PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24 INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS OF TURKEY · 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24th INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS OF TURKEY APRIL 14-17, 2015 Antalya/TURKEY Dr. Mehtap GÜLSÜN

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24th INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS OF TURKEY

APRIL 14-17, 2015 Antalya/TURKEY

Dr. Mehtap GÜLSÜN KILIÇ Öznur ÖNEL Dr. Hakan BAŞARIRDr. Mehmet KARADENİZ Elif TORUN BİLGİÇ

EDITORS

UCTEATHE CHAMBER OF MINING ENGİNEERS OF TURKEY

IMCET2015 / ANTALYA / TURKEY / APRIL 14-17

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24TH

INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS AND

EXHIBITION OF TURKEY

EDITORS

D M G K l ç

Öznur Önel

Dr. Hakan Ba ar r

Dr. Mehmet Karadeniz

Elif Torun Bilgiç

TMMOBM M O

Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey

All rights reserved © 2015

All the papers have been selected for presentation at the congress by the Editorial

Board based on the review of the paper by at least two members of the scientific

committee.

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necessarily reflect any position of the Chamber of Mining Engineers Turkey.

Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of the papers for

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of Turkey is prohibited.

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Mehmet ZAMANe

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N Dr. Hakan BA ARIR

adiye BENGÜElif TORUN B LG ÇNecmi ERG NPelin KERTMENDr. Mehtap GÜLSÜN KILIÇÖznür ÖNELAli ÖNEMLDavut ÖZLENDr. Nejat TAMZOKTu ba TOKERMuharrem TORALIO LU

Chairman : Dr. Bülent TOKAVice Chairman : Dr. Mehmet KARADENİZSecretary : Niyazi KARADENİZTreasurer : Mehmet ÖZYURTMembers : M. Erşat AKYAZILI

Scientific Committee

Dr. A. Ekrem YÜCE Dr. Jan DRYZMALA Dr. Abbas TAHERI Dr. John MEECH Dr. Abdülhadi Erdal ÖZDENİZ Dr. John STURGUL Dr. Abdullah SEYRANKAYA Dr. Jörg BENNDORF Dr. Abdurrahman DALGIÇ Dr. Kaan ERARSLAN Dr. Adem ERSOY Dr. Kadri DAĞDELEN Dr. Agnieszka SUROWIAK Dr. Kemal BARIŞ Dr. Agus Pulung SASMITO Dr. Kemal BİLİR Dr. Ahmet Hamdi DELİORMANLI Dr. Kerim AYDINER

Ahmet Güneş YARDIMCI Dr. Kerim KÜÇÜK Dr. Ahmet Mahmut KILIÇ Dr. Kevin BROWN Dr. Ahmet ÖZARSLAN Dr. Kremena DEDELYANOVA Dr. Ahmet ŞENTÜRK Dr. Ljudmilla BOKÁNYI Dr. Alaaddin ÇAKIR Dr. M. Erdinç BİLİR Dr. Alaettin KILIÇ Dr. M. Kemal ÖZFIRAT Dr. Ali Ekrem ARITAN Dr. M. Saim SARAÇ Dr. Ali İhsan AROL Dr. M.Suat DELİBALTA

Ali ÖNEMLİ Dr. Mahmut PARLAKTUNA Dr. Ali Osman YILMAZ Dr. Malcolm SCOBLE

Ali Rıza KILIÇ Dr. Maria E. HOLUSZKO Dr. Ali SARIIŞIK Dr. Meftuni YEKELER Dr. Ali UÇAR Dr. Mehmet Ali HİNDİSTAN Dr. Andre XAVIER Dr. Mehmet KARADENİZ Dr. Antonio NIETO Mehmet KAYADELEN Dr. Antonio ZUCCA Dr. Mehmet KIZIL

Asım KUTLUATA Dr. Mehmet SARI Dr. Askeri KARAKUŞ Dr. Mehmet TANRIVERDİ Dr. Ata Utku AKÇİL Dr. Mehtap Gülsün KILIÇ Dr. Ataç BAŞÇETİN Dr. Melih GENİŞ Dr. Atilla CEYLANOĞLU Dr. Melih İPHAR Dr. Ayhan KESİMAL Dr. Metin UÇURUM Dr. Aykut AKGÜN Dr. Michael A. ZHURAVKOV Dr. Bahri ERSOY Dr. Mohan YELLISHETTY Dr. Bahtiyar ÜNVER Dr. Morteza Gholi OSANLOO Dr. Bayram ERÇIKDI Dr. Murat ERDEMOĞLU Dr. Bayram KAHRAMAN Dr. Murat KARAKUŞ Dr. Bekir GENÇ Dr. Mustafa AYHAN Dr. Bern KLEIN Dr. Mustafa ÇINAR Dr. Bülent ERDEM Dr. Mustafa ÇIRAK Dr. Bülent TOKA Dr. Mustafa Kemal EMİL Dr. Bülent TÜTMEZ Dr. Mustafa KUMRAL Dr. C. Okay AKSOY Dr. Mustafa ÖNDER Dr. Çağatay PAMUKÇU Dr. N. Erhan YAŞITLI Dr. Carlos Hoffmann SAMPAIO Dr. N. Metin CAN Dr. Celal KARPUZ Dr. Naci Emre ALTUN Dr. Cem ŞENSÖĞÜT Nadir AVŞAROĞLU Dr. Cenk GÜRAY Dr. Nazife ERARSLAN Dr. Çetin HOŞTEN Necati YILDIZ Dr. Çiğdem KELEŞ Dr. Necmettin ÇETİN

Dr. Cihan DOĞRUÖZ Dr. Nejat TAMZOK Dr. Cyril O’CONNOR Dr. Niyazi BİLİM Dr. Dee BRADSHAW Dr. Nuh BİLGİN Dr. Deniz AYDIN Dr. Nural KUYUCAK Dr. Deniz TUMAÇ Dr. Nuray DEMİREL Dr. Didem EREN SARICI Dr. Nuray KARAPINAR Dr. Doğan KARAKUŞ Dr. Nuray TOKGÖZ Dr. E. Yener YAZICI Dr. Nuri Ali AKÇIN Dr. E.İlknur CÖCEN Dr. Okan SU Dr. Eleonora WIDZYK-CAPEHART Dr. Oktay BAYAT Dr. Elizabeth MAKHATHA Dr. Olgaç M. KANGAL Dr. Emin Cafer ÇİLEK Dr. Ömürden GENÇ Dr. Emrah Tuğcan TUZCU Dr. Önder UYSAL Dr. Ercan EMİR Dr. Osman SİVRİKAYA Dr. Ercüment YALÇIN Dr. Osman Zeki HEKİMOĞLU Dr. Erdoğan KAYMAKÇI Dr. Özcan GÜLSOY Dr. Eren Caner ORHAN Dr. Özgür AKKOYUN Dr. Erhan ÇETİN Dr. Özlem BIÇAK Dr. Erhan TERCAN Dr. Özlem KAYA Dr. Erkan ÖZKAN Dr. Paul HAGAN Dr. Erkan TOPAL Dr. Petr SOLOZHENKIN Dr. Erkin NASUF Dr. Phillip STOTHARD Dr. Erol KAYA Dr. Pier Paolo MANCA Dr. Evren ÖZBAYOĞLU Dr. Raj SINGHAL Dr. F. Deniz ÖZTÜRK Dr. Richard Minnitt ECON Dr. Fatih BAYRAM Dr. Rudrajit MITRA Dr. Ferdi CİHANGİR Dr. Sabiha KOCA Dr. Fikri KAHRAMAN Dr. Sair KAHRAMAN Dr. Giorgio MASSACCI Dr. Sait KIZGUT Dr. Givemore SAKAHUNI Dr. Savaş ÖZÜN Dr. Gökhan AYDIN Dr. Seher ATA Dr. Graeme JAMESON Dr. Selamet G. ERÇELEBİ Dr. Gülay BULUT Dr. Selçuk SAMANLI Dr. Gülhan ÖZBAYOĞLU Dr. Serhat AKIN Dr. Gülşen TOZSİN Dr. Serkan SAYDAM Dr. Güneş ERTUNÇ Dr. Sevgi GÜRCAN Dr. Gürcan KONAK Dr. Şevket DURUCAN Dr. Güzide Meltem LÜLE Dr. Seyfi KULAKSIZ Dr. Güzin Gülsev UYAR Dr. Seyhan ÖNDER Dr. Hacı DEVECİ Dr. Sezai ŞEN Dr. Hakan BAŞARIR Dr. Sinan Turhan ERDOĞAN Dr. Hakan TUNÇDEMİR Dr. Suphi URAL

