, transportation networks, bare lands,

urban heat hot spots, air pollution contaminations etc. These factors were

weighted under existing urban regulations in Sri Lanka and developed a

multi criteria model for analyzing the suitability of expanding green

spaces. According to the results, the most suitable area is less than 1% of

the total area. But 39% of the land is suitable for expanding green spaces

while another 40% cannot be expanded. Moderate suitable area is around

20%. Using these results three dimensional models and accessibility

models were developed to understand the applicability of green spaces in

selected portions of land.

Cartographic and web based GIS outputs were created to disseminate the

results as the third objective to engage responsible parties for the planning

operations. Urban planners, designers and decision makers can use the

26


results as a decision support system with the comments submitted by the

community.

The applicability of GIS and Remote Sensing improves the decision

making power for planning green spaces towards sustainable conservation

processes in urban environment.

Key words: Urban green spaces (UGS), geographic information systems

(GIS), remote sensing (RS), central place theory

27


MAPPING OF WATER POLLUTION IN PATTIWILA AREA OF

GAMPAHA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA, USING SURFACE


L. N.W. Perera and V.P.A. Weerasinghe*


Kelaniya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Industries can be a huge source of water pollution and extremely harmful

effects could be produced when there are no proper effluent discharge

mechanisms. Residents in the Mabima West, Pattivila North and Pattivila

South Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions of the Biyagama Divisional

Secretary‘s Division in Sri Lanka also have health problems due to the

water pollution in this area. Some years ago, the Pattiwila canal, which is

a stream running through these GN Divisions was directly connected to

the livelihood of the people living in Mabima and the Pattiwila region but

today the water quality of this canal has been negatively affected by the

wastewater discharges from several industrial activities of the study area.

Sapugaskanda oil refinery, Sapugaskanda diesel power plant and gas

filling industries are most possible effluent discharge sources to the

Pattiwila canal.

The present study was carried out to investigate the spatial variation of

water quality in the study area using surface interpolation method and

compare with relevant water quality standards. Fourteen water quality

parameters of surface and ground water in seven sampling sites were

analyzed according to the standard procedures. Data was interpolated

using ArcGIS 9.1 software and Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method

was used as the surface interpolation method.

Results indicated that, oil and grease levels in water exceed the water

quality standard for use as raw water for public water supplies and

drinking purposes. It is not safe to use water as raw water for public water

supplies, drinking purposes and irrigation and agriculture purposes

without proper treatment, especially for oil and grease.

Key words: Oil and grease, water pollution, surface interpolation

28



STUYDY IN WALAPANE DIVISIONAL SECRETARY DIVISION

IN NUWARAELIYA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

V. P.A. Weerasinghe* and Yashoba Sirisena

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Landslides are a great threat to human lives and environment, especially

in the upland areas of Sri Lanka. Walapane Divisional Secretary‘s

Division, has been identified as the highest landslide prone area of the

Nuwara Eliya district. As an area with minute level of anthropogenic

activities, its landslides are directly influenced by the climate and

topography of the area.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of global warming on

temperature and rainfall of the Walapane Divisional Secretary‘s Division

area. Rainfall and temperature data were analyzed using Mann-Kendal

test and regression analysis to detect the trends. The topography of the

area was analyzed using GIS packages. Integration of climate and

topography was also done using GIS.

The study revealed that there is evidence of impacts of global warming in

the study area. Both the annual and seasonal analysis showed a

significantly increased temperature trend over the years. Annual and

South-West monsoon rainfall revealed a declining trend while North-East

monsoon rainfall revealed an increasing trend. To find out the effect of

global warming on landslide occurrence in the study area, climate-

landslide relationships were analyzed. Results revealed that landslides are

highly triggered by the North-East monsoon. Most of the landslide events

were observed to trigger after sudden, heavy, daily rainfall that prevailed

for a short time period. Such rainfalls are observed to be consequences of

global warming.

Topographical characteristics such as slope, hill shading and aspects of

the land slide locations which mainly govern the amount of water that

could be received in those areas also determine the amount of water that

could be retained. Landslide locations at higher elevations with moderate

hill shading and aspect face to the North-East monsoon showed an

increasing trend of rainfall during the past decades.

Key words: Landslides, rainfall, topography, temperature

29


EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN

HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SRI LANKA USING

GEO-INFORMATICS AND STATISTICAL TOOLS

N.W.B.A.L Udayanga*, K.A.R.K Kodituwakku



ABSTRACT

Generation of solid waste in large quantities and their improper disposal

associated with the accelerated economic and technological advancement

and population growth have raised growing concerns throughout the

world including Sri Lanka. The complication of the composition and the

quantitative increase of household waste have become a major issue in Sri

Lanka. Localized trends in solid waste disposal play a critical role in

drafting of policies and management plans for effective management of

solid waste. Thus, a statistics and geoinformatics based analysis of the

recent trends in household solid waste disposal was carried out to identify

the characteristic disposal methods of household solid waste of each

district, and to evaluate both spatial and temporal trends in household

solid waste disposal patterns in Sri Lanka in order to facilitate the

effective management of solid waste. Commonly practiced household

solid waste disposal methods and percentage contribution of each method

in each district in 2006-2007, 2009-2010 and 2012-2013 were obtained

from the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. The data were

then subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify the

major characteristic household solid waste disposal methods and the

temporal variation of the household solid waste disposal methods in each

district, by using PRIMER V 5.2.9. software package. Characteristic

disposal method(s) of household solid waste in each district during the

study period were recognized based on the scores of the Principal

Components and districts that exhibit similarities in the disposal methods

were grouped into clusters. Spatial maps of above recognized clusters that

exhibit similar characteristic disposal methods were prepared using Arc

GIS 9.2 and the spatial and temporal variation of such clusters were

analyzed to identify the recent trends in household solid waste disposal.

30


Significant temporal variations in household solid waste disposal

practices could be identified in many districts including Colombo, Galle,

Kandy, Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura where several districts including

Gampaha and Batticaloa exhibited unchanged characteristic disposal

practices throughout the years. The utilization of geo-informatics and

statistical tools facilitate the identification of characteristic solid waste

disposal methods and their temporal and spatial trends. Hence, the geo-

informatics and statistical tools could be utilized by the government sector

to evaluate the effectiveness of existing solid waste management plans

and practices as well as in drafting new policies and plans for solid waste

disposal, rather than relying on the traditional approaches.

