ProblemsofProjec-oninLanguageChange

EllyvanGelderenArizonaStateUniversity

DiGS18,Gent,30June2016

Outline-ProblemsofProjec-onandPoPExtensions(Chomsky2013;2015)arguethatlabellingisdoneattheinterfaces.-XP,YPmergeisfrequentandaproblem.-Waystogetoutoflabelingparadoxes:move,sharefeatures,androots,andIargue:PhrasetoHead(akaSpectoHead).-NinecasesstudiesofSpectoHead-Largerques-ons,e.g.Featuresharingvssearchandthenatureofexple-ves

X’-theoryLabellingaphraseasVPorDPwasacorecomponentofphrasestructureinthegenera-veframework.Phraseswereheadedandexpandedtoamaximalprojec-onwithaspecifier,head,andcomplement.TheX’-schemaisseenbymanyasperhapsoneofthegreatestgenera-veinsightsintosyntac-cstructure.Movementwasbyheadstoheadposi-onsandbyphrasestospecifierposi-ons.

XP:lexicalandfunc-onal

XPYP X’ X ZP

X’-theorywaspartofUGandisnowreplacedbyMergewithoutlabeling.

Towardssimplercomputa-ons

ThespiritofthecurrentMinimalistProgramfromChomsky(1995)throughProblemsofProjec-on(PoPE)inChomsky(2015),however,istoadributeaslidleaspossibletothecomputa-on,restric-ngittosimplemergewithalabelingalgorithmasthederiva-onistransferredtotheinterfaces.

PoPandlabellingAllSyntaxdoes:ittakesobjectsandyieldsunorderedsets{X,Y}withoutalabel(Chomsky2013:42)

v*P DP v*’ >{{D,NP},v*’}

D NP v* VP >{v*,{V,...}} V ...

LabelingthesetisnotpartofMergeandshouldbele8toarequirementoftheinterface.Slightlydifferentdefini?ons:a. TheLabelingAlgorithmis“aspecialcaseofminimalsearch”seeking“headsHwithinitssearchdomain...itmusttakeplaceatthephaselevel,aspartoftheTransferopera-on”(Chomsky2015:6).b. LabelingAlgorithm:ThecategorycreatedbyMergereceivesthelabeloftheclosesthead.Labellingmustbecompleteattheinterfaces.(Rizzi2014:12)

{X,YP},{XP,YP},and{X,Y}-{X,YP}isunproblema-c:takeX-{XP,YP}isproblema-c:noobviouslabelSeveralcases,e.g.firstmergeinSpecvP/PredP(1)and(2)copula{XPYP}

Solu-on1:moveSolu-onàlaMoro:moveoneofthemaximalprojec-ons.Chomsky:”modifySOsothatthereisonlyonevisiblehead”.(2013:43)But:movementcreatesnew{XP,YP}:(3) α[TomT’[Tomv*readabook]]

(adaptedfromChomsky2015:10)whereαcannotbelabeled.

Solu-on2:Sharefeaturesandusetheseaslabel

Chomsky(2013:43):“XandYareiden-calinarelevantrespect,providingthesamelabel,whichcanbetakenasthelabeloftheSO”.Whatarethey?phi,Q

Whatcountsasthelabel?“LAsimplydeterminesapropertyofXforexternaliza-onandCI”(Chomsky2015:6)“LAselectsH”(Chomsky2015:7)Inthecaseof{XP,YP},“thelabelisthepairofagreeingelements”(Chomsky2015:7)Goodaboutthisapproachisthat:“IMisdrivenbylabelingfailures”(Chomsky2015:7)

The`subject’posi-onindetail(4) α[TomT[Tomv*readabook]]NotethatChomskydoesn’tallowTomtobeaheadinsubjectposi-onorelsewe’dhaveno`trouble’withthelabel:itwouldbeD.Hencethefeatures.Takealookat(5).(5) TP phi,phiaresharedhere

