pro hac vice pending Attorneys for Plaintiff and the ... · Google’s AdSense contract specifies that Google consents to personal jurisdiction “in the federal or state courts of

010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28 CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT - 1

Jeff D. Friedman 715 Hearst Avenue, Suite 202 Berkeley, CA 94710 Telephone: (510) 725-3000 Facsimile: (510) 725-3001 [email protected] Steve W. Berman (pro hac vice pending) Robert F. Lopez (pro hac vice pending) HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP 1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3300 Seattle, WA 98101 Telephone: (206) 623-7292 Facsimile: (206) 623-0594 [email protected] [email protected] Attorneys for Plaintiff and the Proposed Class [Additional counsel on signature page]

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

SAN JOSE DIVISION

FREE RANGE CONTENT, INC., a California corporation, on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. GOOGLE INC., a Delaware corporation, Defendant.

No. CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT COMPLAINT FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING, UNJUST ENRICHMENT, VIOLATION OF CALIFORNIA UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW, AND FOR RELIEF PURSUANT TO THE CALIFORNIA DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT AND THE FEDERAL DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL OF ANY ISSUES SO TRIABLE

Case5:14-cv-02329 Document1 Filed05/20/14 Page1 of 22

010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT - i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

II. JURISDICTION ...................................................................................................................... 2

III. PARTIES ................................................................................................................................. 3

IV. RELEVANT FACTS ............................................................................................................... 3

A. Google’s AdSense Program ........................................................................................ 3

B. Plaintiff’s and Proposed Class Members’ Bitter Experiences with Google’s AdSense Program ........................................................................................................ 5

C. Reports from an Anonymous, Self-Described Former Employee of Google Regarding Google’s Alleged Practice of Wrongfully Withholding Payment from AdSense Publishers ..................................................................................................... 8

V. CLASS ALLEGATIONS ...................................................................................................... 10

VI. CLAIMS FOR RELIEF ......................................................................................................... 13

FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION BREACH OF CONTRACT ................................................. 13

SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING ................................................................................ 15

THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION UNJUST ENRICHMENT .................................................. 16

FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION VIOLATION OF THE UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW (CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 17200, et seq.) .............................................................. 16

FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION REQUEST FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF (CALIFORNIA DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 1060) .................... 18

SIXTH CAUSE OF ACTION REQUEST FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF (FEDERAL DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a)) ......................................... 18

PRAYER FOR RELIEF .................................................................................................................... 19

JURY TRIAL DEMANDED ............................................................................................................ 19


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT - 1

For its complaint against the defendant, plaintiff, on its own behalf and on behalf of all

others similarly situated, alleges as follows:

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Google Inc. (“Google”) owns and operates the AdSense advertising program. By

way of this program, Google induces website operators to host advertisements on their websites in

exchange for the promise that Google will pay these website operators a share of the fees that

advertisers pay it. Under the terms of Google’s contracts with the operators of these hosting

websites, program participants earn money when visitors to their websites view or interact with the

ads that Google has placed there.

2. The AdSense program is enormously popular. This popularity translates annually to

billions of dollars payable to AdSense publishers – Google’s parlance for website operators that

host its ads. But as the plaintiff and many other publishers have found, Google often shuts down

AdSense accounts shortly before a periodic payment is due and then denies the publisher the

entirety of the expected payment, notwithstanding all the ads the publisher already has served to

visitors to its website during the payment period.

3. This practice has sparked numerous bitter complaints detailed at various places on

the web. For example, one self-described AdSense publisher stated the following: “It’s common

knowledge among SEOs that AdSense tends to be disabled a few days before the supposed payout.

I haven't lost any big sum – only $2000 but I know one person that lost $40,000. It was all

legitimate traffic coming straight from Google themselves, no click fraud no bought traffic etc. PS:

I was using AdSense from 2008 to 2013 – over 5 years so it’s not like only new users got banned.”1

4. It is Google’s wrongful refusal to pay terminated AdSense publishers the monies

they have earned and are owed that is the subject of this lawsuit. Google’s actions constitute

breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust

enrichment, and violation of the California Unfair Competition Law.

1 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7672910 (last accessed May 7, 2014).


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


5. Plaintiff, on behalf of itself and a proposed nationwide class, seeks damages based

on, and/or restitution of, the sums wrongfully withheld from it and members of the proposed class;

a declaration that Google’s adhesive contract terms purportedly allowing it to withhold all AdSense

funds owed to terminated publishers are unconscionable and unenforceable, and that they are

invalid and unenforceable penalties in violation of California law governing liquidated damages;

and injunctive relief to prevent Google from withholding payment to AdSense publishers under the

circumstances complained of going forward.

II. JURISDICTION

6. The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2).

Upon information and belief, based on Google’s figures regarding the number of terminated

publishers and its policy of withholding monies owed to these publishers upon termination, the

amount in controversy in this proposed class action will exceed $5,000,000, exclusive of interest

and costs. Also, given the nationwide character of Google’s AdSense program, plaintiff alleges

upon information and belief that at least one member of the proposed class is a citizen of a state

other than California, where Google is a citizen, and further, that more than two-thirds of the

members of the proposed class are citizens of states other than California.

7. This Court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant because the defendant is

licensed to do business in the state of California and in fact conducts business in this state; also,

Google’s AdSense contract specifies that Google consents to personal jurisdiction “in the federal or

state courts of Santa Clara County, California, USA ….” (See, e.g.,

https://www.google.com/adsense/localized-terms?rc=US&ce=1 (last accessed May 7, 2014).)

8. Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b), inasmuch as

unlawful practices are alleged to have been committed in this federal judicial district, and the

defendant resides and regularly conducts business in this district.

9. Assignment to the San Jose division of this Court is appropriate because the

defendant has its headquarters in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California, which is located

in this division of the Northern District of California. Also, it is believed, and therefore alleged,

that many members of the proposed class reside or do business in the San Jose division of the


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


Northern District of California. Furthermore, Google’s AdSense contract specifies that claims such

as these will be “litigated exclusively in the federal or state courts of Santa Clara County,

California, USA ….” (See, e.g., https://www.google.com/adsense/localized-terms?rc=US&ce=1

(last accessed May 7, 2014).)

III. PARTIES

10. Plaintiff Free Range Content, Inc. (“Free Range Content”) is a California

corporation that owns and operates Repost.us, a website where it formerly hosted ads for Google

advertisers under Google’s AdSense program.

11. Defendant Google is a Delaware corporation with its headquarters and principal

place of business in Mountain View, California. Google is America’s leader in Internet

advertising. It was number 55 on last year’s U.S. Fortune 500, with 2013 revenues of $55.2 billion

and profits of $10.737 billion.

IV. RELEVANT FACTS

A. Google’s AdSense Program

12. Google’s AdSense program affords Google, inter alia, the ability to sell to

advertisers web ads that will appear on various non-Google websites. (See, e.g.,

https://www.google.com/adsense/www/en_US/tour/index.html (last accessed May 7, 2014).)

13. Google contracts with operators of these websites to publish these ads in exchange

for a percentage of the sums paid by advertisers to place and run the ads. Thus, Google promises

to pay publishers when visitors to the publishers’ web properties view, click on, or otherwise

interact with these ads. (See, e.g., id.; see also Exs. A (true and correct copy of the current

AdSense Online Terms and Conditions, retrieved on May 20, 2014 from

https://www.google.com/adsense/localized-terms?rc=US&ce=1), ¶ 5 (promise to pay)2; B (true and

correct copy of the AdSense Online Standard Terms and Conditions for the early July 2012

timeframe, when plaintiff became an AdSense program participant, retrieved on May 20, 2014

2 “Subject to this Section 5 and Section 10 of these AdSense Terms, you will receive a payment

related to the number of valid clicks on Ads displayed on your Properties, the number of valid impressions of Ads displayed on your Properties, or other valid events performed in connection with the display of Ads on your Properties, in each case as determined by Google.” (Id.)


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


from the Internet Archive via the Wayback Machine

(https://web.archive.org/web/20120706155053/https://www.google.com/adsense/localized-terms)),

¶ 11 (promise to pay)3; and C (true and correct copy of the AdSense Online Terms of Service then

current when plaintiff’s AdSense account was disabled on or about March 1, 2014, retrieved on

May 20, 2014 from the Internet Archive via the Wayback Machine

(https://web.archive.org/web/20140220205332/https://www.google.com/adsense/localized-terms)),

¶ 5 (promise to pay)4.)

14. Google contracts with AdSense publishers consist of non-negotiable, adhesive terms

of participation. (See generally Exs. A, B, and C.) These contracts link to other non-negotiated

Google documents containing other adhesive terms.

15. Among these terms are provisions purportedly allowing Google to disable, i.e.,

terminate, publisher AdSense accounts for various reasons, at Google’s discretion. (See, e.g.,

Ex. A, ¶ 10; Ex. B, ¶¶ 6; Ex. C, ¶ 10.)

16. Also among these terms are provisions purportedly allowing Google not to pay

publishers for monies due them on their AdSense accounts upon Google’s disabling of those

accounts. (See, e.g., Ex. A, ¶¶ 5 (“Payments will be calculated solely based on our accounting.

Payments to you may be withheld to reflect or adjusted to exclude any amounts refunded or

credited to advertisers and any amounts arising from invalid activity, as determined by Google in

its sole discretion. . . .”), 10; Ex. B, ¶ 11 (“Google reserves the right to withhold payment or charge

back Your account due to any of the foregoing or any breach of this Agreement by You, pending

Google’s reasonable investigation of any of the foregoing or any breach of this Agreement by

You . . . .”); Ex. C, ¶¶ 5 (“Payments will be calculated solely based on our accounting. Payments

3 “You shall receive a payment related to the number of valid clicks on Ads, the number of

valid impressions of Ads, the number of valid completions of Referral Events initiated through Referral Buttons displayed in connection with your Property(ies), and/or other events performed in connection with the display of Ads on Your Property(ies), in each case as determined by Google for participants in the Program.” (Id.)

