Index

AAbortive infection, 196, 202Acute infection, 198Acyclovir, 209t, 211ADCC, see Antibody-dependent

cellular cytotoxicityAdenovirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 143features, 76f

transcription of genome, 159f,160f, 161f, 161e162

transformation, 235t, 237,237t

AIDS, see Humanimmunodeficiency virus

Alimentary canal, virus interactions,189e190, 190t

Alper, Tikvah, 259e260ALV, see Avian leukosis virusAlzheimer's disease, 260Amantadine, 209tAmbisense, 55, 81e82, 83, 152,

153fAntibody, see also Monoclonal

antibodyimmunoglobulin classes, 174e175virus neutralization, 175

Antibody-dependent cellularcytotoxicity (ADCC), 176,178, 188

Antigenic drift, 195, 196fAntigenic shift, 195, 196fApoptosisdefinition, 179overview, 180fpathogenesis, 218repression, 181

responses, 180e181Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), 257Arbovirus, transmission, 246fArenavirus, genome features, 82f, 83Assembly, replication cycle, 125ASSVd, see Apple scar skin viroidAttachment, replication cycle, 110,

111f, 113f, 114f, 115Attenuated virus, 6, 203e204Avian leukosis virus (ALV),

transformation, 234Azidothymidine (AZT), 209t, 210,

212AZT, see Azidothymidine

BBacteriophagegene expression controll, 135, 136f, 137f, 139fprinciples, 134, 140

genomes, 3, 30e31history of study, 6human disease, 227l genome features and integration,

70e71, 71e73, 72fM13genome features, 70e71, 71e73helical symmetry, 30fproteinenucleic acid

interactions, 51mu genome, 89fplaque assay, 9freplication, 105, 105f, 107e108T4assembly pathway, 45fgenome, 28, 71e73introns, 28

Baculovirus, particle structure,44e46, 46f

Bcl-2, 181Beijerinick, Martinus, 5e6Bioinformatics, 22f, 42Bioterrorismn, 251Bipartite genome, 87fBovine papillomavirus (BPV),

transformation, 235t, 238Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(BSE), 261f, 263BPV, see Bovine papillomavirusBSE, see Bovine spongiform

encephalopathyBudding, 39, 40f, 127e129, 128f,

129Bunyavirus, genome features, 82f, 83

CCadang-cadang coconut viroid

(CCCVd), 257CaMV, see Cauliflower mosaic virusCancer, virus pathogenesis, 238,

242fCapsid, see also Nucleocapsidprocessing in picornavirus, 38fstructure, 16e17symmetry and virus architecturehelical capsids, 28, 29f, 32ficosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f,

36f, 37f, 38foverview, 27

CAR, see Cocksackieeadenovirusreceptor

Caspases, 181Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV),

genome features, 96e97,97f

CCCVd, see Cadang-cadang coconutviroid

CD4, 116, 222, 222e223

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” denote figures and tables, respectively.

297

Cell culture, 9, 9fCell cycle, phases, 233fCell-mediated immunity, 176, 176f,

177, 178Cellular origins theory, 98Centrifugation, virus particles, 15fCFS, see Chronic fatigue syndromeChemotherapeutic index, 208Chikungunya virus (CHIKV),

247e248CHIKV, see Chikungunya virusChromatin, 48e49, 56, 229Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),

pathogenesis, 226Chronic infection, 198Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 262Cis-acting sequences, 163e164CJD, see CreutzfeldteJakob diseaseCocksackieeadenovirus receptor

(CAR), 115e116Cocoa swollen shoot virus, 244tCold-sensitive mutant, 66Complement, evasion by viruses,

188Complementation, 67e68, 67f,

68e69Contact inhibition, loss in

transformation, 228e229Coronavirusgenome coding strategy, 149fgenome features, 80

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV),movement proteins,171e172

c.p.e., see Cytopathic effectCPMV, see Cowpea mosaic virusCreutzfeldteJakob disease (CJD),

264, 265tCrohn's disease, 226e227CTL, see Cytotoxic T-lymphocyteCWD, see Chronic wasting diseaseCytokines, inhibition by viruses, 187Cytopathic effect (c.p.e.), 216Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), 177,

