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Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 1
Problem Areas of the 21st Century
Living Document
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
Department Chemical Engineering
Research Group Tailored Optical Materials
Münster University of Applied Sciences
Status: July 25th, 2019
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 2 2
Large Scale Problems of the 21st Century - According to James Martin, Oxford -
GLOBAL WARMING Global warming will lead to severe climate change. Unless stopped, it will
upset the basic control mechanisms of planet Earth.
EXCESSIVE POPULATION GROWTH World population may grow to 8.9 billion people, with a
growing demand for consumer goods and carbon-based energy, far exceeding what the planet
can handle.
WATER SHORTAGES Rivers and aquifers are drying up. Many farmers will not have the water
essential for food growing. There will be wars over water.
DESTRUCTION OF LIFE IN THE OCEANS Only 10% of edible fish remain in the oceans, and this
percentage is rapidly declining.
MASS FARMING IN ILL-ORGANIZED COUNTRIES Farm productivity is declining. Grain will rise in
cost. This will harm the poorest countries.
THE SPREAD OF DESERTS Soil is being eroded. Deserts are spreading in areas that used to
have good soil and grassland.
PANDEMICS AIDS is continuing to spread. Infectious pandemics could spread at unstoppable
rates, as they have in the past, but now with the capability to kill enormous numbers of people.
EXTREME POVERTY 2 to 3 billion people live in conditions of extreme poverty, with lack of
sanitation. The difference between rich and poor is becoming ever more extreme.
GROWTH OF SHANTYCITIES Shantytowns (shantycities) with extreme violence and poverty are
growing in many parts of the world. Youth there have no hope.
UNSTOPPABLE GLOBAL MIGRATION North-South divide and urban-rural gap
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 3 3
Technical Challenges of the 21st Century - According to National Academy of Engineering - • Global economy without CO2 release
• PV modules with higher efficiency (concentrator, CIGS & perovskite cells)
• Photocatalytic H2O splitting, H2 storage and conversion to gas/liquid fuels
• Nuclear fusion: ITER (EU), NIF (US: National Ignition Facility)
• CO2 sequestration
• CO2 chemistry, geochemistry
• CO2 underground / underwater storage
• Urban infrastructure with higher efficiency
• Efficient energy, traffic, and data transfer systems
• Efficient water supply and trash & waste water removal
• Local energy and food production (urban farming)
• Access to clean drinking water
• Reduction of pathogenes (microorganisms)
• Removal of salt, microplastics, nanoplastics, uranium, and arsenate
• Removal of NO3-, NO2
-, and organic impurit. (pharmaceuticals, hormones)
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 4 4
Technical Challenges of the 21st Century - According to National Academy of Engineering - • Safe and reliable data storage and internet security
• Global medical informatics
• Storage and delivery of critical health information
• (Hospital) Infection reporting
• Secure storage of nuclear material and hazardous chemicals
• Transmutation of nuclides
• Exploration of suitable disposal areas
• Prevent distribution of nuclear matter & explosives
• Prevention of diseases of affluence & development of efficient therapies
• Cancer, diabetes, hypertension, allergies, strokes
• Efficient vaccines and therapies to treat infection diseases
• Malaria, dengue or yellow fever, cholera, influenca, ebola, tuberculosis
• Control and limitation of vector spread (anopheles and so on…)
• Gene technology
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 5 5
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Global society issues -
• Role of humans in the universe
• Detection of exoplanets and life on other space bodies, formation of
planetary systems (adaptive optics, space telescopes and probes)
• Physics of black holes, pulsars, magnetars, quasars (gravitation waves
and neutrino detectors)
• Nature of dark matter and dark energy, long-term stability of matter
• Detection of supersymmetric particles, GUT to join QM and GRT
• Are physical constants constant? Fate of the observable universe
• Ageing societies
• Efficient nursing techniques & communities for the elderly
• Robotics for personal care, home feeding, and well-being
• Work-life balance
• Eye-safe and age dependent lighting and entertainment
• Long-term data storage
• Impact prevention (recent impacts: Tunguska event, Chelyabinsk meteor)
• Space watch: Near Earth Objects (NEOs) detection
• Space defense programs
• Emergency measures
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 6 6
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Climate Change Due to CO2 Emission -
Today
1.37 kW/m2
Albedo = 0.30
→ Te = 255 K
+ CO2+ H2O +
CH4 (ppms)
→ T = 288 K
2.61 kW/m2
Albedo = 0.76
→ Te = 232 K
+ CO2 + H2SO4
(93 bar!)
→ T = 740 K
Earth
Venus
Moreover: CO2 acidifies the oceans and endangers marine life!
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 7 7
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Air, Soil, and Water Pollution -
• UV-C Radiation (265 nm) inactivates micro organisms
by DNA alteration/mutation
• VUV Radiation (180 - 200 nm) oxidizes due to H2O
cleavage into reactive oxygene species (ROS): OH., O2-, O3
Industrial installations → discharge lamps or LEDs
Mobile devices → discharge lamps / (laser) diodes
Wat
er
consu
mption / 1
09 m
3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1900 1950 2000 2050 Year
Agriculture
Industry
Household
Total
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 8 8
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Air, Soil, and Water Pollution -
Reduce or prevent application of hazardous substances
• Radioactive materials, U, Th, T, Pm, …..