Hakkı ÖKTEM Dr. Taki GÜLER Dr. Haldun KURAMA Dr. Tarkeshwar KUMAR Dr. Halil İPEK Dr. Tevfik GÜYAGÜLER Dr. Halil KÖSE Dr. Tolga DEPÇİ Dr. Hanifi ÇOPUR Dr. Tomasz NIEDOBA Dr. Hasan ÇİFTÇİ Dr. Tuğrul ÜNLÜ Dr. Hasan HACIFAZLIOĞLU Dr. Tuncay USLU Dr. Hasan ÖZTÜRK Dr. Tuncel YEGÜLALP Dr. Hikmet SİS Dr. Turan BATAR

Dr. Hürriyet AKDAŞ Dr. Turgay ONARGAN Dr. Hüseyin ANKARA Dr. Türker HÜDAVERDİ Dr. Hüseyin YAVUZ Dr. U. Gökhan AKKAYA Dr. İ.Sedat BÜYÜKSAĞIŞ Dr. Uğur DEMİR Dr. İbrahim ALP Dr. Uğur ÖZBAY Dr. İbrahim ÇAVUŞOĞLU Dr. Uğur ULUSOY Dr. İbrahim OCAK Dr. Ümit ATALAY Dr. İbrahim ONUR Dr. Ümit ÖZER Dr. İbrahim UĞUR Dr. Vedat ARSLAN Dr. İhsan ÖZKAN Dr. Vedat DENİZ Dr. İhsan ÖZTÜRK Dr. Vedat DİDARİ Dr. İlgin KURŞUN Dr. Vladimir E VIGDERGAUZ Dr. İlkay Bengü ÇELİK Dr. Volkan BOZKURT Dr. İlker ACAR Dr. W. Scott DUNBAR Dr. İlknur EROL Dr. Yadigar Vasfi MÜFTÜOĞLU Dr. Irena GRIGOROVA Dr. Yakup UMUCU Dr. İrfan Celal ENGİN Dr. Yaşar KASAP

İrfan GÜVEN Dr. Yaşar KİBİCİ Dr. İsmail BENTLİ Dr. Zekeriya DURAN Dr. Ivan NISHKOV Dr. Zeki KARACA Dr. İzzet KARAKURT

PREFACE For the Turkish Republic period, looking at a glance at the development of Turkish mining sector, about which the structure and problems have been always matters of debates, we see that the background of scientific organizations that must play a vital role to overcome these issues goes only back to 1960’s. Those were the times when the young Republic was still passing through social and political turbulences, a period of major transitions. Significant efforts and attention were being directed towards industrialization, but the practice and the reality was far from these goals. Mining industry of the country, which should be a major driving force, was facing many faceted problems to be addressed. In addition, the mining industry was way below the desired level. It required not only powerful and ambitious moves, but also several radical, aggressive changes. This task was obviously to be undertaken by the mining people to a great extent. Being fully aware of this, the first time in 1969, a national event, the “Scientific and Technical Mining Congress of Turkey” was organized by the Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey of UCTEA (Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects). At the beginning, two major outcomes were anticipated: One for the Turkish mining industry; and one for the fore coming congresses. On one side it was aimed to increase the quality of the event and eventually to achieve international reputation and acceptance to make this event a tradition. On the other; the objective was to identify and to state issues and obstacles, to provide scientific-technical solutions to address these and, obviously to support the professional development of the young generations trained in mining. This is how this ever-lasting journey started 46 years ago. Perhaps, the path undertaken is not too long, however, it has been a tough experience of many challenges. Since its start, even if our congress has sometimes had slight deviations, mainly on accounts of the conditions of the times, but the general tendency has always been upwards. And a further look into the details shows that significant progress has been made in such a short period. Such that, despite limited resources and several other restrictions, this congress became an internationally admitted event by 1973, thanks to the intensive and endless efforts and devotion of the amateur and volunteer staff of the Mining Engineers Chamber. Without an exception, the congress became a biannual event. To reflect this major achievement its title has been changed to "International Mining Congress and Exhibition" in 2001 when the event was organized for its 17th time. Undoubtedly, the endeavors put forward are commendable. However, the role that technology has played should also be emphasized here. As very-well known, with the significant progress in information technologies that initiated particularly by 1990’s, a broader geography became accessible. Such progress apparently contributed to increasing the scientific, sociological and cultural features as well as its international recognition. But, at the same time, these also put a pressure towards acquiring even further progress in such aspects as rapidly as possible. Within this context, the Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey now carries the vital responsibility to institutionalize this big mining event of Turkey and to make it one of the most reputable global mining organizations. In this respect, the 24th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey has been realized, showing that strong steps have been taken towards this major goal. This event of four days indeed became a means of gathering for academicians, scientists, engineers, managers, consultants, decision-makers, investors, industry experts, customers and suppliers from all across the world, as scientific, technical and social issues were discussed and recent mining technologies and latest products and developments in the mining industry were successfully exhibited. Further, the sessions held,

the social and cultural activities, tours and field trips have created even more opportunities for joint ventures, mutual cooperation and business relations among delegates. For this particular event, scientific contributions in the form of poster and oral presentations, broad participation raise our hopes for the future of Turkish mining industry.

As 44th Administrative Board of Turkish Mining Chamber and the Executive Committee of 24th International Mining and Exhibition of Turkey, we sincerely and initially thank to those who have carried on our chamber and congress since 1954, to those who made an effort for the organization of the congress, to the scientist who contributed the congress by their papers and presentations, to session chairs raising the scientific merits of the event and to all participating organizations and institutions.

44th Management Board of Turkish Mining Chamber of UCTEA

The Executive Committee of 24th Mining Congress and Exhibition of

Turkey

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2012 effects in the South African Platinum SectorB. Genc 2

Estimating the Energy Costs of Mine Equipment Using an Information System A. R. Sayadi, J. Khademi, and M. A. Rahimi 9

Indonesian Low Rank Coal Regulation: Economic Approach T. Winarno and C. Drebenstedt 19

A case study: Incongruity in Mining Laws in India P. Kumar 24

Coal Cities: Characteristics, Change and Forms of Intervention Ş. Işın 32

Rethinking Impact Assessment of Mining Projects in the Context of Ecosystem Services D. Damigos, M. Menegaki, D. Kaliampakos and V. Kazakidis 53

Energy Spectrum in India B. Prasad and R. Prasad 65

Forecasting of Turkey’s Coal Consumption Using Grey Prediction Technique I. Karakurt, G. Aydin, S. Kaya, and C. Hamzacebi 77

Modeling of Coal Consumption in Turkey: An Application of Trend Analysis G. Aydin, S. Kaya, and I. Karakurt 83

Modeling of Energy Consumption Based on Population: The Case of Turkey G. Aydin, S. Kaya, and I. Karakurt 88

Recent Developments in Australian Mining Education M. S. Kizil 93

Is Landfill Mining a New Prospect for the Mining Sector? M. Menegaki, A. Benardos, D. Kaliampakos, and K. Tsakalakis 101

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY A Review of Preconditioning and Its Influence on Mining Conditions with ParticularEmphasis on Health and Safety S. Modisha and T. Zvarivadza 113

A Risk Assessment Approach to Achieving Mining Safety Goals D. Kent 123

Analysis Factors Influence To Mining Accident Using HFACS-MI Frameworks (A Study at Underground Coal Mining of CV. ABC) A. Yulianto, M. N. Haramaini, and S. M. Siregar 132

