Principles of ion and Their Relevance in the Concept of Bangladesh

8/7/2019 Principles of ion and Their Relevance in the Concept of Bangladesh

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Administration takes place in organizations. An organization is the plannedcoordination the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some

common, explicit purpose or goal, through division of labor and function, and

through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility Schein, 1980, 15. The

important principle of organization is cooperation among members to achieve acommon goal. So, an understanding of organization theory is very important for

public administrators. There are different types of organization. An example of

social organization is a private club, political organization, a political party; non-

profit organization, a church; public organizations, the Department of Health and

Human Services. Theory is a generalization which is subject to verification.

Organization theories are attempts at better performance within organizations.

Organization:Organization is the form of every human association to accomplish

some desired objectives or goals. It is treated as the structure of administrator.

Professor J.L Massie:Organization is the structure and process by which a co-

operative group of human being allocates its tasks among its members, identifies

relationships and integrates its activities towards common objectives.

ProfessorL.A Allen:Organization as the process of identifying and grouping

the work to be performed defining and delegating responsibility and authority andestablishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most

effectively to gather in accomplishing objectives.

R.W Griffin:Organizing is deciding how best to group organizational activities

and resources.

The organization carries material resources, technologies, human

skills and values. It provides the vehicle whereby productive factors are assembled,transferred into utilities of value and distributed in the form of consumable good

and services

Management:Management is also treated as the functions of administration.

Management is that which leads guides and directs organization for the

accomplishment of a pre-determined purpose or object.

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Administration:Administration is a broader concept than both of organization and

management, as an equation-

Administration = Organization + Management(Structure) (Functions)

So, administration is the force which lies down the object for which an

organization and its management are to work and the broad policy under which

they are to operate.

Theory:A theory is a systematic statement of the interrelated principles and

concepts that explains a specific said of observation.

Organization theory:

According to D.S Pugh:Organization theory is basically

the study of structure, functions, performance of organizations and the behavior of

groups and individuals within them.

Organization theory is divided into three parts-

Organization theory

Classical Theory New-classical theory Modern theory

Scientific management

Administrative management

Bureaucratic management

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Classical theory:It is known as formal organization theory/ Traditional/

Structural theory/ Mechanistic theory. There are three steps of classical

organization theory.

Scientific Management:

It is a system of management approach that aims to determine scientifically the

most efficient way to perform a task. It is a systematic approach to managing that

seeks the one best way of accomplishing any given task by discovering the

fastest, most efficient, and least fatiguing (tiring) production methods.

The pioneers:It starts at U.S.A at the first decade of the 20th century. The term

was first used by Louis Brandies. Although Frederick Winslow Taylor, born in

Germany, and educated in France and Germany, is regarded as the father of

scientific management, many historians of the European management thought

consider Henri Fayol (1841-1925), a French executive engineer, as the pioneer of

scientific management. Taylor applied this term appropriately and explained it

scientifically and completely. He was engaged in researching management until his

death in 1950. This type of management system emerged as a national movement

in United States during a series of events in 1910.

Taylors most notable publications:

Notes on Belting (1894)

A Piece-rate System (1895)

Shop Management (1903)

On the Art of Cutting Metals (1906)

Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Observation of Taylor/ Defects of management:Taylor found many defects

which are the causes of applying scientific management.

Management had no clear concept of worker management

responsibilities

Lack of effective standards of work.

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Lack of harmony between workers.

Restricted output because of natural soldering and systematic

soldering of work by worker.

Failure of management to design jobs properly and to offer the proper

incentives to workers to over cam the soldering. Most decision of the management was unscientific as they were based

on hunch, intuition, post experience and rule-of-thumb.

Lack of proper studies about the division of work among departments.

Placement of workers without consider of their ability, aptitudes, and

interests.

Principles of Scientific Management:Scientific management concept based

on four principles which were suggested by Taylor:

1. The development of a true science which

replaces the old rule-of-thumb method.

2. Scientific selection, training and development

of workers.

3. The brining together of the science of work

and the scientifically selection and trained

man.

