Principles of Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power Generation Page 1

Basic Principles of Power Generation

PRINCIPLES OF POWER GENERATION


Power Generating Methods

• Steam turbines

• Gas turbines

• Nuclear reactors

• Hydro plants

• Diesel engines

• Tidal Wave

• Wind turbines

• Co-generation

– power generation & processes

• Fuel cells

– Using a variety of chemicals


SOUTH CHINA SEA

Major Generating Stations inMajor Generating Stations inPeninsular MalaysiaPeninsular Malaysia

MCCA(330MW)

1 x 330MW C C

YTL PAKA(834MW)

2 x 417MW C C

YTL PG(417MW)

1 x 417MW C C

PGPS(789MW)

2 x 120MW C ONV1 x 261MW C C2 x 110MW GT2 x 34MW GT

PWTK(440MW)

4 x 110MW GT

TJ PS(330MW)

2 x 57MW CONV2 x 55MW CONV3 x 120MW C ONV

PDPW(440MW)

4 x 110MW GT

GSYN(710MW)

1 x710MW CC

SRDG(610MW)

2 x 110MW GT3 x 130MW GT

PKLG(1584MW)

4 x 300MW CONV3 x 110MW GT2 x 27MW GT

CBPS(884MW)

1 x 300MW CC4 x 130MW GT2 x 34MW GT

SGRI(1303MW)

2 x 651.5MW CC

PRAI(360MW)

3 x 120MW CONV

GLGR(110MW)

1 x 110MW GT

TEWA(64MW)

2 x 34MW GT

J OR 4x25 MWWOH 3 x 50 MWODAK 3x1.4 MW

BERSIA 3x23 MW

CHENDEROH

TEMENGOR 4x82 MW

3x10 MW1x8 MW

SG. PIAH UPPER 2x7.3 MW

KENERING 3x36 MW

PERGAU 4x150 MW

KENYIR 4x100 MW

PAKA(1113MW)

3 x 284MW C C1 x 261MW C C

L E G E N D

Hydro

TNB

IPP

POWER STATION

Note:CC - Combined CycleGT - Gas TurbineCONV - Conventional Thermal

Design by Zul



Principles of Plant Operation

• Modern power station (bigger output capacity)– Based load operation

• Intermediate power plant (smaller units)– ‘top up’ load demand

• Gas turbine, oil fired & or hydro plant– Peak load demand– Rapid response to load demand– High cost operation

• Wind turbine, wave• Control system frequency


Principles of Power Generation


Steam Plant Major Components

• Boiler & its auxiliaries– Combustion system

• Combustion air & flue gas system• Fuel system

– Feedwater system• Turbine & its auxiliaries

– Steam systems (main & reheat steam)– Cooling system (condenser, bearing, generator etc)– Condensate system– Turbine bearing lubricating oil system




Steam Turbine Power Generation

• Power generating concept

– Steam (heat energy) mechanical energy (rotational energy) electrical energy

• Steam (superheated) is produced in boiler (steam generator).

• Undergoing several processes

• Rotate turbine

• Generator

• Produce electrical load.


Kuah

Melaka

Seremban

Georgetown

Kota Bharu

Kuala Terengganu

Ipoh

Kuantan

Shah Alam

Alor Setar

Kangar

JOHOR

PAHANG

MELAKA

NEGERI SEMBILAN

SELANGOR

PERAK

KEDAH

PULAU PINANG

KELANTAN

TERENGGANU

PERLIS

WILAYAHPERSEKUTUAN

LANGKAWI

MELAKA

BERSIA

KENERING

TEMENGOR

KENYIR

SG PIAH UPPER

SG PIAH LOWER

JOR

WOH

ODAK

CHENDEROH

PERGAU

MAIN GRID INPENINSULAR MALAYSIA

N

Legend

Hydro Power Station

Thermal Power Station

State Capital

Existing Planned

500kV Overhead Line

275kV Overhead Line

275kV Cable

Johor Bahru

PRAI

GELUGOR

SEGARI

CONNAUGHT BRIDGE

SERDANG

KAPAR

POWERTEK

PD POWER

GENTING SANYEN

PORT DICKSON

YTL

PASIR GUDANG

PAKA

YTL

Ayer Tawar

Batu GajahPapan

Kuala Kangsar

Bukit TambunJunjung

Bukit Tengah

Gurun

Bedong

Kota Setar

Chuping

Bukit Tarek

KL (N)KL (E)

Hicom G

KL (S)

Salak Tinggi

Melaka

Kg Awah

Scudai

Telok Kalong

Tanah Merah

JANAMANJUNG

Major TNB Substation

YAN

Yong Peng (N)

Bukit Batu

Sedili

Lenggeng

Yong Peng (E)

300kV HVDC Line


Steam Cycle

• A boiler generates steam (high temp. & press)

• Steam expands in the turbine, producing work.

• Drive generator

• Condenser cools the steam

• Pumped into the boiler ( using boiler feed pump)

• Flow through feedwater heaters (preheat boiler water)

• Reheat steam (to increase steam temp.)


Basic Steam Cycle


Basic Rankine Cycle



Types of turbine

• Shaft Arrangements– Tandem compound– Cross compound

• Pressure– High press., Intermediate press. & Low press.

• Blading– Impulse (HP turbine blade)– Reaction (LP blade)

• Exhaust– Extraction

• Electric power & process– Condensing


Mitsubishi’s 1,000MW -class steam turbines define high-temperature, high-pressure, high-output performance.

