Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Humanity International Project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Outline Market or State – the provision of welfare – Lecture and

Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Prisons for sale – or: Sale of HumanityHumanity

International Project week Nordhausen Mai 2003

Outline• Market or State – the provision of welfare

– Lecture and opening discussion• The Liberalisation of the Market for

Services• Social Services – Commodification

or Decommodification of the workforce• Social Services in Nordhausen - developments

Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Prisons for sale – or: Sale of HumanityHumanity

International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003

Outline• Introduction • European Integration as framework• Social Policy – between doing

good and management• Social policy – a EUropean perspective• Social services – their current

quantitative meaning• Social services – a tradable good?

International project-week Nordhausen 2003International project-week Nordhausen 2003

““That which was experimental in our That which was experimental in our plan of government was the question plan of government was the question whether democratic rule could be so whether democratic rule could be so organized and conducted that it organized and conducted that it would not degenerate into license would not degenerate into license and result in the tyranny of and result in the tyranny of absolutism, without saving to the absolutism, without saving to the people the power so often found people the power so often found necessary of repressing or destroying necessary of repressing or destroying their enemy, when he was found in their enemy, when he was found in the person of a single despot.”the person of a single despot.”

International project week Nordhausen 2003International project week Nordhausen 2003

What drives this headlong rush towards What drives this headlong rush towards the unimaginable? Prison is no longer the unimaginable? Prison is no longer just a crime and punishment business, it just a crime and punishment business, it is a money business. From the chain-is a money business. From the chain-gang to the isolation unit, incarceration gang to the isolation unit, incarceration has become one of America 's fastest-has become one of America 's fastest-growing industries, a sure thing in a growing industries, a sure thing in a softening economy.softening economy.

Buy a prison


Buy a prison 2Buy a prison 2

Generating over $30 billion a year in the Generating over $30 billion a year in the US - more than baseball, more than US - more than baseball, more than pornography - the thriving prison industry pornography - the thriving prison industry has created millionaires with a vested has created millionaires with a vested interest in filling cells and employees with interest in filling cells and employees with a fatalistic attitude to their long-term a fatalistic attitude to their long-term guests. "Let's face it," one warden guests. "Let's face it," one warden recently remarked, "they're here to die."recently remarked, "they're here to die."


European Integration as

framework

International project week NordhausenInternational project week Nordhausen

The European Social Modelnormative hopes and

promises …

For most people it is the ‘European Social Model’ that distinguishes Europe from other parts of the ‘developed countries’. This model is probably better defined as a set of shared values than as a fixed model. …These values include:• A society which places human rights including economic and social rights at the centre of its concerns and ensures that no one is excluded from exercising their rights and participating fully in society


The European Social Modelnormative hopes and promises … 2

• A high level of social protection and universal and equal access to key

services such as; health care, education and training, housing, that is guaranteed or provided by the state• The recognition of the strength of cultural diversity within and between member states.• A commitment to high quality and

stable employment with a strong emphasis on the rights of workers

International project week NordhausenInternational project week Nordhausen

… and the official working definition

The European Social Model reflects the following common principles: • Europe’s success must not exclude anyone, • Solidarity is linked to economic success. • There is neither dilemma nor a contradiction between economic and social progress.• The welfare state is not a luxury, a product of economic development, but a factor of production.

International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003

The Union has today set itself a new strategic goal for the next decade: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.

The Union’s strategic goal


The Union’s strategic goal 2

This strategy is designed to enable the Union to regain the conditions for full employment, and to strengthen regional cohesion in the European Union. The European Council needs to set a goal for full employment in Europe in an emerging new society which is more adapted to the personal choices of women and men.