4. Equal division of work and responsibility

friendly (co-operation) between workers and

management.

Mechanism of Scientific Management:

Functional foremanship:This is a concept under which a worker is

supervised and guided by eight functional foremen. Four are responsible for

planning and the other four will be responsible for execution.

Standardization of work/ time and motion study:

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It is the application of

Taylors first principle. It is a method of determining the standard time and best set

of motion to complete a particular task. By following this technique we will get a

best way to do job.

Differential piece rate system:Taylors pay plan is known as differential

piece rate system. Under this plane workers are paid a low piece rate up to a

standard and a higher piece rate above the standard. This plane of payment makes

the workers to put their best efforts to the production. As-a-result, production

increases and also become standards.

These are the techniques of scientific management. As the result of above

techniques we get mental revolution in an organization.

Mental Revolution:Mental revolution refers a new outlook both the management

and the workers. It is the result of adopting the mechanisms of scientific method.

Here both parties-worker and management try to do best in their individual

responsibility. The management is trying to update the process of production. On

the other hand, workers are trying to produce more and standard products.

Consequently- a co-operative and friendly relation arises between workers and

management. This mental change of the workers and management is called mental

revolution.

It symbolizes---

Interests of workers and management are not contradictory but co-

operative.

They arent anti-parties to n another but a friendly relation exits

between them

Their target or goal is not negative but positive that is increasing

production and getting more salaries.

Administrative Management by Fayol

Background of Administrative Management:Administrative management

developed in 1st half of the 20th century. Henry Fayol, Luther gullick, Lyndall

Urwick, James D. Mooney have contributed to establish administrative

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management theory. Henry Fayol is called the father of administrative

management theory. It is the belief of contributors that by following the principles

of administrative management, an organization maximize its efficiency.

Contribution:Fayols contribution has been expressed in general industrialmanagement. We can describe the contribution of Fayol in three steps

1. Activities of an industrial undertaking organization:

Fayol divided the total activities of an industrial undertaking

organization into 6 points/ group:

a) Technical activities: Technical activities mean production

manufacturing and adoption.

b) Commercial activities: It means buying selling andexchange.

c) Financial activities: It indicates finding and investing

capital.

d) Security activities: It means protection of property and

personals.

e) Accounting activities: It shows stock taking balancing

sheets and costs state.

f) Management activities: It represents planning,

organizing, coordinating, commending and controlling.

2. Definition of management:An important contribution of Fayol is the

definition of management as comprising five elements:

a) Planning: According to the Fayol Examining the

future and drawing a plane of action.

b) Organizing: Fayol said about term of Organizing

Building up the structure, materials and human of

the under taking

c) Commanding: About command he saidMaintaining activity among the person.

d) Coordinating: He quoted

Binding together unifying and harmonizing all

activity and effort.

e) Controlling: He quoted

Seeing that everything occurs in conformity with

established rules and expressed command.

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Principles of management:

1. Division of work: The purposeof division of work is to produce more and

better work with the same effort it helpsworkers to build up special skill and becomemore efficient to increase the quantity andquality of workers interest, ability andaptitudes.

2. Authority and responsibility:Fayol defined authority as Authority is theright to give orders and the power to exact

obedience. This point indicates- whereauthor exercised, responsibility arises. Wecan also say that there would be aresponsible person who would get the powerto give orders and he must supervise thework. As-a-rule it is seen that authority andresponsibility work together.

3. Discipline: Members of anorganization need to respect the rule andagreements that governed to organization.The best means of establishing andmaintaining discipline in organization are--

a) Good superiors at all levels.b) Agreement should be clear

and fair as possible.c) Sanctions judiciously

applied.

4. Unity of command: Accordingto the Fayol Unity of command for anyaction what ever an employee should receiveorders from one superior onlyIt means only one boss is in the organization.

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5. Unity of direction: By Fayol-One head and one plane for a group ofactivities having the same objectives. Itindicates some objectives have on planning.