CROSS COMPOUND TURBINE


TANDEM COMPOUND TURBINE


SINGLE SHAFT TURBINE


SINGLE SHAFT TURBINE


Power Generating Plant


X-section of a steam turbine


ST HP Rotor


ST IP Rotor


LP Rotor


TandemCompoundTurbine


Steam turbine operation principles

• Impulse turbine– The steam press decreases (at nozzle)[first stage]– Press constant (at fixed & rotating blades)– The enthalpy of the steam decreases– The steam velocity increases (at nozzle)– The volume of the steam increases

• Reaction turbine– Steam press decreases– Velocity increases at fixed blades– Velocity decreases at rotating blades


Condensing Turbines

• Straight-condensing turbines are advantageous, especially when large quantities of a reliable power source are required or an inexpensive fuel, such as process by-product gas, is readily available. To improve plant thermal efficiency, steam is usually extracted from the intermediate stage of the turbine for feedwater heating.


Extraction-Condensing Turbines

• Extraction-condensing turbines generate both process steam and stable electric power. Process steam, at one or more fixed pressures, can be automatically extracted as needed. This type of turbine has the flexibility to satisfy wide variations of process steam at a constant pressure and to meet electric power demands


Back-Pressure Turbines

• Back-pressure turbines can be used when a large quantity of process steam is required. The turbine exhaust steam is supplied to the process and the electric output is dependent on the demand for the process steam. These turbines can also be used as top turbines to supply exhaust steam to existing units; this improves the entire plant's thermal efficiency.


Extraction Back-Pressure Turbines


• Extraction back-pressure turbines can be used when two or more kinds of process steam are required. High-pressure steam is supplied through the extraction openings and low-pressure steam is supplied through as the turbine exhaust. Electric output is dependent on the demand for process steam.


Mixed-Pressure Turbines


• Mixed-pressure turbines are driven by two or more kinds of steam admitted independently to the turbine. In applying duel heat sources, the optimum steam condition for each source can be selected. This type of turbine can also be used to combine an existing boiler and a new boiler, which makes it an effective means of improving plant thermal efficiency.


Geared Turbines


Geared Turbines


• Geared turbines can be applied to smaller power generation units of up to around 40 MW. Compared with direct-coupled turbines, geared turbines have many advantages:

• Higher efficiency Easier operation and maintenance Smaller initial investment Smaller space requirement Shorter delivery time


Single-Cylinder Reheat Turbines


• Traditionally, non-reheat turbines have been used for industrial applications. Recent demands, however, for higher efficiency and larger unit capacity call for reheat turbines in this field. Taking these demands into consideration, we have developed single-cylinder reheat turbines that are applicable to the 75 MW to 200 MW range. Single-cylinder reheat turbines offer

• Smaller space requirements Shorter construction and erection periods Easier operation and maintenance Shorter overhaul periods Smaller initial investments


Two-Cylinder Reheat Turbines


• Two-cylinder reheat turbines can be used when a very high efficiency is required for steam turbines larger than 75 MW


LP TURBINE ROTOR


Gas Turbine

• Methods of Gas Turbine power generation

– Open Cycle

– Combined Cycle

• Two types of Gas Turbine

– Industrial Gas Turbine

– Derivative Gas Turbine


Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Power Plant


HRSG




DERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE


Combined Cycle Gas Turbine


INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE


CCGT




GT Main Components

• Compressor

• Combustor

– Silo (Single or Twin Silo)

– Annular

– Can Annular

• Turbine

• Exhaust






Derivative Gas Turbine


ABB GT13E2


ABB GT11N2


GT: Compressor & Turbine Blade


Can Annular Combustor


Annular Combustor


Hydro Power Generation

• Types of Hydro Generation

– Dam

– Run of river

– Pump storage

Run of River

Hydro Dam



Types of Hydropower Plants

• Run-of-river plants• These plants use little, if any, stored water to provide water

flow through the turbines. Although some plants store a day or week's worth of water, weather changes especially seasonal changes cause run-of-river plants to experience significant fluctuations in power output.

• Storage plants• These plants have enough storage capacity to off-set

seasonal fluctuations in water flow and provide a constant supply of electricity throughout the year. Large dams can store several years worth of water.


• Pumped Storage

• In contrast to conventional hydropower plants, pumped storage plants reuse water. After water initially produces electricity, it flows from the turbines into a lower reservoir located below the dam. During off-peak hours (periods of low energy demand), some of the water is pumped into an upper reservoir and reused during periods of peak-demand.



HydroTurbine


Micro Hydro Systems


How Hydropower Works

• Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into electricity.

• The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the volume of water flow and the amount of "head" (the height from turbines in the power plant to the water surface) created by the dam.

• The greater the flow and head, the more electricity produced.


• A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir, penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power substation.

• The dam stores water and creates the head

• Penstocks carry water from the reservoir to turbines inside the powerhouse

• The water rotates the turbines, which drive generators that produce electricity.

• The electricity is then transmitted to a substation where transformers increase voltage to allow transmission to homes, businesses and factories



Francis Turbine


Hydro plant main systems

• Main Intake (Water reservoir)

• Penstock

• Spiral Casing

• Inlet Guide Vane

• Turbine

• Draft

• Tailrace

• Generator



PergauFrancisTurbine


Spillway Penstock

Tailrace


KaplanFrancis

Francis

Pelton




Spiral Casing




Diesel Engine


Diesel Engine

• Two basic types

– Otto cycle (constant volume)

– Diesel cycle (constant pressure)

• Used for small output generating capacity.

– Remote areas

• Industrial & trailer mounted.

– For emergency & stand-by

– Black start unit


1.2 MW Diesel Generator


diesel power plant, for the 3-15 MW range




Wind Turbine


Tidal Wave Power Generation


Documents

Principles of Power Generation