Key words: Household solid waste, disposal practices, GIS, temporal,

spatial, trends

31



SUGARCANE IN THE MONARAGALA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

USING GIS

Y.M.P. Samarasinghe*1, P. Wickramagamage

2 and

K. Shanmuganathan3

1 Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture,

2 Department of Geography

University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3

Sugarcane Research Institute, Uda Walewe, Sri Lanka. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Sri Lanka‘s total annual requirement of sugar is 550,000 tons and only

10% of it is produced locally. The necessity for self sufficiency in sugar is

identified and the current extent of cultivation of sugarcane has to be

expanded for the production of sugar while making use of other

byproducts. This requires identification of suitable areas for sugarcane

cultivation in the dry zone and intermediate zone of Sri Lanka without

causing environmental consequences or influencing the production of

other crops. This study attempts to identify areas suitable for sugarcane

cultivation in the Moneragala district based on a set of criteria; Soil

aspects, environmental aspects, legal aspects and climatic aspects.

Boolean approach was applied for the suitability assessment assisted by

GIS.

Monaragala district extends up to 5659 km2 of area and belongs to both

Intermediate and dry zones. Study revealed that 36% of the total extent is

suitable for sugarcane cultivation with necessary management practices.

Dry zone area within the Monaragala district encountered with water

scarcity problem for both Yala and Maha planting conditions where the

issue is severe in Yala planting. Feasibility for the usage of surface water

resources has to be carried out for discovering solutions for this issue. The

intermediate zone areas do not have issues of water scarcity for

cultivation of sugarcane and therefore water availability criteria was

excluded for this zone. The study can be executed for other districts for

the expansion of sugarcane cultivation and the development of sugar

industry in Sri Lanka.

Key words: Boolean approach, feasibility, GIS, management practices,

suitability assessment, water scarcity

32




K.N.S. Warnajith*, S.H.P.K. Lakesh, A. Minato and S. Ozawa

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,

Hitachi, Japan *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Sensor Networks are designed for specific applications which range from

small-size healthcare systems to large scale environmental monitoring

systems. The design of sustainable sensor networks is a very challenging

issue. With the aid of rapid development of the modern technology,

commercial equipments for monitoring environment factors have been

introduced so frequently. However, the cost of these equipments becomes

the main problem when developing a sensor network. Also, energy

consumption of these equipment is another problem. In this paper, these

factors were considered and a sensor network implementation which uses

small low cost Linux board (Raspberry Pi) and low cost sensors was

introduced. A small microcontroller was used as the interface between the

sensor and the Linux Board and the functionality of this microcontroller

was also discussed. This was tested for recording CO2 content,

temperature and spectrum data. A practical method for continuous power

supply for the developed system was also described and application in

large scale environment was also proposed.

Key words: Sensor networks, sustainability, Raspberry Pi,

microcontrollers

33


Technical Session

on

Green ICT

34


35




Shamitha Pathiratne

TEC Sri Lanka, No 66/1, Walter Gunasekara Mawatha, Nawala

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Information technology industry has become one of the primary

indicators of economic outlook in any country. People who work and

study in this field are the significant factors that drive information

technology. The Ministry of Telecommunication and Information

Technology has the important mission to promote ICT in Sri Lanka.

Therefore, ICT labor should have enough resources with high potential,

knowledge and skills.This research focuses on how inner characteristics

and personalities affect IT professionals in Sri Lanka.

The objective of this study was to find out the whether the 13 Kings

Model which deals with thinking preferences and Big 5 personality can be

used to find out the strength of an IT professional. A self administered

psychology questionnaire consisting of 130 closed questions was used in

the present study where the sample size used was 495.

The ICT work force can be divided into two groups as high skilled and

low skilled. The number of low skilled is about 50% higher than the

number of high skilled. The 9 IT jobs can be separated as 6 high skilled

jobs and 3 low skilled jobs.

Findings of the Study reveals that the 13 Kings Model is an effective

career path model which can be used to determine thinking preferences

and personality of IT professionals enabling the identification of their

strengths, thus contributing to develop the intellectual capital of an

organization. If the professional knows their strengths, they can find the

suitable or preferred job which can consequently improve their

performance and career path.

Key words: IT professional, career path model, thinking preference, big 5

personality, human resource planning.

36


ADOPTION FOR ICT AND E-COMMERCE SERVICES IN


OPPORTUNITIES


Faculty of Management,

Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Over the last six decades, tourism has experienced continued expansion

and diversification with the rapid growth of technological advancements.

Effective and high-speed Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) infrastructure and software applications are crucial for the

development of hospitality industry as it offers great opportunity to

increase customer value, enhance customer satisfaction and achieve

business excellence and high profits.

The Central Reservations Systems (CRS), Front-office information

systems, booking information systems, hotel management information

systems, Global Distribution Systems (GDS), property management

systems and Destination Integrated Computerized Information

Reservation Management Systems (DICIRMS) are some of the main

information technologies that serve hospitality industry today. However,

the development of ICT has also led to changes in demand and supply of

the industry while offering personalized hospitality experiences for

holiday makers. e – word of mouth publicity, online travel review sites

and the social networking sites encourage travellers to share information

and research on their dreamed travel destination. As a result, today

tourists have become more demanding for ‗value for money and time‘

services.

E-commerce has recorded a significant growth as a convenient way of

buying and selling goods and services over the internet. Hospitality

industry is one of those which is fully benefited from the e- commerce

services. Hospitality industry ‗Information Technology Investments‘ are

often made to improve performance. This study aims to examine the

e-commerce usage and the implementation of ICT for hospitality industry.

The findings of the research include number of factors which can be

identified behind the immense growth of the ICT and e-commerce

37


services usage. Further those would be beneficial for the hospitality

industry policy makers and the stakeholders to design innovative,

attractive tourist products to increase the guest satisfaction.