6. Subordination of individualinterest to general interest: The interest ofone employee or a group shouldnt moreimportance than organizations interests.

7. Remuneration of the personal:Fayol saidRemuneration of the employees paid for their services should be fair,

reasonable and effort satisfaction both to theemployees and employee.

A variety of methods of payment suggest by theFayol:

Job Rates

Piece Rates

Bonus- it will be pub.org-a+Fringe

Non-financial rewards

8. Centralization: By centralization it is expressed that the powerof taking decision was confirmed to thosepeople who are the decision makers at thetop level of organization. Though most of the

organization follows the theory ofdecentralization.

Fayol quoted that-Manager should retain final authority butalso need to give their sub-ordinates enoughauthority to do their jobs properly.

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A

B

A

D

C

O

N

M

Gang Plank

9. Scalar chain: Scalar chain isalso know as scalar process, scalar principleor hierarchy- Fayol defined Scalar chain as-The chain of superiors ranging from the

ultimate authority to the lowest that directedby the principle of unity of command linkingall members of the organization from top tothe bottom.

For example:In the management of a school we can see the scalar

process-

Principle of the school

Assistant Principle

Headmaster

Assistant Head master

Teachers

By the figure-Scalar chain

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At the figure we can see, between point O and D thereare many other point and these are linking with eachother. These points are also respective where point Ais the superior. As a result if a decision is determined

by it comes to the lowest point respective which takestoo much time. So, we can mention that scalar chaincreate the problem of wasting time. To avoid thisproblem Fayol suggested an alternative root that isgang plank. By the Gang plank or Fayol Bridge one cancontract directly with another but there twoconditions. One of them is they must be on the samelevel and another is they have to inform theirimmediate superior. By following Fayol Bridge we can

finish our work within short time.

10. Order: It means one workermust have one working place and he shouldbe on his place. It is right man in the rightplace.

11. Equity: For the encouragingof the personnel to full fill their duties with

devotion and loyalty must be equity.

12. Stability of tenure of personnel: Stability of tenure of personnel isrequired to become succeed in work job.because of job security he become certainabout his tenure and able it do job properly ina peaceful mind As a result, his working

efficiency also increases so it is called theboth causes effect of in.

13. Initiative: The power ofthinking of a plane and executing that planeto ensure the success is called initiative. It isneeded to all levels of organization otherwise,organization will be failure.

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14. Esprit-de-corps: The wordEsprit-de-corps means harmony or union.Here Fayol tried to mean the necessity ofunity in an organization because unity is the

strength. This principle emphasized the needfor friendly interrelation between workers toachieve the good performance at the result.

Bureaucratic Management

Max Weber is the main and mentionable writer who was a German sociologist.

He wrote Theory of social and economic organization in which we will get all

in formations about bureaucratic management. It was translated by Tolcott pansonal and A.M. Handerson and also published in 1947. He gave bureau

management theory based on Typology of authority

Authority:

According to Max Weber:Authority is the willing and unconditional

complaints of people, resting upon their belief that it is legitimate for the superior

to impose his will on them and illegitimate for them to refuse obey.

Power:Power is the ability to force people to a people there may be willing to

obey or not be willing to obey. Authority has legality and orders legally people.

For which people obey the order willing. But power has no legality. So people may

obey or may not.

Now,

Authority = Power + legitimate

Weber divided authority into 3 parts. The are-

Traditional authority: It based on customs,

tradition, usages etc. People this because they are

influenced by tradition.

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Charismatic authority: Here work Charismatic

indicating gifts of extraordinary qualities from god

for which people like the author and obey his order

willing.

Legal, rational authority: Authority which based

on laws, rules and regulations is legal, rational

authority. It is called legal because authority is

exercised by means of a system of rules and

procedure. Moreover, it is called rational because

in it the means are designed to achieve certain

specific end.

Principles: According to Webers bureaucrat management is governed 6

principles-

1. Division of labor: Division oflabor is base on functional specialization. Itmeans who be expert in what kind of work, hemust be appointed in that kind of work. Wewill get good outputs in its response.