• Heavy metals, e.g. Hg, Tl, Pb, Cd, …..
• Toxic, bioactive, or non-biodegradable organic
compounds, esp. plastics! “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”
• 2050: More plastice than fish in ocean water!
Apply green chemistry: Technologies that
• minimize or preferably eliminate the formation of waste
• avoid use of toxic & hazardous solvents and reagents
• utilize renewable raw materials
• are energy efficient
• Bioreactors → Biochemistry, microorganism design
• Catalysis → Catalytic pigments/coatings, reactor design
• Photochemistry → Frequency selective radiation sources
• Solar chemistry → Solar radiation + converter or concentrator
• Fast analytics @ point of use → Advanced optical spectroscopy
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 9 9
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Demand for Strategic Metals -
• Electric & hybrid vehicles (~30 kg RE / hybrid car): Growing mobility
Co, Li (ion batteries), Rare Earths (RE), Cu
• Fuel cells
Pt, (Ru, Pd, Au)
• Thermoelectrics, Optoelectronics, (O)LEDs, displays,laser crystals
Bi, Te, Si, In, Ga, As, Se, Ge, Sb, Ir, Pt
• Photo voltaics
Si, Ag, In, Ga, Se, Te, Ge, (Ru)
• Wind turbines, generators, electrical engines, magnets
Nd, Sm, Pr, Dy, Cu
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 10 10
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Dissipation of Heavy Metals -
• Hg from discharge lamps, batteries, thermometers, combustion of
coal ends up at earth„s cold spots, mainly at polar regions
• Pb, Ba from accumulators, display and high refractive glass ends up
in Ca metabolism
• Sn from paints enters the aquatic system and reacts to very toxic
metal organic compounds
• Cr, As, Sb, Bi from paints, pigments may modify DNA
• Ga, In from LEDs, LCDs, OLEDs are harmful to
the kidney and liver metabolism
• Cu, Ag, Au from electronic devices are bioactive
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 11
Discoveries & inventions for knowledge management
• 1015 Ibn Al Haythem (Basra, 965 – 1040) “Book of Optics“
• 1455 The Gutenberg Bible: First book printed with movable metal types
• 1815 Fresnel and the wave nature of light
• 1865 Maxwell and electromagnetic waves
• 1915 General relativity – light in space and time
• 1945 Z4 of Konrad Zuse (2200 Relais)
• 1965 Cosmic microwave background
Optical fibre technology
• 1989 Birth year of the WWW
• 2002 Beginning of the digital age
• 2007 ~ 300 exabyte stored
• 2010 50 Gbps transmitter (by four laser)
• 2014 Data transfer rate > 100 Gbps
• 2015 International Year of Light (IYL), > 1 ZB
• 2018 4-5 ZB stored, 294 bill. mails and 230 mill. tweets/day
• 2020 ~ 44 ZB stored
• 2030 Internet ~ 21% of projected electricity demand (Ref.: Nature 561 (2018) 163)
General Challenges of the 21st Century - Secure and Reliable Date Storage and Transfer -
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 12
Present Global Lighting Developments
Trend: Use solar light & combine with traditional light sources, e.g. for
water, air, and surface disinfection to encounter sick building syndrome
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 13
FH Department Potential Research Topics
CIW LED Materials, plant extraction processes, analytics
ETI Driver and sensor optimisation, circuitry
MB Automatisation of LED farming processes
EGU Energy, (waste) water & CO2 management
MSA In-design (infrastructure)
BAU Integration in & onto buildings, material recycling
MSD Greenhouse, horticulture lamps & reflector design
OEF Impact on plants, nutrition data
MSB Economical aspects of urban farming
MSH LED grown plants & health issues
PT Optics, light guides, LED / laser physics
SW Society impact of individual farming
Present Global Lighting Developments - From Horticulture Lighting to (Vertical) Urban (Indoor) LED Farming -
Some players
• AeroFarms
• Illumitex
• InFarm
• Infineon
• Merck
• Nichia
• Osram
• Philips
• Plenty
• Samsung
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 14
Present Global Display Developments
Micro-LED Displays as next generation displays (area ~ 200 km2/year)
Source: Eric Virey, YOLE, Phosphor Global Summit, March 2018, San Diego, CA µ-LEDs cinemas are under construction worldwide
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 15
Planetary Strategy
Mid- and Long-Term Goals
Establish bio economy, biomimetic materials, recycling of resources, sustainable air, water, and soil management as core R&D topics – Power density & yield of alternative energy sources (geothermal, solar, wind, & water)
– Hydrogen technology: Storage & distribution systems, fuel cells, electrical engines
– Power to gas: Conversion of electrical energy to methane, ethane, propane, butane
– Photochemistry, in particular photocatalytic H2O cleavage or CO2 sequestration, and high value organics
– Biodegradable and bioactive materials, especially polymers
– Materials for photocatalytic purification processes
– Technologies for safe food, pharmaceuticals & water
– Anticounter feiting to enhance product safety
– Material solutions for the post antibiotics age
– Reduction of energy consumption of data storage
– Green mining: Phytomining and bacterial ore leaching
– Green chemistry: Chemistry by using microorganisms, photochemistry including solar chemistry, sustainable chemical processes
– Green farming: (Vertical) urban indoor farming without herbicides and insecticides
– Green mobility: Automotive and aircrafts with gas fuels