180

DDelbruck, Max, 6Deletion mutant, 65Dengue viruspathogenesis, 224e225transmission, 245e246

d'Herelle, Felix, 6

DNA repair, 230DNase, 140Doppel (Dpl), 270e271DPL, see Doppel

EEbola virus, 251EBV, see EpsteineBarr virusECHO viruses, attachment, 113Eclipse period, 107EGF, see Epidermal growth factorElectron microscopy, 18, 17f, 19ELISA, see Enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assayEMCV, see Encephalomyocarditis

virusEmergent viruses, 243, 244t, 246fEncephalomyocarditis virus

(EMCV), attachment, 113Endemic, 4e5, 243Enders, John, 9e10Endocytosis, 117, 119fEnhancer, 58, 142, 154e155, 234Envelopebaculovirus particle structure,

44e46, 46fbudding, 39, 40ffusion, 117, 120fmodification, 41e42proteinenucleic acid interactions,

52proteins, 41fstructure, 39uncoating, 118e120

Enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), 11

Epidemic, 97e98, 226, 243, 245Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 229Epithelial cell, virus infection, 194fEpsteineBarr virus (EBV)cancer pathogenesis, 239, 240immunodeficiency, 220

Evolution, virus orders, 99, 100tExon, 56

FFamilial fatal insomnia (FFI), 265tFas, 181Fc receptor, 116e117Feline spongiform encephalopathy

(FSE), 262FFI, see Familial fatal insomnia

Flavivirus, genome features, 80Frosch, Paul, 5e6FSE, see Feline spongiform

encephalopathyFusionenvelope, 117, 120fpathogenesis, 217, 218e219,

219fFusion protein, oncoproteins,

232e234

GGancyclovir, 209tGel electrophoresis, 59e60, 94fGeminivirusemergent viruses, 248genome coding strategy, 145genome features, 55, 87fstructure, 36f

Gene expressionbacteriophage control

l, 135, 136f, 137f, 139fprinciples, 134, 140

eukaryotes, 140, 141tgenome coding strategies by virus

classClass I, 143, 144Class II, 145Class III, 146Class IV, 148Class V, 151Class VI, 153Class VII, 153shared strategies, 142

overview, 133posttranscriptional control, 158,

160f, 161f, 165f, 166ftranscriptional control, 154, 155f,

156f, 157f, 160fGene therapyoverview, 206virus vectors, 207t

Genetic analysisbiochemical analysis, 61epidemiology, 97evolution of virus orders, 99,

100tinteractions between viruses

genetic, 66nongenetic, 69

large DNA genomes, 75, 76f, 77fmaps, 62, 62e63mutants, see Mutants

298 Index

negative-strand RNA viruses, 81,82f, 83, 84

positive-strand RNA viruses, 78,79f, 79, 80, 81

reverse transcription andtransposition, 88, 92f, 97t

segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86fsmall DNA genomes, 70, 71f, 72f,

73f, 74fGenetically modified crops, 8Genome, see also specific virusesbacteriophage, 3, 30e31, 55,

78e79bipartite, 87fcoding strategies by virus classClass I, 143, 144Class II, 145Class III, 146Class IV, 148Class V, 151Class VI, 153Class VII, 153shared strategies, 142

comparison between organisms,19t, 27

packaging, 48, 51freplication, see ReplicationRNA, 32e33, 53segmented, 49, 84, 85t, 86f

GerstmanneStrausslereScheinkerdisease (GSS), 265t

Glycoproteins, envelope, 41f,42, 52

Granzymes, 179e180GSS, see GerstmanneStrausslere

Scheinker diseaseGuillaineBarré syndrome,

pathogenesis, 226

HHantavirus, 247HBV, see Hepatitis B virusHCC, see Hepatocellular carcinomaHDV, see Hepatitis delta virusHelical symmetry, 28, 29f, 32fHelper virus, 68fHemagglutination, 10e11, 114Hemorrhagic fever with renal

syndrome (HFRS), 247Hemorrhagic fever, shock causes,

225fHendra virus, 244tHepatitis B virus (HBV)

cancer pathogenesis, 240e241,241, 242f, 242e243

genome features, 95f, 95e96, 96vaccine, 202

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), 258t,258e259, 258f, 259

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),pathogenesis, 240e241,241, 242f, 242e243

