PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONALECONOMIC LAW

Principles of International Economic Law

MATTHIAS HERDEGEN

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,United Kingdom

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Matthias Herdegen 2013

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First Edition published in 2013

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Acknowledgements

This book owes much insight, stimulus and encouragement to many, in all the years of research,teaching and advisory practice in international economic law. Colleagues and students alike on bothsides of the Atlantic broadened and deepened the authors sensitivity for the interplay betweeninternational economic law in the traditional sense and other legal regimes, especially human rightsand environmental law as well as for the balance between universal or regional standards and properdeference to local or national values in all their diversity.

The same holds true for a leitmotif of the book, the contribution of modern international economiclaw to rationality, to the rule of law and other aspects of Good Governance.

My particular thanks go to present or former research assistants at my chair at the University ofBonn, in particular to Carsten Kalla, Karoline Bchler and Dr. Nicole Maldonado. I also thankFlorian Kolling, Evin Dalkilic and Dr. Nils Grosche for valuable research on specific sectors orissues.

M.H.

Table of Contents

List of AbbreviationsTable of International CasesTable of International Treaties and ConventionsTable of National Legislation

PART I. CONTENTS, HISTORY, AND STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICLAW

I. The Law of International Economic Relations: Contents and Structure1. Understanding and Contents of International Economic Law2. The Interaction between International and Domestic Law3. The Interaction of Different National Laws4. Main Areas of International Economic Law5. The Relationship between International Economic Law and Economic Rationality

II. Past and Present of the International Economic Order1. The Historical Foundations of International Economic Law2. The Concerns of Developing Countries and the Call for a New Economic Order3. The System of the World Trade Organization4. The Regional Integration of Markets5. Globalization of Economic Relations: Chances, Risks, and Asymmetries

III. The Actors of International Economic Law1. Subjects of International Law vs Actors in International Economic Relations2. States3. State Enterprises4. International Organizations5. Non-institutionalized Forums of Cooperation in Economic Relations6. International Inter-Agency Cooperation7. Non-governmental Organizations8. Private Corporations and Codes of Conduct for Transnational Corporations

IV. The Legal Sources of International Economic Law1. International Law as an Order of Transboundary Economic Relations2. The Law of the European Union3. International Agreements on Private Economic Transactions4. Transnational Law and lex mercatoria

PART II. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AS AN ORDER OF RULES AND

PRINCIPLES

V. Basic Principles of the International Economic Order1. States Autonomy in Economic Choices2. Trade Liberalization: Reduction of Tariffs and Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers3. Fair Treatment of Foreign Investors4. Non-discrimination5. Favourable Conditions for Developing Countries6. Sustainable Development7. Respect for Human Rights

VI. Sovereignty and International Economic Relations1. A Modern Concept of Sovereignty: Response to Globalization and Deference to

Democratic Choices2. The Principle of Non-Intervention3. State Immunity4. The Treatment of Foreign Persons5. Diplomatic Protection6. National Economic Law and its Extraterritorial Application7. Criteria for Exercising Jurisdiction: Legitimating Links8. The Extraterritorial Application of National Law

VII. Human Rights and International Economic Relations1. The Exploitation of Natural Resources2. Treaties on Economic Cooperation and Economic Integration3. The Impact and Liability of Transnational Corporations (TNC)

VIII. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development1. Transboundary Impacts and Transboundary Harm2. Sustainable Development3. The Precautionary Principle4. Treaties on Pollution Control and on the Liability for Environmental Contaminations5. Treaties on the Protection of the Atmosphere and for Climate Protection6. Treaties on Biodiversity, Access to Genetic Resources, and Biosafety7. The Law of Biotechnology

IX. Good GovernanceThe Internal Structure of States and Global Economic Integration1. Standards of Good Governance2. Global Economic Integration: The Relevance of the Constitutional and Economic Order

X. Dispute Settlement1. Mechanisms of International Dispute Settlement2. International Commercial Arbitration

3. Jurisdiction of National Courts4. Obtaining Evidence Abroad5. Service of Process, Recognition, and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments

PART III. WORLD TRADE LAW AND REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

XI. History and Development of World Trade Law1. Development up to the Uruguay Round2. The Uruguay Round3. Post-Uruguay Perspectives and Challenges for the WTO System

XII. The World Trade Organization1. The WTO as Institutional Platform for Trade Relations2. Members3. Organs of the WTO

XIII. The Multilateral and the Plurilateral Agreements on Trade1. Multilateral and Plurilateral Trade Agreements: Concentric Circles2. The GATT 1994 and Related Trade Agreements

XIV. The GATT1. Objectives and Basic Principles2. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment3. National Treatment4. General Exceptions (Article XX of the GATT) and Security Exceptions (Article XXI of the

GATT)5. Safeguard Measures (Article XIX of the GATT)6. Waivers7. Burden of Proof

XV. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)

XVI. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

XVII. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)1. Scope and Relevance2. Telecommunication Services3. WTO Law and Financial Services

XVIII. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)1. General Aspects2. Patent Rights3. The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Broader International Context

XIX. Subsidies and Anti-dumping Measures1. Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement)2. The Agreement on Agriculture3. Dumping and Anti-Dumping Measures

XX. Dispute Settlement in the WTO

XXI. WTO Law in Broader Perspective: The Interplay with Other Regimes of InternationalLaw

XXII. WTO Law in Domestic Law

XXIII. The Regional Integration of Markets1. Forms of Regional Market Integration (Free Trade Areas, Customs Unions, and Economic

Communities)2. The Free Movement of Goods and Services in the European Union3. EFTA and the European Economic Area4. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)5. Regional Integration in South America6. Regional Integration in Central America and the Caribbean7. Regional Integration in Asia and the Pacific8. Regional Integration in Africa9. Bilateral Trade Agreements of the European Union and of the United States

PART IV. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW

XXIV. International Sales and Contract Law1. Introduction2. The Rome Convention, the Rome I Regulation, and the Common European Law on Sales3. UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)4. Electronic Commerce

XXV. Letters of Credit1. Documentary Credit2. Standby Letters of Credit

XXVI. International Building and Construction Contracts1. FIDIC Manuals2. Long-term Contracts (BOT, BOO, BOOT, BLOT, BOTT)

XXVII. International Company, Competition, and Tax Law1. Relevance2. The Proper Law of a Corporation

3. Recognition of Foreign Corporations and Deference to Home Regulation4. EU Company Law: the Societas Europaea5. Corporate Governance

XXVIII. International Accounting Standards

XXIX. International Competition Law1. National and International Rules against Anti-Competitive Behaviour2. The Application of Competition Law and Extraterritorial Effects3. Bilateral Cooperation4. Convergences and Divergences between EU Competition Law and US Antitrust Law

XXX. International Tax Law

PART V. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT

XXXI. Foreign Investment in Practice1. Economic and Political Relevance2. Direct and Indirect Investment3. Investors4. The Control of Foreign Investment

XXXII. Customary International Law1. Customary Standards and Foreign Investment2. Expropriation and Compensation3. The Extraterritorial Effects of Expropriations

XXXIII. Concessions and Investment: Agreements between States and Foreign Companies1. Stabilization and Internationalization2. Concessions

XXXIV. Treaties on Investment Protection1. Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements on the Protection of Investments2. Personal Scope of Protection3. Protected Investments4. Modern Standards of Investment Protection5. Dispute Settlement

XXXV. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

XXXVI. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

XXXVII. The Interplay of Investment Protection and Other Areas of International Law

PART VI. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIALARCHITECTURE

XXXVIII. International Monetary Law and International Economic Relations1. The Impact of Monetary Relations on International Trade and Business2. The Bretton Woods System and the Development of Currency Exchange Arrangements3. Currency Exchange Regimes4. Monetary Unions5. Eurodollars and other Eurocurrencies

XXXIX. The International Monetary Fund: Objectives, Organization, and Functions1. Objectives2. Membership3. Organization4. Financing of the IMF5. IMF Members General Obligations and the Surveillance of Exchange Rate Policies:

Stability and Fair Competitive Conditions6. Convertibility of Currencies and Restriction of Exchange Controls7. Exchange Control Regulations and their Extraterritorial Effect8. Special Drawing Rights9. Use of the Funds Financial Resources for Members in Economic Difficulties

XL. The World Bank and Other International Financial Institutions1. The World Bank Group2. Regional Development Banks3. The Bank for International Settlements

XLI. Debt Crises and State Insolvency1. The International Management of Debt Crises2. For Restructuring Sovereign Debt: The Paris Club and the London Club3. State Insolvency and International Law

XLII. International Regulation of the Banking Sector1. The Need for Enhanced Cooperation of Supervisory Authorities and for Harmonized