4 “Subject to this Section 5 and Section 10 of these AdSense Terms, you will receive a payment related to the number of valid clicks on Ads displayed on your Properties, the number of valid impressions of Ads displayed on your Properties, or other valid events performed in connection with the display of Ads on your Properties, in each case as determined by Google.” (Id.)


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


to you may be withheld to reflect or adjusted to exclude any amounts refunded or credited to

advertisers and any amounts arising from invalid activity, as determined by Google in its sole

discretion . . . .”), 10.)

17. Google, by its own tally, has disabled a massive number of publisher accounts. For

example, in a January 17, 2014 post entitled “Inside AdWords, Google’s official blog for news tips

and information on AdWords” – a publication directed to the advertiser side of Google’s

advertising ecosystem – Google states that “by the end of 2013” it had “[r]emoved more than

250,000 ad-funded publishers’ accounts for various policy reasons.”

(http://adwords.blogspot.com/2014/01/busting-bad-advertising-practices-2013.html?m=1 (last

accessed May 7, 2014).) Given Google’s contractual terms purportedly permitting it to withhold

payment to publishers with disabled accounts, and in light of the experience of the plaintiff in

seeing this policy actually effected, the total of earned funds that Google has refused to pay its

AdSense publishers could be enormous.

B. Plaintiff’s and Proposed Class Members’ Bitter Experiences with Google’s AdSense Program

Plaintiff Free Range Content

18. Google has withheld monies due plaintiff Free Range Content under its AdSense

program.

19. Plaintiff owns the Repost content syndication service and the website Repost.us. In

or about July 2012, plaintiff became an AdSense publisher for pages served on various websites

under its Repost.us brand.

20. All went well until February 2014, when estimated earnings for ads by the plaintiff,

as reported by Google, began to increase at a previously unseen rate. Plaintiff was took note of this

earnings spike and self-reported it to Google, asking for help to ascertain why it was happening and

also seeking aid to correct it as needed. Additionally, plaintiff attempted to identify the reason for

the spike on its own.


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


21. Shortly after the plaintiff reached out to Google, it received a note asking it to set up

an appointment to speak with a representative from the AdSense team. Plaintiff did as requested,

scheduling a call for March 6, 2014.

22. At the end of February 2014, Google issued a report stating that plaintiff’s estimated

earnings for the covered period were over $40,000. To the plaintiff, it seemed unlikely, based on

its history with the program, that the number was correct; it seemed far too high. But certainly the

plaintiff was due some substantial portion of those estimated earnings, amounting to several

thousands of dollars — perhaps in the $8,000 to $11,000 range — for AdSense ads it had dutifully

served during that final period before Google disabled its account. Indeed, Google’s own estimate

of plaintiff’s payable earnings, issued at or around the beginning of March 2014, put the number

for the covered period at over $11,000.

23. Then on March 4, 2014 — two days before the March 6, 2014 call with the AdSense

representative was to occur — plaintiff received word from the AdSense program that Google had

disabled its account. Google offered no explanation, other than a reference to its supposed

detection of “invalid activity in [plaintiff’s] AdSense account.” As Google put it: “We’re limited

in the amount of information we can provide about your specific violation. We understand this can

be frustrating for you, but we’ve taken precautionary measures because intentional violators can

use this information to circumvent our detection systems.”

24. Plaintiff was shocked to hear of its account termination, given that it had itself

alerted Google to a potential problem with its account and sought in good faith to identify and

correct whatever problem there actually might be. It promptly filed in writing the appeal

referenced in the termination notice. By way of this appeal, plaintiff sought not only reinstatement

of its account but the earnings owed it and withheld by Google.

25. Also, plaintiff’s telephone conference with the Google AdSense representative took

place as planned on March 6, 2014. During this call, the AdSense representative sounded

sympathetic but made it plain that he had no control over the matter. The representative also

indicated that plaintiff would be paid its earnings for the last payment period only if Google


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


granted its appeal. Shortly thereafter, plaintiff received a terse letter from Google, dated March 7,

2014, rejecting its appeal.

26. Now, having disabled plaintiff’s AdSense account, Google refused to pay plaintiff

any of the sums it owed plaintiff for having served many thousands of AdSense ads on

Repost.com-branded webpages during the last pay period. Google made no attempt to limit what it

withheld, whether based on an assessment of the time-scope of the apparent problem with

plaintiff’s AdSense account, the number of pages and ads that may have been affected, or

otherwise — Google simply withheld all of plaintiff’s earnings for the last payment period.

Other Publishers, Similar Experiences

27. Google’s wrongful refusal to pay publishers terminated from the AdSense program

any of the sums owed to them for serving ads since the last program payment has spawned a

plethora of bitter complaints detailed at various places on the web. For example, one self-

described AdSense publisher stated the following: “It’s common knowledge among SEOs that

AdSense tends to be disabled a few days before the supposed payout. I haven't lost any big sum –

only $2000 but I know one person that lost $40,000. It was all legitimate traffic coming straight

from Google themselves, no click fraud no bought traffic etc. PS: I was using AdSense from 2008

to 2013 – over 5 years so it’s not like only new users got banned.”

(https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7672910 (last accessed May 7, 2014.) Another reported in

part as follows:

Oh joy, I just got this dreaded email this morning. I've spent since December creating 85 niche sites and generated around $400 so far, none of which I'm going to receive now because my account is disabled.

I'm just starting to go through my sites and try to figure out WHY and here are a couple of things I have noticed so far.

On my latest batch of 11 sites I forgot to disable adsense on the privacy policy and contact page (i only activated adsense on these sites 24 hours ago so they are my prime suspects)

On some of my earliest sites I only made the contact page available via the privacy policy page, so I'll need to improve the navigation on those sites.


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


Apart from that, I honestly can't see why my entire account was killed. I was receiving normal amounts of clicks based on the traffic I was getting so I don't think I had invalid click activity. . . .

(http://empireflippers.com/adsense-account-disabled/ (last accessed May 8, 2014).) Numerous

similar reports abound.

C. Reports from an Anonymous, Self-Described Former Employee of Google Regarding Google’s Alleged Practice of Wrongfully Withholding Payment from AdSense Publishers

28. On April 29, 2014, an anonymous, self-described “former Google employee” took

to the web to “leak information to the public of what [he or she] witnessed and took part in while

being an employee.” (http://pastebin.com/qh6Tta3h (last accessed May 7, 2014).) The individual

wrote that “[his or her] position was to deal with AdSense accounts, more specifically the accounts

of publishers (not advertisers).” (Id.) The individual indicates that he or she is keeping his or her

identity a secret for now, and he or she did not reveal the subject information sooner, because of

“[h]aving signed many documents such as NDA’s and non-competes,” and out of fear of “many

repercussions …., especially in the form of legal retribution from Google.” (Id.)

29. The individual goes on to describe an alleged first-quarter 2009 Google AdSense

division meeting in which “division higher ups” participated. (Id.) In this “very long meeting,”

according to this individual, there was discussion to the effect that “Google had suffered some very

serious losses in the financial department several months earlier.” (Id.) The upshot was that

Google was going to “‘carry out extreme quality control on AdSense publishers.’” (Id.) This was

said to mean that “AdSense itself hands out too many checks each month to publishers, and that the

checks were too large and that needed to end right away.” (Id.) Other “smaller meetings”

reportedly followed, and “the word was,” according to this individual, that “they [Google] were

planning to cut off a large portion of publisher’s payments.” (Id.)

30. Purportedly, “the first big batch of bans happened in March of 2009. The main

reason, the publishers made too much money. But something quite devious happened.” (Id.)

According to this individual, “[w]e were told to begin banning accounts that were close to their

payout period (which is why account bans never occur immediately after a payout). The purpose


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


was to get that money owed to publishers back to Google AdSense, while already having served up

the ads to the public.” (Id.)

31. According to this individual, “[f]rom 2009 to 2012 there were many more big

batches of bans. The biggest of all banning sessions occurred in April 2012. The AdSense

division had enormous pressure from the company to make up for financial losses, and for

Google’s lack of reaching certain internal financial goals for the quarter prior.” (Id.) Purportedly,

Google AdSense employees “were threatened with job losses if we didn’t enforce the company’s

wishes.” (Id.)

32. After “[s]everal publishers [reportedly] launched legal actions which were settled,”

Google, according to this individual, “came up with a new policy.” (Id.) This policy purportedly

was “officially called AdSense Quality Control Color codes (commonly called AQ3C by

employees).” (Id.). According to this individual, “[t]hose publisher’s [sic] that could do the most

damage by having their account banned were placed in a VIP group that was to be left alone. The

rest of the publishers would be placed into other groupings accordingly.” (Id.) He or she also

states that “[t]he new AQ3C also implemented ‘quality control’ quotas for the account auditors, so

if you didn’t meet the ‘quality control’ target (aka account bans) you would be called in for a

performance review.” (Id.)

33. The author of the post goes on to describe four groups, segregated by color,

requiring various levels of attention from AdSense employees. These purportedly ranged from

urgent (red) to VIP (green), the latter of which he or she describes as the “‘untouchables.’” (Id.)

AdSense publishers in these four groups purportedly were subject to differing degrees of scrutiny,

with publishers placed in the three non-green groups being subject to “ban[]s” for various

“reason[s],” (id.) All bans were to “occur as close to a payout period as possible with the most

amount of money accrued,” according to the anonymous poster. (Id.)

34. The individual goes on to write of a purported scheme whereby Google also used

skewed “Google Analytics” data to bilk publishers out of some or all of the money owed them.

(See id.)


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


35. Google has denied these allegations made by the anonymous poster. (E.g.,

http://www.zdnet.com/adsense-leak-controversy-heats-up-as-google-denies-favoritism-theft-

allegations-7000028913/ (last accessed May 7, 2014).)

36. An individual purporting to be the same anonymous poster has replied to Google’s

denial. (http://pastebin.com/DXTu8Mcm (last accessed May 20, 2014).) This individual purports

to take back nothing from the previous post and claims to “have communications, … files, … lists,

… [and] names.” (Id.) The individual indicates that he or she will release “it [his or her

information and material] to the legal representatives of the class action lawsuit against Google in

regards to AdSense,” if such an action is brought. (Id.)

