Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850 California statehood.

Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.

Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Clay’s Last CompromiseNorth gets:CA as free stateLand dispute goes to NM (not

TX)NM & UT given popular

sovereigntySlave trade abolished in DC

South gets:Fugitive Slave ActFederal Gov’t would pay $10m

TX pre-annex debtCongress backed off interstate

slave tradeSlavery in DC protected

Compromise of 1850

HarrietBeecherStowe1811 - 1896

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin1852

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

2 million in a decade!

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants. 1849 Secret

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Electi

on Resul

ts

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

1856 Presidential Election

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig/American

1856Electi

on Resul

ts

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Panic of 1857•Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Co.

•Overspeculation of RR & land

• Inflation caused by Gold Rush

•Sinking of 400 pounds of California gold during hurricane

•British removal of deposits led to bank scares (Crimean War)

The Utah War• Mormons were expelled from Missouri with

the Extermination Order in Oct. 1838 – over 60 murdered & innumerable rapes forced

evacuation in winter of ’39– Haun’s Mill Massacre (Oct. 30, 1839)

• Illinois revoked the charter of Nauvoo in 1844 (followed by mob violence and the death of founder Joseph Smith)– Opposition to Mormonism arose over controversial

new Mormon belief in polygamy– Nauvoo legion had 5,000 soldiers (largest militia in

Illinois)• Mormons forced to flee outside the U.S.

border and eventually settled in modern-day Utah– Mormon Battalion formed in 1846 to fight in the

Mexican-American War

Utah War 1857-1858• Buchanan hoped to divert

attention from the slavery • He replaced Brigham Young as

territorial governor and sent an army in the fall of 1857 to deal with the “rebellious” Mormons

• Brigham Young responded by declaring martial law & refusing entrance to outsiders, threatening “to burn everything and withdraw to the hills”

• Mountain Meadow Massacre• “Buchanan’s Blunder” ended in

peaceful compromise

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas & the

Freeport Doctrine

PopularSovereig

nty?

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Body– John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave;

(3X) – His soul's marching on!

• (Chorus) • Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah! • Glory, halle—hallelujah! his soul's marching on!

– He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! (3X)

– His soul's marching on! • (Chorus)

– John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back! (3X)

– His soul's marching on! • (Chorus)

– His pet lambs will meet him on the way; (3X) – They go marching on!

• (Chorus) – They will hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree! (3X) – As they march along!

• (Chorus) – Now, three rousing cheers for the Union; (3X) – As we are marching on!

(also known as the John Brown Song):

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Republican Party Platform in 18601.Non-extension of slavery [for the

Free-Soilers]2.Protective tariff [for the No.

Industrialists]3.No abridgment of rights for

immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]

4.Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]

5.Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense

6.Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860Preside

ntialElectio

n

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

1860Electio

nResult

s

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J.

Crittenden(Know-

Nothing-KY)

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861