HISTORY, EDUCATION, AND POLITICS OF MINING AND ENERGY

Investigation on Dust Generated during Rock Cutting by Ansys Software V. Raghavan, Ch.S.N.Murthy, and V.R.Sastry 142

Determination of 222Rn, 220Rn and Their Decay Products in Natural Ancient Mine Measured with Nuclear Track Detectors: Radiation Dose Assessment L. Oufni and M. Amrane 151

Physiological Effects of Dust on the Human Body B. Plush 157

Preparation of anti-explosive materials by hydrophobization technique E. Vogt 165

Systematical and Radical Precautions in the Prevention of Mine Accidents and Professional Diseases T. Güyagüler 174

Wireless Health Monitoring System For Miners A. Anas 177

A Comparison: Empirical Methods or Artificial Neural Network for Peak Particle Velocity Prediction in DOZ Underground Mine S. Prahastudhi, E. Riyanto, and D. Napitupulu 188

Environmental Effects and Importance of the Risk Assessments for Mining Wastewater A. Celebi and S. Özdemir 193

Firefighting a Hidden Fire at TTT´s Amasra Coalmine with the Innovative One Seven

System M. T. Stöttner, B. Inan, E. Erbay, R. Karaaslan, and G. Beyer 200

Early Detection of Spontaneous Combustion Using Laboratory Gas Evolution Tests T. Levi , B. Beamish, R. Brown, J. Theiler, and J. Pope 206

Providing a Risk Model for Iran's Mines Based on Extreme Value Theory R.Noori and M. AhmadSherbafi 212

Risk Analysis in Mining Projects using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique M. H. Basiri and A. Azad 221

Risk Reduction of Minerals’ Revenue in the Economy of Resource Rich Countries N. Adibee and M. Ataee-pour 226

3D Ore Model and Resource Estimation of Garpenberg North, Garpenberg Mine, Sweden N. Fjellstrom 235

RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN MINING

EXPLORATION STUDIES, MINING GEOLOGY AND GEOSTATISTICS

Advancing Exploration Projects to Production: Critical Inputs for Success A. Ebrahimi and J. P. Siddorn 244

An Alternative Multivariate Kriging Technique: Covariance Matching Constrained CoKriging G. Ertunç, A.E. Tercan, and F. Atalay 250

The Integration of Artificial Neural Networks and Geostatistical 3D Geological Block Modelling - a Case Study on a Mineral Sand Deposit A. B. Jalloh, K. Sasaki, and Y. Jalloh 257

Application of Plurigaussian Simulation Technique to a Cement Raw Material Deposit T.Y. Yunsel and A.Ersoy 264

Characterization and Monitoring of Underground Cavities and Associated Disorders by Electrical Tomography K. Hebbache, D. Benmeddour, M. Mellas, and A. Mabrouki 271

Comparative Study of Systemic Methods in Geochemical Data Optimization, for Cu-Mo Prospecting in Gulan Area, E-Azerbaijan, Iran A.Nasseri, M.J.Mohammadzadeh, and S.H.Tabatabaei 276

Digital Borehole Camera Technology and Its Applications in Mining Geology Exploration H. Zengqiang, W. Chuanying, and H. Sheng 287

Estimating the Reserve of Chelkureh Copper Deposit Using Ordinary Kriging Method A. A. Daya 291

Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process for Mineral Exploration Potential Mapping: a Case Study in Kamoshgaran Region (NW, Iran) A. A. Daya and H. Bejari 298

Geochemical Anomaly Separation by Number-Size (N-S) Fractal Model in Nakhilab Region, SE Iran N. Mazraee, A. A. Daya, and M. Boomeri 309

Geophysical Contribution to the Geological Study of the North Numidian Mercurial Zone (North-east of Algeria) D.Boubaya, K.Allek, M.Hamoudi, and C.Fehdi 316

Geostatistics As a Tool to Estimate Undiscovered Deposits of Coal F. Atalay, A. E. Tercan, and G. Ertunç 322

Identification of Geochemical Anomalies by Using of Concentration-Area (C-A) Fractal Model in Nakhilab Region, SE Iran N. Mazraee, A. A. Daya, and M. Boomeri 327

Improving Mineral Resource Estimation Using Domaining: A Case Study S. Al-Hassan and W. A. Anandorah 335

Interpretation of Environmental Data from an Exploration Perspective at the Adenac Molybdenum Corporation, Ruby Creek Molybdenum Project, BC, Canada and its Implications for Geochemical Exploration in Turkey D.R. Gladwell, S. Caner, and E. Duran 343

Mapping Curie Point Depth of the West African Craton from Satellite Magnetic Data and its Implication for Diamond Exploration A. Bouguern, K. Allek, M. Khalifa, F. Bendiab, and D. Boubaya 351

Optimization of Geochemical Patterns Based on Multivariate Methods in the Duzduzan Area, E-Azerbaijan F. Javid, MJ. Mohammadzadeh, and A. Nasseri 360

Providing Zinc and Lead Anomaly Maps Using U Statistic, Khooni District (Esfahan Province) N. Mahvash Mohammadi and A.Hezarkhani 370

Separation of Anomaly from Background Using Concentration-Perimeter (C-P) Method in Nakhilab Region, Northwestern Of Zahedan N. Mazraee, A. A. Daya, and M. Boomeri 377

Spatial Association Analysis Between Hydrocarbon Fields and Sedimentary Résidual

Magnetic Anomalies: A Case Study from the Algerian Triassic Province K. Allek, A. Bouguern, D. Boubaya, and M. Hamoudi 385

Structural Controls of Gold Deposit Mineralization in Zarshouran Mine, Takab, Iran H. Hassani and V. Farahani 396

A Numerical Study on Deformation Measurement of Rock Materials using Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges E. Komurlu, F. Cihangir, A. Kesimal, and S. Demir 407

A Review of the Properties of Foam Mine Fill M. Hefni and F. Hassani 413

Advanced Data Processing of Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar for Slope Monitoring in Open Pit Mines A. Michelini, N. Coli, F. Coppi, P. Farina, L. Leoni, F. Costa, T. A. Costa, T. Costa , and G. Funaioli 420

Analysis of the Effects of Stoping Overbreak/Underbreak on the Effectiveness of Support Systems for Hard Rock Mining B. S. Lukhele and T. Zvarivadza 428

Behavior of FPZ and Pre-existing Cracks in an Intact Rock Specimen Subjected to Uniaxial Loading F. Küçüköztaş and N. Erarslan 438

ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS

Comparison of Mechanical Behaviour of G Class Cements for different Curing Time D. Güner and H. Öztürk 445

Correlation of Linear and Volumetric Fracture Densities in Jointed Rock Mass H. Mirzaei 452

EarthZyme – Paving a New Way for Haul Road Construction T. Burns 459

Effect of Placement Configurations on Strength Behaviour of Cemented Paste Backfill E. Yilmaz 469

Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Stress/Strain Concentration at Circular Holes in Elastic Plates Subjected to Biaxial Loading- Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis A. A. Abd-Elhady and M. N. N. H. AL-Maghrabi 481

Estimating of Hoek-Brown mi Using Internal Friction Angle S. Mehrishal, M. Sharifzadeh, and K. Shahryar 488

Estimating Mechanical Properties from In-Situ Rebound Values of Some Nigerian Rocks B. Adebayo 494

Haulage Drift Stability Analysis- A Sensitivity Approach W. Abdellah 499

Geodynamic Zoning for Isolation of Radioactive Waste V. Tatarinov, V. Morozov, I. Kolesnikov, and A. Kagan, and T. Tatarinova 508

Improving Utilization of Face Rigs in Bord and Pillar Mining: A Zimbabwean Case Study J. Kwiri and T. Zvarivadza 514

In-situ Stress Measurements From Oriented Sub-cores Using Kaiser Effect M. Karakus, S. Perez, and D. Goodchild 524

Assessment of In-Situ Behaviour and Properties of Cemented Paste Backfill: Influence of Stope Height E. Yilmaz 530