2. Well defined hierarchy ofauthority: The control of the higher over thelower is the literal meaning of hierarchy. Itmeans a graded organization. When theofficers of an organization are grade from topto bottom is called hierarchy.

3. Systematic rules, regulationand procedures: Organization must work byfollowing rules, regulation and procedures ina systematic way. It is necessary to increasehe ability of administrators and to ensure theequity, uniformity consistency and orders.

4. Management by administration: Administrators come from

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2. The Scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of

allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they

could: The PSC of Bangladesh conducts BCS exams to collect the human

resource of Government sector. After passing the exam, they have to

undergo a lot of other tests like viva, medical test etc.

These people have the quality, but do not have proper idea about their task

so, training is essential for the development of their skills. They are

trained in very sphere like table manner, dress code, language skill and a

lot of things as they represent a country.

Police are trained in the Sarda Police training Academy.

Government sends people to abroad for study and training.

In some aspect, BCS is a wrong way to select employees. Because, we can

see, a Biology graduate becomes customs officer. Any person can be

selected for any department creates a malfunction as it is not specialized.

Sometimes people are selected by nepotism, monetary gain and politicalinfluence, BSC is a faulty system.

Though people are getting training in Government levels it is not enough.

Here in Bangladesh, experience means a lot of skill. It is a wrong idea. A

person may work for a long time, but he may not have skill. So, everyone

needs training to develop the skill. They are not able to understand OB or

Organizational Behavior and human psychology. Thats why sometimes

public dont get proper service.

3. The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and

management to ensure that work would be carried out in accordance with

scientifically devised procedures: Bangladesh Government have lot of

industries like jutes mills, sugar mills, fertilizer factories etc. We can see

frequent tension between the workers and the management. Even many

industries are laid off for this reason.

Management should motivate people so that they dont go back to the old

techniques and get involved with new technology. In Bangladeshs public

sector, the control and monitoring and accountability are absent.

4. The division of work between workers and the management in almost equalshares, each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted instead

of the former condition in which responsibility largely rested with the

workers: In Government Banks, the manager fixes the task among the

workers. He divides the functions among the workers and decides who

will deal with customers, clearing checks, sanction loans foreign

currency remittance, issues checks, taking bills like electric bills etc.

according to their duties, they are trained. This is specialization of labour.

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In the ministries, we can see that the superior and the juniors work

together. Subordinates obey their superiors. Upper post people also

delegate some authority and responsibility to them. But, the superiors

avoid taking responsibility of his juniors fault. Most of the time we can

see that the supervisors are not accused for the subordinates faults though

they were working under them and with their instructions. They are

together in the hierarchy but they split while in trouble.

Relevance of Henri Fayols Principles in Context of Bangladesh Public Sector

Organization:

1. Division of Work: Specialization belongs tothe natural order. Fayols this principle can be seen in Bangladeshs

public sector. For example, in a Government Sugar mill, we can see

some people bringing sugarcanes from field to the factories, some arewashing some are operating machines, engineers are setting the

measurements in computers for the machines, some people operate the

drier machine, some collect the wastage and sent them to the paper

mills, some people do packaging and many other works are done by

them. One person can not do the entire task, one person do not have

much skills to perform the entire task also. The person, who has skill

and experience in a specific field, can do a better job. In the public

sector of Bangladesh, we can see specialization of work and workers.

In the public offices, the Government officers are not skilled enough.One of the reasons is the faulty process of selecting the public officers

by B.C.S exams where a person from different skill and interest can

join in other job which can be done in a hundred times better way if a

skilled person were there.

2. Authority and Responsibility: Responsibilityis corollary with authority. If we look at our field administration we

can see the responsibilities and authorities of a mayor, divisional

commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, T.N.O. and U.N.O upazilla

officer and union parishad secretary. It defers in the basis ofhierarchy. The higher post people have lot of responsibilities a well as

authority. For example, there are lots D.C.s under the divisional

commissioner. A.D.C has lot of duties such as collection of revenue,

supervise the police force, and take care of important documents

related to land, creating trust committee for WAQF state, sitting in the

lower court, administering the criminal court, appointing jail

superintendent and so forth. He has authority over police, village

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secretary, but he well get order from his immediate superior.