37. True and correct copies of the original April 29, 2014 post, and the second

referenced post, dated April 30, 2014, are attached as Exhibits D and E, respectively.

38. As of the date of this complaint, plaintiff cannot confirm the veracity of the

allegations made by the individual or individuals in these two posts. If true, the posts could help to

illuminate why Google took such harsh and unfair action against the plaintiff, notwithstanding its

good faith efforts to comply with Google’s policies. They also could help to explain why so many

publishers have complained of similar actions on the part of Google. But in any event, if the

information in the referenced two posts does not prove to be true either in whole or part, Google

nonetheless has behaved unlawfully in refusing to pay publishers, including the plaintiff, sums

earned by them for serving AdSense ads in the period prior to Google’s disabling of those

publishers’ accounts.

V. CLASS ALLEGATIONS

39. Plaintiff brings this action under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1), (2), and (3).

40. Plaintiff brings this action on behalf of itself and the following class, for damages,

declaratory, and injunctive relief:

All U.S. Google AdSense publishers whose AdSense account was disabled or terminated, and whose last earned AdSense program payment was withheld in its entirety, and permanently, by Google.

Excluded from this proposed class is the defendant; defendant’s affiliates and subsidiaries;

defendant’s current or former employees, officers, directors, agents, and representatives; and the


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


district judge or magistrate judge to whom this case is assigned, as well as those judges’ immediate

family members. Plaintiff will seek to amend this proposed class as necessary, or to add a class or

classes as necessary, in order to obtain all the relief sought by way of this complaint.

41. Numerosity: The exact number of the members of the proposed class is unknown

and is not available to the plaintiff at this time, but, upon information and belief, the class will

consist of many tens or even hundreds of thousands of members, such that individual joinder in this

case is impracticable.

42. Commonality: Numerous questions of law and fact are common to the claims of

the plaintiff and members of the proposed class. These include, but are not limited to:

a. Whether Google withholds earned funds from publishers whose accounts it

disables or terminates, purportedly under terms of its AdSense contracts with those publishers;

b. Whether terms of Google’s AdSense contracts purportedly giving Google

the right to withhold earned funds from website publishers participating in its AdSense program are

unconscionable and unenforceable;

c. Whether the terms of Google’s AdSense contracts purportedly giving

Google the right to withhold earned funds from website publishers participating in its AdSense

program are actually liquidated damages terms that set forth penalties in violation of California law

on liquidated damages, such that they are unenforceable;

d. Whether Google has breached its AdSense contracts with publishers by

refusing to pay them monies earned for serving ads on their websites;

e. Whether Google has breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing in administering its AdSense contracts in and following termination actions with its

AdSense publishers;

f. Whether plaintiff and members of the proposed class are entitled to

declaratory relief with respect to the illegality of the terms of Google’s AdSense contracts insofar

as they purport to allow Google to withhold monies earned from AdSense program publishers, and

injunctive relief in order to halt that unlawful practice, and whether plaintiff and the proposed class

are entitled to their attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses for securing such relief;


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


g. Whether plaintiff and members of the proposed class are entitled to any

damages or restitution, including payments of AdSense program payments wrongfully withheld

from them by Google, and to their attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses related to any recovery of

such monetary relief; and

h. Whether plaintiff and members of the proposed class are entitled to any

damages or restitution incidental to the declaratory or injunctive relief they seek, and to their

attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses related to any recovery of such monetary relief.

43. Typicality: Plaintiff’s claims are typical of the claims of the members of the

proposed class. The factual and legal bases of Google’s liability are the same and resulted in injury

to plaintiff and all of the other members of the proposed class.

44. Adequate representation: Plaintiff will represent and protect the interests of the

proposed class both fairly and adequately. Plaintiff has retained counsel competent and

experienced in complex class-action litigation. Plaintiff has no interests that are antagonistic to

those of the proposed class, and its interests do not conflict with the interests of the proposed class

members it seeks to represent.

45. Prevention of inconsistent or varying adjudications: If prosecution of a myriad

of individual actions for the conduct complained of were undertaken, there likely would be

inconsistent or varying results. This would have the effect of establishing incompatible standards

of conduct for the defendant. Certification of plaintiff’s proposed class would prevent these

undesirable outcomes.

46. Injunctive and declaratory relief: By way of its conduct described in this

complaint, the defendant has acted on grounds that apply generally to the proposed class.

Furthermore, the defendant purports to apply common contractual terms in effecting the actions

complained of with respect to members of the proposed class. Accordingly, the injunctive and

declaratory relief requested are appropriate respecting the class as a whole.

47. Predominance and superiority: This proposed class action is appropriate for

certification. Class proceedings on these facts and this law are superior to all other available

methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this controversy, given that joinder of all


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


members is impracticable. Even if members of the proposed class could sustain individual

litigation, that course would not be preferable to a class action because individual litigation would

increase the delay and expense to the parties due to the complex factual and legal controversies

present in this matter. Here, the class action device will present far fewer management difficulties,

and it will provide the benefit of a single adjudication, economies of scale, and comprehensive

supervision by this Court. Further, uniformity of decisions will be ensured.

VI. CLAIMS FOR RELIEF

APPLICATION OF CALIFORNIA LAW

48. Plaintiff’s state-law claims in this matter, and those of the proposed class, are

governed by California law per the terms of Google’s AdSense contracts. (Ex. A, ¶ 14; Ex. B,

¶ 17; Ex. C, ¶ 14.)

FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION

BREACH OF CONTRACT

49. Plaintiff incorporates by reference the allegations in the above paragraphs as if fully

set forth herein.

50. Plaintiff and members of the proposed class entered into contracts with Google

regarding their participation in Google’s AdSense program. (See Exs. A, B, and C.)

51. These AdSense contracts contain terms promising that Google will pay publishers

for, inter alia, serving ads on their websites sold by Google to various advertisers. (Ex. A, ¶ 5;

Ex. B, ¶ 11; Ex. C, ¶ 5.)

52. Plaintiff and publisher-members of the proposed class have performed under the

AdSense contract by, inter alia, serving the subject ads on their websites. But in turn, Google,

purportedly relying on other terms of the contracts, refuses to pay these publishers funds already

owed them upon its disabling of their accounts.

53. The contractual terms purporting to permit Google to withhold payment of funds

owed to publishers whose accounts it disables, see Ex. A, ¶¶ 5, 10, Ex. B, ¶ 11, and Ex. C, ¶¶ 5, 10,

which Google reads and applies as permitting it to withhold such funds in their entirety, are

unconscionable. Accordingly, they are unenforceable. See CAL. CIV. CODE § 1670.5(a). These


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


oppressive terms appear in contracts of adhesion that were foisted upon small businesses and

individuals with no bargaining power by a giant and powerful corporation, Google, that drafted

them and presented them as a take-it-or-leave-it proposition. There was no negotiation, and there

was an absence of meaningful choice. Furthermore, these terms are so one-sided as to shock the

conscience; they are harsh and oppressive in that they purport, according to Google itself, to give it

the right to withhold upon disabling of a publisher’s AdSense account all unpaid sums already

earned by the publisher for having served AdSense advertisements on its website(s) in the period

prior to account termination, however limited in scope or time the supposed offense or policy

violation might have been. As such, these terms are unconscionable and, therefore, unenforceable.

See id.

54. Furthermore, these terms constitute invalid provisions for liquidated damages. CAL.

CIV. CODE § 1671(b). Under California law governing liquidated damages provisions, the terms in

question constitute penalties in that the sums Google can purportedly withhold from publishers,

i.e., all sums earned by them for serving AdSense ads in the period prior to termination of their

accounts, bear no reasonable relationship to any actual damages or injury that Google might have

suffered from the supposed breach of the AdSense contracts by publishers. No matter how limited

the supposed offense, Google can (and does) refuse to pay all the funds owed, notwithstanding all

the performance on the part of the publisher in the payment period prior to Google’s disabling of

its account. Thus, these terms were unreasonable under the circumstances existing at the time the

contract was made, rendering them invalid and unenforceable. See id.

55. With these payment-withholding terms stricken from the contracts as unenforceable,

Google’s liability to plaintiff and the proposed class for breach of contract is stark.

56. Plaintiff and members of the proposed class have been damaged by Google’s breach

of contract in the amount of sums owed to them but not paid when their AdSense accounts were

disabled, together with pre-judgment interest.


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION

BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING


set forth herein.

58. There exists in every contract, including Google’s AdSense agreements with the

plaintiff and members of the proposed class, an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

59. Google violated this covenant by terminating the plaintiff’s AdSense agreement for

purported violations of its policies, even though the plaintiff endeavored at all times to comply with

Google’s policies and itself brought potential issues to Google’s attention so that it could resolve

them to Google’s satisfaction. Next, Google compounded its violation of the covenant by

withholding all sums payable to the plaintiff for ads already served on its website during the period

prior to its account being disabled. Google made no effort whatsoever to limit the funds it refused

to pay to the plaintiff in any way. For example, Google did not limit the funds it withheld to ads

appearing on specific webpages, nor did it limit its action to a specific time period when activity

that purportedly violated its policies had occurred. Instead, Google refused to pay anything to

plaintiff for the final pay period. Upon information and belief, other members of the proposed

class, have suffered similar fates and violations of the covenant.

60. As alleged in the preceding cause of action, Google’s contractual terms purportedly

allowing it to refuse to pay publishers funds already earned at the time of disablement of their

accounts are unenforceable because they are unconscionable and invalid liquidated damages

provisions. Accordingly, it is with respect to the remainder of the AdSense contract terms,

including those requiring payment for ads served, see Ex. A, ¶ 5, Ex. B, ¶ 11, and Ex. C, ¶ 5, that

Google has breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

61. Plaintiff and members of the proposed class have been damaged by Google’s breach

of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the amount of sums owed to them but not

paid when their AdSense accounts were disabled, together with pre-judgment interest.


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION

UNJUST ENRICHMENT


set forth herein.

63. To the detriment of plaintiff and the proposed class, Google has been and continues

to be unjustly enriched as a result of the unlawful and/or wrongful conduct alleged herein. More

specifically, Google has been unjustly benefited by retaining, purportedly on the basis of

unconscionable, invalid, and unenforceable AdSense contract terms, monies due and payable to

publishers, including the plaintiff and members of the proposed class, for serving on their websites

advertisements sold by Google to various advertisers.