DP T’phi T vP phi,tense

Otherapplica-onsoffeaturesharingare“theinterroga-vefeatureQ,afeatureofCandtheheadofα“in(6).(Chomsky2013:45;2015:8)(6)a.Theywondered[αinwhichTexascity[C[JFKwasassassinated]]]b.*InwhichcitydidtheywonderJFKwasassassinated.Thisisthefreezing/hal-ngeffect:movingfurther,asin(6b),you’dlosethelabeling.

andthat-traceIfwhomovesoutofαin(7a),αcannotbelabeledbecause{t,T}donotshare<phi,phi>,unlike{who,T}.Ifthephase-headCdeletesin(7b),ittransfersphase-hoodtoTandwhoremainsinαun-lthenextphase.(7)a.*[γWhodoyouv*[εthink[δCthat[αtTreadthebook]]]]b.[γWhodoyouv*[εthink[δC[αtTreadthebook]]]]Notethatαin(7a)couldbelabelledTP;seeTakitaetal(2016)forasugges-onretrace/copy.

Athirdsolu-ontotheLabelingParadoxChomsky(2013:47)saysthatthisapplieswhenoneoftheheadsisaroot(√eat)andtheotherafunc-onalelementdeterminingitscategory.Ifrootsdon’tcountaslabels,noproblemarises.Chomsky(2015:12)men-onsanothercaseofhead-movement,namelytoTandhere“T[is]affixedtoV.Moregenerally,theconven-onaltheoryofhead-raisingseemstohavethestorybackwards:thehostshouldbeaffixedtotheraisedelement”sothesearenotcasesof{X,Y}because“theaffixisinvisibletothelabelingalgorithm”.

What’sgoodaboutPoP?

PrincipledreasonbehindmovementSolu-ontotheFreezingproblemProvidesthereasonwhyuninterpretablefeaturesareincertainplacesofthestructure:TP/CPandv*P/VP.Challenges:Moreprecisionaboutfeatures,proper-es,...Reassemblyofthestructurea�ertransfer

NowtolanguagechangeSpec/phrasetoheadisfrequent:Full(subject)pronountoagreementonT

and(object)pronountoagreementonv*Demonstra-vepronountoar-cleDemonstra-vepronountocomplemen-zerDemonstra-vetocopulaWh-phrasetoYes/NoheadinCPPinSpecCP>CNega-veadverbtonega-onmarkerAdverbtoaspectmarker

SpectoHeadislabelingsolu-on4TheSpeccouldalsobereanalyzedasHead:

TP > TPD(P) T’ T vPi-F T vP i-F u-phi (vanGelderen2004;2011).

Sofromfeature-sharingin{XP,YP}tominimalsearchin{X,YP}

Chomsky2016IMofthesubjecttoSpecTPandthenIMofC:(a) C {DP,TP}

[u-phi] [i-3S]Cvaluesitsfeatures:(b) C {DP,TP}

[u-phi:3S] [i-3S]CtransfersfeaturestoTand<phi,phi>labelingof{DP,TP}occurs:(c) C {DP, TP}

[u-phi:3S] [i-3S] [u-phi:3S]

Spec-to-headunderthisnewscenario

C TP > C TPu-F DP T’ u-F T vP

i-F T vP i-F valua-onofu-FonC justvalua-onandtransfertoT >labelingduetofeature labelingissearchtransfer

Case1:FullpronountoagreementinT,fromOldtoModernFrench

(1) Sicontu meismes le preuvesIfwhenyou self it prove`Ifyouproveityourself.’(

hdp://romandelarose.org,SeldenSupra57,40v)(2) Renarsrespond:“Jou,jen’irai” ‘Ranswers “I, Iwon’tgo”.’(CoronnementRenart,A.Foulet(ed.)1929:598,fromRoberts1993:112)

(3) *Jeheureusementaivuça Iprobablyhaveseenthat `I’veprobablyseenthat.’

