COVERTable of ContentsPreface1 - Introduction2 - Molecular Diffusion2.1 Concentration, Velocity and Flux2.2 Fick's Law2.3 Steady State Molecular Diffusion Through a Constant Area in a Binary Gas Mixture2.4 Multicomponent Diffusion2.5 Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficient: Measurement and Prediction2.6 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids2.7 Diffusion through a Variable Area2.8 Knudsen Diffusion, Surface Diffusion and Self-Diffusion2.9 Applications of the Principles of Molecular DiffusionShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

3 - Convective Mass Transfer and Mass Transfer Coefficient3.1 The Mass Transfer Coefficient3.2 Types of Mass Transfer Coefficients3.3 Dimensionless Groups in Mass Transfer3.4 Correlations for the Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient3.5 Turbulent or Eddy Diffusion3.6 The Wetted Wall Column3.7 Theories of Mass Transfer3.8 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer AnalogiesShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

4 - Interphase Mass Transfer4.1 Equilibrium Between Phases4.2 The Raoult's and the Henry's Law4.3 Mass Transfer Between Two Phases4.4 The Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient4.5 Material Balance in a Contacting Equipment - The Operating Line4.6 Mass Transfer in Stage-Wise Contact of Two Phases4.7 Interphase Mass Transfer in Drug Delivery Systems4.8 ApplicationsShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

5 - Gas-Liquid Contacting Equipment5.1 Introduction to Gas-Liquid Contacting5.2 Tray or Plate Column5.3 Operational Features of a Tray column5.4 A Few Mechanical Details5.5 Tray Design5.6 High Capacity Trays5.7 Agitated Vessels5.8 The Bubble Column5.9 The Spray Tower5.10 The Venturi Scrubber5.11 The Packed Tower5.12 Flooding in a Packed Tower5.13 Theoretical Models of Flow through a Packed Tower5.14 Comparison between Packed and Plate TowersShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

6 - Gas Absorption and Stripping6.1 Equilibrium in a Gas-Liquid System6.2 Selection of Solvent and Stripping Medium6.3 Minimum Liquid Rate for Absorption6.4 Design of a Packed Tower6.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Towers6.6 Determination of the Number of Stages in a Tray Tower6.7 Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP)6.8 Tray Efficiency6.9 Other Applications of Gas Absorption and StrippingShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

7 - Distillation7.1 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium7.2 Enthalpy-Cpncentration Diagram7.3 Flash Vaporization (Also Called Flash Distillation)7.4 Steam Distillation7.5 Batch Distillation (Also Called Differential Distillation or Rayleigh Distillation)7.6 Continuous Multistage Fractionation of Binary Mixtures7.7 Multistage Batch Distillation with Reflux7.8 The Ponchon-Savarit Method7.9 Distillation in a Packed TowerShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

8 - Liquid-Liquid Extraction8.1 A Few Examples of Solvent Extraction8.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE)8.3 Solvent Selection8.4 Design Calculations for Stage-Wise Extraction8.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Equipment8.6 Selection of Extractors8.7 Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Stirred Liquid-Liquid Dispersion8.8 Extraction Equipment DesignShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

9 - Solid-Liquid Extraction9.1 Classification of Solid-Liquid Extraction Systems9.2 The Rate of Solid-Liquid Extraction9.3 Solid-Liquid Contacting Strategy9.4 Solid-Liquid Contacting Equipment9.5 Solid-Liquid Extraction Equilibrium9.6 Solid-Liquid Extraction Calculations9.7 Supercritical Fluid ExtractionShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

10 - Humidification and Water Cooling10.1 Terminology and Definitions10.2 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature10.3 Wet-Bulb Temperature10.4 The Psychometric Chart and its Use10.5 Description of Cooling Towers - Construction and Operation10.6 Cooling Tower Calculations10.7 Some Additional Information on Cooling TowersShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

11 - Drying of Wet Solids11.1 Physical Mechanism of Drying11.2 Drying Equilibria11.3 Important Definitions and Terms11.4 The Drying Rate Curve11.5 Calculations of the Drying Time from the Drying Rate Data11.6 Classification of Drying Equipment11.7 Direct-Heat Batch Dryers: Tray and Truck Dryers11.8 Direct-Heat Continuous Dryers11.9 Indirect-Heat Batch Systems11.10 Indirect-Heat Continuous Dryers11.11 Air-Suspended Drying Systems11.12 Drying Calculations11.13 Preliminary Design of a Rotary Dryer11.14 Freeze Drying Calculations11.15 Dryer SelectionShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

12 - Adsorption12.1 Commercial Adsorbents and their Applications12.2 Characteristics and Properties of Adsorbents12.3 Adsorption Equilibria12.4 Heat of Adsorption12.5 Specific Surface Area of an Adsorbent12.6 Selection of Adsorbents12.7 Batch Adsorption in a Stirred Vessel12.8 Adsorption in a Fixed Bed12.9 Adsorption Equipment12.10 Adsorption Dynamics12.11 Thermal Regeneration of Adsorbents12.12 Pressure Swing Adsorption12.13 Ion-Exchange12.14 ChromatographyShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

13 - Crystallisation13.1 Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium13.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth13.3 Crystal Growth13.4 Crystal Size Distribution13.5 Characteristics of Crystal Size Distribution13.6 Batch Crystallization13.7 Crystallization Equipment13.8 Design Considerations13.9 Melt CrystallizationShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

14 - Membrane Separation14.1 Materials, Types and Preparation of Membranes14.2 Membrane Characterization14.3 Membrane Modules14.4 Pressure Driven Membrane Processes for Liquid Separation14.5 Concentration-Driven Processes14.6 Membrane Gas SeparationShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

15 - Multicomponent Distillation15.1 Degrees of Freedom in Multicomponent Distillation15.2 Key Components15.3 Column Operating Conditions15.4 Approximate Methods of Distillation Calculation - The FUG Technique15.5 Rigorous Methods of Distillation Calculation15.6 The Rate-Based Method15.7 Separation of Close-Boiling and Azeotropic Mixtures15.8 Divided-Wall ColumnsShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

16 - Transient Diffusion and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction16.1 Transient Diffusion in Three Dimensions16.2 Diffusion Accompanied by a Chemical Reaction in a Liquid16.3 Irreversible Second-Order Reaction16.4 Instantaneous Reaction16.5 Reaction Regimes of a Second-Order ReactionShort QuestionsProblemsReferences

Appendix AA.1 Vapour-Liquid EquilibriaA.2 K-Values of HydrocarbonsDispersion in a Flow FieldReferences

Answers/Hints to Selected Questions and ProblemsIndex