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Procedures and Processes
CRM Phases I-III
Phase I: Reconnaissance Survey
Phase IReconnaissance Survey
Just where are you, anyway?
Kinds of Maps Used for SurveyUSGS Topographic Maps
Kinds of Maps Used for SurveyAerial Photographs
Photographs from the air allow an archaeologist to easily see aspects of the site that are invisible from a ground based vantage point without some very intense mapping.
The lay of ancient riverbeds, prehistoric roadways, large scale affects on vegetation, and the layout of large monuments are all examples of common uses of aerial photography.
Aerial Photographs as Remote Sensing
Kinds of Maps Used for Survey
County Plat Maps
Kinds of Maps Used for SurveyOld Atlas and Insurance Maps
A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa 1875
Sanborn Insurance Maps
Some Sources for Maps Used for Survey
State Agencies
Libraries
Private Companies
The main steps in archaeological surveying
1. Preliminary research2. Selection of sampling design3. Identification of sites4. Precise locating and recording of their position5. Assignment of designating code6. Basic recording of the characteristics of sites, including topographic
characteristics, major environmental features, vegetational cover, cultural features and surface collections, direction of exposure, and degree of disturbance
7. Basic recording of subsurface features where possible, including soil types, depth and nature of cultural deposits, stratification, and geology
8. Assessment of the significance of each site and its suitability for further investigation or excavation (related to a particular theoretical problem at hand)
9. Assessment of the likelihood of future disturbances or destruction at each site
10. A synthesis of information about the survey area at large, including predictions about the site population, site densities and clustering, and most frequent environmental associations
11. Description of the overall impact of development on the total site inventory or the area (if a salvage situation) and general recommendations concerning future research
Selection of sampling design
• Judgmental Sampling: Units of study are selected on the basis of the researcher's opinion of the relative "productivity" of different areas.
• Probabilistic Sampling: Samples are obtained by random or systematic selection of sampling units.
1. Simple Random Sampling: Each sampling unit in the entire field is numbered, and a certain percentage of units will be selected using a random number table
2. Systematic Sampling: The first sample unit is selected using a randomizing procedure, and all other units are chosen by a predetermined procedure (every fifth unit)
3. Stratified Systematic Sampling: The survey area is stratified into subclasses with each subclass serving as an independent universe; systematic sampling is then conducted within each independent universe
4. Stratified Random Sampling: The survey area is stratified into subclasses with each subclass serving as an independent universe; random sampling is then conducted within each independent universe
Methods of Surveying
• Transects: Crew members arrange themselves in linear survey units across the landscape and walk over the region to be investigated.
• Quadrats: The universe is gridded to define the sample units on the ground, and these equally sized units are called quadrats. Examination of surface material is conducted within each of the quadrats selected by the sampling design being used.
Transects
Identification of sites
SITE TYPES
• No category • Rockshelter/cave • Rock alignment—circular • Rock alignment—depression• Lithic scatter with ground tools • Lithic scatter with flake tools and
ground stone• Lithic scatter with features• Lithic scatter with reduction flakes• Lithic scatter with flake tools• Quarry (note materials present
and predominant material)• Petroglyph • Pictograph
• Rock cairn• Root-gathering area• Midden• Trail • Road• Historic camp/community• Dam/intake• Lookout• Fence/corral• Historic wood—unknown purpose• Historic/recent trash dump• Burial/grave/cemetery• Find spot• Traditional cultural property
What qualifies as a site?
Predictive ModelsPotentially useful tools to predict site locations
Foundations:
•Known locations of certain site types
•Detailed information of geomorphology & environment
•Environmental and culture factors known to influence locational behavior
•Statistical assessment
Problems:
“Ground-truthing” the model
Statistical assessments
“Unknown” does not mean “no sites!”
MnModel example
Identification of sites
SITE TYPES—Examples
Rock/stone cairn
Rock alignments
Stone circle (tipi ring)
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Lithic Scatter
Quarry sites
Right: Profile view of the massive step trench excavated into the prehistoric jasper quarry at 36LH2 in Lehigh County. The prehistoric miners had excavated to a depth of 23 feet.
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Pictograph (painted) Petroglyph (pecked or incised)
Rock Art
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Rock shelters
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Village sites
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Oregon Trail ruts
Route 66
Roads & Trails
Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples
Historic camp/community
Sibley Campsite Larned, Kansas Ghost town of Mogollon, NM
Methods of Information Recovery
1. Surface Inspection/Collection2. Shovel Test: generally a 10-x-
10-cm hole3. Test Pit: generally a 1-x-1-m
or 2-x-2-m excavation unit4. Observation: soil description,
vegetation description, proximity to water, etc.
5. Deep testing6. Remote sensing
Shovel tests
Methods of Information RecoveryDeep Testing
Giddings Rig Backhoe testing
Remote SensingGround Penetrating Radar
Remote Sensing
Soil Resistivity Magnetomoter
Precise locating and recording of their position
Total Station
Assignment of designating code
Site Numbers or field numbers: 39BF11
Surface collection bags
Field numbers for key artifacts
Recordation of information on site forms
• Basic recording of the characteristics of sites, including topographic characteristics, major environmental features, vegetational cover, cultural features and surface collections, direction of exposure, and degree of disturbance
• Basic recording of subsurface features where possible, including soil types, depth and nature of cultural deposits, stratification, and geology
http://www.his.state.mt.us/shpo/CRISform.pdf
See sample from Montana at:
Significance
• Assessment of the significance of each site and its suitability for further investigation or excavation (related to a particular theoretical problem at hand)
•Assessment of the likelihood of future disturbances or destruction at each site
Danger to site?
The Report
A synthesis of information about the survey area at large, including predictions about the site population, site densities and clustering, and most frequent environmental associations
Description of the overall impact of development on the total site inventory or the area (if a salvage situation) and general recommendations concerning future research Click on the report above for a
fairly complete Section 106 project report.