64. As between the plaintiff and the proposed class on one hand, and Google on the

other, it would be unjust for Google to retain the benefits attained by its wrongful actions.

Moreover, even if Google remitted some or all of the withheld funds to its advertisers, it did so by

its wrongful choice, to the publishers’ detriment, after first wrongfully choosing to withhold all of

the sums payable to publishers when it terminated their accounts. Thus, Google remains liable to

plaintiff and members of the proposed class for these funds. Accordingly, plaintiff and members of

the proposed class seek full restitution of the referenced sums which Google withheld from them

and by which Google was unjustly enriched, together with pre-judgment interest, or the value of

the benefit by which Google was unjustly enriched, based on the wrongful conduct alleged herein.

FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION

VIOLATION OF THE UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW (CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 17200, et seq.)


set forth herein.

66. Plaintiff brings this claim on its own behalf and on behalf of each member of the

proposed nationwide class described above.


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


67. California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) defines unfair competition to include

any “unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent” business act or practice. CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 17200,

et seq.

68. Google has engaged in, and, upon information and belief, continues to engage in,

acts of unlawful and unfair business acts and practices prohibited by California’s UCL. These acts

include the inducing of AdSense publishers to serve ads on their websites for Google advertisers on

the promise of payment to the publishers of a share of the money paid to Google by the advertisers

for that service; causing publishers to serve those ads on their websites; disabling publisher

accounts before monies earned for serving those ads are due to be paid; and then withholding not

some, but all, of the funds due to the publishers for serving ads during the final payment period,

without any attempt to limit, let alone rationally limit, the sum withheld.

69. Google’s conduct has harmed plaintiff and members of the proposed class. Despite

publishers’ actions, including those of the plaintiff, to comply with Google’s policies and to act in

good faith in response to any notices from Google of policy infringements, Google refuses to pay

publishers, including the plaintiff, what is owed them for serving ads during the period prior to

disabling the publishers’ accounts. It simply withholds all the monies due, however limited in

scope or time a purported policy violation, or a publisher’s supposed offense, may be.

70. Google so acts on the basis of contractual terms purportedly permitting such

conduct, but which actually violate California law (a) making unlawful and unenforceable

contractual terms that are unconscionable; and (b) rendering unlawful and unenforceable invalid

provisions for liquidated damages. See CAL. CIV. CODE § 1670.5(a); CAL. CIV. CODE § 1671(b).

Furthermore, Google’s actions are patently unfair; as described above, Google withholds all

monies due to publishers for performance already rendered when Google terminates the publishers’

accounts, no matter how limited in scope or time the supposed offense identified by Google that

led to termination. Google’s unlawful and unfair business acts and practices as described herein

demonstrate unfair competition in violation of California’s UCL. See CAL. CIV. CODE § 17200

(“[U]nfair competition shall mean and include any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or

practice . . . .”).


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


71. Under the UCL, plaintiff and the proposed class are entitled to restitution of the

monies owed them for their performance under the AdSense program, but retained by Google

wrongfully, together with pre-judgment interest, and to an injunction barring Google from

withholding in the future all such funds owed to AdSense publishers whose accounts it disables.

FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION

REQUEST FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF (CALIFORNIA DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 1060)


set forth herein.

73. Google’s contractual terms purportedly permitting it to withhold all funds owed to

AdSense publishers when Google disables their AdSense accounts violate California law as set

forth herein. As alleged herein and otherwise, these contractual terms are (a) unconscionable and

(b) constitute invalid provisions for liquidated damages. Accordingly, they are unenforceable.

See, e.g., CAL. CIV. CODE § 1670.5(a); CAL. CIV. CODE § 1671(b). Yet Google purports to rely on

these terms in withholding funds from AdSense publishers; accordingly, there is an actual

controversy between the plaintiff and class members on the one hand, and Google on the other.

74. Pursuant to CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 1060 and otherwise, plaintiff and members of

the proposed class are entitled to an order declaring these terms unconscionable, invalid, and

unenforceable as against them and all AdSense publishers.

SIXTH CAUSE OF ACTION

REQUEST FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF (FEDERAL DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACT 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a))


set forth herein.

76. Google’s contractual terms purportedly permitting it to withhold all funds owed to

AdSense publishers when Google disables their AdSense accounts violate California law as set

forth herein. As alleged herein and otherwise, these contractual terms are (a) unconscionable and

(b) constitute invalid provisions for liquidated damages. Accordingly, they are unenforceable.

See, e.g., CAL. CIV. CODE § 1670.5(a); CAL. CIV. CODE § 1671(b). Yet Google purports to rely on


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


these terms in withholding funds from AdSense publishers; accordingly, there is an actual

controversy between the plaintiff and class members on the one hand, and Google on the other.

77. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201(A) and otherwise, plaintiff and members of the

proposed class are entitled to an order declaring these terms unconscionable, invalid, and

unenforceable as against them and all AdSense publishers.

PRAYER FOR RELIEF

WHEREFORE, plaintiff respectfully requests the following relief:

A. That the Court certify this case as a class action on the nationwide basis requested,

and that it appoint plaintiff as class representative and its counsel to be class counsel;

B. That the Court award it and the proposed class all appropriate relief, including

monetary relief, whether by way of restitution or damages, together with pre-judgment interest at

the highest rate permitted by law, as well as injunctive relief requiring that Google cease the

practices with respect to its AdSense program complained of herein, and declaratory relief,

adjudging such practices and the contractual terms upon which Google purports to rely unlawful

and unenforceable, in addition to recovery of its attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses;

C. That the Court grant it and the proposed class such additional orders or judgments as

may be necessary to redress or prevent the unlawful practices complained of herein; and

D. That the Court award it and the proposed class such other, favorable relief as may be

available and appropriate under federal or state law, or at equity.

JURY TRIAL DEMANDED

Plaintiff demands a trial by jury on all issues so triable.

DATED: May 20, 2014 HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP

By /s/ Jeff D. Friedman Jeff D. Friedman

715 Hearst Avenue, Suite 202 Berkeley, CA 94710 Telephone: (510) 725-3000 Facsimile: (510) 725-3001 [email protected]


010450-11 691407 V1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28


Steve W. Berman (pro hac vice pending) Robert F. Lopez (pro hac vice pending) HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP 1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3300 Seattle, WA 98101 Telephone: (206) 623-7292 Facsimile: (206) 623-0594 [email protected] [email protected]

LEVETOWN & JENKINS, LLP

By /s/ John Jenkins John Jenkins

John Jenkins (CA Bar No. 161959) Levetown & Jenkins, LLP 4675 MacArthur Court, Suite 1470 Newport Beach, CA 92660 Telephone: (866) 237-1014 Facsimile: (866) 278-2973 [email protected] Andrew Levetown Levetown & Jenkins, LLP One Metro Center 700 12th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005 Telephone: (202) 379-4899 Facsimile: (866) 278-2973 [email protected] Attorneys for Plaintiff and the Proposed Class


Exhibit A

Case5:14-cv-02329 Document1-1 Filed05/20/14 Page1 of 6






Exhibit B


Google AdSenseTM Online Standard Terms and Conditions

PLEASE READ VERY CAREFULLY THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND THE FAQ BEFORE REGISTERING FOR THE GOOGLE ADSENSE ONLINE PROGRAM. PARTICIPATION IN THE GOOGLE ADSENSE ONLINE PROGRAM INDICATES THAT YOU ACCEPT THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, PLEASE DO NOT REGISTER FOR OR PARTICIPATE IN THE GOOGLE ADSENSE ONLINE PROGRAM.

Introduction. This agreement ("Agreement") between You and Google Inc. ("Google") consists of these Google AdSense Online Program (the "Program") Standard Terms and Conditions ("Terms and Conditions"). A description of the Program, as generally offered by Google, is available at the Program Frequently Asked Questions ("FAQ") URL, located at https://www.google.com/adsense/faq, or such other URL as Google may provide from time to time. "You" or "Publisher" means any entity identified in an enrollment form submitted by the same or affiliated persons, and/or any agency or network acting on its (or their) behalf, which shall also be bound by the terms of this Agreement.

1. Program Participation. Participation in the Program is subject to Google’s prior approval and Your continued compliance with the Program Policies ("Program Policies"), located at https://www.google.com/adsense/policies, and/or such other URL as Google may provide from time to time. Google reserves the right to refuse participation to any applicant or participant at any time in its sole discretion. By enrolling in the Program, You represent that You are at least 18 years of age and agree that Google may serve (a) third party and/or Google provided advertisements and/or other content (such third party provided advertisements, Google provided advertisements and other content, collectively, "Ads"), provided, however, that if Google serves non-compensated content, You will have the ability to opt out of receiving such content as part of the Program, (b) related Google queries and/or Ad search box(es) (collectively, “Links”), (c) Google Web and/or Site search results (collectively, "Search Results"), and/or (d) Google referral Ads (“Referral Buttons”), each in connection with the Web site(s), media player(s), video content and/or mobile content that You designate, or such other properties expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail) (such other properties, “Other Properties”), and the Atom, RSS, or other feeds distributed through such Web site(s) , media player(s), video content, mobile content and/or Other Properties (each such Web site, media player, video content, mobile content, Other Property or feed, a "Property"). For the avoidance of doubt, any reference in this Agreement or the Program Policies to an individual “Web page”, “Web site”, “Web site page” or the like that is part of the Property will also mean feeds and media players distributed through such Web site. Multiple accounts held by the same individual or entity are subject to immediate termination unless expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail). In some circumstances expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail), You may enroll in the Program and create an account for the sole purpose of receiving payment from Google, and not, for purposes of clarification, for the purpose of displaying Ads, Links, Search Results and/or Referral Buttons on a


Property. If, however, You subsequently use your Account to participate in the Program (i.e. for the purpose of displaying Ads, Links, Search Results and/or Referral Buttons on a Property), then such use of the Program will be governed by the terms of this Agreement. You must have and abide by an appropriate privacy policy that clearly discloses that third parties may be placing and reading cookies on your users’ browser, or using web beacons to collect information, in the course of ads being served on your website. Your privacy policy should also include information about user options for cookie management.