(4) Moi,je+V(5) Eux, ils sont de gauche.

them3PM are of le�‘Theyarele�-wing’.(Cd’ES)

(6) Lestomates,isontencorevertes‘Thetomatoes,theyares-llgreen.’ (Lambrecht1981:40)

(7) Toutchacun il avaitson carnetall everyone 3SM had his carnet`Everyonehadhiscarnet.’(Cd’ES)

Justafewmoreexamples

TheBasqueverbalprefixesn-,g-,z-areiden-caltothepronounsni‘I’,gu‘we’,andzu‘you.’(Gavel&Henri-Lacombe1929-37),

Asearlyasthe19thcentury,ProtoIndo-Europeanverbalendings-mi,si,-Gareconsideredtoarisefrompronouns(e.g.Bopp1816).

Hale(1973:340):inPama-Nyunganinflec-onalmarkersarederivedfromindependentpronouns:“thesourceofpronominalcli-csinWalbiriisinfactindependentpronouns”.

Mithun(1991):IroquoianagreementmarkersderivefromProto-Iroquoianpronouns

Haugen(2004:319):Nahuatlagreementmarkersderivefrompronouns.

Thestages

Pronoun: They(o�en)eatlasagna.Cli-c/ambiguous: They’eatlasagna.Empha-candagreement:Themth’eatlasagna.Pronoun: Them(o�en)eatlasagna.

Sharingversus{X,YP}

(7) phi,phi DP TP > D(P) TP

ps,#, T vP i-ps T vP(in)def u-phi u-phi

TP > T vP i-ps

Thechangeintermsoffeatures

empha-c/demonstra-ve> personal>agreement [i-phi] [i-phi] [u-phi] [i-deixis] [u-Case]

ille il il+V

Scandinavian,Dutchetc:Tisskipped(8) hariuha hai5ka farawisa OldNorse

Hariuha named.1S danger.knowing‘IamcalledHariuha,theonewhoknowsdanger.’(Sjællandbracteate2,Krause1971).

(9) dakankniedoen Dutchvarietythatcan.1Snotdo `Ican’tdothat.’

(10) Sestowthispeople? MiddleEnglish‘Seeyouthesepeople?'(PiersPlowman468)

(12) ni wanetheih thirgelbo OldHighGermanNEG thinkthat.1S youdeceive‘Don'tthinkthatIdeceiveyou.’(O�ridI23,64,SomersWicka2007)

(13) häN-ergseit Alemannichas-hesaid(GiacaloneRamat1998:117)

Case2:Fullpronountov*/RN.Athabaskan>SComplementarydistribu-on:(1) meganehtan Kaska me-ga-ne-0-h-tan 3S-at-ASP-3S-CL-look `Helooksather’.

(2) ayudeni ganehtan Kaska girl at-ASP-3S-CL-look Helooksatthegirl(s).

toNavajoobjectagreement

(3) 'atoo' yí-ní-dlaa'-ísh soup 3S-2S-eat-Q`Didyoueatthesoup?'

(4)yí-ní-dlaa'-ísh 3S-2S-eat-Q, `Didyoueatit?'(Jelinek2001:23)

Otherobjectpronoun>agreement(1) pursed-am-ash Persians-llCD

asked-1S-3S`Iaskedhim’(2) ʃuR-ik ɁinG (some)Arabic

saw.1S-2S you`Isawyou.’(3) Nga kihte-l sah Kosraen

I feed-3S him`Iamfeedinghim’(Lee1975:61)

ReanalysisofobjectsisdifferentUnlikethesubject,anobjectneednotmovebecauseeitherRcanlabelorv*transfersfeaturestoR:a. v*P > b. v*Pv* RP/F,F v* u-F R him u-F R pro

i-F i-F i-F him

valua-onandtransfertoR justvalua-on

Case3:Demonstra-vetoar-cleOldEnglish-styleinthePeterboroughChronicle.(1)Bri>eneiglandisehtahundmilalang.&twahundbrad.&hersindonþisiglandefifgeþeode.Englisc.&BriEsc.&Wilsc.&ScyEsc.&Pyh5sc.&BocLeden.`TheislandBritainis800mileslongand200milesbroad.Andthereareintheislandfivena-ons;English,Welsh,Sco�sh,Pic-sh,andLa-n’.1130(2)ĐisgeareswæssemynstreofcantwarabyrihalgodframþoneærcebWillmþesdæiesiiiiNoMAI`ThisyearwasthemonasteryofCanterburyconsecratedbytheArchbishopWilliam,thatfourthdaybeforethenonesofMay.’