Investigation of Strength Properties of a Sandstone Rock A. Boutrid, S. Bensehamdi, M. Chettibi, and K. Talhi 544

Determination of Slake Durability Index on Spherical Samples with Lime-Water Treatment H. Ankara, G. Bayar, and M. Aksoy 550

Micro-Mechanical and Micro-Structural Aspects of Strength Variation in Rocks under Various Loading Conditions N. Erarslan, M. Ghamgoshar, and D.J. Williams 554

Numerical Study of the Undrained Bearing Capacity of a Strip Footing Near a Slope M. Baazouzi, M. Mellas A. Mabrouki, and D. Benmeddour 561

Numerical Study of the Effect of Increasing Strength with Depth on the Undrained Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings M. Ouahab, A. Mabrouki, M. Mellas, and D. Benmeddour 566

Open Pit Mine Waste Dump Area Design based on Stability Principles CA. Öztürk, S. Erçelebi, İE. Önsel, M. Özkan, M. Zengin, D. Arslan, Y. Tuncel, and Z. Baz 570

Performance Evaluation of Paste Backfill in Imiter Silver Mine, Ouarzazate Region, Morocco K. Abdelhadi, O. Latifa, and B. Khadija 579

Pit Slope Optimization Based on Hydrogeologic Inputs G. Evin, , F. Henriquez, and V. Ugorets 588

Prediction of Open Pit Mine Slope Variation Based on Geo-Mechanical Uncertainty using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) A. R. Kamrani, M. Osanloo, and M.Minaei Mobtaker 598

Stability Analysis and Optimized Slope Angle for the Iron Ore Open-Pit Mine S. Akdag, H. Basarir, C. Karpuz, and M. Ozyurt 606

Study of The Bench Slope Stability By Numerical Method, Case of Ouenza Mine Algeria R. Adil, M. L. Boukelloul, and K. Talh 612

Assessment of Engineering Behavior of Foliated Rocks Using Some Index Tests D. Fereidooni, G. R. Khanlari, M. Heidari, and A. A. Sepahigero 617

The Relation between Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Block Punch Index for Pyroclastic Rocks S. Kahraman and M. Sarıbıyık 630

Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks from the South African Platinum Mines G. O. Oniyide and H. Yılmaz 637

A Prototype of Real Options Valuation Framework for Open Pit Mines Planning: A Road to Build a Dynamics Decision Making Tools I. Inthavongsa, P. Sontamino, and C. Drebenstedt 646

Determining Refuge Chamber Location in Underground Tunnel Using 3D Computer Modelling C. Dogruöz and M. Özdemir 655

Long Term Planning In Open Pit Mines In Presence Of Commodity Price Uncertainty M. Rahmanpour and M. Osanloo 660

MINE DESIGN, MODELLING, AND OPTIMIZATION

Measuring Mine Planning Software Utilisation for Decision-Making Strategies in the South African Iron Ore Mining Sector B. Genc and C. Musingwini 668

Mine Design for Silopi Üçkardeşler Asphaltite Vein S.G. Erçelebi, C.A. Öztürk, İ.E. Önsel, and M. Özkan 683

The Future of Mega Data in Virtual Reality Environments in Mining Practice F.T. Suorineni 691

The Issue of Abandoned Mining Exploitations in Albania G. Muka, V. Jorggi, T. Korini, and R. Balla 700

The Practicable Combination of Open Pit with Underground Mining Methods- a Decade’s Experience E. Bakhtavar 704

A Contemporary Approach in Geotechnical Slope Stability Analysis: Lithological Implicit Modelling A.G. Yardimci and H. Basarir 710

Analysis of Sulphur Contents in Coal by Means of Henry’s Beneficiation Curve

Approximation T. Niedoba and A. Surowiak 717

Development of New Correlations to Predict Acid Fracture Conductivity Based on Rock Strength M.R. Akbari, M.J. Ameri, S. Kharazmi, and H.A. Zafarian 722

Forecasting Crude Oil Price with an Artificial Neural Network Model based on a Regular Pattern for Selecting of the Training and Testing Sets using Dynamic Command-Line Functions M.H. Basiri, F. Javadnejad, and A. Saeedi 732

Impact the Parameter Effect of Vibration on Collision Efficiency in Flotation Kr. Dedelyanova and J. Dimitrov 742

Solvent Extraction of Palladium from Chloride Media by TBP N. Sadeghi and E. K. Alamdari 747

Kinetics of Hematite Decomposition Reaction at Different Heating Rates in Air M. Salmani, E. K. Alamdari, S. Firoozi, and M. Azizkarimi 752

Modeling and Analysis of Residence Time Distribution in Industrial Mechanical Flotation Cells A. Hassanzadeh, E. Farhadi, and A. Azizi 757

Optimal Mine Extraction Sequencing Using Meta-heuristics Y. A. Sari and M. Kumral 764

Physical And Numerical Modeling Behavior Of Two Piles Under Horizontal Loading Cyclic M. Akchiche, A Rouag, and K Djedjig 768

Pratical Considerations for Real-time Recovery Calculation Using an On-Stream Analyzer J. Timperi and J. Loimi 776

Prediction of Final Concentrate Grade Using Artificial Neural Networks from Gol-E-Gohar Iron Ore Plant S. H. Hosseini and M. Samanipour 783

Production Scheduling using Augmented Lagrangian Relaxation and Genetic Algorithm Optimization E. Moosavi, J. Gholamnejad, M. Ataee-pour, and E. Khorram 788

Simulation of Thermal Profile in a Single Pellet during Drying Process with CFD Method A. Gitiara, A. Namehi, H. Vali, H. R. Shahrokhshahi, H. Soltani, E. K. Alamdari, and A. Cheraghi 797

Comparative Analysis of Coordinates of Mine Traverse Points Determined on the Basis of Polygon and Tachymetric Traverse A. Ganić and A. Milutinović 805

Diffusion of Geographic Information System at Municipalities in Istanbul M. Çavur, M. Özturan, C. Karaduman, and A.B. İçli 810

Rockfall Hazard Zonation based on Weights of Evidence Modeling of the Doroud –Andimeshk Railway Track, NW Iran H. Hassani and M. Gholinezhad 821

Surface Displacement Monitoring - Using Satellite InSAR for Mining Operations D. Colombo 829

The Application of Weight of Evidence Method for Zn Mapping in Takhte-Soleiman, Iran M.M. Oskouei, M. Bicharanio, and A.R. Jafari Rad 839

The Porosity Estimation of Porous Basalts by Using Image Processing Methods O. Akkoyun, S. N. Ergene, K. Çiftci, and S. Yalvac 845

Air Quality During Excavation Of Tunnels In The Rijeka Motorway Bypass M. Klanfar and D. Vrkljan 851

GIS AND TOPOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS

DRILLING AND BLASTING, DRILLING TECHNOLOGY, AND MECHANIZATION

Assessment of Safe Ground Vibration Level in Sensitive Hilly Slopes Ensuing Human Response C. Sawmliana, R. K. Singh, and P. P. Roy 860

Blastability Characteristics of Ewekoro Limestone Using Rock Mass Classification B. A. Adebayo, P.R. Adeniyi, and S.A. Agbalajobi 867

Charge Distribution Pattern For Different Zones In Tunnel Blasting Operations: Case Study Of The Alborz Tunnel M. Mohammadi, M F. Hossaini, SA. Taleghan, R. Bolghonabadi, and N. Hajiantilakil 874

Improving Drilling And Blasting Programs At Al-Jazi Limestone Quarry-Lafarge-Jordan M. Amaireh 880

Numerical Study Of The Behaviour Of Jointed Tunnel Lining M. Barzegar, S. Gharehdash, and M. Sharifzadeh 886

Evaluation of Blast Induced Ground Vibrations at Ozarslan Quarry M.C. Ozyurt, U. Kalayci, A. Karadogan, and U. Ozer 894

Plaster Stemming Application at a Basalt Quarry: a Case Study H. Cevizci, H. Yavuz, Ş. Caran, and Y. Tosun 901