EUropean integration – the fundamental mechanism of four

basic freedoms

• Free movement of capital

• Free movement of goods

• Free movement of workers

• Free movement of services


Social policy – between doing

good and management


Social Policy – fundamental role and function

• Protection

• Distribution

• Production

• Societal politics

• Re-Distribution (interpersonal and intergenerational)


The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism - A Typology of welfare systems (Esping-

Andersen)

Welfare regimeA regime is understood as a particular constellation of social, political and economic arrangements which tend to nurture a particular welfare system, which in turn supports a particular pattern of stratification, and thus feeds back into its own stability.


The Three Worlds … 2

De-commodification occurs when a service is rendered as a matter of

right and when a person can maintain a livelihood without reliance on the

market.


The Three Worlds … 3a

Type of wel-fare Type of wel-fare regimeregime

LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative Social-Social-democraticdemocratic

ValuesValues Work ethic Work ethic stigmastigma

Rights Rights according to according to class and class and status status

Equality, Equality, universalism universalism of high of high standards standards

InstrumentsInstruments Means tested Means tested assistanceassistance

Private Private insurance insurance backed by backed by state state

State = first State = first line of line of support; high support; high level of level of benefits benefits

AimsAims Strengthen Strengthen marketmarket

Strengthen Strengthen civil society, civil society, limit marketlimit market

Fusion welfare Fusion welfare and work, full and work, full employmentemployment


Decommodi-Decommodi-ficationfication

LowLow MediumMedium highhigh

Class Class implicationsimplications

Middle class Middle class suspicious of suspicious of state state

Class Class maintained maintained but stabilised but stabilised

Middle class Middle class wooed from wooed from market to market to state state

ExampleExample USA, Canada, USA, Canada, Australia, UKAustralia, UK

Austria, Austria, France, France, Germany, Germany, ItalyItaly

ScandinaviaScandinavia

The Three Worlds … 3b


Social policy – a EUropean

perspective


Social Policy in the European Context – flanking market

imperfection

European Social Policy as flanking factor – thought as evening out and compensating for shortcomings in other policy areas


Since the introduction of the internal market the necessity of reducing regional disparities is getting even stronger in the political task list. In a world, shaped by looking for competitiveness one cannot presume that free trade and the market guarantee a balanced development. In consequence the situation of poor regions is getting even worse.


imperfection


In addition the governments are reducing public spending to fulfill the convergence criteria as they had been defined in the Treaty of Masstricht.


imperfection



imperfection


European Social Policy as productive factor – linkage or

subordination?

Social policy as a productive factor can be interpreted as promoting growth or, more broadly, aspromoting quality of life. Productivity, in the sense of promoting growth implies that growth in incomeper capita is the key policy aim. …



subordination?The important thing is to realise the double dimension of socialpolicy. It has a consumption (e.g. redistribution) and an investment component (education and training,health care, occupational safety and health).



subordination?


European Social Policy – the costs of non-social policy

On the side of the economic costs of non-social policy we have shown that social policy contributes to economic stabilisation and smoothing of the business cycle, and it has a positive effect on allocation efficiency.



Publicly provided social protection offers the possibility to cope with adverse selection, internalise (income) externalities and take advantage of economies of scales.



Social policy also contributes to the quality of the labour force and the formation of social capital. On changing and dynamic labour markets – such as transitional labour markets with increased flexibility of the labour market, part-time work, non-linear careers – it contributes to smoothing new social and economic risks.




Social Policy in a Social Quality Perspective

The ‘social’ is the outcome of constantly changing processes through which individuals realise themselves as interacting social beings. From this point of view social policy is no longer the handmaiden of economic policy, because both depend on the underlying concept of ‘the social’.


Furthermore policy can no longer be seen as a top-down form of governance, because the social processes in which individuals realise themselves should be point of departure for policy development.





Social services – their current quantitative

meaning


Einrichtungen und Dienste

der Freien

Wohlfahrtspflege 2000

Einrich

-

tungen

Betten/

Plätze

Vollzeit-

beschäft

.

Teilzeit-

beschäft

.