For example, Deputy Secretary will get order from Joint

secretary that has been bestowed by secretary

There are a lot of positive sides of unity of command in

Bangladesh public sector. But there are some negative sides of

it also. Any decision or plans related to public interest get

changed or cancelled in one phone call from upper post. Due, to

unity of command, others can not say anything against it.

5. Unity of Direction: One head and one plan fora group of activities having the same objectives. The power of

Bangladesh is centralized. Prime Minister is the head of Government;

President is head of the state. Ministers are the bosses of ministries,

Secretaries are their most confidential advisors and they execute the

policies made by minister. So, unity of direction is present in publicsector of Bangladesh.

If we take a look at the Rangs Building Controversy, we will see that

the plans of roads and construction were changed for private interest

and we also know the result. There are so many incidents of improper

planning, implementing wrong policies, avoiding public interest and

common good has made peoples life tragic. Unity of direction in

Bangladeshs public sector sometimes creates unavoidable problems.

6. Subordination of Individual Interest toGain the General Interest: Fayols this principle is totally oppositein the public sector of Bangladesh. Here, the principle is subordination

of general interest to gain individual interest. The personal interest is

major here. Bangladesh Government wanted to give Natural Gas to

India when the Bangladeshi people are suffering in the scarcity of gas.

Contacts have been signed with foreign countries without giving

emphasis to public interest. NIKO case and GATCO case are a prefect

example of it.

7. Remuneration: That means reward for thetask. Every Government post have definite pay scale. Top post have

high pay scale. The basic remuneration of the Government employees

is not satisfactory.

But the other facilities like housing, car, medical allowance etc attract

people in public sector, but in the lower post, the basic remuneration

is too low and they are not given other incentives also. The money

they get is not enough to run a family. So, people get indulge with

unethical works like soliciting bribes. From the Police to the

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Bureaucrats, most of he people are corrupt. An excellent of it is seen

when the Government calls for tender. Extreme corruption is seen in

the bidding foreign tenders.

8. Centralization: It also belongs to the natural

order. Bangladesh Government that is Unitary is nature. So, theremust be centralization of authority. Bangladesh Government has a

center, local government is present, but it is only a part of the central

government.

9. Scalar Chain: Line if authority, gang plank

principles. If we look at the administration of Dhaka University, we

can understand the hierarchy or scalar chain.

Chancellor

Vice Chancellor

Pro Vice Chancellor

Proctor

Faculty Dean

Department Head

Professor

Assistant Professor

Associate Professor

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Lecturer

10. Order: A place for everyone and everyone isin his place. The human and material tools have definite place in

Bangladesh Government. The human resource is gathered by B.S.C.

The people with highest. Material tools are also in the right hand. The

record keeper deals with the documents typist typewrites and

computer operators save documents in files. Order is well maintained

in our Government. Only problem is, the right people are not sitting in

the right place. As we have mentioned earlier, by B.C.S exams,

persons from different fields can join for administrative work. It

hampers our administration. Then we feel the absence of right man in

right place in our public sector.

11. Equity: Justice among the workers. We cansee the persons of the same post; skill and experience get similar

facilities and remuneration. In the top posts, equity is seen. But at the

lower post, it is absent.

12. Stability of Tenure: It is the work mg time

limit of a person. The Government employees of Bangladesh havedefinite tenure. The system of tenure attracts people to public sector as

there is job security. A government school teacher, college and

university professors tenure is 65 years. The tenure of chief justice is

67 years. In public services, personnel are allowed to remain till their

57 years or 30 years of their job.

13. Initiative: Great source of strength forbusiness. In the past, we have seen lack of proper planning and

initiation in Government works. The Planning Commissions plan ofdevelopment of traffic systems, creation flyovers in the big cities were

chalked out, but merely any steps were taken to implement the plans.