The development of ICT and e-commerce offers competitive advantages

such as, improved employee productivity and enhanced revenue

generation, and also contributes to low labor-costs, cheap raw materials,

improve the country‘s infrastructure, communication channels, legislation

and so on. The revolution of ICT and e-commerce brought some

challenges which influence at both microeconomic and macroeconomic

environment levels. These include, lack of trust on online services,

insecurity of personal information, lack of infrastructure and poor

knowledge of its operation. The expansion of e-commerce services and

demand will significantly change the labor market. Further high

implementation cost, labor intensive certification process, lack of

awareness, limited infrastructure facilities are some of the key barriers

that delay adopting ICT and e-commerce services. ‗Broadband promoting

Initiative‘, affordable prices, convenience, wide availability, instant

connectivity and lifestyle etc also motivate people for online transactions.

Hence it is essential to have legal policy where government and

regulatory bodies are collaborating on a wider platform to ensure e-

commerce law to protect the consumer. More over, awareness and

training is needed for ICT at various levels of hospitality enterprises.

Government policies and regulations, size of the establishment, financial

capacity etc. are equally important factors affecting e -commerce adoption

in hospitality industry.The Internet and the e –commerce has dramatically

changed the entire hospitality industry while playing a vital role in

promoting, integrating and building brand loyalty in tourism.

Key words: Hospitality industry, ICT, e-commerce, services

38



TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: THE

CASE OF JAFFNA DISTRICT

S.Yoharajan

Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya,

Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Over the past decade, tourism has become the largest industry

worldwide in terms of employment and share of global gross domestic

product. In Sri Lanka, Tourism sector attracted a record one million

tourists to the country for the first time in history in 2012. However,

multiplicity of tourism sector agencies (Local Authorities, Provincial

Councils and Line Ministry) has lead to fragmented and segmented

system of plans, where each agency prepares a plan independently.

Most decisions on development, even on local level activities, are

made by bureaucrats. The main objective of this study was to examine

the possibilities of community‘s involvement to develop the tourism

sector with the application of Information and Communication

Technology (ICT). This paper investigates the practical usage of ICT

for the benefit of sustainable tourism development. For this purpose, it

mainly concentrates on web based systems and Geoinformatics. This

research mainly focuses on Jaffna district which has a good blend of

aspects in tourism. Thousands of international and local tourists are

visiting Jaffna area every year. This study highlights the present status

of tourism sector in this area and also point out few drawbacks. It also

recommends some future initiatives for betterment of this sector. In

this methodology, the traditional vertical planning process is

transformed into a horizontal planning process, where local

government and other planning entities work together and explore the

possibilities of tourism sector planning with indigenous knowledge.

Sustainable tourism development has a lot to benefit from applying

ICT. In Jaffna, application of ICT and Geoinformatics in tourism

sector is still immature. Collecting accurate and updated data (spatial

and aspatial) necessitates proper coordination among all stakeholders.

Disseminating useful information regarding places of interest, cultural

events, religious festivals, etc. to worldwide audience through websites

39


and social media is an important step to be done professionally.

Tourism management which includes suitable site selection,

destination management, natural resource management, infrastructure

facilities, market analysis, manage tourists flow, tracking tourist

vehicles and future planning activities have a lot to benefit from using

Geoinformatics. This is also considered as a tool for measuring,

monitoring and forecasting tourism impacts as well as decision

making. This can also be used to identify environmentally sensitive

areas which should not be disturbed by tourism.

Key Words: Geoinformatics, information and communication technology

(ICT), indigenous knowledge, people‘s participation, sustainable tourism

development

40


41


Technical Session

on

Waste Management

42


43


E-WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

JAFFNA AND NALLUR DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT


Kayathiri.K1*

, E.Y.A. Charles2 and S.N. Surendran

3

1*

Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Jaffna 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Jaffna

3 Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna


ABSTRACT

The post-conflict development state of Jaffna District has resulted

in increased e-waste generation and the problems associated with it. In

this phase of development, Jaffna peninsula faces several environmental

problems which need an urgent attention.

This baseline study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and

flow of e-waste generation and to understand the e-waste management

practices in Jaffna district. It was conducted in the Jaffna and Nallur

Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Jaffna District from February to

August 2013 targeting households and corporate as key consumers. Using

skip sampling method, random samples of two hundred households in

each GN divisions were selected and interviewed. Six offices were

selected to represent government, banks and telecom companies.

Results of the household survey were compared with the usage of

items reported in the 2004 – Consumer Finance and Socio-Economic

Survey conducted by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. The survey revealed

that the usage of refrigerators has increased to 58% from 12.8% while the

usage of washing machines has increased to 34% from 0.8%. The usage

of televisions has increased to 98% from 43.9%.

The survey at the corporate reveled that out of their total electrical

and electronic equipments desktop computer shows high percentage

(28%) of usage. Significantly greater percentage (22%) of LED/LCD

screen monitors are used while the usage of CRT monitors is

comparatively less (6%). A large number of (9%) air conditioners are in

use.

80% of the households are keeping their e-waste at home and are

reluctant to throw them as waste. Similarly all public offices keep e-waste

until they are auctioned. Large enterprises send their e-waste to the head

offices which are located in Colombo. There are no e-waste collection

44


centers in Jaffna. Even though a large number of people can distinguish

(70%) e-waste, 100% of households are not aware of what happens to the

equipment they have discarded as general waste. Similarly the corporates

are also unaware of it.

The study also tried to estimate the increase of equipment usage

through the electricity consumption. There is a high increase in electrical

and electronic equipment usage in Jaffna district which will increase the

e-waste dramatically. Also there is a severe lack of knowledge regarding

e-waste. Establishing an e-waste collection centre in Jaffna district is an

essential need. General public should be made aware of the negative

impacts of uncontrolled disposal of e-waste.

Key words: E-waste management.

