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Priorities for Domestication of Native Fruits: Key Stakeholders and Attitudes
Simon Mng’omba and Festus Akinnifesi
1st National Workshop on Native Fruits
Matola, Mozambique 10th September 2015
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Importance of Native Fruits - Fruit Portfolio
• Status of Naïve Fruits in southern Africa
• Native Fruit Domestication Process
• Priority Setting Process
• Research to managing native fruits
• Changing farmers’ attitude
• Scaling up model for Native Fruits
• Conclusions
Importance of Native Fruits
Native fruits for
Food and Nutrition security
– low fruit consumption in SA (70 g/day vs 200 g/day)
– available during the lean food period
Income
high in fibre good for digestion
low production cost – perennial (High Value Crops)
Tree Species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Avocado
Citrus
Parinari curatellifolia
Mangoes
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona seneghalesis
Azanza garckeana
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
Fruit Portfolio Year-Round
0
20
40
60
80
100
No.
of
house
hold
s fa
cin
g s
hort
age
Zambia
MalawiHungry/cropping
season
Harvest/off- season
Status of native fruits in southern Africa
• All the harvest is from the wild
provided by nature & no need to cultivate them (attitude)
Food for the poor
• Limited investment for improvement
• Dwindling knowledge – limited pass on knowledge
• Limited research
retain massive size making planting & management difficult
not improved through selection/breeding
• Limited protection - a few in FR, home gardens,
volunteer stands, farmlands etc.
Domestication
Tree domestication
a human-induced evolution to bring species into
wider cultivation through a farmer-driven and
market-led process (Franzel et al. 2008)
Process:
• involves identification, selection, propagation,
management and adoption of desirable fruit
germplasm
Prioritizing Native Fruits
Priority setting - seeks to bring about agreement & consensus
among different stakeholders.
• Part of Domestication Research - select, propagate &
manage species with high impact (Simons & Leakey 2004).
• Impact – high income, nutrition or conserving biodiversity
• Data on quantities & values produced & consumed needed.
• Participatory - integrating views/expertise of many
stakeholders: - farmers, researchers, development
practitioners, policy makers etc.
Priority setting process (Franzel et al. 2008)
1. Planning & team building – workshops (many stakeholders)
2. Define client groups - user groups (beneficiaries)
3. Preferred species assessment - Desktop studies and field
work (surveys)
4. Product prioritization – rank tree products & services
5. Identifying key species – based on commercial value,
adoption, propagation, other benefits etc.
6. Choice of species - priority species reviewed and agreed
upon
Different stakeholder involvement in Domestication
Native Fruit Domestication
• Select priority species: participatory (farmers, scientists, marketers,
users/consumers etc.) – several stakeholders needed
• Encourage farmers continue on-farm conservation & sustainable
exploitation alongside tree crops (changing farmers’ attitudes)
• Use vegetative propagation methods (grafting, budding, layering etc.)