Analysis of Impacts of Ground Condition on Performance of a Hard Rock TBM in Alborz Service Tunnel Project M. Hedayatzadeh, C. Dogruoz, J. Rostami, and J. K. Hamidi 907

Availability Analysis of Drum Shearer Machine; A Case Study S. H. Hoseinie, B. Ghodrati, and A. Hosseini 913

Determination of Optimum Drum Shearer for Tabas Mine Using Decision Making Process E. Bakhtavar 919

Review of Graphical Methods Utilized in System Reliability Assessment D. Tuncay and N. Demirel 925

Review of Trend Tests for Detection of Wear-Out Period for Mining Machineries O. Gölbaşı and N. Demirel 933

Tool Wear Estimation in Erath Pressure Balance (EPB) Machine Tunneling M. Hedayatzadeh and D. Peila 940

Sensitivity Analysis of the Underground Mining Machines Based on Power Generating System C. Dogruoz, R. Schatz, A. Nieto, and S. Lvov 949

Role of geophysical technique to validate the subsurface strata conditions due to blasting in underground coalmines K.K.K. Singh, P.K. Singh, M.P. Roy 956

An Initial Investigation of Room and Pillar Ventilation Using CFD to Investigate the Effects of Last Through Road Velocity T. Feroze and H.R. Philips 970

Underground Environment Management System M. B. Massanés, L. S. Pera, and J. O. Moncunill 978

Numerical Study on the Fire Protection System in The Galaje Tunnel B. Niknam, K. Shahriar, and H. Madani 984

Possibilities to Priorly Establish the Structure of Ventilation Networks Affected by Underground Explosions D. Cioclea, G.A. Găman, I. Gherghe, F. Rădoi, C. Boantă, and V.M. Păsculescu 991

Provenance of Organic Matter Preserved in the Chattanooga Shale at Hurricane Bridge, Tennessee, as Indicated by Organic Carbon Isotope M. Musa, A. Swadan, and J. Puckette 998

Estimation of Coal Gas Content Using Geostatistical Methods in GIS Environment: a Case Study From Tabas Coal Mine V. Vaziri, J. Khademi Hamidi, and A.R. Sayadi 1007

Uncertainty and Variability in Gas Desorption Measurements from Coal J. Pope, A. Dutton, and C. Nelson 1016

Study of Porosity and Permeability of Coal and Coal Measure Rocks from Raniganj Coalfield of India B. K. Prusty, S. K. Pal, and J. H. Kumar 1024

Gas Content and Spontaneous Combustion Investigations for Uckardesler Asphaltite Vein A. Fisne, S.C. Özer, O. Esen, C.A. Öztürk, and S. Erçelebi 1034

Geology and Mineralogy Investigation of Pb-Zn Mineralization in El Abed Deposit, Algeria H. Chaa and A .Boutaleb 1043

Chemical Inhibitors – Scope for Using Control and Combating Surface Mine Fire as Clean Coal Technology R. V. K. Singh 1047

Effective Approaches for the Fast Liquidation of Locked up Coal in Standing Pillars in Indian Underground Coal Mines A. Kushwaha, R. Bhattacharjee, S. Tewari, and A. Sinha 1055

MINE VENTILATION, METHANE, AND SHALE GAS

COAL AND COAL TECHNOLOGY

R&D in Coal Sector in India A. K. Debnath, V. K. Sinha, and B. Prasad 1064

Selection of Recovery Sieve Size in Oil Agglomeration of Coal E. Sahinoglu and T. Uslu 1073

An Assessment of Turkish Lignite Fields for Underground Coal Gasification K.Het, Ş.Yürek, D. W. Camp, J. L. Wagoner 1078

Gravity Concentration and Sensor-based Sorting to Value Recycled Aggregates R.S. Paranhos, R.O. Neto, B.G. Cazacliu, F. Huchet, C.H. Sampaio, and C.O. Petter 1088

Influence of Cutting Wire Tension on Travertine Cutting Rate S.N. Almasi, R. Bagherpour, R. Mikaeil, and A. Khademian 1096

Optimum Distance Between Cutting Machine And Working Face In Travertine Exploitation With Diamond Wire Cutting Method A. Khademian, R. Bagherpour, S.N. Almasi, and M. Aalaei 1103

Numerical Modelling of the Influence of Coefficient of Utilization on the Exploitation Profitability of Dimension Stone Deposit I. Galić, D. Vidić, and B. Farkaš 1111

A Technology for Force Field Separation in Vibrofluidized Layers of Granular Materials L.A. Vaisberg, K.S. Ivanov, S.V. Dmitriev, A.O. Mezenin 1120

Comminution: Technology, Energy Efficiency and Innovation B. Klein, N. E. Altun, and M. J. Scoble 1125

Comparative Study of Mineral Processing Applied To The Local Feldspar’s

Assessment R. Akkal and M. Ouldhamou 1135

Effect of Calcination on the Grindability of Concentrated Phosphate of Djebel Onk Algeria A. Bouzenzana 1144

Predicting Size Distribution of Jaw Crusher Product by Using Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) H. Es-haghi, B. Rezai, and A. Refahi 1153

Examination of Albanian Chromite Ores In Terms of Liberation Size and Ratio Problem H. Bastürkcü, B. Aydin, M. Özer, and A.E. Yüce 1160

INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS AND PRECIOUS METALS

DESIGN OF MINERAL PROCESSING PLANTS AND BENEFICIATION METHODS

Beneficiation of Dry Magnetic Separator Tailings Using Dense Medium Cyclones: A Simulation Study A. Aghlmandi Harzanagh and Ş. L. Ergün 1169

Flotation Circuit Efficiency Enhancement Regarding Increase of Rougher Cells Throughput A. Hassanzadeh and A. Azizi 1175

Granulometric Separation in Laminar Flow I. Grigorova and I. Nishkov 1180

Evaluation of Spiral Chromite Tailings of South Africa Ş. B. Aydın, M. Özer, and A.E. Yüce 1189

Recovery of Silver From an Arsenical Silver Ore by Knelson Concentrator and Cyanide Leaching O. Celep, P. Altınkaya, E.Y. Yazici, and H. Deveci 1194

Effect of Hot Water Absorption on the Flexural Properties of Jute Mat Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite E. A. Elbadry 1199

Influence of the Impurities on the Quality of Kaolin Collected From the Field of DjebelDebbagh, Algeria M. Laraba and A. Roula 1205

Microstructural Evolution of Consolidated and Unconsolidated Cemented Paste Backfills by SEM-EDS Analysis E. Yilmaz 1211

Evaluation of Grout Curtain Efficiency of Kalu-Ganga Dam A. Aalianvari 1224

Selection of Chromite Processing Plant Site Using The Fuzzy TOPSIS Approach H. Bejari and A.A. Daya 1229

Effect of Different Depressants on Galena Flotation Ü. Yenial, A. Gül, ve Ü. Yılmaz 1236

Matematical Modeling of Elementary Act of Flotation in Vibratory Column Machine J. Dimitrov and Kr. Dedelyanova 1241

Optimization of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Pyrite Flotation M. Chettibi, A. Boutrid and A.A. Abramov 1246

Selection of Flotation Reagents in Order to Improve Metal Recovery from Ores via Computer-Aided Approach P.M. Solozhenkin and O.I. Ibragimova 1255

Mechanical Properties of Feldspars and Their Influence on the Choice of Method of Comminution R. Akkal, M. Ouldhamou, and S. A. Hadj-Sadok 1264

Extraction of Gold and Silver from Bolkar Gold Plant Tailings H. Bastürkcü, F. Burat, M. Özer, A. Gül, and A. A. Sirkeci 1272

Determination of Leaching Cutoff Grade Using Economical Evaluation in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine S. N. Almasi, R. Bagherpour, A. Khademian, and R. Yarahmadi 1277

Evaluation of Phase Transformation During Mechanochemical Leaching of Zinc from Zinc Plants Residues in Alkaline Medium P. Ashtari and P. Pourghahramani 1286