45


TOWARDS A SAARC REGIONAL CONVENTION ON SOUND E-

WASTE MANAGEMENT

P.R.K Dayaratne

Department of Inland Revenue,Colombo 02, Sri Lanka

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The accelerated rate of technological advancement has led to an

increasing rate of consumption and rapid rate of obsolescence of electrical

and electronic products. Thus, electrical and electronic waste (e-waste)

has currently become the largest growing waste stream. In the year 2012,

almost 48.9 million metric tons of e-waste was produced around the

world, which is an average of 7 kg for each of the 7 billion world

population. The current practices of e-waste management in South Asian

Association for Regional Coorperation (SAARC) countries experience a

number of dilemmas like health risk raised due to primitive disposal and

informal recycling methods; lack of comprehensively documented data

which make difficulty in realizing the magnitude of the problem;

inadequate financial strength; lack of skilled and professional workforce

with diverse management, organizational and logistical experience; lack

of legislation or enforcement surrounding; and lack of objective to

evaluate the alternatives in economically sustainable and environmentally

sensitive management of e-waste. This study is an attempt to put forward

a presumable regional approach to diminish the emerging problem of e-

waste of SAARC countries. The methodology adopted was desk research

techniques. The paper suggests possible course of action which is

intended to address the e-waste problem of SAARC region covering; (1)

undertake regional awareness campaigns on health risks associated with

e-wastes; and implement and enforce regional minimum health standards

to minimize the adverse effects of e-waste on the environment and human

health; (2) create a regional database to develop a comprehensive

understanding of the main sources of electrical and electronic equipment

(EEE) imports, and the extent, status and trends of e-waste movement

around the SAARC region; and establish regional minimum technical

standards for major categories of imported EEE; (3) establish a funding

organization to finance for inventory, collection, storage, recycling and

removal of e-wastes and for research and development; (4) maintain a

regional task force with experienced and expertise individuals in the

46


management and operation of e-waste collection actions; and establish a

regional training center to train the people engaged in the field; (5)

establish a regional research center; and develop proper guidance on e-

waste handling and best practice in Extended Producer Responsibility

(EPR) and end of life management options. In order to make the approach

reality, the paper emphasizes the obligation of a SAARC regional

convention on sound e-waste management.

Key words: e-waste management, SAARC, convention, electrical and

electronic equipment (EEE)

47


Technical Session

on

Multimedia Techniques

48


49




A.S. Amarasinghe* and D.P. Abeysooriya

Department of Information Technology, Middlesex University

The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, United Kingdom *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is one of the leading cancers in the female population and

most of them are lethal; to save lives breast cancer should be identified in

its early stage. In Sri Lanka 25% of the detected cancers are recognized as

breast cancers in each successive year between 2000 to 2005.

Mammography is the most successful method to diagnose breast cancers.

Mostly mammograms are poor quality images, and doesn‘t provide any

hard evidence to diagnose cancers although it has the accuracy of 80% -

90%. And this is where the mammogram enhancement is essentially

needed. Among various image enhancement techniques, histogram

equalization is the most convenient method to enhance images. But

unfortunately many prevailing histogram equalization techniques are not

suitable for mammogram enhancement, because they can‘t accurately

separate noise from the image. Detecting cancers in a Mammogram is

rather delicate process which needs fairly controlled image enhancement

with noise reduction. The proposed histogram equalization technique can

control the amount of enhancement and it intelligently separates the noise

from the interested regions and enhances the suspicious areas.

Many histogram equalization methods are available to enhance images.

But the common problem with all these algorithms is they did not concern

about the actual intensities of the pixels at all. In fact, this leads the whole

image enhancement into failures by over enhancing the images. However,

lack of controllability is the major obstacle to use histogram equalization

in mammogram enhancement. Actual intensities of the pixels must be

contributed to the process of enhancement to control the amount of

enhancement and prevent destroying the valuable information. The

proposed algorithm uses a set of candidate intensities to pick the most

appropriate intensity for the enhancement just like a genetic algorithm.

Newly taken mammograms were used to experiment the power of

enhancement of the algorithm. The image samples were taken from the

Karapitiya hospital, Galle, Sri Lanka, with the authorization from the

Director there. The major concerns were how well the algorithm can

50


reduce the noise and highlight the cancerous areas of the images.

Obviously this enhancement must assist the observers to find hard

evidence to detect cancers. Following shows a mammogram image before

and after the enhancement.

Original image Enhanced image

Identifying a breast cancer is a tough job and it needs years of practice

and some sophisticated technology. But still 10% of breast cancers are

missed by radiologists. This happens mainly due to noise of the images

and complex overlying and underlying structures in the cancer images.

Almost every Mammogram is a poor quality image which doesn‘t provide

enough hard evidence to pursue and diagnose cancers. This research led

to produce an image enhancing algorithm which can be used to enhance

mammograms to detect early stage breast cancers to support and assist in

medical treatments.

Key words: Histogram equalization, mammograms, genetic algorithms

51


Technical Session

on

Ecosystems

52


53



M.P. Gunawardena and M.M.M. Najim*


Kelaniya. Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Flooding and flow changes in rivers and streams due to anthropogenic

activities are the major problems worldwide as well as in Sri Lanka. To

address these issues, proper monitoring of flow patterns and prediction of

flow changes are necessary; However, daily monitoring and data

collection is greatly time consuming and costly. Therefore, development

and application of models for accurate simulation of flow variations will

be a vital requirement for the management of these ecosystems. In order

to address these concerns, a study was done with the objective of

calibrating and validating a model based on climatic, landuse and flow

data and to determine whether the calibrated model could be applied to

predict flow variations.

HEC-HMS 3.5 model which was developed by the United States Army

Corps of Engineers was used to simulate flow variation of the Nillambe

Oya catchment which is located within the central highlands of the mid

and upcountry wet zone. During the period from May 2013 to September

2013, flow was measured in nine selected days. Rainfall data, other

meteorological data and flow data for eight years (October 1991 to

September 1999) were obtained from the Environment and Forest

Division of the Mahaweli Authority and the Meteorology Department of

Sri Lanka. Daily flow data for five years (October 1991 to September

1996) were used to calibrate the model and another set of flow data for

five years (October 1994 to September 1999) were used to validate the

model. The flow values that were measured in situ during May 2013 to

September 2013 were statistically tested with flow values simulated by

the model.