Standards2. Supervisory Authorities and Macro-Prudential Oversight of the Financial System3. Global Regulatory Standards for Adequate Bank Capital and Risk Management: the

Basel Accords

Index

List of Abbreviations

AC Law Reports, Appeal Cases (Third Series)AfCHPR African Court on Human and Peoples RightsAFDI Annuaire Francais de Droit International

AIDI Annuaire delInstitut de Droit International (Yearbook of the Institute ofInternational Law)AJIL American Journal of International LawAll ER All England Law ReportsAm Rev Intl Arb American Review of International ArbitrationAm U Intl L Rev American University International Law ReviewAm UJ Intl L &Poly American University Journal of International Law and Policy

Antitrust LJ Antitrust Law JournalArb Intl Arbitration InternationalAriz J Intl & CompL Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law

Art ArticleASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsASIL American Society of International LawAVR Archiv des VlkerrechtsBCCI Bank of Credit and Commerce InternationalBCSC British Columbia Supreme CourtBerk J Intl L Berkeley Journal of International LawBTLJ Berkley Technology Law JournalBGH Federal Court of Justice, Germany (Bundesgerichtshof)

BGHZ Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen (Decisions of theGerman Federal Court of Justice for civil matters)BLCR Boston College Law ReviewBU Intl LJ Boston University International Law JournalBULR Boston University Law ReviewBrooklyn J Intl L Brooklyn Journal of International LawBYIL British Yearbook of International Law

Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (decisions of the German

BVerfGE Federal Constitutional Court)

CBLR Columbia Business Law ReviewCCJ Caribbean Court of JusticeCh ChapterChi J Intl L Chicago Journal of International LawCML Rev Common Market Law ReviewColo. J. IntlEnvtl. Colombia Journal of International Environmental Law and

L & Poly PolicyColum J TransnatlL Columbian Journal of Transnational Law

Colum L Rev Columbia Law ReviewCornell Intl LJ Cornell International Law JournalCornell L Rev Cornell Law ReviewCUP Cambridge University PressECFR European Company and Financial Law ReviewECJ European Court of JusticeECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesECR European Court ReportECtHR European Court of Human Rightsedn editionEITI Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeEJIL European Journal of International LawEMU European Monetary UnionEnvt EnvironmentEPIL Encyclopedia of Public International LawEur Bus L Rev European Business Law ReviewEur Competition J European Competition LawEur Competition LAnn European Competition Law Annual

Eur St Aid LQ European State Aid Law QuarterlyEuZW Europische Zeitschrift fr WirtschaftsrechtEYIEL European Yearbook of International Economic Lawf/ff and following

F.2d Federal Reporter, Second SeriesF.3d Federal Reporter, Third SeriesF.Appx. Federal AppendixF.Supp Federal SupplementFordham Intl LJ Fordham International Law JournalForeign Poly Foreign PolicyFORUM International Law FORUM du droit internationalGa J Intl & CompL Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law

GA Res Resolution of United Nations General AssemblyGerman LJ German Law JournalGJIL Georgetown Journal of International LawGRUR Gewerblicher Rechtschutz und UrheberrechtGYIL German Yearbook of International LawHarv Intl LJ Harvard International Law JournalHastings Intl &Comp L Rev Hastings International and Comparative Law Review

HLR Harvard Law ReviewHRLJ Human Rights Law JournalHum Rts & IntlLegal Discourse Human Rights and International Legal Discourse

Hum Rts Q Human Rights QuarterlyHWWA Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-ArchivInd J Global LegalStud Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies

IACtHR Inter-American Court of Human RightsIBLJ International Business Law JournalIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICC International Chamber of Commerce

ICJ Rep International Court of Justice Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions andOrdersICLQ International and Comparative Law QuarterlyICLR International Construction Law ReviewICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment DisputesICSID Rev ICSID Review

IIC International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition LawILM International Legal MaterialsILR International Law ReportsIMF International Monetary FundIntl Fin L Rev International Financial Law ReviewIntl L & Pol International Law and PoliticsIntl Law International LawyerIntl Org International OrganizationIntl Trade & Bus LRev International Trade and Business Law Review

JAL Journal of African LawJCLS Journal of Corporate Law StudiesJ Droit Intl Journal du Droit InternationalJEL Journal of Environmental LawJ Energy NatResources L Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law

JIBL Journal of International Banking LawJIB Law Journal of International Biotechnology LawJICJ Journal of International Criminal JusticeJ Intl Arbit Journal of International ArbitrationJ Intl DisputeSettlement Journal of International Dispute Settlement

J Intl Econ L Journal of International Economic LawJL & Com Journal of Law and CommerceJL & Econ Dev Journal of Law and Economic DevelopmentJLTP University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & PolicyJ Priv Intl L Journal of Private International LawJ Transnatl L &Poly Journal of Transnational Law and Policy

JWI Journal of World Investment (now JWIT)JWIT Journal of World Investment and TradeJWT Journal of World TradeJWTL Journal of World Trade LawJZ Juristenzeitung

Law Bus Rev Law Business ReviewLaw & Prac IntlCts & Tribunals Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals

LIEI Legal Issues of Economic IntegrationLQR Law Quarterly ReviewMax Planck YB UNL Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law

McGill LJ Mc Gill Law JournalMelb J Intl L Melbourne Journal of International LawMich J Intl L Michigan Journal of International LawMinn J GlobalTrade Minnesota Journal of Global Trade

Minn L Rev Minnesota Law ReviewMJIEL Manchester Journal of International Economic LawNat Resources J Natural Resources JournalNCJ Intl L & ComReg North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation

NE 2d North Eastern Reporter, Second SeriesNew England EconRev New England Economic Review

NILR Netherlands International Law ReviewNJW Neue Juristische WochenschriftNorthwest J IntLaw Bus Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business

Notre Dame L Rev Notre Dame Law ReviewNQHR Netherlands Quarterly of Human RightsNYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International LawNY2d New York Reports, Second SeriesNYS 2d New York Supplement, Second SeriesNYU Envtl LJ New York University Environmental Law JournalNYU J Intl L &Pol New York University Journal of International Law and Politics

NYUL Rev New York University Law ReviewNw J Intl L & Bus Northwestern Journal of International Law and BusinessOJ Official Journal of the European Communities

QJ Econ Quarterly Journal of EconomicsOUP Oxford University Presspara/paras paragraph/paragraphsPCIJ Permanent Court of International JusticePCIJ Reports Permanent Court of International Justice Reports

RablesZ Rabels Zeitschrift fr auslndisches und internationals Privatrecht (The RabelJournal of Comparative and International Private Law)RAE Review of Agricultural EconomicsRdC Recueil des Cours de lAcademie de Droit International de la HayeRev Arb Revue de larbitrageRev Banking & FinL Review of Banking and Finance Law

Rev Crit Dr InternPriv Revue Critique de Droit International Priv

RIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsRIW Recht der Internationalen WirtschaftSADC Southern African Development CommunitySchw Z Int & Eu R Schweizerische Zeitschrift fr Internationales und Europisches RechtSDILJ San Diego International Law JournalSDNY Southern District Court of New YorkStan L Rev Stanford Law ReviewStockholm Intl ArbRev Stockholm International Arbitration Review

Stud Intl Fin Econ Studies in International Financial, Economic, and& Tech L Technology LawStud TransnatlLegal Poly Studies in Transnational Legal Policy

Sup Ct Supreme CourtSuffolk U L Rev Suffolk University Law ReformTexas Intl LJ Texas International Law JournalTFEU Treaty of the Functioning of the European UnionTJICL Tulane Journal of International and Comparative LawUC Davis J IntI L& Poly UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy

ULR Utrecht Law Review

U Miami Bus L Rev University of Miami Business Law ReviewUN Doc United Nations Documents

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNHRC United Nations Human Rights CommitteeUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesUNYB Yearbook of the United NationsUP University PressU Pa J IntI Econ L University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic LawU Rich L Rev University of Richmond Law ReviewUSCTR IranUnited States Claims TribunalUSPQ United States Patents QuarterlyVa J IntI L Virginia Journal of International LawVa L & Bus Rev Virginia Law and Business ReviewVand J TransnatI L Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawVillanova L Rev Villanova Law ReviewVR Verfassung und Recht in berseeWBRO World Bank Research ObserverW Comp World CompetitionWLR Weekly Law ReportsWM Wertpapier MitteilungenYale J IntI L Yale Journal of International LawYale LJ Yale Law JournalYBCA Yearbook of Commercial ArbitrationYrbk Intl Env L Yearbook of International Environmental LawZaRV Zeitschrift fr auslndisches ffentliches Recht und VIkerrechtZGR Zeitschrift fr Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht

Table of International Cases

Cases are listed alphabetically under the relevant court or tribunal.

I. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE PERMANENT COURT OFINTERNATIONAL JUSTICE (PCIJ)

Chorzw Factory Case (Jurisdiction), PCIJ, Series A, No 9 (1927)........... 45Chorzw Factory Case (Merits), PCIJ, Series A, No 17 (1928).....................257, 365Lotus Case (France v Turkey), PCIJ, Series A, No 10 (1927)........... 43, 86, 90Oscar Chinn Case, PCIJ, Series A/B, No 63 (1934).......... 360Socit commerciale de Belgique Case, PCIJ, Series A/B, No 78 (1939)..............468, 469Wimbledon Case, PCIJ, Series A, No 1 (1923).............. 66

II. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OFJUSTICE (ICJ)

Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case (UK v Norway), ICJ Rep 1951, 116.......... 43Asylum Case (Colombia v Peru), ICJ Rep 1950, 266.......... 43Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company (Belgium v Spain), ICJ Rep 1970, 3 . . . .27, 39, 76Diallo Case (Preliminary Objections) (Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo), ICJ Rep 2007,

582 .......... 77Elettronica Sicula SpA (ELSI) (United States of America v Italy), ICJ Rep 1989, 14...... 39, 45, 76,

77Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Case (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Rep 1997, 7 .......119, 469, 470Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece Intervening), Judgement of 3 February

2012, not yet reported............ 69Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Rep 1996, 226.............

28, 43, 119Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States) (Merits),

ICJ Rep 1986, 14 ............. 13, 26, 43, 53, 68North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark and The Netherlands),

ICJ Rep 1969, 3 .................. 43Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v Guatemala), ICJ Rep 1955, 4............. 75Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay), ICJ Rep 2010, 14 .............. 120Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Rep

1949, 173 ............. 25, 28UN Administrative Tribunal Case, ICJ Rep 1954, 47 ........... 46US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case, ICJ Rep 1980, 3 .......... 148

III. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE(ECJ)

Air Transport Association of America and Others v Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change(C-366/10), Judgement of 21 December 2011; not yet published....... 81

klagaren v Percy Mickelsson and Joakim Roos (C-142/05) [2009] ECRI-4273........... 278Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA (C-106/77) [1978] ECR 629.... 47Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret AS v Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications

and others (C-84/95) [1996] I-3953................ 43Bruno Schnitzer (C-215/01) [2003] ECRI-14847........... 280CARTESIO Oktat s Szolgltat bt (C-210/06) [2008] ECR I-9641 .................. 329Car Trim GmbH v KeySafety Systems Srl (C-381/08) [2010] ECR I-1255............... 315Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (C-178/84) [1987] ECR

1227 .......... 278, 279Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (C-112/05) [2007] ECRI-

8995 ........... 446Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (C-249/81) [1982] ECR 4005........ 278Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (C-459/03) [2006] ECR I-4635 ...... 151Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Denmark (C-302/86) [1988] ECR 4607

.......... 278Commission v Denmark (C-192/01) [2003] ECR I-9693 ................ 280Commission v United Kingdom (C-124/81) [1983] ECR 203 ............. 280Criminal Proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (C-267 and C-268/91) [1993]

ECR I-6097 ................. 278Deutscher Apothekerverband eV v 0800 DocMorris NV and Jacques Waterval (C-322/01) [2003]

ECRI-14887 .......... 278Deutsche Renault AG v AUDI AG (C-317/91) [1993] ECRI-6227........... 279Fdration de lindustrie de lhuilerie de la CEE (Fediol) v Commission of theEuropean Communities (C-70/87) [1989] ECR 1781 ............... 273Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. (C-6/64) [1964] ECR 1141 .......... 47Football Association Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others and Karen Murphy v

Media Protection Services Ltd (C-403/08 and C-429/08), not published yet ........... 280Germany v Council (C-280/93) [1994] ECR I-4973 ........... 271Herms International (a partnership limited by shares) v FHT Marketing Choice BV (C-53/96)

[1998] ECRI-3603 ............ 233, 272IMS Health GmbH & Co OHG v NDC Health GmbH & Co KG (C-418/01) [2004] ECRI-5039

.................. 343International Fruit Company NV and others v Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit (C-2124/72)

[1972] ECR 1219.................. 270Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd (C-167/01) [2003] ECRI-

10155 ................. 330

Karl Heinz Bablok and Others v Freistaat Bayern (C-442/09) not yet published in May 2012 ..............138

Kingdom of Belgium v Commission of the European Communities (C-234/84) [1986] ECR2263.............. 246

Lon Van Parys NV v Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau (BIRB) (C-377/02) [2005] ECR I-1465 .................. 272

Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (C-44/79) [1979] ECR I-3727.................. 361Nakajima All Precision Co Ltd v Council of the European Communities (C-69/89) [1991] ECR 2069

.......... 273NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue

Administration (C-26/62) [1963] ECR 3............... 47OGT Fruchthandelsgesellschaft mbH v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-St Annen (C-307/99) [2001] ECRI-

3159.................. 271Oliver Brstle v Greenpeace eV (C-34/10) not yet published in July 2012.............234, 241Opinion of the Court of 14 December 1991, Opinion delivered pursuant to the second subparagraph

of Article 228 (1) of the TreatyDraft agreement between the Community, on the one hand, andthe countries of the European Free Trade Association, on the other, relating to the creation of theEuropean Economic Area (Opinion 1/91) [1991] ECRI-6079 .................. 47, 283

Opinion of the Court of 15 November 1994, Competence of the Community to conclude internationalagreements concerning services and the protection of intellectual propertyArticle 228 (6) ofthe EC Treaty (Opinion 1/94) [1994] ECR I-5267....... 179

Parfums Christian Dior SA v TUK Consultancy BV and Assco Gerste GmbH and Rob van Dijk vWilhelm Layher GmbH & Co KG and Layher BV (C-300/98 and C-392/98) [2000] ECRI-11307................ 233, 271, 272

Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union (C-149/96) [1999] ECR I-8395 ....270, 271Procureur du Roi v Benot and Gustave Dassonville (C-8/74) [1974] ECR 837............ 278Punto Casa SpA v Sindaco del Comune di Capena and Comune di Capena and Promozioni Polivalenti

Venete Soc coop arl (PPV) v Sindaco del Comune di Torri di Quartesolo and Comune di Torri diQuartesolo (C-69/93 and C-258/93) [1994] ECR I-2355 ..... 279

Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano (C-55/94) [1995]ECRI-4165 .......... 280, 281

Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein (C-120/78) [1979] ECR649............... 279

berseering BV v Nordic Construction Company Baumanagement GmbH (NCC) (C-208/00) [2002]ECR I-9919 ........... 329

Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council of the European Union andCommission of the European Communities (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P) [2008]ECR I-6351................. 6, 43

IV. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF FIRSTINSTANCE

Gencor Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (T-102/96) [1999] ECR II-753. . . . 344General Electric Co v Commission of the European Communities (T-210/01) [2005] ECR II-5575

............. 81Microsoft Corpn v Commission of the European Communities (T-201/04) [2007] ECR II-3601

............ 343Osakeyhti and others v Commission of the European Communities (Joined Cases C-89, 104, 114,

116, 117, 125129/85 (Wood Pulp Case) [1988] ECR 5193.....90

V. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMANRIGHTS (ECTHR)

Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm v Ireland, App No 45036/98 (ECtHR 30 June 2005) ......... 6Groppera Radio AG and others v Switzerland, App No 10890/84 (ECtHR 28 March 1990)...... 101Informationsverein Lentia and others v Austria, App Nos 13914/88; 15041/89; 15717/89; 15779/89;

17207/90 (ECtHR 24 November 1993)................. 101Lithgow and others v United Kingdom, App Nos 9006/80, 9262/81; 9263/81; 9265/81; 9266/81;

9313/81; 9405/81 (ECtHR 8 July 1989)..................102, 361Sporrong and Lnroth v Sweden, App Nos 7151/75; 7152/75 (ECtHR 23 September

1982).................. 102Tatar v Romania, App No 67021/01 (ECtHR 27 January 2009).......... 63, 123

VI. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OFHUMAN RIGHTS (IACTHR)

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v Nicaragua, Series C, No 79 (2001), (IACtHR 31 August2001) ............. 104

Saramaka People v Suriname, Series C, No 172 (2007), (IACtHR 28 November 2007)...... 104, 105Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v Paraguay, Series C, No 146 (2006), (IACtHR 29 March

2006) ............. 105

VII. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN ANDPEOPLES RIGHTS (AFCHPR)

Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Group International on behalf ofEnderois Welfare Council vs Kenya, (AfCHPR 4 February 2010)......... 106

VIII. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE SOUTHERN AFRICANDEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY TRIBUNAL (SADC)

Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd et al v Republic of Zimbabwe, Case No SADC: 2/2008 (SADC 28November 2008)............ 107

IX. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE WTOS APPELLATE BODY

ArgentinaMeasures Affecting Imports of Footwear, Textiles, Apparel and other Items,WT/DS56/AB/R (1998) ........... 182

AustraliaMeasures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (1998)........... 219BrazilMeasures Affecting the Import of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (2007)....151, 267CanadaCertain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R (2000)..... 189, 190CanadaCertain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/AB/R (1997)..........198, 199CanadaMeasures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/R (1999).......... 249ChinaMeasures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and

Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (2009) ...... 228Dominican RepublicMeasures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes,

WT/DS302/AB/R (2005) ................ 209, 279European Communities and Certain Member StatesMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R (2011).......... 248, 249European CommunitiesConditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries,

WT/DS246/AB/R (2004) .................. 194European CommunitiesMeasures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products,

WT/DS135/AB/R (2001)................. 179, 200, 207, 208European CommunitiesMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones),

WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R (1998).......... 123, 21719, 261, 264European CommunitiesRegime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,

WT/DS27/AB/R (Bananas III) (1997).......... 185, 186, 258, 271European CommunitiesTrade Descriptions of Sardines, WT/DS231/AB/R (2002) ........ 224European Communities and Certain Member StatesMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R (2011).......... 248, 249JapanMeasures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS 76/AB/R (1999) .............. 221JapanMeasures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/AB/R (2003)................. 213, 218,

220, 221JapanTaxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8, 10, 11/AB/R (1996).......... 181, 190, 195, 196,

198, 200, 202KoreaAlcoholic Beverages, WT/DS84/AB/R (1999).......... 199KoreaMeasures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R

(2000).............. 208, 209MexicoTax Measures on Soft Drinks and other Beverages, WT/DS308/AB/R (2006)...... 151, 268PhilippinesTaxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS403/AB/R (2011).............. 198, 199, 201United StatesAnti-Dumping Act of 1916, WT/DS136/AB/R (2000)...............251, 261United States Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/AB/R and

WT/DS386/AB/R (2012).................. 223United StatesContinued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, WT/DS217 & 234/AB/R

(2003).......... 251, 252, 255, 261

United StatesContinued Suspension of Obligations in the ECHormones Dispute,WT/DS320/AB/R (2008) .................. 262

United StatesImport Measures on Certain Products from the European Communities,WT/DS165/AB/R (2000).............. 258

United StatesImport Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products,WT/DS58/AB/R(1998).......... 122, 2046, 210, 264, 266

United StatesMeasures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services,WT/DS285/AB/R (2005)............. 206, 207, 227, 228

United States Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R(2012).............. 223

United StatesMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS353/AB/R (2012)..............248

United States Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products,WT/DS381/AB/R (2012) .............. 223, 224

United StatesStandards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R (1996)............ 44, 205, 207, 210, 265

United StatesSubsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS/267/AB/R (2005) ................ 251

X. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE WTOSPANELS

AustraliaSubsidies Provided to Producers and Exporters of Automotive LeatherRecourse toArticle 21.5 of the DSU by the United States, WT/DS126/RW (2000).........257, 258

CanadaMeasures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/R (1999).......... 246ChinaMeasures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and

Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/R (2009)...........186, 206, 207, 227ChinaMeasures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394 and 395 and

398/R (2011) ............. 210European Communities and Certain Member StatesMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil

Aircraft, WT/DS316/R (2010).......... 246, 248European CommunitiesCertain Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal

Products (2011), WT/DS369/2, case pending in 2012 .........205, 207European CommunitiesConditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences for Developing Countries,

WT/DS246/R (2003) .......... 208European CommunitiesImport Regime for Bananas (Bananas II), WT/DS38/R (1994)...... 270European CommunitiesMeasures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products,

WT/DS291, 292, 293/R (2006)............... 136, 216, 221, 222, 265, 266European CommunityMeasures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/R

(USA), WT/DS48/R (Canada).............. 261European CommunitiesMeasures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products,

WT/DS400 and WT/DS401, case pending in 2012 .................205, 207European Economic CommunityRegulation on Imports of Parts and Components, L/665737S/132

(1990)............... 255IndonesiaCertain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS 54, 55, 59, 64/R

(1998).......... 190JapanMeasures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film & Paper, WT/DS44/R (1998)..... 262JapanMeasures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/R (2003)......218, 220, 221JapanTaxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8, 10, 11/R (1996)..................198, 200MexicoMeasures Affecting Telecommunications Services, WT/DS204/R (2004) . . . . 9, 229, 230MexicoTax Measures on Soft Drinks and other Beverages, WT/DS308/R (2005)..... 198, 201, 202United StatesContinued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, WT/DS217 & 234/AB/R

(2003).......... 261United StatesContinued Suspension of Obligations in the ECHormones Dispute, WT/DS320/R

(2008) ................ 262United StatesMeasures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS353/R (2011)...... 249United StatesRestrictions on Imports of Tuna I, WT/DS21/R-39S/155 (1991).......197, 206United StatesRestrictions on Imports of Tuna II, WT/DS29/R (1994).............197, 206United StatesSections 301310 of the Trade Act of 1974, WT/DS152/R (1999)......... 260United StatesStandards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (1996) . . . . 210United StatesTaxes on Automobiles WT/DS31/R (1994)............... 200

XI. IRAN-US CLAIMS TRIBUNAL

American International Group, Inc v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 4 (1983 III) 96 ............360, 367

Amoco International Finance Corpn v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 15 (1987 II) 189 ...........367

INA Corpn v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 8 (1985 I) 373 .......... 367Iran v United States, Case B-1 Iran-USCTR 19 (1988 II) 273 .............. 49McCollough & Co v Ministry of Post, Iran-USCTR 11 (1986 II) 3 .......... 49Mobil Oil Iran Inc v Iran, Iran-USCTR 16 (1987) 3.......... 49Phillips Petroleum Co v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 21 (1989) 79 .............. 27Reynolds Tobacco Co v Iran, Iran-USCTR 7 (1984 III) 181................ 49Sola Tiles Inc v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 14 (1987 I) 223 ................. 367Starrett Housing Corpn v Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-USCTR 4 (1983 III) 122 ..... 362, 367, 368Tippets et al v TAMS-AFFA, Iran-USCTR 6 (1984 II) 219 ............. 362, 363

XII. ICSID CASES

Abaclat and others v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/07/5, (2011)........... 389, 417,418, 471

ADF Group Inc v United States of America, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/00/1, (2003) 6 ICSID Reports

470 ........... 397, 398Aguas del Tunari SA v Republic of Bolivia, ICSID Case No ARB/02/3, (2005) 20 ICSID Rev

450.......... 385, 386Alasdair Ross Anderson and Others v Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/07/3,

(Award 2010) ............... 390Asian Agricultural Products Ltd v Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, ICSID Case No

ARB/87/3, (1991) 6 ICSID Rev 533 ............... 404Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v United Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No ARB/05/22, (2007) 22

ICSID Rev 149............ 405CMS Gas Transmission Co v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/8 (Decision on

Jurisdiction), (2003) 42 ILM 788 .................. 379, 388CMS Gas Transmission Co v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/8 (Award), (2005) 44

ILM 1205 ............. 401, 407, 408, 411, 469, 470CMS Gas Transmission Co v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/01/8 (Annulment

Proceeding), (2007) 46 ILM 1136.................. 407, 411, 418, 4702Compai de Aguas del Aconquija SA and Vivendi Universal SA v Argentina Republic, ICSID Case

No ARB/97/3, (2001) 40 ILM 426................405, 412, 413Compaa del Desarrollo de Santa Elena, SA v The Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No

ARB/96/1, (2000) 39 ILM 1317................ 410Desert Line Projects LLC v Republic of Yemen, ICSID Case No ARB/05/17, (2009) 48 ILM 82

.......... 399FEDAX NV v Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case No ARB/96/3 (Decision on Jurisdiction), (1998)

37 ILM 1378 .................. 389Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide v Republic of the Philippines, ICSID Case No

ARB/03/25, (Award 2007)................ 6, 10, 389, 390Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide v Republic of the Philippines, ICSID Case No

ARB/03/25, (Annulment Proceeding 2010) ..................389, 390Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc, and AS Baltoil v Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No ARB/99/2,

(2002) 17 ICSID Rev 395........... 396Inceysa Vallisoletana SL v Republic of El Salvador, ICSID Case No ARB/03/26, (Decision on