Toar-cle1137(3)ĐisgæreforþekStephofersætonormandi7therwesunderfangenforþiðhiuuendenðhesculdebenalsuicalsetheeomwes.`Thisyear,(the)KingStephencrossedtheseatogotoNormandyandwasreceivedtherebecausetheythoughthewasliketheuncle.’*sebutokinOldEnglish:(4) se wæs Wine haten & se wæs in Gallia rice

gehalgod. he was wine called and he was in Gaul consecrated (from Bede)

ThestatusofDP:

IstheDPaphasewithaheadD?ChomskyhasalwaysbeenreluctantaboutthephasalstatusoftheDPandcurrentlyseesDasanaffixandtheDPasheadedbyanoun.Whataboutdemonstra-ves:concordasmodifier?IsBoškovićrightabouttheDPparameter?SwitchtoDwithu-phi?

Spectohead:someques-ons(1) a. ? > b. DP DP NP D NP that/se book the book [u-phi] [3S] [u-phi] [3S]

Concord > Agreement

Labeling{DP,NP}canonly Regularsearchhappenifthereissharing.

Case4:Demonstra-vetoC

(1)Icwatwytodliceðætgesecaððonehaelandðoneðeonrodeahangenwaes.IknowtrulythatyouseekDEM-ACCsaviorDEM-ACCRELoncrosshungwas`Iknowthatyouseekthesaviorwhowascrucified.'(MaNhew28.5,fromAllen1977:87)(2)andsuggeðfeoleþinges...þatnæuerenesi-wurðenandsaymanythingsRELneverNEG.washappened`andsaymanythingsthatneverhappened.'(Layamon,Caligula11472-3,Brook&Leslieedi-on)

C’slabel:Corphi?

(3) a. ? > b. CP DP CP C TP thoneC TP that/the ... [i-3S][u-phi] [u-phi] [i-loc]

WhatisCsharingin(3a):RELasinRizzi?Theincen-veforreanalysisto(3b)isobvious...

Case5:Demonstra-vetocopula(1) a. PredP > b. PredP

DP Pred’ Pred DPthat Pred DP that the chief the chief

WidelyaFested:Semi-c,Egyp-an,Creoles,Iranian,Slavic,Tibeto-Burman,Swahili,Indonesian,Zoque,Passamaquoddy,Maya,Chinese.

OldEgyp-an(1)>Middle(2)

(1) rmt p-n ntr-w jp-wman MS-PROX god-PMP-PROX`thisman.’ `thesegods.’

(2) ̩tmj-t pw jmn-t city-F be west-F `TheWestisacity.’ (Loprieno1995:68;2001)

(3) p -w > pw [i-3MS] [proximal] copula(pst/pr)

Structurally:Specifiertohead

ClassicaltoStandardArabic(cf.Eid1983)

Classical=pronoun(1) allahu huwa ‘lhayyu God 3MS the.living‘Godistheliving.’(Benveniste1966[1971:165])

Standard=copula(2) Anta huwa D-Dakii 2MS COP the-smart`Youarethesmartone’(Alsaeedi31;newspaper2012)

HijaziArabic(Alsaeedi2015)

(3) ahmad ma hu(wa) ad-duktoor Ahmad NEG MS the-doctor `Ahmadisnotthedoctor.’(Alsaeedi39)ma+huwa/hiya,etc=mu/mi(4) ana mu ad-duktoor

1S NEG-be the-doctor`Iamnotthedoctor.’(Alsaeedi40)

(5) huda mi(mahiya/mu) ad-duktoorahHuda NEG.be.F the-doctor-FS

`Hudaisnotthe(female)doctor.’(Alsaeedi41)

Egyp-anArabic(Edwards2006:51-3)

(6)a. `ana huwwa l-mas’u:l 1S 3SM the-responsible

‘Iamtheresponsible.’b. il-mushkila hiyyaT-Talaba the-problem(FS) 3SF the-students `Theproblemisthestudents.’