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)immunodeficiency, 220latent infection, 200pharmacotherapy, 209t, 211syncytia, 218e219

Herpesvirusesgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 143, 144ffeatures, 76e78, 77f

types, 76, 77tHersheyeChase experiment,

107e108, 110fHFRS, see Hemorrhagic fever with

renal syndromeHHV-6, see Human herpesvirus-6HHV-7, see Human herpesvirus-7HHV-8, see Human herpesvirus-8Hirst, George, 10e11HIV, see Human immunodeficiency

virusHLVd, see Hop latent viroidhnRNA, 159e160Hop latent viroid (HLVd), 257Horizontal transmission, 191, 192tHost systems, 6HPV, see Human papillomavirusHRV, see Human rhinovirusHSV, see Herpes simplex virusHTLV, see Human T-cell leukemia

virusHuman herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), 248Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), 249Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 249Human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV), 250AIDS pathogenesis, 221, 222, 223attachment, 116cell fusion, 219e220, 219fcourse of infection, 221fimmune response, 175mutations, 63pharmacotherapy, 209t, 212provirus, 69

release, 129e130transcriptional control of gene

expression, 156, 157f, 158f,162, 164

Human papillomavirus (HPV),transformation, 235t,237e238, 237t

Human rhinovirus (HRV),attachment, 112, 113f

Human T-cell leukemia virus(HTLV)

leukemia induction, 239transcriptional control of gene

expression, 156, 157f, 158f,162, 162e163, 164

transformation, 235Hybridization, nucleic acids, 20f,

59e60

IICAM-1, see Intercellular adhesion

molecule-1Icosahedral symmetry, 33, 34f, 35f,

36f, 37f, 38fImmortalized cell line, 9e10Immune evasionapoptosis inhibition, 187complement cascade evasion, 188cytokine inhibition, 187humoral immunity evasion, 188MHC-I-restricted antigen

presentation inhibition, 186MHC-II-restricted antigen

presentation inhibition, 187Immunodeficiency, 220, 221fImmunoglobulin, classes, 174e175Inclusion body, 126e127, 218Infectionapoptosis, 179, 180fchemotherapy, 208, 209tcourseabortive infection, 196, 203acute infection, 198chronic infection, 198latent infection, 200persistent infection, 198, 199f

host interactions with virus, 188,189f, 190t, 191t, 196f

immune responseevasion mechanisms, 186, 187,

188overview, 174, 174f, 176f, 178f

interferon response, 181

299Index

Infection (Continued )localized versus systemic, 193tplants, 169prevention, see Vaccines

Influenza virusantigenic drift and shift, 196fattachment, 114, 114f, 115complementation groups,

67e68, 67fgenome segments, 85tpandemics, 197fterminal sequences in RNAs, 86f

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), 112, 113

Interferonsdiscovery, 182finduction, 183e184receptors, 184therapeutic uses, 186ttypes, 182e183

Intergenic complementation, 68Internal ribosome entry site (IRES),

80Intragenic complementation, 68Intron, 56, 159IRES, see Internal ribosome entry siteIssacs, Alick, 182

JJacob, Francois, 135Jenner, Edward, 4e5, 203e204

KKawasaki disease, pathogenesis,

226Koch, Robert, 5Koch's postulates, 5Kohler, George, 11Kuru, 265t, 265l, see Bacteriophage

LLatency-associated transcript (LAT),

200Latent infection, 200Latent period, 107LCMV, see Lymphocytic

choriomeningitis virusLederberg, Esther, 135Lindenmann, Jean, 182Lipid raft, 126Loeffler, Friedrich, 5e6

Long terminal repeat (LTR), 93f,93e94, 156f

Low-density lipoprotein receptor,113

LTR, see Long terminal repeatLuria, Salvador, 6Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