Obtained residual plots and calculated percentage residuals of the

calibration and validation produced results with high R squared values

(above 0.65) and residual percentages within ±1SD and ±2SD above 85%

and 95%, respectively. The properly calibrated and validated HEC-HMS

3.5 computer model can be reliably used to simulate flows of Nillambe

Oya. Snyder unit hydrograph method, as the transformation method,

simulates flows reliably in the study catchment, along with initial loss

54


method. Therefore, HEC-HMS 3.5 model can reliably be used to estimate

flow volumes that are available to Hydropower generation, drinking water

supply and agricultural purposes while maintaining ecological harmony

with the riverine ecosystem.

Key words: Calibration, catchment, flow, HEC-HMS, modelling,

validation

55



RIVERBED VARIATION IN

IN MOUNTAINOUS RIVER BEND

Dang Truong An1*

and Park Sang Deog2

1Department of Physic and Physics Engineering, University of Sciences,

Vietnam National University, 227,Nguyen Van Cu Str., 5 Dist,

HCM City, Viet Nam 2Department of Civil Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National

University,7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Korea *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Flow of the mountainous river is a complex phenomenon, which is

characterized by steep slopes, water depths in the order of the height of

the roughness elements, a wide range of bed material sizes, and distinct

bed structures. The mountainous river may be defined as a stream in a

mountain area with steep channel slopes ranging from 0.1 to 10% or

more. Our current knowledge of flow of the mountainous river was

slowly improving and making certain progress. However, it was

remaining a challenge due to the lack of understanding of the

interrelationship between flow and sediment. The bed material of the

mountainous rivers is often a bed mixture of sands, gravels, cobbles, and

boulders up to 1 or 2m in diameter. Sediment transport capacities during

flood events can reach very high values and bed load may contains a high

portion of gravel, cobbles and boulders. Thus, sediment transport

dynamics in these channels may substantially differ from those in low-

gradient channels. In the past, most numerical models have been

developed in lower gradient channels. In the recent decades, more and

more flow and sediment transport models have been developed for steep

channels. Prediction of flow in the mountainous river may depend on

most common equations not considering the morphological peculiarities

of the research areas in conjunction with their limited capability. Bed load

equations developed by several authors for low slope rivers are rarely

applicable to steep river in mountain areas.

Researches on the flow and sediment transport problems in open

channels with steep slope is usually very difficult. This is a complicated

subject due to abrupt changes in bed topography, rapid variations in flow

regime as well as large roughness elements, etc. In this study, numerical

model was developed to calculate flow and bed level variation in open

56


channels with steep slopes where the maximum bed material size is in the

range of cobbles. Governing equations are discretized using the finite

difference method on staggered grid. The model system consists of a flow

module, a sediment transport module and a bed level variation module.

The flow module is based on the mass and momentum conservation

equations in two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. The bed level

variation module is based on the sediment continuity equation and gain

material distribution is applied for individual size fractions. The sediment

transport module comprises empirical bed load formulas. Numerous

equations have been developed and widely used to predict bed-load

transport rate. Unfortunately, the predicted bed load transport rate often

differs by orders of magnitude, as well as giving little confidence in the

computation results. In addition, local conditions of specific application

areas are often very different compared with laboratory conditions where

bed-load formulae were constructed. For this reason, in this research an

empirical formula for calculating bed load transport rate was developed.

Flow and sediment transport modules are simulated in a decoupled

manner.

Numerical model has been tested by simulating the flow situation in

the experimental channel and simulating a flood event in open channel

bend. The first experimental case concerns the aggradation in an

experimental channel, and the second case concerns the bed level

variation during a flood event in the Asungjun section of the Yangyang

Namdae mountainous-river with complex geometry. The simulation

results are compared with data from experimental and field

measurements. Detailed comparison results of the water surface elevation

shows generally good agreement. For the bed level variation simulation

results are quite consistent with measured data.

Key words: Open channels, steep slope, sediment transport, bed level

variation, empirical formula

57



PHOSPHORUS FOR ITS ADJACENT RIVER? A CASE STUDY IN

MANGROVE DISTURBED BY TYPHOON IN CAN GIO


Phạm Quynh Huong*, Ho Phan Minh Uyen, Le NgọcTran,

Le Xuan Thuyen, Tran Triet

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science,

National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT A vast area of mangrove in Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve was

destroyed by a typhoon named Durian in December 2006. After the

typhoon, trunks, branches and twigs were left on the spot. The

decomposition of these materials was expected to affect the nutrient

dynamics in the mangrove sediment and tidal creek. Therefore, this

research was conducted to study the phosphorus dynamics in a tidal creek

and test if this mangrove functions as a source or a sink of phosphorus for

its adjacent river.

The surface water and floating litter were taken during 24 hours on spring

tide from a tidal creek connecting the mangrove and its adjacent river.

The physicochemical properties of the creek water were measured directly

in field. The content of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total

particulate phosphorus (TPP), and phosphorus (P) content in the floating

litter were determined to calculate the amount of P exchanged between

the mangrove and river. Map Info Professional was used to calculate the

cross-section area of the creek and the data analysis was performed with

SG Plus Centurion XVI.

Most of the floating litter were twigs and small wood pieces from the

mangrove (62% of the total weight of floating litter). The average amount

of floating litter exported from the mangrove was 305.83 gh-1

. The

average amount of P exported from the mangrove through the floating

litter was 452.3 mgh-1

. SRP in the creek derived from the higher nutrient

concentration pore-water from the mangrove sediment which came into

the creek during the ebb. The amount of P entering the mangrove was

2013.56 gday-1

, while the amount of P exported from the mangrove was

2232.78 gday-1

. Due to the decomposition of trunks and branches

remained on the mangrove floor after the typhoon, the disturbed

mangrove functioned as a source of P for its adjacent river.

Key Words: Mangrove creek, litter, phosphorus

58


ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW VARIATION DUE TO MINI-HYDRO

DIVERSION AT GURUGODA OYA, SRI LANKA

D.S.N. Munasinghe and M.M.M. Najim*



ABSTRACT Quantification of amounts of flows that could be diverted maintaining

desired ecosystem conditions is difficult, and thus, water allocation

among sectors including the environment, has emerged a growing concern

in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research focused on quantifying optimum

flows that has to be maintained below the weir site of a mini-hydro power

plant located at Morontota, Sri Lanka through Environmental Flow

Assessment and to predict whether the flows of the Hungampola

South/Morontota village section of Gurugoda Oya would be sufficient to

sustain riverine biodiversity.