Jurisdiction 2006) ........... 389Kardassopoulos v Georgia, ICSID Case No ARB/05/18 (Decision on Jurisdiction 2007) ..... 390Lanco International, Inc v The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/97/6, (2001) 40 ILM 457

............ 412LG&E v Argentina, ICSID Case No ARB/02/1 (Decision on Liability), (2006) 21 ICSID Rev

155.......... 401, 411, 470, 472Loewen Group Inc & Raymond Loewen v United States of America, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/98/3,

(2003) 42 ILM 811 ............... 143, 402, 403Maffezini v Spain, ICSID Case No ARB/97/7, (2001) 16 ICSID Rev 212...............395Metalclad Corpn v United Mexican States, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/97/1, (2001) 40 ILM 36

............. 363

Mondev International Ltd v United States of America, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/99/2, (2003) 42ILM 85 ................ 73, 143, 397, 398, 402

MTD Equity Sdn Bhd and MTD Chile SA v Republic of Chile, ICSID Case No ARB/01/7, (2005) 44ILM 91 .............. 363, 402

Noble Ventures, Inc v Romania, ICSID Case No ARB/01/11, (Award 2005)..........404, 406Plama v Bulgaria, ICSID Case No ARB/03/24, (2005) 44 ILM 721 .................394, 395PSEG Global, Inc v Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No ARB/02/5, (2005) 44 ILM 465....405Rumeli Telekom AS and Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri AS v Republic of Kazakhstan,

ICSID Case No ARB/05/16, (2010) IIC 420 .......... 403SAIPEM SpA v The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, ICSID Case No ARB/05/7, (2009) 48 ILM

996 ............ 409Salini Construttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v Jordan, ICSID Case No ARB/02/13, (2005) 44 ILM 573

............ 394Sempra Energy International v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/16 (Annulment

Proceeding), (2010) 49 ILM 1445 ........... 410, 418, 470, 472Siemens AG v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/8, (2007) ...............391, 405Siemens AG v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/02/8, (Decision on Jurisdiction), (2005) 44

ILM 138 .................. 385, 388SGS Socit Gnrale de Surveillance, SA v Republic of Pakistan, ICSID Case No ARB/01/13,

(Decision on Jurisdiction 2003), (2003) 42 ILM 1290 ............. 406SGS Socit Gnrale de Surveillance, SA v Republic of the Philippines, ICSID Case No ARB/02/6,

(2005) 8 ICSID Rep 518 ............. 407Tcnicas Medioambientales Tecmed SA v The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No

ARB(AF)/00/2, (2004) 43 ILM 133 ................. 364, 393, 399, 400, 404, 408TokioTokeles v Ukraine, ICSID Case No ARB/02/18 (Decision on Jurisdiction 2004)...... 390Vattenfall AB, Vattenfall Europe AG, Vattenfall Europe Generation AG v Federal Republic of

Germany, ICSID Case No ARB/09/6 .................. 384Vattenfall AB, Vattenfall Europe AG, Vattenfall Europe Generation AG v Federal Republic of

Germany (No 2), ICSID Case No ARB/12/12 ...................384, 413Waste Management, Inc v United Mexican States, ICSID Case No Arb (AF)/00/3, (2004) 43 ILM 967

.................. 396Wena Hotels Limited v Egypt, ICSID Case No ARB/98/4, (2002) 41 ILM 896 ........... 404World Duty Free Co Ltd v Kenya, ICSID Case No ARB/00/7, (2007) 46 ILM 339, 5, 142 ....389

XIII. UNCITRAL CASES

CME Czech Republic BV (The Netherlands) v The Czech Republic (Final Award), 9 ICSID Reports264 ................. 394, 405

Ethyl Corpn v Government of Canada (1999) 38 ILM 700 ............... 365Glamis Gold Ltd v United States of America (Award 2009)............. 398, 399Lauder v The Czech Republic (2001) IIC 205.............. 404, 408

National Grid PLC v Argentine Republic (2009) 103 AJIL 722 ............ 401Saluka Investments BV v The Czech Republic (2006) IIC 211 ............. 4035

XIV. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE US SUPREME COURT

Argentine Republic v Amerada Hess Shipping Corpn, 488 US 428 (1989) ................ 69Asahi Metal Industry Co v Superior Court of California, 480 US 102 (1987)............. 159Banco Nacional de Cuba v Sabbatino, 376 US 398 (1964) ............... 96, 369BMW of North America, Inc v Gore, 517 US 559 (1996)................ 161Edgar v MITE Corpn, 457 US 624 (1982)................ 329Exxon Shipping Co v Baker, 554 US (2008) ............... 161First National Bank v Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba, 462 US 611 (1983) ........ 27Hartford Fire Insurance Co v California, 509 US 764 (1993)............. 94, 338Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v Hall, 466 US 408 (1984) .......... 159Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd v Empagran SA, 542 US 155 (2004)............. 339Intel Corpn v Advanced Micro Devices, Inc, 542 US 241 (2004) ........... 165Mitsubishi Motors Corpn v Solaire Chrysler Plymouth Inc, 473 US 614 (1985)........... 154Paul v Virginia [1868] 75 US 168................ 38Philip Morris USA v Williams, 549 US 346 (2007) .......... 161Reno v American Civil Liberties Union, 521 US 844 (1997)............... 99Republic of Argentina v Weltover, Inc, 504 US 607 (1992)................ 70Robert Morrison, et al v National Australia Bank Ltd et al (2010) 49 ILM 1220 ..........88, 89Socit Nationale Industrielle Arospatiale v United States District Court for the District of Iowa,

482 US 522 (1987)................. 165Sosa v Alvarez-Machain, 542 US 692 (2004)............... 114Underhill v Hernandez, 168 US 250 (1897)................ 96

XV. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE HOUSE OF LORDS

British Airways Board v Laker Airways Ltd [1985] AC 58.......... 93Lubbe v Cape Plc [2001] 1 AC 1545 ........... 163Spiliada Maritime Corpn v Cansulex Ltd [1987] 1 AC 460 ............... 163United City Merchants (Investments) Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada [1983] 1 AC 168 ....... 447

XVI. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE GERMAN FEDERALCONSTITUTIONALCOURT (BUNDESVERFASSUNGSGERICHT)

BVerfGE 4, 7 ............... 144BVerfGE 46, 342 ............. 71BVerfGE 64, 1 ............... 71

BVerfGE 84, 90 ............... 366, 369BverfGE 75, 285 ............. 121BVerfGE 108, 238............ 166BVerfGE 112, 1 ............. 102BVerfGE 114, 396............ 166BVerfGE 118, 124............ 471

XVII. CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE GERMAN FEDERAL COURT OFJUSTICE (BUNDESGERICHTSHOFBGH)

BGHZ 25, 134 ................ 371, 372BGHZ 31, 367.............. 447BGHZ 34, 169 ............... 98BGHZ 55, 334 .............. 447BGHZ 59, 82 ................ 98BGHZ 62, 340 .............. 371BGHZ 97, 269 .............. 327BGHZ 116, 77 ............. 4479BGHZ 118, 312 ............. 167BGHZ 129, 75 .............. 311BGHZ 141, 129 ............. 314BGHZ 153, 353 .............. 39BGHZ 178, 192 .............. 39BGHZ 184, 313 .............. 99BGH WM (1971) 158 ........... 319BGH NJW 1994, 390 ................. 447, 448BGH NJW 1999, 1259 .......... 309BGH NJW 2002, 1651 .......... 311BGH GRUR (2005) 55 .......... 329

XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS CASES BROUGHT BEFORE VARIOUSNATIONAL COURTS

1. GermanyCounty Court Bonn (Landgericht Bonn), NJW 1989, 1225 ................ 27County Court Frankfurt (Landgericht Frankfurt aM), WM 2003, 783 .................. 448County Court Hamburg (Landgericht Hamburg), (1973) 12 ILM 251 .................. 370District Court Bonn (Amtsgericht Bonn), NJW 1988, 1393................ 27German Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht), BVerwGE 75, 285 ...... 121

Regional Appeal Court Bremen (Oberlandesgericht Bremen), (1961/62) 9 AVR 318 ........ 370Regional Appeal Court Frankfurt (Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt aM), 9 U 13/00 (30 August

2000)........... 309Regional Appeal Court Frankfurt (Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt aM), OLG Frankfurt aM NJW 2006,

2931........... 448

2. USAAllied Bank International v Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago, New York Court of Appeals, 757

F.2d 516 (2d Cir 1985)............... 97, 467Association for Molecular Pathology et al v US Patent and Trademark Office et al, [2010] 94