(LCMV), persistentinfection, 198, 199f

Lysogeny, 135, 139fLytic replication, 135, 138,

156e157, 195e196

MM13, see BacteriophageMajor histocompatibility complex

(MHC), 176, 186, 187Matrix proteins, envelope, 41f, 42,

52Maturation, replication cycle, 127Maxiphage, 30e31McClintock, Barbara, 88Measles viruspathogenesis, 224, 226e227transmission, 245

Mechanical transmission, plantviruses, 171

MHC, see Major histocompatibilitycomplex

Milstein, Cesar, 11Mimivirusgenome, 55, 78structure, 47f, 48

Miniphage, 30e31miRNA, 200Mixed infection, 66e67, 70, 71fMLV, see Murine leukemia virusMMTV, see Mouse mammary tumor

virusMonocistronic mRNA, 81, 141, 146,

152, 159, 163e164Monoclonal antibody, 14fMonod, Jacques, 135Mouse mammary tumor virus

(MMTV), transformation,234

Movement proteins, plants, 172fMu, see BacteriophageMucosa, virus interactions, 189,

190tMultiplicity of infection, 108fMurine leukemia virus (MLV),

translational control, 167

Mutantsclassification, 64induced mutations, 64overview, 64spontaneous mutations, 63

NNatural killer (NK) cell, 177, 187Necrosis, 179Negative-strand RNA viruses,

genome, 81, 82f, 83, 84Nervous system, virus spread, 193Neuraminidase, 114, 114e115Nipah virus, 244tNK cell, see NK cellNMR, see Nuclear magnetic

resonanceNonpropagative transmission,

86e87Nonpropagative vector, 257e258Nonsense mutant, 65Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),

16Nucleocapsid, 31e32, 32e33, 41,

44e46, 48e49, 52, 53, 86,117, 151, 152

2',5'-Oligo A synthetase, 184e185,185f

OOncogenefunctions, 230e231insertional mutagenesis and

activation, 234fsignal transduction, 232fsubcellular localization of proteins,

231ftransformation, 229e230types, 230t

Orthomyxovirus, genome features,82f

Oseltamivir, 130, 209t

Pp53, 181, 235e236Packaging signal, 49e50PAGE, see Polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresisPandemic, 195, 197fPapillomavirus, genome coding

strategy, 143Paramyxovirus

300 Index

genome coding strategy, 152fgenome features, 82f, 83

Particles, see also specific particlesarchitecturecomplex structures, 42, 43f, 45f,

46f, 47fenveloped viruses, 39, 40f, 41fhelical capsids, 28, 29f, 32ficosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f,

36f, 37f, 38foverview, 27

cell receptor recognition andbinding, 52

centrifugation, 15fgenome packaging, 48, 51frationale for study, 25shapes and sizes, 26ftranslocation, 117, 118f

Parvovirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 145, 146ffeatures, 73e74, 74f

Pasteur, Louis, 5, 5e6, 6Pathogenesisbacteriophages and human disease,

227cancer, 238, 242fcell injury mechanisms, 216chronic fatigue syndrome, 226degree of harm to host, 216dengue virus, 224e225emergent viruses, 243, 244t,

246fGuillaineBarré syndrome, 226immunodeficiency, 220, 221fKawasaki disease, 226measles virus, 224, 226e227transformation, 228, 230t, 231t,

231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235,235t, 237t

zoonoses, 250Pathogenesis-related proteins, 173PCR, see Polymerase chain reactionPDGF, see Platelet-derived growth

factorPenetration, replication cycle, 117,

118f, 218e219Perforin, 179e180Persistent infection, 198, 199fPFGE, see Pulsed-field gel

electrophoresisp.f.u., see Plaque-forming unit

Phage, see BacteriophagePhenotypic mixing, 70, 71fPhocine distemper virus, 244tPhysical map, 62Picornavirusattachment, 112, 113f, 113capsid processing, 38fgenome coding strategy,

149f, 163genome features, 79penetration, 120e121structure, 36e37, 37f, 38f

PKR, 181, 184e185, 185f, 257Plaque assay, 9f, 49, 61Plaque-forming unit (p.f.u.),

105e106, 106fPlatelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF), 229Poliovirusepidemic and vaccination,

243, 244penetration and uncoating,

120fPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(PAGE), 59e60, 94fPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)detection of viruses, 97e98mutagenesis, 64principles, 21f, 58e59