The HEC-HMS 3.5 model was calibrated and validated for the

Holombuwa catchment of the Gurugoda Oya basin. The GIS layers that

were needed as input data for flow simulation were prepared using Arc

GIS 10.0 and the calibrated and validated model was applied to the

Alapalawela sub catchment located within the Holombuwa catchment, to

generate flows for the past twenty three years (1991-2013). Simulated

stream flows were characterized using thirty two different hydrological

parameters. The Range of Variability Approach (RVA) targets to be

maintained below the weir site were calculated using flows before

hydropower diversions, and the rate of non-attainment of flows were

determined for past scenarios (2011-2013).

According to the RVA, Environmental Flow is not maintained at present

in Gurugoda Oya below the weir. Mean rate of non-attainment of the flow

of Gurugoda Oya after mini hydropower diversion is around 45%

suggesting moderate level of hydrologic alteration due to impoundment.

Rate of non-attainment of the indicators of hydrological alterations (IHA)

group 1 parameters are in between 33% - 100%. Except for the magnitude

and duration of rate of non-attainment of means of 90 day minima and all

maxima values which attain a steady 0%, all other group 2 parameters

vary between 33% - 67%. In the IHA group 3, timing of lower limit of

59


annual extreme water condition could not be calculated because flow of

Gurugoda Oya assumes the same minimal flow for several days, showing

more than one annual minima. Annual maxima show a rate of non-

attainment of 33%. Rate of non-attainment of the IHA group 4 and 5 both

vary between 0% - 100%. Therefore, Hydropower diversions from

Gurugoda Oya that deals with damming of the stream needs extensive

analysis of environmental impacts due to changes in flow regimes. The

RVA targets defined by this study could be of significance for ecosystem

management and restorations plans, and could provide ecological

operations for the weir.

Key words: Diversion, environmental flow, HEC-HMS, mini hydro-

power, modeling, Range of Variability Approach

60


APPLICATION OF MASS BALANCE MODELLING TO ASSESS

THE EFFECTS OF FISH STOCKING ON THE ENERGY FLOW

IN A RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEM

Preetha Panikar*1, M. Feroz Khan

1 and A.P. Sharma

2

1Research Centre of Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute,

Hessarghatta, Bangalore, India 2Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkota, India


ABSTRACT

The impact of fish stock supplementation on the energy flow in

Hemavathy reservoir ecosystem in Karnataka, South India was assessed

using mass balance modeling. The mass balanced model structured

around thirteen ecological groups which included the nonliving group,

detritus. Hemavathy Reservoir with an area of about 9162 ha was

constructed in 1981, on the river Hemavathy for irrigation purpose in

Karnataka. The fish landings data of Hemavathy reservoir was collected

and studied for three years from 1983 by earlier workers. During this

period there was no systematic stocking of fish in this reservoir. Central

Inland Fisheries Research Institute investigated this reservoir in 2002 to

2004 when regular stocking and harvesting regime had become an

established management practice. Hence the present study was conducted

to analyse the impact of fish stocking on the energy flow and ecosystem

maturity of a reservoir ecosystem by comparing two scenarios; pre- and

post- fish stocking regimes. The mass-balance models of the reservoir

ecosystem were constructed for two periods, 1984 and 2003 using

Ecopath with Ecosim software to compare the fluctuations that occurred

within each of these years before systematic stocking and post-stocking

period. Flow at the trophic level II largely involves the zooplankton (the

dominant herbivore), bottom biota and the two groups of fishes the minor

carps and the exotic carps. Though aquatic birds occupy the highest

trophic levels in both phases, among fish groups Eels in the pre-stocking

phase and murrels in post-stocking phase occupy top trophic levels. The

pattern of energy flow through the network is described in terms of the

number of trophic interactions of each group and the mean length of

pathways (MLP) through the network. For top predators, the number of

connections was high (78–233) and with a high number of steps (MLP =

3.69). In the middle of the trophic chain, the exotic carps and major carps

61


were (MLP = 2.87 &2.27) and the groups at the bottom of the pyramid

like zooplankton and bottom biota are characterized by low numbers of

trophic interactions (2 & 3 respectively) and path lengths (2.0). The

ecotrophic efficiency of the carps were low in post-stocking phase

showing these groups were not heavily exploited by the fishermen but the

increase in biomass due to stocking are evident. The resilience of

reservoir ecosystem before stocking the reservoir and the impact on

ecosystem after fish stocking were compared using various indices of

ecosystem maturity. A decrease of the flow of the system from pre-stock

to post-stock is evident (22.28%). The system overhead was higher by

0.29% in the post-stock phase indicating maturity. The ecosystem indices

tested indicate that the reservoir during post-stock phase was in a more

resilient state compared to the pre-stock phase. The maturity of the

ecosystem showed an improvement which indicates a positive impact of

stocking.

Key words: Ecosystem maturity, Indian major carps, mass balance

modelling, trophic levels, diet composition, reservoir fisheries.