USPQ2d 1683 (SDNY).......... 240Banco do Brasil, SA v AC Israel Commodity Co, New York Court of Appeals, [1963] 190 NE 2d

235 (NY).............. 449Banco Francs e Brasileiro SA v John Doe No 1, et al, Supreme Court of New York (1975) 14 ILM

1440................. 447BP Oil International v Empresa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador, United States Court of Appeal, 5th

Circuit, 332 F.3d 333 (5th Cir 2003)................ 302Calzaturificio Claudia snc v Olivieri Footwear Ltd, United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York 1998, 96 Civ 8052 (HB)(THK)................ 310Chicago Prime Packers Inc v Northam Food Trading, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh

Circuit, 408 F.3d 894 (7th Cir 2005) .......... 311Crdit franais Intl, SA v Sociedad Financiera de Comercio, Supreme Court of New York, CA 490

NYS 2d 670 (Sup Ct 1985).......... 472Doe v Unocal, US District Court, CD California 1997, 963 F. Supp 880................ 113Elliott Associates LP v Banco de la Nacin and the Republic of Peru, United States Court of Appeals

for the Second Circuit, 194 F.3d 363 (2d Cir 1999)...........473, 474Elliott Associates, LP v Banco de la Nacin and the Republic of Peru, United States District Court,

Southern District of New York, 194 FRD 116 (SDNY 2000)......473, 474EM Ltd v the Republic of Argentina, United States Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, F. Appx. 131,

745 (2d Cir 2005) ................ 473, 474Filanto v Chilewich, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, 89 F. Supp 1229

(SDNY 1992)............ 310Filrtiga v Pea-Irala, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir

1980) ............ 113, 116Flomo v Firestone Natural Rubber Co LLC, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, decided

on 11 July 2011 .......... 116Geneva Pharmaceutical Technology Corpn v Barr Laboratories, United States District Court,

Southern District of New York, Inc 201 F. Supp 2d 236 (SDNY 2002).....305, 306Insurance Antitrust Litigation, In Re, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 938 F.2d 919 (9th

Cir 1991).................. 94John Doe VIII, et al v EXXON Mobile Corpn, et al, United States Court of Appeals for the District of

Columbia Circuit, decided on 8 July 2011 ............. 116

Khulumani v Barclay National Bank Ltd, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 504F.3d 254 (2d Cir 2007)................. 114

Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 621 F.3d111 (2d Cir 2010)............. 11517

Laker Airways v Sabena, US Court of Appeals, DC Cir, 6 March 1984, 731 F.2 d 909 (DC Cir 1984)........... 92

Libra Bank Ltd v Banco Nacional de Costa Rica, United States District Court for the SouthernDistrict of New York, 570 F.Supp 870 (SDNY 1983).................97, 447

Lightwater Corpn, Ltd v Republic Argentina, United States District Court, Southern District of NewYork, 2003 Dist Lexis 6156 (SDNY 2003)........... 471

Mannington Mills Inc v Congoleum Corpn, United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, 595 F.2 d1287 (3d Cir 1979)........... 94

Maurice OMeara v National Park Bank of New York, New York Court of Appeals, 239 NY 386 (NY1925)............... 320

MCC-Marble Ceramic Center, Inc v Ceramica Nuova DAgostino, SpA, United States Circuit Courtof Appeals, 11th Circuit, 144 F.3rd 1384 (11th Cir 1998)............ 307

Medical Marketing v Internazionale Medico Scientifica, United States District Court, Eastern Districtof Louisiana, WL 311945 (ED La 1999)........... 312, 313

Metropolitan Life Ins Co v Robertson-Ceco Corpn, United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit,84 F.3d 560 (2d Cir 1996) ............ 159

Ministry of Defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran v Gould Inc, United States Court of Appeals forthe Ninth Circuit, 887 F.2d 1357, 1364 (1989)........... 155

Presbyterian Church of Sudan v Talisman Energy Inc, United States Court of Appeals for the SecondCircuit, (2010) 49 ILM 4................ 114

Roz Trading Ltd, In Re, United States District Court (ND Ga, Atlanta Division), 469 F.Supp 2d 1221,19 December 2006 ............. 166

Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, CA v United States, 966 F 2 d 660 (Fed Cir 1992) . . . . 269Sztejn v J Henry Schroder Banking Co, Supreme Court, New York County, 31 NYS 2d 631 (1941)

............. 320TACA International Airlines, SA v Rolls Royce of England Ltd, Court of Appeals of New York, 204

NE 2d 329 (1965) .................. 159TeeVee Tunes, Inc et al v Gerhard Schubert GmbH, United States District Court, Southern District of

New York, 2006 WL 2463537 (SDNY 2006)..............307, 310Timberlane Lumber Co v Bank of America, United States District Court for the Northern District of

California, 574 F. Supp 1453 (ND Cal 1983).............. 94Union Carbide Corpn Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal, India, In Re, United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York, 634 F. Supp 842 (SDNY 1986) and United States Court ofAppeals, Second Circuit, 809 F.2d 195 (2d Cir 1987)......... 163

United States v Aluminium Co of America (ALCOA), Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit,March 12 1945, 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir 1945).......... 90

Volkswagenwerk AG v Superior Court, Alameda County, Court of Appeals of California, First

Appellate District, Division Four, 123 Cal App 3d 840........... 164Wiwa v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co, United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 226 F.3d 88 (2d

Cir 2000)............. 115, 163Zapata Hermanos v Hearthside Baking, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 313 F.3d

385 (7th Cir 2002)................ 315

3. United KingdomCzarnikow Ltd v Rolimpex [1979] AC 351........... 27Deutsche Schachtbau- und Tiefbohrgesellschaft mbH v RAs al-Khaimah National Oil Company Co,

English Court of Appeal [1987] 3 WLR 1023 ................50, 154JH Rayner and Co v Hambros Bank Ltd, English Court of Appeal [1943] 1 KB 37 ........ 320Kensington International Ltd v Republic of the Congo and others, English High Court, Queens Bench

Division [2005] All ER (D) 370 .............. 473Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co, High Court of Justice, Queens Bench Division

(1987) 26 ILM 1600 .......... 435Luther v Sagor, English Court of Appeal [1921] KB 532 ................. 368Maharanee of Baroda v Wildenstein, English Court of Appeal [1972] 2 QB 283 ............ 85Peter Buchanan Ltd v McVey, High Court of Justice [1955] AC 516 ........... 95Siporex Trade SA v Banque Indosuez, English High Court [1986] 2 Lloyds Rep 146 ....... 319Smith Kline and French Laboratories v Bloch, English Court of Appeal [1983] 1 WLR 730,

733........... 160Williams & Humbert Ltd v W & H Trade Mark (Jersey) Ltd, English Court of Appeal [1985] 3 WLR

501 368 ........... 372, 373

4. FranceCompaa Valenciana de Cementos Portland c Primary Coal, Cour dAppel de Paris, Rev Arb 1990,

701 ............... 49Dutco case, Cour de Cassation (1992) Rev Arb 470.......... 152Gugenheim case, Cour de Cassation, (1962) 89 J Droit Intl 432............ 70SARL Benvenuti et Bonfant v Gouvernement de la Rpublique du Congo, Cour dAppel de Paris

(1981) 108 J Droit Intl 843 ................ 419SOABI v Senegal, Court of Cassation (1991) 30 ILM 1136............... 419Socit Europenne dEtudes et dEntreprises c/Republique de Yougoslavie, Cour dAppel de Rouen

(1985) 112 JDI 473 .......... 155Socit Europenne dEtudes et dEntreprises c/Republique de Yougoslavie, Cour de Cassation,

(1998) 57 Rev Crit Dr Intern Priv 661.................. 155

5. NetherlandsCompagnie Europenne des Ptroles SA v Sensor Nederland BV, District Court at The Hague (1983)

22 ILM 66 .......... 7, 835, 89Socit Europenne dEtudes et dEntreprises c/Republique de Yougoslavie, Dutch Hoge Raad,

(1974) Rev Arb 311, 321................ 155

6. SwedenCzech Republic v CME Czech Republic BV, Svea Court of Appeals, (2003) 42 ILM 919....156

7. SwitzerlandSocit Europenne dEtudes et dEntreprises c/Republique de Yougoslavie, Cantons Court of Vaud,

(1958) 47 Revue critique de droit international priv 359................. 155Socit Europenne dEtudes et dEntreprises c/Republique de Yougoslavie, Swiss Supreme Court,