2. Implementation and Operation of Ads, Search Results, and Referrals. You agree to comply with the specifications provided by Google from time to time to enable proper delivery, display, tracking, and reporting of Ads, Links, Search Results, Referral Buttons, and Google Brand Features (as defined in Section 12 below) in connection with Your Property(ies), including without limitation by not modifying the JavaScript or other programming provided to You by Google in any way, unless expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail).

o AdSense for Search. If You have elected to receive Search Results, You will display on Your Property(ies) a Google search box (a "Search Box") in accordance with the specifications provided by Google. Except for related Google queries, all search queries (including queries entered into an Ad search box) must originate from individual human end users inputting data directly into a Search Box (or Ad search box, as applicable) on Your Property(ies). You will send any and all queries (without editing, filtering, truncating, appending terms to or otherwise modifying such queries individually or in the aggregate) to Google and Google will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide You with corresponding Search Results and/or Ads, as applicable and as available. Search Results and any accompanying Ads will be displayed on Web pages that may be hosted by Google (each, a "Search Results Page"), and the format, look and feel of those Web pages hosted by Google may be modified by Google from time to time.

o AdSense for Content. All content and Property-based Ads (and Ads served in response to end user clicks on and queries entered into Links, if any) shall be grouped by Google and displayed with Links (where applicable) to end users of the Property(ies) as ad units (such groups of Ads and/or Links collectively referred to as "Ad Units") in standard formats as offered generally by Google from time to time, as may be described in the FAQ. You may select a format approved by Google for the display of Ad Units in connection with the Property(ies), but You acknowledge and agree that Ads and/or Links: (i) shall only be displayed in connection with the Property(ies), each of which is subject to review and approval by Google in its discretion at any time; and (ii) shall be subject to the placement guidelines set forth herein.

o Referrals. If You have elected to use the Google AdSense Referrals feature, You will implement any Referral Buttons on Your Property(ies) in accordance


with the specifications provided by Google. End users who click on a Referral Button will be directed to a Web page that may be hosted by Google (“Referral Page”), and the format, look and feel of those Web pages hosted by Google may be modified by Google from time to time. A “Referral Event” will be initiated when an end user clicks on a Referral Button from the Property and will be completed when the referral requirements for the relevant product are satisfied in accordance with this Agreement. Such referral requirements, along with the payment amount applicable to the Referral Event, are located at https://www.google.com/adsense/referrals, or such other URL as Google may provide from time to time. You agree to comply with the specifications provided by Google from time to time to enable proper tracking and reporting of Referral Events in connection with Your Property. You shall not promote or facilitate a Referral Event by any means other than displaying a Referral Button on the Property, unless expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail).

o AdSense for Video. If you have elected to use AdSense for Video, Your participation is subject to your continued compliance with the AdSense for Video Program policies located at http://adsense.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=73987 or the URL as Google may provide from time to time. All Ads (including Ads served in response to end user clicks on and queries entered into Links, if any) shall be (1) grouped by Google and displayed with Links (where applicable) to end users of the Property(ies) as Ad Unit(s) or (2) pre-, post- or interstitial roll in connection with third party video content, in each case in standard formats as offered generally by Google from time to time, as may be further described in the applicable policies. You acknowledge and agree that the Ads will be displayed on the Property in a video format approved by Google, and that such Ads: (i) shall only be displayed in connection with the Property(ies) and non-advertisement video content (collectively “Video Media”), all of which is subject to review and approval by Google in its discretion at any time; and (ii) shall only be requested in connection with end user initiated Video Media. In addition, You agree that You may only display one (1) Ad Unit within Your media player at any single time, unless otherwise approved by Google in writing.

o General; Serviced Pages; Filtering; Beta Features. You agree not to display on the same Web page in connection with which any Ad Unit, Ad, Link, Search Box, or Referral Button is displayed (a "Serviced Page") any advertisement(s) or content that an end user of Your Property(ies) would reasonably confuse with a Google advertisement or otherwise associate with Google. Certain Google services available as part of the Program may contain filtering capability, such as SafeSearch or AdSafe, that You may access through Your account. However, if You elect to enable any such filters, You acknowledge and agree that: (i) it is Your responsibility to enable such features in accordance with the specifications provided by Google, and (ii) Google does not and cannot commit that all results


(including Ads, Links and Search Results) will be limited to results elected by enabling such filter(s). Some Program features are identified as “Beta” or otherwise unsupported (“Beta Features”). To the fullest extent permitted by law, Beta Features are provided "as is" and at Your option and risk. You shall not disclose to any third party any information from Beta Features, existence of non-public Beta Features or access to Beta Features. .

3. Communications Solely With Google. You agree to direct to Google, and not to any advertiser, any communication regarding any Ad(s) or Link(s) displayed in connection with Your Property(ies).

4. Parties' Responsibilities. You are solely responsible for the Property(ies), including all content and materials, maintenance and operation thereof, the proper implementation of Google's specifications, and adherence to the terms of this Agreement, including compliance with the Program Policies. Google reserves the right to investigate, at its own discretion, any activity that may violate this Agreement, including but not limited to any use of a software application to access Ads, Links, Search Results, or Referral Buttons or to complete any Referral Event, or any engagement in any activity prohibited by this Agreement. Google is not responsible for anything related to Your Property(ies), including without limitation the receipt of queries from end users of Your Property(ies) or the transmission of data between Your Property(ies) and Google. In addition, Google shall not be obligated to provide notice to You in the event that any Ad, Link, Search Result, or Referral Button is not being displayed properly to, or Referral Event is not being completed properly by, end users of the Property(ies).

5. Prohibited Uses. You shall not, and shall not authorize or encourage any third party to: (i) directly or indirectly generate queries, Referral Events, or impressions of or clicks on any Ad, Link, Search Result, or Referral Button (including without limitation by clicking on “play” for any video Ad) through any automated, deceptive, fraudulent or other invalid means, including but not limited to through repeated manual clicks, the use of robots or other automated query tools and/or computer generated search requests, and/or the unauthorized use of other search engine optimization services and/or software; (ii) edit, modify, filter, truncate or change the order of the information contained in any Ad, Link, Ad Unit, Search Result, or Referral Button, or remove, obscure or minimize any Ad, Link, Ad Unit, Search Result, or Referral Button in any way without authorization from Google; (iii) frame, minimize, remove or otherwise inhibit the full and complete display of any Web page accessed by an end user after clicking on any part of an Ad ("Advertiser Page"), any Search Results Page, or any Referral Page; (iv) redirect an end user away from any Advertiser Page, Search Results Page, or Referral Page; provide a version of the Advertiser Page, Search Results Page, or Referral Page that is different from the page an end user would access by going directly to the Advertiser Page, Search Results Page, or Referral Page; intersperse any content between the Ad and the Advertiser Page, between the page containing the Search Box and the Search Results Page, or between the Referral Button and the Referral Page; or otherwise provide anything other than a direct link from an Ad to an Advertiser Page, from the page containing the Search Box to the Search Results Page,


or from the Referral Button to the Referral Page; (v) display any Ad(s), Link(s), or Referral Button(s) on any Web page or any Web site that contains any pornographic, hate-related, violent, or illegal content; (vi) directly or indirectly access, launch, and/or activate Ads, Links, Search Results, or Referral Buttons through or from, or otherwise incorporate the Ads, Links, Search Results, or Referral Buttons in, any software application, Web site, or other means other than Your Property(ies), and then only to the extent expressly permitted by this Agreement; (vii) "crawl", "spider", index or in any non-transitory manner store or cache information obtained from any Ads, Links, Search Results, or Referral Events, or any part, copy, or derivative thereto; (viii) act in any way that violates any Program Policies posted on the Google Web Site, as may be revised from time to time, or any other agreement between You and Google (including without limitation the Google AdWords program terms); (ix) disseminate malware; (x) create a new account to use the Program after Google has terminated this Agreement with You as a result of your breach of this Agreement; or (xi) engage in any action or practice that reflects poorly on Google or otherwise disparages or devalues Google’s reputation or goodwill. You acknowledge that any attempted participation or violation of any of the foregoing is a material breach of this Agreement and that we may pursue any and all applicable legal and equitable remedies against You, including an immediate suspension of Your account or termination of this Agreement, and the pursuit of all available civil or criminal remedies.

6. Termination; Cancellation. Subject to any third party agreements You may have with other Google customers (e.g., Your Web hosting company), You may stop displaying Ads, Links, Search Boxes, or Referral Buttons on any Property in the Program with or without cause at any time by removing the Google JavaScript or similar programming from Your Properties. You may terminate this Agreement with or without cause at any time by sending written notice of your desire to cancel Your participation in the Program to [email protected]. This Agreement will be deemed terminated within ten (10) business days of Google's receipt of Your notice. Google may investigate any activity that may violate this Agreement. Google may at any time, in its sole discretion, terminate all or part of the Program, terminate this Agreement, or suspend or terminate the participation of any Property in all or part of the Program for any reason. In addition, Google reserves the right to terminate without notice any account that has not generated a sufficient number of valid clicks on Ads or Referral Buttons or valid impressions of Ads (in each case as measured by Google) for a period of two (2) months or more. Upon termination of participation of any Property in the Program or termination of this Agreement for any reason, Sections 3, 6 through 10, and 14 through 17 shall survive termination.

7. Confidentiality. You agree not to disclose Google Confidential Information without Google's prior written consent. "Google Confidential Information" includes without limitation: (a) all Google software, technology, programming, specifications, materials, guidelines and documentation relating to the Program; (b) click-through rates or other statistics relating to Property performance in the Program provided to You by Google; and (c) any other information designated in writing by Google as "Confidential" or an equivalent designation. However, You may accurately disclose the amount of Google’s


gross payments to You pursuant to the Program. Google Confidential Information does not include information that has become publicly known through no breach by You or Google, or information that has been (i) independently developed without access to Google Confidential Information, as evidenced in writing; (ii) rightfully received by You from a third party; or (iii) required to be disclosed by law or by a governmental authority.