Galvanic Leaching of Chalcopyrite Using Manganese Oxides in Spent Carbon-Zinc Batteries H. Nakazawa and W. Hareyama 1292

Improvements the Performance of the Sungon Secondary Flotation Circuit P. Pourghahramani and A.Bagherian 1299

Microstructural Characterization of Pyrite during Mechanical Activation by Using Rietveld and XRD Line Profile Analysis B.N. Akhgar and P. Pourghahramani 1306

Preparation of Nano Zero-Valent Iron (NZVI) From Mechanochemically Treated Pyrite B.N. Akhgar and P. Pourghahramani 1311

Recovery of Indium From Zinc Oxide Flue Dust W. Liu, H. Luo, W. Qin, Y. Zheng, K. Yang, and J. Han 1317

Recovery of Valuable Metals from E-Waste, Part (I): Use of Central Composite Design for Evaluation of Copper Recovery from Electronic Waste Leaching Y. Nosratzad, M. Kavousi, A. Sattari, E. K. Alamdari, D. Haghshenas, D. Darvishi, A. K. Alamdari, and A. B. K. Rafsanjani 1326

Recovery of Valuable Metals from E-Waste, Part (II): Selective Solvent Extraction of Copper M. Kavousi, A. Sattari, E. K. Alamdari, S. Firoozi, D. Darvishi, A. K. Alamdari, and A. B. K. Rafsanjani 1330

Selective Zinc Recovery From a Valuable Iranian Zinc Plants Residue Using a Facile Selective Alkaline Leaching Method P. Ashtari and P. Pourghahramani 1333

Simulation of Fluid Flow in the Settler of Copper Solvent Extraction D. Mansourian, S. Parvizi, O. Kazemi, and E. K. Alamdari 1339

Solvent Extraction of Selenium in Hydrochloric Acid Media by Using Triisobutyl Phosphate/Dodecaol Mixture A. Sattari, M. Kavousi, E. K. Alamdari, D. Darvishi, A. K. Alamdari, and A. B. K. Rafsanjani 1346

HYDROMETALLURGY AND BIOHYDROMETALLURGY

Study of the Zircon Processing Aiming the Recovery of Zirconium and Silica C. A. Ferreira, C. A. Morais, and T. S. Formiga 1351

Sulfation Roasting and Water Leaching of Lepidolite TT. Hien-Dinh, VT Luong, T. Tran, and R. Giere 1357

Comparison of Two Consolidation Methods of Waste Fill in Longhole Open Stoping S.B. Avcı and İ. Erdem 1364

Optimization of Copper Recovery from Copper Converted Slag. Part I: Pyrometallurgical Aspects B. Aghelnejad, R. Golmohammadzadeh, E. K. Alamdari, S. Firozi, D. Haghshenas, D. Darvishi, A. K. Alamdari, and A. B. K. Rafsanjani 1371

Optimization of Copper Recovery from Copper Converted Slag. Part II: Hydrometallurgical Aspects R. Golmohammadzadeh, B. Aghelnejad, E. K. Alamdari, S. Firozi, D. Haghshenas, D. Darvishi, A. K. Alamdari, and A. B. K. Rafsanjani 1375

Recovery of Nanoparticles from Flue Gas Using Dielectrophoresis A. Neculae, A. Lungu, N. Strambeanu, and M. Lungu 1382

Recycling Mixed Plastic Waste and its Blend with Sawdust as Reductant in Ironmaking J. R. Dankwah, E. Baawuah, J. Dankwah, and P. Koshy 1389

The Dissolution of Vanadium in Silica Sand with Organic and Inorganic Acids H. Hacıfazlıoğlu, İ. Kurşun, T.D. Tombal, and M. Terzi 1395

Forestry Biological Reclamation of Damaged Mining Terrains I. Grigorova and I. Nishkov 1403

Effect of Crack Width, Length, and Depth on Surface Disposal of Sulphidic Paste Tailings E. Yilmaz 1410

Possibilities for Reclamation by Using Suitable Geological and Waste Materials P. Pavlov, M. Banov, and P. Ivanov 1420

Restoration of Land Damaged in Mining Activities M. Banov, P. Pavlov, and M. Blagiev 1425

A Review of Acid Mine Drainage in Turkey S.Y. Kandemir and H. Ankara 1432

RECYCLING

MINING AND ENVIRONMENT

Gas Monitoring in the Environment, Following a Fire in an Underground Touristic Facility M. Kovacs, G.A. Găman, A. Calamar, L. Toth, and S. Simion 1436

Impacts of Mechanical Preparation and Agglomeration of Iron Ore on Environment. Case: Arcelormittal Annaba (Algeria) Z. Mekti, A. Boutemdjet, M. Bounouala, M. Boukeloul, and A. Idres 1443

Investigation of Environmental Pollution Caused by Waste Dump of Takab Gold Mine in West-Azarbaijan of Iran E. Moosavi, A. Vameghi, and R. Javani 1449

Studies on Gravity Backfilling Method for Blind Backfilling of Abandoned Coal Mines S.K. Pal, S. Panda, and A.K. Tripathi 1453

Mathematical Analysis of Spontaneous Fire in Coal Mines for Designing More Efficient Fire Control Techniques D.D. Tripathi, A. Sinha 1466

Modeling of Turkey’s CO2 Emissions Using Economic and Demographic Variables I. Karakurt, G. Aydin, and S. Kaya 1474

Opportunities for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Geothermal Area Beiuş R. Călburean, V.A. Codrea, and O. Barbu 1480

Overview of Zone Monitoring of Flotation Tailing Dump "Veliki Krivelj",Serbia M. Mikić, M. Ljubojev, D. Kržanović, I. Jovanović, and D. Urošević 1486

Predicting the Levels of Noise from Quarry Operations K. J. Bansah, E. Assan, and C. Bosompem 1492

Protection of Cultural Heritage from the Area of Future Open Cast Mine Radljevo N. Drljevic and G. Tomic 1497

The Life of Tires on Wheeled Heavy Duty Mining Vehicles from Point View of the Environmental Apprehension İ. Celik and C. Sensogut 1504

The Study of Risk Movements of Land Related to Underground Mining Work and Environmental Impact Of Soil and Basement (Case of Boukhadra Iron Ore Mine-Algeria). M.L. Boukelloul, K. Talhi, R.Adil, M. Bounouala, A.Idres, and A. Boutrid 1513

Valorization and Recycling of Quarries Waste as an Addition in Cement S.Berdoudi, H.Hebhoub, M.Belachia, and R.Djebien 1521

1 INTRODUCTION

Dimension stone is highly valuable raw mineral materials per unit of product and it is mostly used in the final stages of construction and less to produce supporting structures. Market value of dimension stone is several times greater than the value of other types of non-metallic minerals (Vidić, D., 2012.).

Profitability of the exploitation of dimension stone in a deposit directly depends on coefficient of utilization of that deposit, and any activity that can improve the exploitation of deposits of dimension stone

may have a decisive impact on the economy of operations of the company which is engaged in the exploitation of dimension stone.

From the literature and practice it is well known that for a certain quantity of commercial blocks of dimension stone a significantly larger volume of rock mass, in natural condition, needs to be dug up (cut) (Galić, I., 2003).

Importance of ratio of the usable quantities of commercial dimension stone blocks and the total quantity of excavated rock is most vividly displayed in the case studies and models.

Numerical Modelling of the Influence of Coeffıcient of Utilization on the Exploitation Profitability of Dimension Stone Deposit

I. GalićMining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering Faculty, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

D. VidićMinistry of Economy, Ulica grada Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

B. FarkašMining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering Faculty, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

24th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey-IMCET'15 Antalya, Turkey, April 14-17, 2015

ABSTRACT The coefficient of utilization of rock directly affects the profitability of the dimension stone deposit exploitation. Dimension stone is a highly valuable raw mineral material per unit of product. Past experience and literature show that for a certain amount of commercial dimension stone blocks, a significantly larger volume of raw rock mass should be dug up. Mineral residue as a result of the extraction of the commercial dimension stone blocks is usually the material of less or even minor value per product unit. Profitability of the exploitation of dimension stone in a reservoir is directly dependent on the rock coefficient of utilization. It is therefore a priority task and a challenge to improve the efficiency of dimension stone deposit and to reduce the accumulation of mineral residue that would ultimately increase profits. Numerical models can clearly demonstrate the influence of the coefficient of utilization on the exploitation profitability of the dimension stone deposit, which is presented in this paper. From the analysis of the real "in situ" performance and numerical models, the coefficient of utilization can be determined whereby the exploitation of dimension stone deposit is on the edge of profitability.

