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Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification needed? a. Organize species into groups and discuss them. b. Identify new organisms. c. Show relationships between organisms.

Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

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Page 1: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446)

  Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification needed?

           a.         Organize species into groups and discuss them.

           b.         Identify new organisms.           c.         Show relationships between organisms.

 

Page 2: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

We use a system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) called the Linnaeus system.

Page 3: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

ClassificationLinnaeus’s System of Classification now includes eight levels:DomainKingdomPhylumClass OrderFamilyGenusSpeciesDazzling Kinky People Can Only Fake Good Sex

Page 4: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification
Page 5: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Classification

The system is hierarchal.

 This example is for the species panthera pardus,

Page 6: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Taxonomy    When scientists are referring to organisms they do not have to use all seven levels, just the last two.  This is the way organisms are named in science.    The system of naming organisms using 2 names, the genus and the species, is called the binomial system (also called binomial nomenclature) and was also developed by  Linnaeus.

    Using the binomial system avoids the confusion caused by organisms with different common names in different areas.

Page 7: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Binomial nomenclature

• Use the genus (or the first letter of the genus), capitalized,  and the species. 

 ex. Castor canadensis or C. canadensis      

• The species name is not capitalized and cannot be used alone. e.g., C. canadensis.

Page 8: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

• If you are handwriting the name, underline it.

• If typing the name, put it in italics.

Page 9: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

The 2 part name gives clues about relationships between organisms.  (For instance, Ursus americanus, U. horribilis, U. arctos, and U. maritimus are all related.)

Page 10: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Classification based on modern technology

• Classification used to be based largely on physical appearances but modern taxonomists use genetic information, molecular biology, and phylogeny (evolutionary relationships) as criteria for classifying.

•  The work of Charles Darwin introduced the idea of considering evolutionary history.

Page 11: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

So, what is a species?• Capable of reproducing fertile offspring with one another. (Individuals from different species do not generally reproduce with one another)

    Horse + Donkey = mule or hinnieMule + Mule = 0

• Individuals within a species may look quite different (Think about the many Canus familiaris)

Page 12: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification
Page 13: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

How many species are there?

• Estimates on the number of eukaryotic species range from 2 million to 10 million species on the planet although about 1.4 million species (eukaryotic) are currently named and described. 

• It is much more difficult to estimate the number of prokaryotic species, although it is believed that there are many millions (more than eukaryotic).

Page 14: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Kingdoms/domains system pages 457 to 461

Originally there were only two kingdoms recognized by Linnaeus: animals and plants.

    

Page 15: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

• Later, these two were divided into five: animals, plants, fungi, protista, and monera (bacteria). 

• Now, most people, including Bio 112 students, recognize 6 kingdoms and 3 domains.

Page 16: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Now there are 6.Recent research using DNA analysis has shown how groups of organisms are more similar than can be observed by the “naked eye”. Evolution of organisms has been traced, relationships among organisms found.This has been used to place organisms into “domains” (right above Kingdoms).  

Page 17: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

Cladogram

Biologists now group organisms into categories based on lines of evolutionary descent, called phylogeny, not just on physical characteristics.

These evolutionary relationships are shown in cladograms. Page 452.

Page 19: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

3 Domains: bacteria, archaea and eukarya. 

• 6 kingdoms:eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia    

Page 20: Principles of Taxonomy (chapter 18, page 446) Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics. Why is a system of classification

• Look at the chart on page 459 and read pages 458 to 461.

• You are required to know which Domain each Kingdom is in and the general characteristics of members of each Kingdom. (See the chart)