8. No Guarantee. Google makes no guarantee regarding the level of impressions of Ads or clicks on any Ad or Referral Button, the timing of delivery of such impressions and/or clicks, the completion of Referral Events, or the amount of any payment to be made to You under this Agreement. In addition, for the avoidance of doubt, Google does not guarantee the Program will be operable at all times or during any down time (i) caused by outages to any public Internet backbones, networks or servers, (ii) caused by any failures of Your equipment, systems or local access services, (iii) for previously scheduled maintenance or (iv) relating to events beyond Google’s (or its wholly owned subsidiaries’) control such as strikes, riots, insurrection, fires, floods, explosions, war, governmental action, labor conditions, earthquakes, natural disasters, or interruptions in Internet services to an area where Google (or its wholly owned subsidiaries) or Your servers are located or co-located.

9. No Warranty. GOOGLE MAKES NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WITH RESPECT TO ADVERTISING, LINKS, SEARCH, REFERRALS, AND OTHER SERVICES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS THE WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. TO THE EXTENT ADS, LINKS, AND SEARCH RESULTS ARE BASED ON OR DISPLAYED IN CONNECTION WITH NON-GOOGLE CONTENT, GOOGLE SHALL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE DISPLAY OF SUCH ADS, LINKS, AND SEARCH RESULTS.

10. Limitations of Liability; Force Majeure. EXCEPT FOR ANY INDEMNIFICATION AND CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS HEREUNDER OR YOUR BREACH OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INTERESTS RELATING TO THE PROGRAM, (i) IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, EXEMPLARY, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES AND NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY AND (ii) GOOGLE'S AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO PUBLISHER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT FOR ANY CLAIM IS LIMITED TO THE NET AMOUNT PAID BY GOOGLE TO PUBLISHER DURING THE THREE MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE DATE OF THE CLAIM. Each party acknowledges that the other party has entered into this Agreement relying on the limitations of liability stated herein and that those limitations are an essential basis of the bargain between the parties. Without limiting the foregoing and except for payment obligations, neither party shall have any liability for any failure or delay


resulting from any condition beyond the reasonable control of such party, including but not limited to governmental action or acts of terrorism, earthquake or other acts of God, labor conditions, and power failures.

11. Payment. You shall receive a payment related to the number of valid clicks on Ads, the number of valid impressions of Ads, the number of valid completions of Referral Events initiated through Referral Buttons displayed in connection with Your Property(ies), and/or other events performed in connection with the display of Ads on Your Property(ies), in each case as determined by Google for its participants in the Program. If You have elected to receive Search Results, this payment will be offset by fees applicable to Search Results. Unless otherwise agreed to by the parties in writing (including by electronic mail), payments to You shall be sent by Google within approximately thirty (30) days after the end of each calendar month that Ads or Referral Buttons are running on Your Property or that Ads are running on Search Results Pages if Your earned balance is $100 or more. In the event the Agreement is terminated, Google shall pay Your earned balance to You within approximately ninety (90) days after the end of the calendar month in which the Agreement is terminated by You (following Google's receipt of Your written request, including by email, to terminate the Agreement) or by Google. In no event, however, shall Google make payments for any earned balance less than $10. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Google shall not be liable for any payment based on: (a) any amounts which result from invalid queries, invalid Referral Events, or invalid clicks or impressions on Ads generated by any person, bot, automated program or similar device, as reasonably determined by Google, including without limitation through any clicks or impressions (i) originating from Your IP addresses or computers under Your control, (ii) solicited by payment of money, false representation, or request for end users to click on Ads, or (iii) solicited by payment of money, false representation, or any illegal or otherwise invalid request for end users to complete Referral Events; (b) Ads or Referral Buttons delivered to end users whose browsers have JavaScript disabled; (c) Ads benefiting charitable organizations and other placeholder or transparent Ads that Google may deliver; or (d) clicks co-mingled with a significant number of invalid clicks described in (a) above, or as a result of any breach of this Agreement by You for any applicable pay period. Google reserves the right to withhold payment or charge back Your account due to any of the foregoing or any breach of this Agreement by You, pending Google's reasonable investigation of any of the foregoing or any breach of this Agreement by You, or in the event that an advertiser whose Ads are displayed in connection with Your Property(ies) defaults on payment for such Ads to Google. In addition, if You are past due on any payment to Google in connection with any Google program (including without limitation the Google AdWords program), Google reserves the right to withhold payment until all outstanding payments have been made or to offset amounts owed to You in connection with the Program by amounts owed by You to Google. To ensure proper payment, You are solely responsible for providing and maintaining accurate address and other contact information as well as payment information associated with Your account. For U.S. taxpayers, this information includes without limitation a valid U.S. tax identification number and a fully-completed Form W-9. For non-U.S. taxpayers, this information includes without limitation either a signed certification that the taxpayer does not have


U.S. Activities (as described on the Google AdSense: Tax Information Page located at https://www.google.com/adsense/taxinfo, or such other URL as Google may provide from time to time) or a fully-completed Form W-8 or other form, which may require a valid U.S. tax identification number, as required by the U.S. tax authorities. Any bank fees related to returned or cancelled checks due to a contact or payment information error or omission may be deducted from the newly issued payment. You agree to pay all applicable taxes or charges imposed by any government entity in connection with Your participation in the Program. Google may change its pricing and/or payment structure at any time. If You dispute any payment made under the Program, You must notify Google in writing within thirty (30) days of any such payment; failure to so notify Google shall result in the waiver by You of any claim relating to any such disputed payment. Payment shall be calculated solely based on records maintained by Google. No other measurements or statistics of any kind shall be accepted by Google or have any effect under this Agreement. The payments made under this Agreement are for use by You only and may not be transferred or in any manner passed on to any third party (i.e., distributed to Properties managed by You that require separate payments) unless expressly authorized in writing by Google (including by electronic mail). From time to time Google may be holding funds, payments and other amounts due to You in connection with the AdSense Program. You acknowledge and agree that Google may, without further notice to You, contribute to a charitable organization selected by Google all funds, payments and other amounts related to the AdSense Program that are held by Google and that are due to you (if any), but which Google is unable to pay or deliver to You because Your account is Inactive (as defined below). “Inactive” means that, based on Google’s records: (a) for a period of two (2) years or more You have not logged into your account or accepted funds, payments or other amounts that Google has attempted to pay or deliver to You, and (b) Google has been unable to reach You, or has not received adequate payment instructions from You, after contacting You at the address shown in Google’s records.

12. Publicity. You agree that Google may use Your name and logo in presentations, marketing materials, customer lists, financial reports, Web site listings of customers, Search Results Pages, and Referral Pages. If You wish to use Google's trade names, trademarks, service marks, logos, domain names, and other distinctive brand features ("Brand Features"), You may do so, so long as such use is in compliance with this Agreement and in compliance with Google's then current Brand Feature use guidelines, and any content contained or referenced therein, which guidelines may be found at the following URL: http://www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html (or such other URL Google may provide from time to time).

13. Representations and Warranties. You represent and warrant that (a) all of the information provided by You to Google to enroll in the Program is correct and current; (b) You are the owner of each Property or You are legally authorized to act on behalf of the owner of such Property(ies) for the purposes of this Agreement and the Program; (c) You have all necessary right, power, and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform the acts required of You hereunder; and (d) You have complied and will continue to comply with all applicable laws, statutes, ordinances, and regulations


(including without limitation the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 and any relevant data protection or privacy laws) in Your performance of any acts hereunder. In addition, to the extent that Your Site is a media player (1) You represent and warrant that You have a valid license to use and distribute such media player (including all content therein, including without limitation any Ads or Ad Units) for the purposes of this Agreement and the Program; and (2) You shall ensure that any media player(s) that constitute the Site shall comply with the terms and conditions set forth herein. You further represent and warrant that each Property and any material displayed therein: (i) comply with all applicable laws, statutes, ordinances, and regulations; (ii) do not breach and have not breached any duty toward or rights of any person or entity including, without limitation, rights of intellectual property, publicity or privacy, or rights or duties under consumer protection, product liability, tort, or contract theories; and (iii) are not pornographic, hate-related or otherwise violent in content.

14. Your Obligation to Indemnify. You agree to indemnify, defend and hold Google, its agents, affiliates, subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, and applicable third parties (e.g. relevant advertisers, syndication partners, licensors, licensees, consultants and contractors) (collectively "Indemnified Person(s)") harmless from and against any and all third party claims, liability, loss, and expense (including damage awards, settlement amounts, and reasonable legal fees), brought against any Indemnified Person(s), arising out of, related to or which may arise from Your use of the Program, the Property(ies), and/or Your breach of any term of this Agreement.

15. Google Rights. You acknowledge that Google owns all right, title and interest, including without limitation all Intellectual Property Rights (as defined below), in and to the Program (including Google's ad serving technology, search technology, referral technology, and Brand Features, including implied licenses, and excluding items licensed by Google from third parties and excluding any third party media player that may comprise the Property), and that You will not acquire any right, title, or interest in or to the Program except as expressly set forth in this Agreement. You will not modify, adapt, translate, prepare derivative works from, decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble or otherwise attempt to derive source code from any Google services, software, or documentation, or create or attempt to create a substitute or similar service or product through use of or access to the Program or proprietary information related thereto. You will not remove, obscure, or alter Google's copyright notice, Brand Features, or other proprietary rights notices affixed to or contained within any Google services, software, or documentation (including without limitation the display of Google’s Brand Features with Ads, Links, Search Boxes, Search Results, and/or Referral Buttons, as applicable). "Intellectual Property Rights" means any and all rights existing from time to time under patent law, copyright law, semiconductor chip protection law, moral rights law, trade secret law, trademark law, unfair competition law, publicity rights law, privacy rights law, and any and all other proprietary rights, as well as, any and all applications, renewals, extensions, restorations and re-instatements thereof, now or hereafter in force and effect worldwide.