(7) faTma ma-hiyya:-sh il-mas’u:la Fa-ma NEG-be.3SF-NEG the-responsible`Fa-maisnottheoneresponsible.’

ChangesinArabic

huwwa > hu(wwa)i-3MS u-phi(gender/number)

i-pres equa-ve

SpecifiertoHead:SpecTP>T(butcouldbeSpecPredP>Pred)

Zoque(Mixe–Zoque)

Demonstra-veandcopulaco-occurin:(1) Te’ tuwikanaŋbüde te’ tuwi0-kanaŋ=pü=te DETdog 3B-old=REL=PRED ‘Thedogisold’(Faarlund2012:141-2)

(2) te xka’eche’bü te’ DET girl smallshe `Thegirl,sheissmall.’

Labeling{DP,AP} EM{Pred,{DP,AP}} Mergeofcopula(DP,{Pred,{DP,AP}}} IMofDP:unlabelableThenTmergeandIMagain?An--localityrulesthisout?Soreanalysisashead.

Case6:Wh-phrasetoYes/Nohead(andC)How,whetherLabelis<Q,Q>:(1)Iwonder[whether[C[he’lldoit]]].(2)theCongressmenwhocomeininJanuaryandaskingwhetherifonekindofaffectstheother.(COCASpoken2010)Doesn’tchangetohead;samewithhow!

How,whether:remainSpec

Manyfeaturalchanges:

Case7:Nega-veadverbtohead(1)earlyOE>OE/ME>earlyModE>ColloqEnglish

no/ne(ne)...not-n’t -n’t...nothing(2)

Labeling:searchoversharing

neg,neg > NegPAP NegP Neg v*PnothingNeg v*P n’t labelingduetosharing labelingissearch

Case8:AdverbPhrasetoAspectHead

(1) Theyreceivedthebookrightback>(2) Theyreceived(*right)backthebookThishasn’toccurredalotinEnglish,theAPremainslexical/telicaspect,notgramma-calperfec-ve.

Labelingshould`want’thechangea > v*P

v* b v* ASPPu-F DP c u-F ASP RP/phi-phi

her d AP back R DPR DP back received herreceived her

a=v*P;b=problema-c finelabelingbecauseofc

Case9:PPinSpecCP>C(1) Ercenberhtrixodeæ8erhisfæder `E.ruleda�er/followinghisfather.' (ChronA,640)

(2) [æ8erhim]Stephanusfengtorice. `a�erhimStephanusbecamepope'. (ChronicleA,anno814[816])

(3) [æ8erþissumgefeohte]cuommicelsumorlida.

`a�erthisfight,therecamealargesummer-force'

(ChronicleA,anno871)

(4)[Æ8erþysan]comThomastoCantwarebyri`A�erthis,ThomascametoCanterbury'.

(ChronicleA,anno1070)(5)[æ8erðon]uutedliceice�arisoicforliorol

iowihingalileam `a�erthat,surelyIarise-againIcome

beforeyouinGalilee' (LindisfarneGospel,MaNhew26.32).

(6)A8erthatthekinghaddebrentthevolum(Wyclyf1382,OED).

(7)A8irhehaddetakeþehooliGoost(c1360WyclifDeDot.Eccl.22).

IncreaseinPP-fron-nganddemonstra-veobjects

ParkerChronicleChanges

Structurally(1) a. CP > b. CP PP C’ C TPP DPC TP a�er

a�erthat theWhichfeaturesareshared:temporalfeatures?Samewithfor,cause,purpose.

Andalsowithadverbs!

Recapoftheninecases:searchoveragreeSubjectandobjectcycles:reanalysisofi-FandlabelingassearchDemonstra-vetoDandtoC:towardslabelingassearchDemonstra-vetoPred(orT):an--localityWh-tohead:nolabelingneedNegAP>Neg:reanalysisofi-FandlabelingassearchAP>ASP:shouldbemorefrequentPP>C:reanalysisofi-Fandlabelingassearch

Andthefeature-sharinginturnprovidesevidenceaboutthesourceofexple-ves:

notloca-vesbutdemonstra-ves:Jespersen(1937:129):existen-althere“originatedasthe”loca-ve.vanGelderen(1997:91):sourceofexple-veisdemonstraGveviarelaGve(whichwaseithersingularorplural)Synchronically,Kayne(2016):existen-althereisbasegeneratedasdeic-cinsideaDP.