(1958) 47 Revue critique de droit international priv 366 .................. 155

8. BelgiumElliott Associates, LP v Republic of Peru, Court of Appeal of Brussels, General Docket No

2000/QR/92 (2000)............... 473, 474

XIX. MISCELLANEOUS CASES

American Independent Oil Co v Government of the State of Kuwait (AMINOIL), Arbitral Award(1982) 21 ILM 976.................. 377, 378

ngela Poma Poma v Peru, Human Rights Committee, Communication No 1457/2006, UN DocCCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006 ................ 105, 106

Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd v Ghana Investments Centre and the Government of Ghana,Arbitral Tribunal (1994) 95 ILR 183........... 362

British Petroleum Exploration Co v Libyan Arab Republic, Arbitral Award (1979) 53 ILR297............... 376, 377

French Co of Venezuela Railroads Case, France v Venezuela, Arbitral Tribunal (1905) Vol X RIAA285 ........... 468

Hadijatou Mani Koraou v the Republic of Niger, ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, (judgementof 27 October 2008) judgement No ECW/CCJ/JUD/06/08 (accessed 23 May 2012)..... 107

LFH Neer and Pauline Neer (USA) v United Mexican States, Arbitral Award (1926) 4 RIIA 60.......... 72, 73, 396, 398

Libyan American Oil Co v Libyan Arab Republic (LIAMCO), Arbitral Award (1981) 20 ILM 1................ 366, 377

North American Dredging Co of Texas v United Mexican States, USMexican Claims Commission,RIAA, Vol IV, 26 .......... 75

Occidental Exploration and Production Co v Republic of Ecuador, London Court of InternationalArbitration, Case No UN 3467........... 391

SCC Eastern Sugar v Czech Republic, Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce,Case No 088/2004 (Partial Award, 27 March 2007), (2007) IIC 310......403

SD Myers Inc v Government of Canada, UNCITRAL (2001) 40 ILM 1408.............. 396Socit Europenne dEtudes et d Entreprises v Rpublique fdrale de Yougoslavie, 86 JDI 1074

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/496b41fa2.html

(1959).................. 155Texas Overseas Petroleum Co & California Asiatic Oil Co v Libyan Arab Republic (TOPCO),

Arbitral Award (1978) 17 ILM 1................ 367, 376, 377Trinidad Cement Ltd v Caribbean Community, Caribbean Court of Justice, [2009] CCJ 2 (OJ)

............. 291United States v Mexico, USMexican General Claims Commission, RIAA 4 (1926), 60....... 72Yukos Universal Ltd v Russia, Interim award on jurisdiction and admissibility of 30 November 2009,

Arbitral Award, PCA Case No AA 227........... 387

Table of International Treaties and Conventions

Treaties and Conventions are listed in alphabetical order.

Aarhus Convention on Access to Information in Environmental Matters (1998) ............ 38African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (AfCHPR) (1981).............. 103, 106, 107African Economic Community Treaty (AEC) (Abuja Treaty) (1991).......... 293Agreement of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) (1977)................ 9, 291Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) (1955) ................... 8, 248, 250, 2524Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) (1996) ................ 175, 185Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT (Anti-dumping Agreement) (1994) 185, 255Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT (Customs Valuation) (1994) ........ 185Agreement on Safeguards ............. 212Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) (1994) .....24555, 257Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) (1994)...........8, 184, 223, 224Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)

(1994)................ 8, 123, 134, 184, 185, 208, 21522, 224, 264, 280Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) (1992) ............. 2813, 343Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS (1994) ............. 60Agreement on the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) (1980) ............ 286, 287Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft (1994) .......... 185Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) (1994)............... 8, 10, 18, 61,

62, 132, 1735, 195, 23243, 262, 272Ministerial Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health of 20 November 2001 .................

62, 236Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and

Public Health of 30 August 2003 ............... 237Decision on an amending Protocol adopted by the General Council in 2005 .............. 238Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) (1994)....... 8, 175, 184, 186, 187Agreement on Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP) (2006)............... 292Amendment of the IMF Articles (1976) ........... 430American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) (1969).............. 104, 105Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) (2011)............ 243Articles of Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

(1945)................. 429, 4558Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1945)..... 427, 429, 430, 435, 437

53, 467, 474, 475Articles of the International Law Commission (ILC) on State Responsibility (2001).................... 27,

410, 46971

ASEAN China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) (2010)................ 291, 292Atlantic Charter (1941).............. 171Bamako Convention on the Ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary

Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (1991) ................ 125Basel Accords (Basel I of 1988, Basel II of 2004, Basel III of 2011/12).............462, 4802Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal (1989) ................. 124, 125Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886) ............... 242Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) ................. 45, 73, 380Cartagena Agreement on Subregional Integration (Andean Pact) (1969) ..............287, 288Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000) ..... 1346, 2646Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN Charter) (2007) .....33, 108, 291Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (1974) .............. 1618, 44, 65, 68, 366Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) ............... 361Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) (1945) ................5, 30, 43, 53, 668, 130, 147, 212, 264,

466, 467Civil Law Convention on Corruption (1999) .......... 142Cobden-Chevalier Treaty (1860).................. 14Code of Liberalization of Capital Movements and the Code of Liberalization of Current Invisible

Operations (1961) .......... 446Competition Cooperation Agreement (1991) ............ 36, 3402Constituent Charter and the Statutes of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) (1930) . . . 461Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (1967) ............. 242Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (2005) ............. 158Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo-Convention)

(1991) ................ 120Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters

(Brussels Convention) (1968) ............... 158, 167Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (2003) ............... 142Convention on the Grant of European Patents (European Patent Convention) (1973) ....... 242Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention)

(1958) ........... 4, 48, 1535, 409Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents on Civil or Commercial

Matters (1965) .......... 166Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States

(ICSID Convention) (1965)............4, 6, 45, 77, 150, 152, 155, 381, 385, 389, 394, 41113,41619, 475

Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters (Hague EvidenceConvention) (1970) ........... 48, 164, 165

Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (1964) .......304, 305

Convention relating to the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1964).................... 304, 305

Convention respecting the Bank for International Settlements (1930) .......... 461Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (1999)................ 142CSCE Charter of Paris for a New Europe and Supplementary Document to Give Effect to Certain

Provisions of the Charter (1990) ................. 53, 140Declaration and Treaty of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (1992) . . . 107Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among

States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970) ............. 44, 65, 68Declaration on the Progressive Development of Principles of Public International Law Relating to a

New International Economic Order (2002)............. 17Draft Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations (1990) ............. 40, 108Drago-Porter Convention (1907) ................ 465EC Treaty (Treaty of Rome) (1950) .............. 384Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) (1994)........... 9, 383, 384, 387, 395, 406, 407, 409, 411, 413European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Agreement (1969) .......... 461European Convention on Human Rights (1950) ............ 4, 6, 99, 101, 102, 123, 150, 361First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights .............102, 360, 361, 364European Convention on State Immunity (1972) ........... 69, 70European Free Trade Association Treaty (EFTA) (1960) ............. 275, 2813General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947/94) ........8, 9, 15, 1820, 27, 31, 32, 546,

58, 67, 119, 134, 151, 1726, 178, 182, 184, 186213, 215, 216, 2257, 232, 239, 245, 246,250, 251, 2546, 262, 264, 266, 267, 26971, 273, 274, 276, 278, 285, 392

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (1994) ...........8, 9, 18, 67, 173, 174, 178, 185,186, 22530, 262, 267, 276, 336, 446

Geneva Convention Providing a Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes (1930).......... 47

Hague Conventions relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (1986)................47, 300

Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization (1948) .................15, 171, 172ILC Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection (2006) ................. 38, 76, 77ILC Draft Articles on Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses (1978).......... 56, 57, 393ILO Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, No 169

(1989)........... 103, 104ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy (2006)

................. 40, 111Inter-American Convention against Corruption (1996)............ 142Inter-American Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (1989)

........... 300Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1975) ............. 300

Inter-American Convention on Personality and Capacity of Juridical Persons in Private InternationalLaw (1984)............. 300

International Bovine Meat Agreement (1980) .................. 185International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Arbitration Rules (2006)............