– capture desirable traits in wild tree populations, quality fruits &
resolving long juvenile phase (researchers/scientists needed)
• Lobby for investment in Native fruit domestication/improvement
• Train nursery operators to ensure - access to superior stocks for
multiplication & distribution (scaling up and out)
Genebank / on-farm Research
Screening plots and on-farm trials
• should be established for further selection/breeding
Phenology, physiology & propagation studies
• Research on native fruit phenology, physiology and
profitable propagation options
Varietal selection
• fruit improvement: pulp taste, aroma and texture, fruit
size and shape (main pomological attributes of fruit
quality)
Uapaca kirkiana fruit thinning
• In the wild - small fruit size & high fruit load (up to 6000
fruits/tree)
• On-farm land - small fruit size and high fruit load
2.5
3
3.5
5 cm 10 cm 15 cmFru
it s
ize (
cm)
Fruit thinning spacing
Uapaca - wild
Uapaca - orchard
Native Fruits - New Crops for the Future
Clonal propagation
(grafting)
Seedling
rootstock
Identify putative
cultivars using PRA
At nursery
Clonal orchards
(on-station and on-farm)
Selected true-to-type/name
elite cultivars
(mother blocks)
Named cultivars for pilot dissemination
Seeds of known traits
Collected from wild
Semi wild, ex circa
trees and labelled
Elite cultivars
Strategy for Selecting Putative Cultivars
Domestication checklist Yes
Priority setting – farmers, marketers, consumers,
researchers etc. (but priority changes)
Germplasm collection – passport data, geo-reference,
seed & vegetative propagules
Screening orchards/plots (genebanks)
Genetic & morphological characterization
Tree improvement (rootstock selection)
Field management protocol (spacing, fruit thinning)
Vegetative propagation
Cultivar development
Dissemination and adoption
Participatory Selection of Superior Uapaca kirkiana
MW26
MW42
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MW14
MW11
MW9
MW2
MW15
MW5
MW13
MW3
MW6
MW1
MW10
MW26
MW30
MW28
MW32
MW29
MW19
MW31
MW24
MW23
MW25
MW21
MW17
MW20
MW18
MW22
MW27
MW46
MW37
MW44
MW35
MW36
MW45
MW43
MW41
MW42
MW34
MW53
MW55
MW59
MW51
MW52
MW69
MW61
MW48
MW50
MW71
MW49
MW54
MW60
MW62
MW58
MW63
MW67
MW66
MW64
MW68
MW70
MW57
MW56
MW80
MW81
MW86
MW84
MW93
MW83
MW85
MW98
MW90
MW87
MW82
MW94
MW92
MW95
MW79
MW107
MW106
MW99
MW104
MW100
MW101
MW97
MW105
MW102
M alem ia-Zom ba Y esaya village-dedza K asum bu-D edza N khum ba-P halom be N azom be-P halom be M zikubola-M zim ba
Accession Code
Mean
fru
it w
eig
ht
(g)
Fruit mass of Uapaca kirkiana phenotypes in Malawi (Akinnifesi et al. 2008
Example of selecting superior Uapaca phenotypes
Changing farmers’ attitude - training (propagation, RRC)
Managing Native fruits (screening )
Un-grafted Grafted S. birrea
Grafted trees
dwarf
precocity
close spacing
Confusing farmers
o 10 x 10 m
o 8 x 8 m
o 5 x 5 m
• Tree size and spacing: rootstock selection
• Fruit load and size: fruit thinning
• Dioecious trees: Uapaca & Marula
• sex ratio
• rejuvenation
• Select resistant/tolerant rootstocks to biotic stress
• Select rootstock with graft compatibility & high yield
• Select cultivars with reduced tree size for easy
management (controls scion vigor)
• Selecting promising cultivars with greater economic yield
per unit area (Enhanced productivity)
Value addition of native fruit produce
• value added products from fresh produce for market
diversification of native fruits (boost farmers’ expected
revenue and encourage them to embark on
domestication)
Rootstock development
Scaling up model for Native Fruits
Resolving long juvenile phase and dioecy: (e.g. Uapaca & S. birrea)
• Supply two species with - short & long fruiting precocity
• Use grafted plants to reduce juvenile phase
0
10
20
30
2008 2009 2010
Time (years)
Fru
it y
ield
(kg)
Fig 1a Grafted Uapaca Fig. 1 b Grafted Vangueria
Both species planted in 2004
0
50
100
150
200
2007 2008 2009 2010
Tota
l fr
uit y
ield
(kg)
Time (years)
93%
30%
32% 36%
89% 76%
100%
Conclusions
Native fruits are important. So we need
• Investments to bring them into wider cultivation
• Participation of several stakeholders for superior
cultivar selection
• Change of mind set (attitude) - provided by nature, but
requires our attention
• Better documentation & research for cultivar
development
• Develop propagation & management protocols (better
yields)
Planting more native fruit trees on-farm is not good enough for food
and nutrition security and increased income. We need better
orchard management
Thank You !
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Lilongwe, Malawi