Person:therewithunaccusa-vesUnaccusa-veshaveanonphasalv*P(inolderwork).Onecouldsay,noneedtomoveDPin(9):(9) v*P

v* RP/F,F V-R DP

Exple-ve`solves’weakTproblem(sincev*can’tresolveit):onlypersonisrelevantThe“contradictoryagreement”(Chomsky2015:10)isduetothenatureoftheexple-ve:(10) Therewere...threebuildings.

ConclusionsPoPcons-tutesaparadigm-shi�:adributeaslidleaspossibletoUG,e.g.labels.IMisforcedbyinterfacecondi-onsofPoP.Nowwhatbecomesimportantis:solu-onstolabelingparadoxes.Spectoheadisonesuchsolu-on:reanalysisandsearchoveragree.Exple-vesgiveusinsightintoSolu-on2:phiseemsperson.

References-Chomsky,Noam2013.ProblemsofProjec-on.Lingua130:33-49.-Chomsky,Noam2015.ProblemsofProjec-on:Extensions.toappearsoonasLA223.-Gelderen,Ellyvan2004.GrammaGcalizaGonasEconomy.Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.-Gelderen,Ellyvan2011.TheLinguisGcCycle.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.-Gelderen,Ellyvan2015.ProblemsofProjec-on:TheRoleofLanguageChangeinLabelingParadoxes.StudiaLinguisGca.-Jäger,Agnes2010.DerKompara-vzyklusunddiePosi-onderVergleichspar-keln.LinguisGscheBerichte224:467-493.-Rizzi,Luigi2014.Cartography,criteria,andLabeling.ms.

-Takita,Kensuke,NobuGoto,&YoshiyukiShibata2016.LabelingthroughSpell-Out.TLR33.1:177-98.-Tauli,Valter1958.TheStructuralTendenciesofLanguages.Helsinki.-Willis,David,ChristopherLucas,&AnneBreitbarth(eds)2013.TheHistoryofNegaGoninthelanguageofEuropeandtheMediterranean.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

Thanksto:

HaroonAlSagerMarianaBahtchevanovaAnnedeHornungDanielaKostadinovskaWilliamKruger(alsofornotesonChomsky2016)SayantanMukherjee

Someissueswiththe“amalgam[R,v*]”Rootsare“unspecifiedastocategory,and...theircategoryasnominal,verbal,etc.,derivesfromamergerwithafunc-onalelementn,v,etc”(2015:8).“RecallthatRraisestov*,forminganamalgam[R,v*]”...“withv*adjoinedtoRandtheaffixinvisibletothelabelingalgorithm.NotethatalthoughRcannotlabel,theamalgam[R,v*]can”(2015:12).But:alsoop-onalobjectraising!(2013;2015:7;10;13)andChomskyisnotclearaboutwhatlabels:R(p.10)ortheobject(p.13).

HowdoesaffixTmeshwithSubjects?Chomsky(2015:9)hasanaccountofEPP(andECP)thatisbasedonweakT.InEnglish(butnotItalian),theTistooweak“toserveasalabel”but,withanovertsubjectinwhatusedtobeSpecTP,theconstruc-oncanbelabelled<phi,phi>.So: (8) TP

DP T’ phi v*-T vP phi,tense

Soisv*toTnecessaryaswell?

Theroleofexple-vesinPoPExple-vesprovideevidenceastowhichphifeaturesarerelevantforsharing:onlypersonnotnumber.VSOlanguagessuchasArabicpresentachallenge:ScanstayinVPifpersonandgenderaresharedwithv*.(1) Darab-at l-banaatu Zaydan

hit-FS the-girls Zayd(2) al-banaatuDarab-na Zayd-an

thegirls hit-FP Zayd`ThegirlshitZayd'.