62


63


Technical Session

on

E-Learning

64


65


KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND MANAGEMENT APPLICATION

FOR NATIONAL WILDLIFE TRAINING CENTER, SRI LANKA

W.A.K.L.M. Wickramasingha*1, E.P. Kudavidanage

2,

S. Vasanthapriyan1 and T.S. Priyadarshana

2

1 Department of Computing and Information Systems,

Sabaragamuwa University, Sri Lanka. 2 Department of Natural Resources, Sabaragamuwa University, Sri

Lanka. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

There is a critical need to share and manage biodiversity data for

conservation purposes. A comprehensive inventory of biodiversity data

on a location together with information on subjects such as habitat use,

conservation status, availability of specimens and previous research can

benefit both researchers and decision makers. The National Wildlife

Training Center (NWTC) is located in the dry zone, close to Minneriya–

Giritale Nature Reserve Block II. It is surrounded by well grown Tropical

dry mixed forests and harbors a diverse array of fauna and flora including

many endemics and nationally threatened species. The center provides

compulsory training to staff of the Department of Wildlife Conservation

and has facilities for researchers. It is currently being developed to

become an International Training School. Therefore, there is a great

necessity to have well documented information on the biodiversity of the

locality that can be accessed by visitors, trainees and researchers. In

addition an advance form of a database can assist to monitor the use of the

specimen collection at the museum and help future development of the

site that might affect some of the faunal habitats. Thus this project aims to

provide knowledge sharing and management solutions using Information

and Communication Technology. The objectives of the study are to

provide knowledge sharing and management solutions for using Girithale

National Training Center as a model, assist maintaining the specimen

collection, provide remote access to users, to reduce barrier between

researches and application, to simplify the data searching process and to

promote data driven decision making.

The project used both primary and secondary data. A biodiversity survey

was conducted around the training center in the sanctuary since no

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previous intensive study on the site has been carried out. The field data as

well records from the specimen collection was used as the primary source

for project. The research reports at the center were used as secondary

sources. The data sharing platform constructed is a web site developed

using PHP and the Data base using MySQL. Maps were prepared using

digital image processing, use queries, search engine or artificial

intelligence agent to retrieve data. In addition a mobile web page was also

created. The NWTC could host this web site as a knowledge sharing

center.

This system provides a knowledge sharing and management system that

will help to protect rare and threaten habitats of Girithale and also will

provide easy access to different studies conducted. Thus it finally will

reduce the gap between conservationists, researchers, decision makers and

public and will also facilitate more informed decision making and

efficient use of resources.

Key words: Knowledge sharing, database management, conservation,

decision makers, biodiversity

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S. Thuseethan and S. Vasanthapriyan*

Department of Computing and Information Systems,

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The word E-learning in many developing and developed countries is

inseparable from the field of education and more common in nature. The

usefulness of Learning Management Systems in e-learning lies not only in

performing the academic task itself but also in sharing of knowledge

between users, which includes academics and students. The current trend

in developing Learning Management Systems is largely empirical, and

academically sound learning experiences are still absent. At the first

glance faster, more flexible, more natural, easier and more convenient

means for users and Learning Management Systems to interchange

information are required. In user‘s perspective, the use of Learning

Management System is constrained by the human‘s perceptual and

cognitive abilities. On the other hand, in computer side, it constrained

only by devices used in the system and the limitations in software design.

The best way to overcome both types of constraints therefore now totally

lies in designing the user interface rather than the internal system design.

In this research appropriate strategies for developing interfaces to

Learning Management Systems at a national level were considered. The

issues in designing interfaces for Learning Management System for

academics are little different from the design standard of interfaces taken

from the literature of Human Computer Interaction standards. These

differences were considered with the help of a survey done in an

academic organization and are described, explained, and clarified. Finally

we came up with some modification of standards with the help of existing

standards in Human Computer Interaction and with the research output.

This type of Human Computer Interaction standards for Learning

Management System can satisfy the desires of its intended academic users

and deliver a suitable opening for advance research and development.

Key words: E-learning, human computer interaction, learning

management system

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STUDIES IN SAMOA

Edna Temese Ualesi *, Satoru Ozawa and Atsushi Minato

Ibaraki University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering,

Hitachi city, Japan. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Information and Communication Technologies play a paramount role in

the development of Education worldwide including small island nations

such as Samoa. The availability of vast Information and advance

technological developments in Tertiary Education Institutions allow

students to encounter the frequent use of ICT in their studies. This paper

is based on the role of ICT in Tertiary Education in Samoa. The study was

conducted using 300 randomly selected students regardless of which

Institution they are enrolled in. Data were collected by questionnaires and

interviews and analyzed by Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that

Information and Communication Technologies profoundly contributes in

improving their learning skills and simplifying their ways of studying,

and have paved the way to their academic success. The study also showed

need of improving ICT resources as the increasing numbers of students

limit the access to various Information and Communication Technologies.

Key words: ICT, e-learning, education

69


SURVEY ON METADATA STANDARDS FOR AN E-TEACHING

ENVIRONMENT

S. Vasanthapriyan

Department of Computing and Information Systems,

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

E--teaching is commonly referred to as the intentional use of networked

information and communications technology (ICT) in teaching and

learning processes. In order to be easily retrieved, shared and used by

different users and for different purposes, the various types of e- teaching

documents have to be described following common schemes and rules

e.g. specifications or standards and metadata. But the web lacks a uniform

organization scheme that would allow easy access to these e-teaching

material. It means that there should be efficient accessibility and the

recoverability of educational resources. This objective can be gained

using the ―Metadata Standards‖. Several institutions and professionals

have established Metadata Standards. In this research, a survey was

carried out to find out the existing Metadata Standards and their

characteristics to propose common Metadata standards to the e—teaching

environment. Therefore, the retrieval of information of various types

including print, images, animations, presentations, audio, and video in the

environment can be easily done.

Keywords: E—teaching, metadata, semantic web

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ASIAN WATER BODIES

D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka1*

, H. Tonooka1, M.J.S. Wijeyaratne

2, A.

Minato1 and S. Ozawa

1

1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,

Hitachi, Japan 2 Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka


ABSTRACT

Monitoring of all relevant aspects of water bodies is highly important for

their sustainable use. To achieve this all research findings should be easy

accessible and presenting those in a user friendly manner will be highly

advantageous. Therefore, development of a database on the coastal water

bodies of Sri Lanka on KISSEL server system was initiated, for the

benefit of all interest groups including the general public. Presently it

contains water quality data of lagoons and estuaries for over two decades.

This was extended from a local scale to a regional scale. In this extension,

algorithm improvement or tuning based on in-situ data sets was carried

out for optimization. The aim was to expand the databases on water

bodies using satellite analysis within selected Asian countries. It was

initiated through KISSEL server system to benefit pollution monitoring

and sustainable use of water bodies. Water bodies of Japan, Sri Lanka,

Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines were selected considering

their economic and ecological importance. In-situ research parallel to

satellite overpass were conducted on the following water bodies. Local

Universities and/or Research Institutes collaborated with the collection of

field data and will involve in future continuous monitoring programs and

KISSEL related activities.

