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Stephanie D. Saunderson ECON255 – Problem Set No.1 TA: Osar 1. Cash !l o"# "hih is de! ined as as h $enerat ed b% the !irm and pai d to redito rs and shar eholder s# is important beause it !ators into ho" muh a !irm is "orth. &u%in$ 'alue(reatin$ assets and sellin$  bonds ) sto*s that raise more ash than the% ost reates 'alue. Net inome# ho"e'er# i s the di!!erene  bet"een the re'enue $enerated b% the !irm and its e+penses. &eause businesses o!ten pa% ,- da%s a!ter an e+pense is $enerated# althou$h the net inome !or a month ma% be positi'e# the ash !lo"s an be ne$ati'e beause the other !irms "ont pa% until the ne+t month. 2. E a. /o r*in$ apit al mana$ement desri bes short (term !i nania l mana$emen t. Aordin$ to a balan e sheet# aounts pa%able 0# aounts reei'ab le 0# and in'entor% 03 are onsidered short( term liabilities and assets. This is e+peted $i'en that in'entor% han$es 4u i*l%# and aounts reei'ablepa%able are resol'ed in the short(term. 3. Option One a. The CEO s dei sion to us e the ash s urplus to a"ard hi msel! a r aise is a n e+ample o ! an a$en%  problem# "here mana$ement interests on!lit "ith shareholders interests. Spei!iall% # this is a diret a$en% ost# in "hih the mone% the CEO uses !or himsel! ould ha'e been used to pa% the shareholders or $ro" the ompan%. A hi$her salar% solel% ben e!its the CEO# "hereas the other options "ould reate more 'alue !or the !irm# and b% e+tension# bene!it the shareholders. 6. See a tt ahed Table. a. Curre nt 7a tio: Curre nt Ass ets 8 Cur rent 9iabil ities i. ;< #5,1 8 ;,#66< = 1.-<  b. >ui*ness 7atio: 0Current A ssets ( n'entor% 8 Current 9iabili ties i. 0;<# 5, 1 ( 211 1 8 ;,#66 < = 1.-6 ii. The urrent ra tio indi ates short(term li4uidit%# "hereas the 4ui*ness ratio does not onsider in'entor% to determine short(term sol'en%. The bene!it o! the 4ui*ness ratio is that not all in'entor% is li4uid# and hi$h in'entor% is not al"a%s an asset# so the 4ui*ness ratio is a more aurate indiator o! short(term sol'en%. Eah o! these is an important measure to assess the short(term 'alue and suess o! a !irm. . ?inani al 9e' era $e 7at io 02-16 De bt to E4uit % : i. 12 -# 2@2 8 111#56 = 1.- <6 d. Ass et Bti li ati on 7ati o 0COS n'ent or% i. 11 2# 25< 8 2# 11 1 = 5,. 12 1. This ratio indiates that Apple sold o!! the entire in'entor% 5,.12 times durin$ t he %ear. This is a hi$h number# re!letin$ an e!!iientl% mana$ed in'entor%. e. Pro!it abi lit % 7ati o 0Pro!it a r$in# 7OA# 7OE i. Pro!it ar $in = Net nomeSales 1. ,@# 51- 8 1 <2# @5 = .21;1 ii. 7OA = Net nome Tot al A sse ts 1. ,@# 51- 8 2 ,1#<,@ = .1-6 iii . 7OE = Net nomeT ot al E4ui t%

Problem Set No. 1

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1. ,@#51- 8 111#56 = .,562

!. ro"th 7ate Anal%sis

i. nternal: 07OA F b 01(7OAFb

1.   b=1−11126

39510=0.718

2. 0.1-6F.1<801(.1-6F.1< = .1,@6

ii. Sustainable: 07OE F b 01 ( 7OEFb

1. 0.,562F.1<801(.,562F.1< = .,61iii. nterpretation:

1. nternal: Apple an $ro" a ma+imum o! 1,.@6G "ithout usin$ an% *ind o! E?N.

2. Sustainable: Apple an $ro" a ma+imum o! ,6.1G "ithout e+ternal e4uit%

!inanin$ and at its urrent debt(e4uit% ratio.

5.   C 0(1+  rm )

m

→3500(1+ .104 )7∗4

=$ 6987.73

;.   FV =C [ (1+r )T −1

r   ]→5000[ (1+.08)10−1

.08   ]=$72432.81

.

a. Option A:  PV =  C 

r−g=

  5000

.08−.02=$83,333.33→

83333.33

(1+.08)5 =$56715.26

 b. Option B: PV =C [ 1−(1+r )T 

r   ]→10000[ 1−(  1

(1+0.1)5)

.10   ]=$37907.87

. "ould hoose Option A beause it has a hi$her Present 3alue.

<. See attahed

@..07 (120000 )

1−(1+ .07 )−10=$17085.30

1-..12 (1,200,000 )

1−(1+.12)− x  =$ 150,000

a. + = 2<.6-, %ears H 2< %ears 6.5 months

11. D

12. See Attahed

1,. See Attahed

16. See Attahed

15. &oth the P and NP3 onsider the initial in'estment o! the proIet# the present o! 'alue o! all ash

!lo"s# as "ell as the interest rate. The pro!itabilit% inde+# ho"e'er# is a ratio that ompares the ost to

the P3 o! !uture ash !lo"s# "hereas NP3 simpl% sho"s the net return on the proIet in present 'alue

terms. P does not re!let the sale o! the in'estment# but is a better indiator o! the better proIet i! both

are mutuall% e+lusi'e. Jo"e'er# in most ases NP3 is a better tool beause it uses all o! the ash !lo"s

o! the proIet and disounts them properl%.