Keywords: Numerical modelling, utilization coefficient, dimension stone, exploitation profitability

1111

This paper will analyse the impact of coefficient of utilization on profitability of dimension stone exploitation, in other words the sensitivity of mining project of dimension stone exploitation regarding the coefficient of utilization.

2 MODELLING OF DIMENSION STONE RESERVES CALCULATION

In expert literature, there is some controversy and disagreement about the definition of concepts and calculation degree of utilization of dimension stone deposits. Recently, the degree of utilization of dimension stone deposits is defined by coefficient of utilization, exploitation losses and correctional coefficient.

2.1 Model 1 – Calculation of the reserves from the total quantity of rock

Correctional coefficient (kp) is the loss of rock mass through the surface waste (unless separately calculated), rock mass in fragmented areas, and non-commercial pieces of stone. The correctional coefficient expresses the loss of rock mass of dimension stone caused by the conditions prevailing in the deposit, and it is used in calculating the balance reserves, according to the expression:

(1)

Where is: Qbil – balance reserve (m3) Ou – total volume of cut rock mass (m3) kp – correctional coefficient For a large number of dimension stone

deposits in the Republic of Croatia, waste rock located on top of exploitation reserves of rock mass is not separately calculated and is shown trough correctional coefficient. Usually this is the case in the deposits with no surface waste rock in the classical meaning of the word (humus, clay, earth, etc.) but it is the karst surface area that is not clearly separated from the exploitation rock parts (Archives, 2011).

When large quantities of waste rock are located on top of exploitation rock mass, the waste rock is usually calculated separately.

The correctional coefficient is directly dependent on geological conditions of deposit in which the exploitation of dimension stone is performed, and primarily on thickness of waste rock, structural-tectonic set of deposit, the size of rocks that have commercial value, etc.

The correctional coefficient is different for every dimension stone deposit, and in the Republic of Croatia, it is usually in the range between 0.18 and 0.22, extremely up to 0.54 (deposit "Kanfanar" in Istria).

Exploitation loss (Eg) is loss of rock mass

mainly caused by destruction of rock mass by various tools (chain saw, diamond wire saw, etc.) and it can be exactly calculated or obtained by statistical analysis of data. Substituting exploitation loss in expression (1) we get the equation for calculating the exploitation reserves;

(2) Where is: Eg – exploitation loss (m3) Quantity of exploitation losses, in contrast

to correctional coefficient, is not dependent on deposit’s geological conditions in which the dimension stone exploitation is preformed but primarily on the thickness of cutting elements of chain saw and diamond wire saw, and ranges from 8 to 10% of the balanced reserves. Exploitation loss is calculated by the expression:

(3)

Where is: p – share of exploitation loss, %. Coefficient of utilization (ki) is, in

general, the ratio of usable substances of raw mineral materials and the total quantity of excavated rock. In the case of dimension stone, the coefficient of utilization is the ratio of the volume of commercial blocks and the

Galić, Vidić, and Farkaš

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total volume of the rock mass that needs to be cut out for a commercial blocks to be formed (Galić et al, 2011; Dragičević et al, 2009). The volume of commercial blocks is actually a volume of extraction reserves in a deposit. The coefficient of utilization is obtained by calculation from expression:

(4)

Where is: Okb – volume of commercial blocks (m3) In conclusion, it can be determined that

the coefficient of utilization integrates the correctional coefficient and exploitation losses.

2.2 Model 2: Calculating the total quantity of rock according to the planned quantity of blocks

In the introductory section the expressions and the process of calculating the exploitation reserves for any raw mineral material, including dimension stone, are clearly defined. However, when it comes to calculating capacity or planned production, the procedure is completely inversed.

In the Model 2 the assumed yearly dimension stone production is 1 000 m3, the correctional coefficient kp = 0.18 and exploitation loss p = 10%. The main task is to determine the total volume of the rock mass that needs to be cut out annually in order to obtain 1 000 m3 of commercial dimension stone blocks.

Since the planned annual production is actually an annual exploitation reserves in the quantity of 1 000 m3, it is therefore necessary to add that the exploitation losses and the annual balance reserves will be calculated by the following expression:

(5)

It follows that the annual balance reserves

are:

From that exploitation losses are:

To calculate the total annual quantity of

the rock mass that needs to be cut (dug) out it is necessary to predict the loss of rock mass through correctional coefficient in the form of surface waste rock, rock mass in fragmented areas. Therefore the total quantity of excavated rock mass will be:

(6)

It follows that the total annual quantity

is:

Of which the stone waste is:

Coefficient of utilization in the Model 2

is:

(7)

3 INFLUENCE OF COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION ON DIMENSION STONE DEPOSIT EXPLOITATION

The utilization coefficient has the crucial influence on profitability and investment return and operation of company which carries out exploitation of dimension stone in the deposit.

Coefficient of utilization is different for every deposit, and in the deposits in the Republic of Croatia it is usually in the range between 0.14 and 0.20, and exceptionally more.


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Following the previously stated report, further analysis of dependence of investment profitability on the coefficient of utilization shows the economic sensibility of mining operation when the coefficient of utilization ranges from 0.14 to 0.20.

3.1 Model 3: The input parameters of the test model

For the most realistic analysis a specific example from existing deposit will serve as test model and the data from Mining project of dimension and technical building stone exploitation on deposit field "Dolit" (Živković, S. A., 2005).

The basic input data taken from test model design, on which the analysis of the dependence of investment profitability on the correctional coefficient was done, are as follows:

- planned production of all categories of commercial blocks is 1 560 m3;

- average market price of all categories of commercial blocks is 367 $/m3; - total annual revenue from the block sale is 572 000 $; - initial investment is 1 440 000 $; - annual cost of exploitation for gaining 1 560 m3 of commercial blocks is 505 523 $; - correctional coefficient kp= 0.20; - exploitation losses Eg = 10%; - coefficient of utilization ki = 0.18.

3.2 Model 4: Output parameters for the test model

Based on the input parameters of the test model the total volume of rock mass is calculated which should be cut out in order to get the planned 1 560 m3 of commercial blocks. Based on the exploitation loss p = 10% and correctional coefficient kp = 0.20, it was calculated that 8 667 m3 should be cut out. With these parameters coefficient of utilization ki = 0.180.

Table 1 - Output parameters of the test model

Gross valume Ou (m3)

Exploitation losses

Eg (%)

Correctional coefficient

kp

Coefficient of

utilization ki

Volume of

commercial blocks Okb (m3)

Total cost of cutting

blocks ($)

Block

production price

($/m3)

Block

market price ($/m3)

Total revenue UP

($)

Profit ($)

8 667 10 0.23 0.207 1 794 505 523 282 367 658 398 152 875 8 667 10 0.22 0.198 1 716 505 523 295 367 629 772 124 249 8 667 10 0.21 0.189 1638 505 523 309 367 601 146 95 623 8 667 10 0.20 0.180 1 560 505 523 324 367 572 520 66 997 8 667 10 0.19 0.171 1 482 505 523 341 367 543 894 38 371 8 667 10 0.18 0.162 1 404 505 523 360 367 515 268 9 745 8 667 10 0.17 0.153 1 326 505 523 381 367 486 642 -18 881 8 667 10 0.16 0.144 1 248 505 523 405 367 458 016 -47 507

Analysis in Table 1 is created under the assumption that employees, machinery and equipment per year could cut out up to 8 667 m3 gross volume of the rock mass and that the selling price of 1 m3 block of all categories is fixed to the amount of 367 $/m3.