Recently, the activities of Anti Corruption Commission are really

appreciable. They took a plan to find corrupt people and get

everyones statement of wealth and source of income. Their initiating

capacity and effort made them quite successful.

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14. Espirit De Corps: Unity is Strength. InBangladesh Government, the friendly relations do exit in the top

posts. If we look at our Dhaka University, we will see the teachers

club, officers club etc. Each member of the club has good relation

with each other. It makes the public sector workable and friendly.But in the lower posts, the harmony is not resent. Most of the time the

workers of sugar and jute mills create trade union and rebel against

management. The problem in Bangladesh public sector is that, the top

post people keep harmony among them and do not feel the necessity

of keeping healthy relationship with the workers. Thats why sever

problems are created sometimes.

Relevance of Max Webers Principles in Context of Bangladesh Public Sector

Organization:

1. Division of lobour: It is not applicable in theadministration of Bangladesh. If we look at the (Bangladesh civil

service) BCS cadre then we will see that in most cases they are not

appointed in the right job. In Bangladesh a graduate in soil science

may have to do the job of a public administration or a graduate in

English does the job of a bank manager. This doesnt match with his

educational background. As a result these public administrators can

not do the administrative functions efficiently and this weakens the

administrative system. So we can say that this principle is not appliedin the bureaucracy of Bangladesh.

2. Hierarchy: Theoretically hierarchy is visible inBangladeshi public sectors. If we see at the administration of ministry

of Bangladesh we can find well defined hierarchy. It is given below-

Minister

Secretary

Additional Secretary

Joint Secretary

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Deputy Secretary

Senior Assistant Secretary

Assistant Secretary

But Sometimes the hierarchy is not maintained properly. In many

cases. If the lower level officers have good connection with higher

authority they flout their immediate boss and misuse the hierarchy.

3. Impersonality: It is not applicable for

Bangladesh because nepotism, corruption, political infighting iswidely seen in the public administration of Bangladesh. Staff

recruitment in government job nepotism is observed pervasively.

When government organizations call for tenders, then the nearest

person of prime authority gets the tender.

4. Management by administration: If we lookat ministries of Bangladesh then we can observe ministers, secretaries,

additional secretaries and joint secretaries are the executives of

ministry. The whole responsibilities to conduct the ministry are

delegated over the ministers. The whole responsibilities are delegatedto the ministers to conduct ministry. Secretaries, additional secretaries

and joint secretaries manage different department of ministry. They

play the major role in decision making and they have the power to

control their subordinates.

5. Formal Rules & Regulations: It means there

are system of written rules and standard operating procedures. All the

activities in the public sector in our country are controlled by severalformal rules & regulations such as

Bangladesh Secretarial Act, 1972

Bangladesh Judiciary Commission Act, 1974

Bangladesh Judiciary Commission Act, 1982

Warrant of precedence, 1986 etc.

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6. Careerism: We can see the implementationof this theory in Bangladesh Bureaucracy. In Bangladesh at first a

government officer is appointed through BCS (Bangladesh Civil

Service) Exam. In our administrative system an official at first is

appointed as assistant secretary. After a pried of time he getspromotion becomes Senior Assistant secretary. In this way at last he

reaches the top position his career when he in promoted to the post of

secretary. In Bangladesh a government official work as full time

employee and his career life is long.

Conclusion:

Bangladesh is land of huge prospect and opportunities. The publicsector is a very vast. From the beginning of civilization, the rules of management

have guided the nations towards success. Bangladesh is not an exception to that.

The scientific and General Administrative management have lot of things to teach.

The principles of Taylor make us realize the importance of science and new

method. Everyone will agree that the development of science have brought our

public sector this far. More improvement and update of science can reach our

country from developing to a developed country. Fayols Administrative

management can transform our public sector drastically. As a citizen of

Bangladesh, we all want our public sector to be self sufficient. For this, we have tofollow these pioneers management principles.

-E N D-

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Principles of ion and Their Relevance in the Concept of Bangladesh