16. Information Rights. Google may retain and use, subject to the terms of the Google


Privacy Policy (located at http://www.google.com/privacy.html, or such other URL as Google may provide from time to time), all information You provide, including but not limited to Property demographics and contact and billing information. You agree that Google may transfer and disclose to third parties personally identifiable information about You for the purpose of approving and enabling Your participation in the Program, including to third parties that reside in jurisdictions with less restrictive data laws than Your own. Google may also provide information in response to valid legal process, such as subpoenas, search warrants and court orders, or to establish or exercise its legal rights or defend against legal claims. Google disclaims all responsibility, and will not be liable to You, however, for any disclosure of that information by any such third party. Google may share non-personally-identifiable information about You, including Property URLs, Property-specific statistics and similar information collected by Google, with advertisers, business partners, sponsors, and other third parties. In addition, You grant Google the right to access, index and cache the Property(ies), or any portion thereof, including by automated means including Web spiders or crawlers.

17. Miscellaneous. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of California, except for its conflicts of laws principles. Any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be adjudicated in Santa Clara County, California. The parties specifically exclude from application to the Agreement the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. Any modifications to this Agreement must be made in a writing executed by both parties, by Your online acceptance of updated terms, or after Your continued participation in the Program after such terms have been updated by Google. The failure to require performance of any provision shall not affect a party's right to require performance at any time thereafter, nor shall a waiver of any breach or default of this Agreement constitute a waiver of any subsequent breach or default or a waiver of the provision itself. If any provision herein is held unenforceable, then such provision will be modified to reflect the parties' intention, and the remaining provisions of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect. You may not resell, assign, or transfer any of Your rights hereunder. Any such attempt may result in termination of this Agreement, without liability to Google. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Google may assign this Agreement to any affiliate at any time without notice. The relationship between Google and You is not one of a legal partnership relationship, but is one of independent contractors.

2008-02-25


Exhibit C


Google AdSense Online Terms of Service 1. Welcome to AdSense! Thanks for your interest in our search and advertising services (the “Services”)! By using our Services, you agree to these terms (the “AdSense Terms”), the AdSense Program Policies and the Google Branding Guidelines (collectively, the “Agreement”). If ever in conflict, to the extent of such conflict, the AdSense Terms will take precedence over any other terms of the Agreement. Please read the Agreement carefully. As used in the Agreement, “you” or “publisher” means the individual or entity using the Services (and/or any individual, entity or successor entity, agency or network acting on your behalf), “we,” “us” or “Google” means Google Inc., and the “parties” means you and Google. 2. Access to the Services; AdSense Accounts Your use of the Services is subject to your creation and our approval of an AdSense account (an “Account”). We have the right to refuse or limit your access to the Services. By submitting an application to use the Services, if you are an individual, you represent that you are at least 18 years of age. You may only have one Account. By enrolling in AdSense, you permit Google to serve, as applicable, (i) advertisements and other content (“Ads”), (ii) Google search boxes and search results, and (iii) related search queries and other links to your websites, mobile applications, media players, mobile content, and/or other properties approved by Google (each individually a “Property”). In addition, you grant Google the right to access, index and cache the Properties, or any portion thereof, including by automated means. Google may refuse to provide the Services to any Property. Any Property that is a software application and accesses our Services (a) may require preapproval by Google in writing, and (b) must comply with Google’s Software Principles. 3. Using our Services You may use our Services only as permitted by this Agreement and any applicable laws. Don’t misuse our Services. For example, don’t interfere with our Services or try to access them using a method other than the interface and the instructions that we provide. You may discontinue your use of any Service at any time by removing the relevant code from your Properties. 4. Changes to our Services; Changes to the Agreement We are constantly changing and improving our Services. We may add or remove functionalities or features of the Services at any time, and we may suspend or stop a Service altogether. We may modify the Agreement at any time. We’ll post any modifications to the AdSense Terms on this page and any modifications to the AdSense Program Policies or the Google Branding Guidelines on their respective pages. Changes will not apply retroactively and generally will become effective 14 days after they are posted. However, changes addressing new functions for a Service or changes made for legal reasons will be effective immediately. If you don’t agree to any modified terms in the Agreement, you’ll have to stop using the affected Services. 5. Payments Subject to this Section 5 and Section 10 of these AdSense Terms, you will receive a payment related to the number of valid clicks on Ads displayed on your Properties, the number of valid impressions of Ads displayed on your Properties, or other valid events performed in connection with the display of Ads on your Properties, in each case as determined by Google. Except in the event of termination, we will pay you by the end of the calendar month following any calendar month in which the earned balance in your Account equals or exceeds the applicable payment threshold. If you implement search Services, our payments may be offset by any applicable fees for such Services.


Unless expressly authorized in writing by Google, you may not enter into any type of arrangement with a third party where that third party receives payments made to you under the Agreement or other financial benefit in relation to the Services. Payments will be calculated solely based on our accounting. Payments to you may be withheld to reflect or adjusted to exclude any amounts refunded or credited to advertisers and any amounts arising from invalid activity, as determined by Google in its sole discretion. Invalid activity is determined by Google in all cases and includes, but is not limited to, (i) spam, invalid queries, invalid impressions or invalid clicks on Ads generated by any person, bot, automated program or similar device, including through any clicks or impressions originating from your IP addresses or computers under your control; (ii) clicks solicited or impressions generated by payment of money, false representation, or requests for end users to click on Ads or take other actions; (iii) Ads served to end users whose browsers have JavaScript disabled; and (iv) clicks or impressions co-mingled with a significant amount of the activity described in (i, ii, and iii) above. In addition to our other rights and remedies, we may (a) withhold and offset any payments owed to you under the Agreement against any fees you owe us under the Agreement or any other agreement, or (b) require you to refund us within 30 days of any invoice, any amounts we may have overpaid to you in prior periods. If you dispute any payment made or withheld relating to the Services, you must notify Google in writing within 30 days of any such payment. If you do not, any claim relating to the disputed payment is waived. If an advertiser whose Ads are displayed on any Property defaults on payment to Google, we may withhold payment or charge back your account. To ensure proper payment, you are responsible for providing and maintaining accurate contact and payment information in your Account. You are responsible for any charges assessed by your bank or payment provider. 6. Taxes As between you and Google, Google is responsible for all taxes (if any) associated with the transactions between Google and advertisers in connection with Ads displayed on the Properties. You are responsible for all taxes (if any) associated with the Services, other than taxes based on Google’s net income. All payments to you from Google in relation to the Services will be treated as inclusive of tax (if applicable) and will not be adjusted. 7. Intellectual Property; Brand Features Other than as set out expressly in the Agreement, neither party will acquire any right, title or interest in any intellectual property rights belonging to the other party or to the other party’s licensors. If Google provides you with software in connection with the Services, we grant you a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable license for use of such software. This license is for the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided by Google, in the manner permitted by the Agreement. Other than distributing content via the AdMob SDK, you may not copy, modify, distribute, sell, or lease any part of our Services or included software, nor may you reverse engineer or attempt to extract the source code of that software, unless laws prohibit those restrictions or you have our written permission. You will not remove, obscure, or alter Google's copyright notice, Brand Features, or other proprietary rights notices affixed to or contained within any Google services, software, or documentation. We grant you a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable license to use Google’s trade names, trademarks, service marks, logos, domain names, and other distinctive brand features (“Brand Features”) solely in connection with your use of the Services and in accordance with the Agreement and the Google Branding Guidelines. We may revoke this license at any time. Any goodwill arising from your use of Google’s Brand Features will belong to Google. We may include your name and Brand Features in our presentations, marketing materials, customer lists and financial reports. 8. Privacy


Our privacy policy explains how we treat your personal data and protect your privacy when you use our Services. By using our Services, you agree that Google can use such data in accordance with our privacy policy. You will ensure that at all times you use the Services, the Properties have a clearly labeled and easily accessible privacy policy that provides end users with clear and comprehensive information about cookies, device-specific information, location information and other information stored on, accessed on, or collected from end users’ devices in connection with the Services, including, as applicable, information about end users’ options for cookie management. You will use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that an end user gives consent to the storing and accessing of cookies, device-specific information, location information or other information on the end user's device in connection with the Services where such consent is required by law. 9. Confidentiality You agree not to disclose Google Confidential Information without our prior written consent. "Google Confidential Information" includes: (a) all Google software, technology and documentation relating to the Services; (b) click-through rates or other statistics relating to Property performance as pertaining to the Services; (c) the existence of, and information about, beta features in a Service; and (d) any other information made available by Google that is marked confidential or would normally be considered confidential under the circumstances in which it is presented. Google Confidential Information does not include information that you already knew prior to your use of the Services, that becomes public through no fault of yours, that was independently developed by you, or that was lawfully given to you by a third party. Notwithstanding this Section 9, you may accurately disclose the amount of Google’s gross payments resulting from your use of the Services. 10. Termination You may terminate the Agreement at any time by completing the account cancellation process. The Agreement will be considered terminated within 10 business days of Google's receipt of your notice. If you terminate the Agreement and your earned balance equals or exceeds the applicable threshold, we will pay you your earned balance within approximately 90 days after the end of the calendar month in which the Agreement is terminated. Any earned balance below the applicable threshold will remain unpaid. Google may at any time terminate the Agreement, or suspend or terminate the participation of any Property in the Services for any reason. If we terminate the Agreement due to your breach or due to invalid activity, we may withhold unpaid amounts or charge back your account. If you breach the Agreement or Google suspends or terminates your Account, you (i) will not be allowed to create a new Account, and (ii) may not be permitted to monetize content on other Google products. 11. Indemnity You agree to indemnify and defend Google, its affiliates, agents, and advertisers from and against any and all third-party claims and liabilities arising out of or related to the Properties, including any content served on the Properties that is not provided by Google, your use of the Services, or your breach of any term of the Agreement. Google’s advertisers are third-party beneficiaries of this indemnity. 12. Representations; Warranties; Disclaimers You represent and warrant that (i) you have full power and authority to enter into the Agreement; (ii) you are the owner of, or are legally authorized to act on behalf of the owner of, each Property; (iii) you are the technical and editorial decision maker in relation to each Property on which the Services are implemented and that you have control over the way in which the Services are implemented on each Property; (iv) Google has never previously terminated or otherwise disabled an AdSense account created by you due to your breach of the Agreement or due to invalid activity;