Table 1 shows profitable threshold of mining company, under the given conditions, when coefficient of utilization is in the range from 0.162 to 0.153.

It is significant to notice that the increase of coefficient of utilization from ki = 0.180 to ki = 0.207 the annual gross profit of the

mining company is increasing from 66 997 $ to 152 875 $, that is more than double.

Should the coefficient of utilization decrease from ki= 0.180 to ki= 0.162, when utilization of rock mass is decreased by less than 2%, the annual profit of the mining company would decrease to 9 745 $, that is about eight times.

4 BUSINESS PROFITABILITY DEPENDING ON THE COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

Profitability is defined as an indicator of economic operating performance and is


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commonly based on loss and profit data. The most commonly used formula is:

(8)

Where is: UP – total income ($), UT – total costs ($). Obtained result indicates: – profitable business, – business at the border of

profitability, – business is not profitable.

4.1 Model 5: Determining the profitability threshold by computation

Determining profitability threshold of dimension stone deposit in which the gross volume of rock mass could be cut out is 8 667 m3 with the selling price of all commercial block of all the categories is 367 $/m3, could be done by computation or graphically.

For a profitability threshold to be determined by calculation, first the smallest quantity of commercial blocks should be calculated that will ensure profitable business. In other words, we need to calculate the minimum quantity of blocks whose exploitation costs will be equal to revenue from their sale.

Following the stated, we set this relationship:

(9)

Where is: Qmin – minimal quantity of blocks for

company to be profitable (m3) UT – total exploitation costs ($/m3) CT – average sale value of 1 m3 block

($/m3) Substituting the output values obtained

from the test model we obtain:

Therefore, the minimum quantity of blocks that must be cut out from total volume of 8 667 m3 and the average sale price of 367 $/m3, for a business to be profitable, is 1 379 m3.

By setting the relationship between minimum quantities of blocks that need to be obtained from the total volume so the business is profitable (Qmin) and the total volume (Quk) from which the minimum quantity of blocks was obtained, gives us marginal coefficient of utilization with which the business will be marginally profitable.

(10)

Thus, marginal coefficient of utilization –

profitability threshold, at the fixed volume of 8 667 m3 and fixed price of 367 $/m3, the ki = 0.159.

Marginal correctional coefficient of the coefficient of utilization ki = 0,159 and exploitation loss Eg = 10% is:

(11)

(

)

Reducing the coefficient of utilization

under 0.159 or correctional coefficient under 0.177 the mining company would operate with a loss.

4.2 Model 6: Determining the profitability threshold graphically

Figure 1 shows the success of the mining company operations during dimension stone exploitation considering the coefficient of utilization.

It is noticeable that when the coefficient of utilization ki = 0.162 the minimal annual income will be 9 745 $, and when ki = 0.153 mining company will create year loss of 18 881 $.


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coeficient of utilization (ki)

Figure 1. Diagram of business success depending on the coefficient of utilization

Figure 2. Diagram of profitability threshold

Intersection of lines that show total annual costs (UT) and total annual revenue (UP) represents the mining company’s business profitability. Figure 2 clearly shows that total annual costs are fixed (505 523 $), and total annual revenue is reduced according to the reduction of coefficient of utilization.

Figure 3 shows the direct dependence of the production cost ($/m3) on the amount of coefficient of utilization where the gross cut-out mass is limited to 8 667 m3 due to the capacity of the available machinery.

- 100 000

- 50 000

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

0,207 0,198 0,189 0,18 0,171 0,162 0,153 0,144

pro

fit,

$

loss

, $

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

0,207 0,198 0,189 0,180 0,171 0,162 0,153 0,144

UT

UP


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It is evident, from Figure 3, that with a fixed annual production, production price increases almost in proportion to the reduction of the rock mass coefficient of utilization.

With coefficient of utilization ki = 0.207, production price is approximately 280 $/m3, while with coefficient of utilization ki = 0.144 production price is approximately 405 $/m3.

5 CONCLUSION

In numerical models the correctional coefficient and exploitation losses of dimension stone deposit exploitation were analysed and in the end summarized in the coefficient of utilization.

This analysis showed a very large dependence of mining operation of dimension stone exploitation on the coefficient of utilization. This dependence is so large that it is recommended to express the coefficient of utilization with three decimal digits.

A real example from practise was taken as the test model, with planned annual exploitation of 1 560 m3 of commercial blocks of all types and average market price of commercial blocks of all types in the amount of 367 $/m3. The planned coefficient

of utilization of the deposit is ki= 0.18 (correctional coefficient kp = 0.20, exploitation loss Eg = 10%). Based on the design solutions total gross cut-out volume of the rock mass is 8 667 m3.

Based on the analysed data, from the test model, the obtained results can serve as reference data for making the final decision on economic justification of dimension stone deposit exploitation, but also for the optimization of investment, designed capacity and necessary equipment.

All the above shows the necessity of extremely cautious and detailed planning of the dimension stone exploitation in the deposit.

Particular attention should be paid to dimension stone deposits research data interpretation, determination of rock structural set, space orientation of discontinuities and other data that influence the coefficient of utilization.

Therefore, before exploitation, it is necessary to explore and learn about the planned deposit, in other words to determine the coefficient of utilization as accurately as possible.

Mining engineers and geologist, who are engaged in exploration and exploitation of dimension stone, are the only ones capable and authorized to precisely determine the

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0,207 0,198 0,189 0,18 0,171 0,162 0,153 0,144

Pro

du

ctio

n p

rice

, $/m

3

coeficient of utilization (ki)

Figure 3. Coefficient of utilization dependence on exploitation cost


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coefficient of utilization in the new dimension stone deposit, by using the existing and recognized methods (e.g. method of linear and spatial integrity), but also new scientific methods.

REFERENCES Dragičević, I., Galić, I., Vranjković, A., Galić, M.,

(2009): Elaborate of the reserves of dimension stone exploitation field "Kusačko brdo" in Široki Brijeg.

Dunda, S., Kujundžić, T., (2003): Digital textbook: The exploitation of dimension stone, Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering Zagreb.

Galić, I., Vidić D., Jembrich, Ž., (2011): The influence of The coefficient of utilization of reservoir feasibility of dimension stone production and improvement opportunities, Mining and Geology Bulletin, vol. 15; 117-130.

Galić, I. (2003): Supplementary mining project of exploitation of dimension and technical-building stone in the exploitation field "Pučišća", deposits ''Punta-Barbakan'', ''Sivac-Sivac jug'' and ''Kupinovo-Kupinovo istok''. Jadrankamen d.d., Pučišća.

Galić, I. (2003): The main mining project of dimension stone exploitation in the exploitation field “Kusačko brdo”. Proin 21 ltd., Široki Brijeg.

Archives: Collection of documents, studies and projects of the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, Zagreb.

Tomašić, I. Kršinić, A. (2010): Some important fact for estimation of natural stone deposits during the exploration. Stone masonry and construction, Vol.3-4, pp.5-15, Pučišća.

Tomašić, I. (1994): The influence of discontinuity fabric and other factors on optimum exploitation of dimension stone, Mining, Geology and Petroleum Bulletin, Vol.6, pp.101-105, Zagreb.

Tomašić, I. Jakić, V. (1990): Optimal excavation front position in relation to the structural set (Graphical method using a computer), Mining, Geology and Petroleum Bulletin, Vol.2, pp.41-46, Zagreb.

Vidić, D., Galić, I. & B. Farkaš (2012): The profitability of dimension stone deposit exploitation in relation to the coefficient of utilization, Mining, Geology and Petroleum Bulletin, Vol. 24, Zagreb.

Živković, S. A. (2005): Supplementary mining project of exploitation of dimension and technical-building stone in the exploitation field "Dolit", Jadrankamen d.d., Pučišća.


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24 INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS OF TURKEY · 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24th INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS OF TURKEY APRIL 14-17, 2015 Antalya/TURKEY Dr. Mehtap GÜLSÜN