1. Krankenhäuser

1.227 220.507 213.774 103.742

2. Jugendhilfe

33.974 1.835.231 146.482 110.250

3. Familienhilfe

9.453 58.757 34.505 54.942

4. Altenhilfe

15.212 481.495 129.437 108.140


Einrichtungen und Dienste

– 2Einrich-

tungen

Betten/

Plätze

Vollzeit-

beschäft.

Teilzeit-

beschäft.

5. Behindertenhilfe

12.449 344.819 98.208 59.503

6. Sonstige Einrichtungenund Dienste

19.683 &215.417 55.835 33.086

7. Aus-, Fort- und Weiter-bildungsstätten

1.568 114.310 8.435 7.990

Gesamt 93.566 3.270.536 686.676 477.653


Facilities and sevices provided by the non-statutory welfare – according working areas,

2000


And sevices provided by the non-statutory welfare – according working areas, 2000 –

beds and spaces


Facilities and sevices provided by the non-statutory welfare – according working areas,

2000 - Employees


Distribution of care facilities in Ireland





Social services – a

tradable good?


The term ‘service’ contains the contradiction of the subjective-personal order (of power) of ‘serving’ on the one hand and the objective (then mostly impersonal/’alienated’) criteria of order which are concerned with perfomance.

Social Services – their specific character. The academic debate


Totality of activities concerned with the material and ideal Totality of activities concerned with the material and ideal reporiduction of societyreporiduction of society

A: fullfilling the physical A: fullfilling the physical conditions of life by conditions of life by productive activitiesproductive activities

B: 1) services as form-B: 1) services as form-protecting activitiesprotecting activities

2) Extracting 2) Extracting activities in activities in the primary the primary sectorsector

3) Productive 3) Productive activities in activities in the the secondary secondary sectorsector

Processing and application of Processing and application of informationinformation

Material-productionMaterial-production

oriented servicesoriented servicesInteractive, person-oriented Interactive, person-oriented services services



Terminology: ‘social services’ are not clearly differentiated in regard of the dimension of acting and the organisational dimension.Classification: social services are being classified as sub-category of person-oriented servicesSubstantial aspect: social services are characterised as being ‘help’/’support’ (for dependents)



Formal aspect: social services are provided in the framework of statutory social policy: central, bureaucratic, paid, professionalisedHistorical aspect: historically, social services are recent; previously matters concerned had been part of the socio-cultural system, provided near to the family and ‘natural’



• Social Services are services of General Interest

• They have, however, a specific nature, making them different from other services of general interest (e.g. transport, electricity supply etc.)

• Consequently, they need specific treatment

Social Services – their specific character. The recent debate by the Platform of

Social NGOs


• Concerned with the implementation of human rights and empowerment of people• Person-centred• linked to the respective national

welfare systems• based on institutional, organised

arrangements with qualified personell• Results depending on the quality

of interaction

Social Services – their specific character. The recent debate by the Platform of

Social NGOs


The implementation of the EU-law in the area of services of general interest will only enforce the liberalisation and competitive orientation which is widely accepted in other areas of the law of the member states and which guarantees freedom, wealth and multitude by applying the rules of the market.

Social Services – their specific character


The advocates of the application of the competition law cannot understand why the provision of financial services is seen as so crucial that it has to be guaranteed by the state (saving banks) but that nobody considers to transfer the trade with food into public enterprises because of the importance of the provision across the entire region.



The public sector is a central element of economic policies in the member states.



Project work

1.Discuss the four definitions2.Provide a comparative list with

social services in and around Nordhausen


Project work

DefintionDefintion Widely Widely held held under-under-standingstanding

AcademiAcademic c defintiondefintion

Platform Platform on behalf on behalf of of providersproviders

Liberal Liberal EconomyEconomy

Type of Type of service/ service/ name of name of agencyagency

((bb – – border-border-case)case)

Documents

Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Humanity International Project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Outline Market or State – the provision of welfare – Lecture and