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Principles of LearningChapter 11By. Matt and Raven

Generalization The tendency for the effects of a learning experience to spread; also referred as transfer.Four Types: PeopleTime Behaviors Situations

First and Second TypeFirst type refers to observational learning and the second one could be consider the opposite of forgetting.

Observation(Vicarious Generalization)Remembering(Response Maintenance)

Response GeneralizationOne behavior spread to the next behavior.

ExampleA dog giving you his right paw to shake and getting a treat for it. He might then respond by offering his left paw.

Stimulus Generalization A behavior in a situation spreading to another situation.

ExampleLittle Albert generalized the fear of the white rabbit with anything white.

Generalization GradientWhen plotted on a graph, they yield a figurecalled a generalization gradient.

Norman Guttman and Harry Kalish (1956)Disk pecking

Maze Youll all receive mazes, finish them as fast as you can!!!

DiscriminationDifferentiate between two similar stimuli.

Bird Pecking

Discrimination TrainingLearning to discriminate one thing from another.

Discrimination TrainingPavlov vs. OperantPavlovCS+CS-

OperantS+ or SDS- or S

One is weaker, one is stronger10

Different Forms of TrainingSimultaneous discrimination trainingWhen the discriminative stimuli is shown at the same time.Successive Discrimination TrainingSD and S alternate.Errorless Discrimination TrainingS is shown as for a small period of time.

Matching to Sample (MTS)Comparison Stimuli: Include the SD and S

Oddity Matching (Mismatching)

Differential Outcomes Effect (DOE)M.A. Trapold (1970)

Stimulus ControlDiscrimination training brings behavior under the influence of discriminative stimuli. Example:Talkative with your friends but, quiet with family. Their speech behavior is controlled by their personal environment.

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Mental Rotation Roger Shepard (1973)

Showed letters that werent in their normal upright position; and then asked if the letters were backwards or not.

Mental rotation

Concept Any class the member of which share one or more defining features.

Pavlov and Spencers Theory Physiological The area of excitation with the CS+ and an area of inhibition CS-

The tendency to respond to any given stimulus was the result of the interaction of the increased and decreased tendencies to respond, as reflected in gradients of excitation and inhibition.Excitatory Gradient (CS+, SD)Inhibitory Gradient (CS-, S )

Lashley-Wade TheoryThey argued that generalization gradients depends on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing. If an animal is not allowed to experience with a specific stimulus (like a color), then its behavior following training will be affected.

JEPARDY!GeneralizationDiscrimination$600$800$200$600$1,000$200$1,000$400$800$400Next

Generalization $200What are the four types of Generalization?

A. Vicarious Generalization, Response Generalization, Stimulus Generalization, and Generalization GradientB. Vicarious Generalization, Response Maintenance, Response Generalization, and Stimulus GeneralizationC. None of aboveD. What?

Vicarious Generalization is the generalization across people; i.e. the generalization of learning experiences of a model to those of an observer.Response Maintenance is generalization across time; i.e. the generalization behavior over time.Response Generalization is generalization across behaviors; i.e. changes in one behavior spread to others behaviors.Stimulus Generalization is generalizations across situations; i.e. changes in behavior in one situation to spread to other situations.Back

Discrimination $200In operant discrimination training, the one stimulus designated typically indicates that the behavior will have reinforcing consequences.A. CS+B. S- (S )C. S+ (SD)D. CS-

CS+ and CS- are associated with Pavlovian discrimination Training. S- (ess-delta) indicates the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences. Back

Generalization 400What type is Response Generalization?

A. Generalization across PeopleB. Generalization across TimeC. Generalization across Behaviors.D. Generalization across LifeResponse Generalization is the tendency for changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors.Back

Discrimination$400Discrimination is the differentiate between .

A. Two Reinforcing StimuliB. Two Similar StimuliC. SD and SD. I wasnt listening

Ex: Bird is trained to peck at discs. Discs are similar in shape and size, however the bird has been trained to only peck at ones with light colors, it wont peck the darker discs.Back

Generalization$600When the effects of learning spread across situations, it is called generalization.

A. ResponseB. TransferC. ConditionedD. Stimulus

Ex. Little Albert experience with the white rabbit spread over to anything associated with its white fur. Santa, white rat, etc.Back

Discrimination$1,200Stimulus Control is when

A. Discrimination training brings behavior under the influence of discriminative stimuli.B. The discriminative stimuli is presented at the same time.C. Improved performance in discrimination training result in different consequences.Simultaneous Discrimination Training: The discriminative stimuli is presented at the same time.

Differential Outcomes Effect (DOE): Improved performance in discrimination training result in different consequences.

Back

Generalize$800Who was the first to report generalization following reinforcement?

A. PavlovB. SkinnerC. ThorndikeD. Norman Guttman

Thorndike first observed generalization in 1898 when he watched a cat escape from a box. The cat generalized that by escaping from box A with its claws to boxes C and G. (Pg. 316)Back

Discrimination$800Both Pavlovs and Operant follow different procedures in how they explain situations and behavior, but in the end they are still theories of

A. DiscriminationB. GeneralizationC. Stimulus ControlD. Both A and BE. None of aboveBoth theories explain Discrimination and Generalization through their use of CS+ , CS-, SD, and S .

Back

Generalize$1,000The tendency for the efforts of a learning experience to spread, is also referred to as?

A. RelocateB. TransferC. StimulusD. ReinforcementThe effects of a learning experience move, or as the book words it: TransferBack

Discrimination$1,000Name the Four Forms of Discrimination Training.A. Simultaneous Discrimination Training, Stimulus Discrimination Training, Successive Discrimination Training, Errorless Discrimination TrainingB. Stimulus Discrimination Training, Successive Discrimination Training, Errorless Discrimination Training, Operant Discrimination TrainingC. Successive Discrimination Training, Errorless Discrimination Training, Operant Discrimination Training, Generalization Discrimination trainnigD. None of the aboveThere are only THREE main forms of Discrimination Training: Simultaneous discrimination trainingSuccessive Discrimination TrainingErrorless Discrimination Training

Back

Final Jeopardy

A man who has made over 50 parachute jumps now becomes anxious whenever he sees the plane out of which he usually jumps. Since he began jumping, he also becomes anxious whenever he looks at any airplane. In fact, he becomes anxious even when he simply thinks about airplanes. The fact that this man now feels anxious in response to stimuli other than the plane that he usually jumps out of best illustratesStimulus Generalization

Conclusion When it comes to learning, Generalization and Discrimination are important.

Both generalization and discrimination are important in our lives. You may not know it but generalization and discrimination play part in your survival everyday. Without generalization, we wouldnt have taste aversion, and know from experience what foods we should and should not eat. Or without discrimination we wouldnt be able to discriminate a sign that means stop with a sign that means slow down.32

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