(v) entering into or performing under the Agreement will not violate any agreement you have with a third party or any third-party rights; and (vi) all of the information provided by you to Google is correct and current. OTHER THAN AS EXPRESSLY SET OUT IN THE AGREEMENT, WE DO NOT MAKE ANY PROMISES ABOUT THE SERVICES. FOR EXAMPLE, WE DON’T MAKE ANY COMMITMENTS ABOUT THE CONTENT WITHIN THE SERVICES, THE SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF THE SERVICES, OR THEIR PROFITABILITY, RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, OR ABILITY TO MEET YOUR NEEDS. WE PROVIDE EACH SERVICE “AS IS”. TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, WE EXCLUDE ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, STATUTORY OR IMPLIED. WE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM THE WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 13. Limitation of Liability TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, EXCEPT FOR ANY INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS HEREUNDER OR YOUR BREACH OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INTERESTS RELATING TO THE AGREEMENT, (i) IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE UNDER THE AGREEMENT FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, EXEMPLARY, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES AND NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY, AND (ii) EACH PARTY’S AGGREGATE LIABILITY UNDER THE AGREEMENT IS LIMITED TO THE NET AMOUNT RECEIVED AND RETAINED BY THAT PARTICULAR PARTY IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT DURING THE THREE MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE DATE OF THE CLAIM. Each party acknowledges that the other party has entered into the Agreement relying on the limitations of liability stated herein and that those limitations are an essential basis of the bargain between the parties. 14. Miscellaneous Entire Agreement; Amendments. The Agreement is our entire agreement relating to your use of the Services and supersedes any prior or contemporaneous agreements on that subject. This Agreement may be amended (i) in a writing signed by both parties that expressly states that it is amending the Agreement, or (ii) as set forth in Section 4, if you keep using the Services after Google modifies the Agreement. Assignment. You may not assign or transfer any of your rights under the Agreement. Independent Contractors. The parties are independent contractors and the Agreement does not create an agency, partnership, or joint venture. No Third-Party Beneficiaries. Other than as set forth in Section 11, this Agreement does not create any third-party beneficiary rights. No Waiver. Other than as set forth in Section 5, the failure of either party to enforce any provision of the Agreement will not constitute a waiver. Severability. If it turns out that a particular term of the Agreement is not enforceable, the balance of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect. Survival. Sections 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 of these AdSense Terms will survive termination. Governing Law; Venue. All claims arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Services will be governed by California law, excluding California’s conflict of laws rules, and will be litigated exclusively in the federal or state courts of Santa Clara County, California, USA, and you and Google consent to personal jurisdiction in those courts. Force Majeure. Neither party will be liable for inadequate performance to the extent caused by a condition (for example, natural disaster, act of war or terrorism, riot, labor condition, governmental action, and Internet disturbance) that was beyond the party’s reasonable control. Communications. In connection with your use of the Services, we may contact you regarding service announcements, administrative messages, and other information. You may opt out of some


of those communications in your Account settings. For information about how to contact Google, please visit our contact page. * * * 15. Service-Specific Terms If you choose to implement any of the following Services on a Property, you also agree to the additional terms identified below: AdMob: the AdMob Publisher Guidelines and Policies. Custom Search Engine: the Custom Search Engine Terms of Service.


Exhibit D








Exhibit E




JS 44 (Rev. 12/12) cand rev (1/15/13) CIVIL COVER SHEETThe JS 44 civil cover sheet and the information contained herein neither replace nor supplement the filing and service of pleadings or other papers as required by law, except asprovided by local rules of court. This form, approved by the Judicial Conference of the United States in September 1974, is required for the use of the Clerk of Court for thepurpose of initiating the civil docket sheet. (SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON NEXT PAGE OF THIS FORM.)

I. (a) PLAINTIFFS DEFENDANTS

(b) County of Residence of First Listed Plaintiff County of Residence of First Listed Defendant(EXCEPT IN U.S. PLAINTIFF CASES) (IN U.S. PLAINTIFF CASES ONLY)

NOTE: IN LAND CONDEMNATION CASES, USE THE LOCATION OF THE TRACT OF LAND INVOLVED.

(c) Attorneys (Firm Name, Address, and Telephone Number) Attorneys (If Known)

II. BASIS OF JURISDICTION (Place an “X” in One Box Only) III. CITIZENSHIP OF PRINCIPAL PARTIES (Place an “X” in One Box for Plaintiff(For Diversity Cases Only) and One Box for Defendant)

’ 1 U.S. Government ’ 3 Federal Question PTF DEF PTF DEFPlaintiff (U.S. Government Not a Party) Citizen of This State ’ 1 ’ 1 Incorporated or Principal Place ’ 4 ’ 4

of Business In This State

’ 2 U.S. Government ’ 4 Diversity Citizen of Another State ’ 2 ’ 2 Incorporated and Principal Place ’ 5 ’ 5Defendant (Indicate Citizenship of Parties in Item III) of Business In Another State

Citizen or Subject of a ’ 3 ’ 3 Foreign Nation ’ 6 ’ 6 Foreign Country

IV. NATURE OF SUIT (Place an “X” in One Box Only)CONTRACT TORTS FORFEITURE/PENALTY BANKRUPTCY OTHER STATUTES

’ 110 Insurance PERSONAL INJURY PERSONAL INJURY ’ 625 Drug Related Seizure ’ 422 Appeal 28 USC 158 ’ 375 False Claims Act’ 120 Marine ’ 310 Airplane ’ 365 Personal Injury - of Property 21 USC 881 ’ 423 Withdrawal ’ 400 State Reapportionment’ 130 Miller Act ’ 315 Airplane Product Product Liability ’ 690 Other 28 USC 157 ’ 410 Antitrust’ 140 Negotiable Instrument Liability ’ 367 Health Care/ ’ 430 Banks and Banking’ 150 Recovery of Overpayment ’ 320 Assault, Libel & Pharmaceutical PROPERTY RIGHTS ’ 450 Commerce

& Enforcement of Judgment Slander Personal Injury ’ 820 Copyrights ’ 460 Deportation’ 151 Medicare Act ’ 330 Federal Employers’ Product Liability ’ 830 Patent ’ 470 Racketeer Influenced and’ 152 Recovery of Defaulted Liability ’ 368 Asbestos Personal ’ 840 Trademark Corrupt Organizations

Student Loans ’ 340 Marine Injury Product ’ 480 Consumer Credit (Excludes Veterans) ’ 345 Marine Product Liability LABOR SOCIAL SECURITY ’ 490 Cable/Sat TV

’ 153 Recovery of Overpayment Liability PERSONAL PROPERTY ’ 710 Fair Labor Standards ’ 861 HIA (1395ff) ’ 850 Securities/Commodities/ of Veteran’s Benefits ’ 350 Motor Vehicle ’ 370 Other Fraud Act ’ 862 Black Lung (923) Exchange

’ 160 Stockholders’ Suits ’ 355 Motor Vehicle ’ 371 Truth in Lending ’ 720 Labor/Management ’ 863 DIWC/DIWW (405(g)) ’ 890 Other Statutory Actions’ 190 Other Contract Product Liability ’ 380 Other Personal Relations ’ 864 SSID Title XVI ’ 891 Agricultural Acts’ 195 Contract Product Liability ’ 360 Other Personal Property Damage ’ 740 Railway Labor Act ’ 865 RSI (405(g)) ’ 893 Environmental Matters’ 196 Franchise Injury ’ 385 Property Damage ’ 751 Family and Medical ’ 895 Freedom of Information

’ 362 Personal Injury - Product Liability Leave Act Act Medical Malpractice ’ 790 Other Labor Litigation ’ 896 Arbitration

REAL PROPERTY CIVIL RIGHTS PRISONER PETITIONS ’ 791 Employee Retirement FEDERAL TAX SUITS ’ 899 Administrative Procedure’ 210 Land Condemnation ’ 440 Other Civil Rights Habeas Corpus: Income Security Act ’ 870 Taxes (U.S. Plaintiff Act/Review or Appeal of ’ 220 Foreclosure ’ 441 Voting ’ 463 Alien Detainee or Defendant) Agency Decision’ 230 Rent Lease & Ejectment ’ 442 Employment ’ 510 Motions to Vacate ’ 871 IRS—Third Party ’ 950 Constitutionality of’ 240 Torts to Land ’ 443 Housing/ Sentence 26 USC 7609 State Statutes’ 245 Tort Product Liability Accommodations ’ 530 General’ 290 All Other Real Property ’ 445 Amer. w/Disabilities - ’ 535 Death Penalty IMMIGRATION

Employment Other: ’ 462 Naturalization Application’ 446 Amer. w/Disabilities - ’ 540 Mandamus & Other ’ 465 Other Immigration

Other ’ 550 Civil Rights Actions’ 448 Education ’ 555 Prison Condition

’ 560 Civil Detainee - Conditions of Confinement

V. ORIGIN (Place an “X” in One Box Only)

’ 1 OriginalProceeding

’ 2 Removed fromState Court

’ 3 Remanded fromAppellate Court

’ 4 Reinstated orReopened

’ 5 Transferred fromAnother District(specify)

’ 6 MultidistrictLitigation

VI. CAUSE OF ACTIONCite the U.S. Civil Statute under which you are filing (Do not cite jurisdictional statutes unless diversity): Brief description of cause:

VII. REQUESTED IN COMPLAINT:

’ CHECK IF THIS IS A CLASS ACTIONUNDER RULE 23, F.R.Cv.P.

DEMAND $ CHECK YES only if demanded in complaint:JURY DEMAND: ’ Yes ’ No

VIII. RELATED CASE(S) IF ANY (See instructions):

JUDGE DOCKET NUMBERDATE SIGNATURE OF ATTORNEY OF RECORD

IX. DIVISIONAL ASSIGNMENT (Civil L.R. 3-2)

(Place an “X” in One Box Only) ( ) SAN FRANCISCO/OAKLAND ( ) SAN JOSE ( ) EUREKA


Documents

pro hac vice pending Attorneys for Plaintiff and the ... · Google’s AdSense contract specifies that Google consents to personal jurisdiction “in the federal or state courts of