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Country Water Body Collaborating Institute

Japan Lake Kasumigaura &

Lake Senba

Ibaraki University, Hitachi,

Japan

Sri Lanka Bolgoda Lake & Madu

Ganga Estuary


Kelaniya†, Sri Lanka

Vietnam West Lake, Hanoi &

Dong Hoa - Can Gio

University of Science, Ho Chi

Minh City†, Vietnam

Thailand Pasak Chonlasit

reservoir

Asian Institute of Technology,

Bangkok, Thailand*

Philippines Taal Lake Technological Institute of the

Philippines*, Philippines

Indonesia Musi River Sriwijaya University,

Palembang, Indonesia†

†KISSEL Project was established and actively involved in KISSEL

activities

*Collaboration is in progress

ASTER, MODIS, Landsat ETM, ALOS and QuickBird were used as

satellite data sources and previously developed Chlorophyll-a

concentration estimation algorithms were validated and applied.

Regression analysis of atmospherically corrected satellite data on each

day with in-situ sampling data were used for algorithm validation. Those

algorithms were then used to retrieve water quality data using past

satellite imageries. Recent water quality degradations of many water

bodies in selected Asian countries were observed. High resolution satellite

based water quality distribution maps of the study sites were developed

using these algorithms. Monitoring of long term changes of water quality

and improvements of databases are carried out at present.

Key words: KISSEL, remote sensing, water body

72



D. Bandara*1,2

, N. Warnajith1, A. Minato

1 and S. Ozawa

1

1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,

Hitachi, Japan 2 Department of Archaeology, Colombo, Sri Lanka


ABSTRACT

Writing is one of the most important inventions of humankind. There are

few main languages in the ancient world. Among these ancient languages

Sanskrit was used in the Indo region. Brahmi script is one of the most

important ancient letters in South Asia. It became the matrix of

Debanagari character used for Sanskrit and Hindi. The people of Sri

Lanka are fortunate that some of the writing of their ancestors is

preserved on various inscriptions found throughout the country. These

inscriptions have been discovered under the drip ledges of caves, rocks,

pillars and slabs. Inscribed gold, silver and copper plates have been

discovered as well. On the decipherment of these inscriptions, historical,

linguistic and paleographical conclusions could be arrived at.

The source data of this study is already published as gray scale images of

early Brahmi script. These images are taken from the paper copies of

inscriptions called as estampages (rubbed copy). Up to the present,

reading and analyzing these inscriptions are done manually. The aim of

this study was to develop algorithms based on image data of these

estampages and implement a digital data repository. The process of this

study can be divided into several stages as follows: (1). Producing precise

alphabet fonts of early Brahmi scripts from photographic data, (2).

Development of a precise method of identification of ancient letters with

the aid of the alphabet fonts, which leads to automatic reading of ancient

inscriptions by computers, (3). Database implementation for the analysis,

(4). Development of web based interface for scholars over KISSEL

network to share the knowledge and experience among the KISSEL users.

Key words: Brahmi scripts, alphabet fonts, image database

http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/character

73





Shamitha Pathiratne

TEC Sri Lanka, No 66/1, Walter Gunasekara Mawatha, Nawala

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the different perspectives of Sri

Lankan teachers on the use and application of ICT in guidance counseling

and the school counselor‘s advocacy role.

Participants of the study were the teachers of public and private schools in

Gampaha District who are handling the counseling role. The participants

have experience as elementary grade teachers, as guidance counselors,

and as teacher in-charge/principals. The study employed a snowball

sampling technique that requires others to recommend teachers who they

believe can have experience about the amalgamation of information

technology in teaching and counseling. The open-ended formats or

interviews were used to investigate the (a) different uses of ICT [e.g.

internet, e-mail], (b) problems/issues/gaps on the use and application of

ICT or computer technology, and (c) innovative ways in using ICT in

counseling.

The views of the teacher-participants on ICT use generated the themes on

(1) storing, encoding and preparing materials/documents, (2) retrieving,

distributing and utilizing data/information related to school counseling,

and (3) other uses for entertainment, leisure and recreational activities.

As to the potential uses of ICT, the subjects generated various uses as

what they practice and what they have learned from their undergraduate

courses on technology in education and knowledge management in

education. The issues and problems were mostly related to the economic

aspects, costs, administrators‘ attitudes towards the use of ICT, quality of

information and on the issue of commercialism. Innovative programs

presented dealt on the individual needs of the pupils and on the career

services, but not on the ways to improve the professional capabilities of

the guidance counselors. Continuous re-training and establishment of a

well-defined capacity building program for guidance counselors focusing

on individual skills of the counselors as to the other uses and application

74


of ICT are needed. School counselors should be guided through school-

based in-service training and education ministry or government -

sponsored programs on capacity building by putting emphases on the

benefits of ICT use as well as case presentations of the various

experiences of counselors in Sri Lanka about ICT integration in the

implementation of the school guidance programs.

Keywords: ICT, guidance and counseling, ICT and education, teachers,

Sri Lanka

75


FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

AS AN ALTERNATIVE WI-FI NETWORKING FOR

ENTERPRISES

D.S.S. Matharage and M.K.D. Padmasiri*

Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Commerce and

Management Studies, University of Kelnaiya, Sri Lanka.


ABSTRACT

Wireless Mesh network architecture and its importance as a n

alternative Wi-Fi networking, applications of mesh networks, and

methods of implementing mesh networks are discussed in the

present paper.

CINEC play ground was selected as the test bed of this study.

Results of the test cases which were carried out to determine

link quality source routing, data throughput and multi-hop

function of the mesh networks with the aid of laptops and

external USB Wi-Fi dongles and future expansions of the

wireless mesh networks with 802.11.s standard are also described

KEYWORDS: Wireless mesh network; Alternative Wi-Fi network

Documents

Proceedings of the International Symposium on ICT …€œICT for better tomorrow” Proceedings of the International Symposium on ICT for Environmental Sustainability 23rd - 25th