Polyomavirusgenome coding strategy, 143genome features, 74, 75f

Polyphage, 30e31Polyprotein, 80, 80, 148Positive-strand RNA viruses,

genome, 78, 79f, 79, 80, 81Poxvirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 144features, 78f, 78

structure, 43f, 44Primary cell culture, 9e10Prionconformational changes, 270definition, 3history of study, 259e260molecular biology, 267pathology, 260prion hypothesis, 267, 272structure, 268ftransmissible spongiform

encephalopathies

animalsbovine spongiformencephalopathy, 261f, 263

chronic wasting disease, 262feline spongiformencephalopathy, 262

scrapie, 260transmissible minkencephalopathy, 262

humanscauses, 264e265CreutzfeldteJakob disease,264, 265t

familial fatal insomnia, 265tGerstmanneStrausslereScheinker disease, 265t

Kuru, 265t, 265PrP gene mutations, 266fvariant CreutzfeldteJakobdisease, 265e266

species barrier, 266, 268fProcapsid, 34Productive infection, 85, 86e87,

114Productive infection, 229Promoter, 47e48, 58, 134e135,

153e154, 154e155, 156,234

Prophage, 135Proto-oncogene, 229Provirus, 69, 153, 156e157, 201PrP, see PrionPrusiner, Stanley, 259e260, 272Pseudoknot, formation in RNA,

166fPseudorevertant, 66Pseudotyping, 70Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

(PFGE), 59e60, 94f

RRabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,

244tRabies virus, human versus animal

infection consequences,216

Rb, see Retinoblastoma proteinReassortment, 69, 85Reassortment map, 62Receptor, virus attachment, 110,

111f, 113f, 114f, 115

301Index

Recombinationbacteriophage l, 137e138frequency, 66e67intramolecular recombination,

68e69, 69reassortment, 69

Recombination map, 62Reed, Walter, 6Regressive evolution, 98Release, replication cycle, 128f, 129Reovirus, genome expression, 147f,

148tReplicase, 149, 151, 173Replicationbiochemistry, 109fcompartmentalization in

eukaryotes, 130cycle

assembly, 125attachment, 110, 111f, 113f,

114f, 115genome replication and gene

expression by virus class,121, 122f, 123f, 125f, 126f

maturation, 127overview, 109, 111fpenetration, 117, 118frelease, 128f, 129uncoating, 118, 120f

HersheyeChase experiment,107e108, 110f

overview, 103phases, 105, 105fplaque-forming unit analysis,

105e106, 106fReplicon, 58Respiratory tract, virus interactions,

190, 191tRestriction map, 62Retinoblastoma protein (Rb),

236Retrotransposon, 3, 88, 90fRetrovirusgenome organization, 90fimmunodeficiency, 220e221integration, 94fmaturation, 127e129ribosome frameshifting and

termination, 165ftransformation, 231t, 232, 233f,

234fRev, 162Reverse mutation, 66

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors,209t

Reverse transcription, 88, 92f, 97tRex, 162Reye's syndrome, 225e226Rhabdovirusgenome features, 82f, 84particle structure, 32fproteinenucleic acid interactions,

52Ribavirin, 209tRift valley fever virus (RVFV),

246e247RNA interference, 23, 205, 205fRNA-dependent RNA polymerase,

61RNA polymerase, types in

eukaryotes, 141tRVFV, see Rift valley fever virus

SSARS, see Severe acute respiratory

syndromeSatellite, 3, 255, 256tSCID, see Severe combined

immunodeficiency diseaseScrapie, 260Seeds, virus transmission, 170Segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86fSerologyhistorical perspective, 10virology techniques, 12fe13f

Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), 250e251

Severe combined immunodeficiencydisease (SCID), genetherapy, 206

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichiacoli (STEC), 227

Skin, virus interactions, 188Smallpox, 4e5, 245Splicing, 145, 151e152, 159,

159e160, 163e164, 257Stanley, Wendell, 13e16STATs, 184STEC, see Shiga toxin-producing

Escherichia coliStrain, 63Superinfection, 66e67, 70, 71f,

86e87Suppression, 66, 167SV40, see also T-antigengenome, 236e237

infection outcomes, 236molecular biology, 58transcriptional control of gene

expression, 154e155,155f

transformation, 235tSyncytia, 218e219Systemic infection, 193t, 220

TT4, see BacteriophageT-antigenDNA-binding domain, 23fproteineprotein interactions, 236,

237fTat, 156e157, 162Tax, 239Taxonomy, viruses, 285e289Temperate bacteriophage, 89Temperature-sensitive mutant,

65e66Terminal redundancy, 71e73,

73fTerminator, 58Thymidine kinase (TK), 211Titre, 107TK, see Thymidine kinaseTME, see Transmissible mink

encephalopathyTMV, see Tobacco mosaic virusTobacco mosaic virus (TMV)assembly, 50, 51fdenaturation, 16f, 18genome features, 81, 81fhelical symmetry, 28, 29fmovement proteins, 171e172particles, 1ultrastructure, 13e16

Tobacco yellow dwarf virus,genome, 64e66

Togavirus, genome features, 80Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV),

248Trans-acting factor, 134e135, 143,

156, 159e160, 237Transcriptase, 146, 151, 157e158Transcription, see Gene expressionTranscription map, 62Transfection, 60Transformation, 159e160, 184,

220e221, 228, 230t, 231t,231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235,235t, 237t

302 Index

Transgenic animals, 4, 8Translation map, 62e63Translocation, penetration, 117,

118fTransmissible mink encephalopathy

(TME), 262Transmissible spongiform

encephalopathy (TSE)animalsbovine spongiform

encephalopathy, 261f,263

chronic wasting disease, 262feline spongiform

encephalopathy, 262scrapie, 260transmissible mink

encephalopathy, 262humanscauses, 264e265CreutzfeldteJakob disease, 264,

265tfamilial fatal insomnia,

265tGerstmanneStrausslere

Scheinker disease, 265tKuru, 265t, 265PrP gene mutations, 266fvariant CreutzfeldteJakob

disease, 265e266species barrier, 266, 268f

Transmission, viruses, 191e193,192f, 192t

Transposon, 88Triangulation number, 35fTropism, 115e116, 193, 220TSE, see Transmissible spongiform

encephalopathyTSWV, see Tomato spotted wilt virusTumor suppressor gene, 229Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV),

ultrastructure, 13e16

Twort, Frederick, 6TYMV, see Turnip yellowmosaic virusType, 63

UUlcerative colitis, 226e227Uncoating, replication cycle,

118, 120fURE3, 271e272

VVaccinationhistorical perspective, 6immune response, 174fmeasles, 224

VaccinesDNA vaccines, 202efficacy, 201recombinant vaccines, 202subunit vaccines, 202synthetic vaccines, 201e202virus vectors, 202e203, 204

Vaccinia virus, vaccine vectors,202e203

van Leeuwenhoek, Antony, 5Variant, 63Variant CreutzfeldteJakob disease

(vCJD), 265e266Varicellaezoster virus (VZV),

225e226Variolation, 4e5, 6vCJD, see Variant CreutzfeldteJakob

diseaseVertical transmission, 191, 192tVesicular stomatitis virus (VSV),

particle structure, 32fVidarabine, 209tViral, 2VirionVirophage, 256activity, 53

DNA packaging, 86e87Viroid, 3, 255, 256f, 256t, 257fVirologyhistorical perspective, 4, 245,

291e296molecular biology techniques, 19,

20f, 21f, 22f, 57, 59fserological techniques, 12fe13f

Virusdefinition, 2live status 4, 3origins, 250taxonomy, 285e289

Virus-attachment protein (VAP),110e112, 114e115, 193,209e210

Virusoid, definition, 3VSV, see Vesicular stomatitis virusVZV, see Varicellaezoster virus

WWest Nile virus (WNV), 247Wickner, Reed, 272WNV, see West Nile virus

XXenotropic murine leukemia

virus-related virus(XMRV), 226

XMRV, see Xenotropic murineleukemia virus-relatedvirus

YYellow fever virus, 245e246

ZZanamivir, 130, 209tZoonoses, 250

303Index