150, 153, 156, 412, 417International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Arbitration Rules (1998) ............. 49, 150, 152International Cocoa Agreement (2010) ............. 29International Coffee Agreement (2007) ............. 29International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) ........... 242International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969) ............. 126International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966) .......... 105International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESR) (1966) ........... 63, 101,

234, 236, 466International Dairy Agreement (1980) ............. 185International Development Association Agreement (IDA) Agreement (1960) .............. 460International Finance Corporation Agreement (IFC) Agreement (1955).................. 460International Natural Rubber Agreement (1995) ............ 28, 29International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO Seed Treaty)

(2001)................. 242Jay Treaty (1794).......... 148Kyoto Protocol (1997) ............ 127, 128Kyoto Protocol (2005) ............... 128Lugano Convention (1988) ................. 158, 167MERCOSUR Free Trade Agreement (1991)................... 9, 45, 267, 290Model Inter-American Law on Secured Transactions (2002) ................. 300Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development (22 March

2002).................... 18, 54, 145, 146, 353Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) ............ 60, 126, 127Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) (1995) ............. 383Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Convention (MIGA) (1985) ................. 420Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on

Biosafety (2010) ................ 126, 136Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits

Arising from their Utilization (2010).................106, 131, 132Negotiable Uniform Bill of Landing for the International Carriage of Goods by the Road (2002)

............. 300Non-negotiable Uniform Bill of Landing for the International Carriage of Goods by the Road (2002)

............... 300North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) (NAFTA).............9, 19, 27, 45, 268, 284, 285, 363,

365, 382, 3959, 4024, 407, 409, 411, 419, 423

OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International BusinessTransactions (1998) .......... 113, 142

OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (1976)...................40, 111, 112, 337OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital (1963)........... 347, 348Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) ............. 241Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1960) ........... 126Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States

on the one Part and the European Community and its Members on the other Part (CotonouAgreement, 2nd revision of 11 March 2010) ........ 107, 141, .................... 194, 195

Positive Comity Agreement (1998) .......... 36, 341Protocol of Trujillo (1996)............ 287Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact

Assessment in a Transboundary Context (2003) .............. 120Rio Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) (1992) ................. 106Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) ...................118, 121, 122Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (1980) .......47, 300, 302Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals

and Pesticides in International Trade (2004) ..............125, 126Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006).............. 242South Asian Free Trade Area Agreement (SAFTA) (2006) .................. 292Statute of the International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) .....99, 100Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (1945)................. 5, 42, 45, 147, 148Statute of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1992)..................7, 10, 45, 95, 97Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2004) .............. 126Treaties on Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN Treaties) ................45, 73, 380Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) (1957)..........151, 178Treaty of Asuncin (1991)............ 288Treaty of Chaguaramas establishing the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single

Market and Economy (1973)............... 2746, 290Treaty of Montevideo (1960) .......... 286Treaty of Washington on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits (1989) ...... 242Treaty on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (1975)........107, 292Treaty on the European Union (TEU) (Maastricht) (1992) ........47, 53, 54, 80, 81, 151, 178, 432, 433Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (1958).....6, 33, 38, 47, 82, 83, 123, 151,

179, 271, 27781, 32830, 343, 344, 381, 382, 4324, 446, 461UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (1976)................ 150, 1535, 156, 411, 419UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross Border Insolvencies (1997) ................ 30UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment (1996/98)....................

30, 316, 317UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures with Guide to Enactment (2001) ......30, 316

UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) .............30, 154UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation (2002) ............... 30UNCITRAL Model Law on International Credit Transfer (1992).............. 30Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) (1994)........19,

148, 151, 173, 175, 180, 181, 185, 190, 25662, 265, 267, 272UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access

to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) (1998)........... 38UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

(2005)................... 2646UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004)................48, 304Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) (2008)........... 290United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) (2003)............ 141United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992).............. 61, 118, 129, 1304, 136,

410United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (1980).......... 4,

11, 47, 300, 302, 30416United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credits

(1995)............... 322United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property (2004)..........

6971United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)..... 59, 60, 151, 266, 267United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts

(2005).............. 316United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1994) . . . .61, 118, 127United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries

(1982) ............... 348Universal Copyright Convention (1952) ........... 242Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ................. 361United States Income Model Tax Convention (2006) ............ 348US Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (2012)...................56, 57, 381, 385, 387, 388, 3913, 397,

404, 4079, 422, 423, 471Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985).......... 60, 126Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1963).............. 71Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) .......... 43, 265, 267, 377, 422Washington Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973)

................. 266Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and

Technologies (1996) .............. 83World Bank Agreements ............. 459WTO Agreement (1994)...............8, 20, 45, 54, 57, 121, 173, 174, 17882, 184, 187, 190, 193, 196,

210, 211, 213, 232, 259, 2647, 26971

Table of National Legislation

Legislation is listed alphabetically under the relevant country.

AUSTRIA

International Private Law Act (IPRG) ..... 38

BOLIVIA

Constitution 2009 ............... 74, 381

ECUADOR

Constitution 2008 .................. 381

EUROPEAN UNION

Directive 88/361/EEC (Capital Movements) ........... 446Directive 90/219/EEC (Contained Use) ... 137Directive 98/44/EC ..........234, 240, 241Directive 98/81/EC.................137Directive 2001/18/EC (Deliberate Release)............. 137Directive 2001/86/EC ........... 331, 332Directive 2004/39/EC ............... 303Directive 2006/48/EC (Banking) ....... 479Directive 2006/123/EC .............. 281Directive 2007/64/EC (Payment Service) ............. 446Directive 2008/27/EC ............... 137Regulation 95/46/EC (Data Protection) . . . 99Regulation 2603/69/EEC (Export) ....... 82Regulation 3285/94/EC (Import) ........ 82Regulation 3286/94/EC .......... 272, 273Regulation 2271/96/EC (Blocking) . . . . 7981Regulation 44/2001/EC .......158, 167, 314Regulation 2157/2001/EC (Societas Europaea) ........... 330, 331Regulation 1606/2002/EC ............ 335Regulation 1830/2003/EC ............ 137Regulation 130/2004/EC ............. 344

Regulation 593/2008/EC (Rome I) ..........47, 96, 300, 302, 303Regulation 428/2009/EC (Control of Exports)................ 83Regulation 1092/2010/EC............480Regulation 1093/2010/EC........ 479, 480

FRANCE

Civil Code.............. 45Law No 80538 1980 ................ 92

GERMANY

Basic Law 1949 .................... 144Civil Code 1900 ..........45, 98, 308, 369Commercial Code 1897 .............. 308Company Law 2008 ................ 328Constitution ...............360, 371, 372Foreign Economic Relations Act 1980 . . . . 357Patent Act 1936........... 241

UNITED KINGDOM

Arbitration Act 1996 ................ 154Channel Tunnel Act 1987 ............ 324Companies Act 2006 ................. 38Debt Relief (Developing) Countries Act 2010 ............ 474Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 .......... 80, 92State Immunity Act 1978 ........... 69, 70Statute of Frauds 1677 ............... 310

UNITED STATES

Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA or ATS) 1789 ...........6, 63, 108, 11317, 160Arms Export Control Act 1976....... 82, 83Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA) 2010 ............... 79Cuban Democracy Act 1992 ....... 81, 303Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act (Helms-Burton Act) 1996 ........ 7981Exon-Florio Amendment 1988 ......... 357Export Administration Act 1979 ......... 82Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution ................ 360, 371

Foreign Assistance Act 1961 ........... 369Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 ........... 6971Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act (FTAIA) 1982 . . . . . . . . . .91, 338, 339International Emergency Economic Powers Act 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82International Organizations Immunity Act 1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 1996 . . . . 7981Iran Sanctions Act 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Judiciary Act 1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113National Defense Authorization Act 1993 . . 81Restatement (Third) of the Law (Foreign Relations Law of the United States) 1987. . . . . . . . . . . . 78,

86, 87, 91, 93, 96, 97, 164, 346, 365, 367, 369, 447Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 2002. . . .332, 333Securities and Exchange Act 1934. . . . . 88, 89Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 . . . . .91, 338, 339Trade Act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . .260, 270, 272Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 . . . . . . . 82Uruguay Round Agreements Act (UURA) 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269, 270Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) 1962. . . . . . . . . . . 306, 307, 30912, 319, 321, 322United States-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) . . . . . . . . . 334, 335

VENEZUELA

Constitution 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 381

PART I

CONTENTS, HISTORY, AND STRUCTURE OFINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW

IThe Law of International Economic Relations: Contents and

Structure

1. Understanding and Contents of International Economic Law

The notion International Economic Law encompasses a complex architecture of rules governinginternational economic relations and transboundary economic conduct by States, internationalorganizations, and private actors. The term essentially refers to the regulation of cross-bordertransactions in goods, services, and capital, monetary relations and the international protection ofintellectual property. To some extent, it also addresses the movement of companies and naturalpersons as well as aspects of international competition.

Although there is consensus on the core subjects, the content of international economic lawremains controversial and leaves room for subjectively coloured choices.1 A narrow concept ofinternational economic law only refers to the segment of public international law directly governingeconomic relations between States or international organizations, focusing on world trade law,international investment law, and international monetary law.2 A broader understanding also reflectsthe role of private actors or hybrid entities administering public goods of major relevance to theinternational community, like ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) andmore adequately pays tribute to the interplay between international and domestic law in atransboundary economic context. This understanding of international economic law includes thenorms of public international law addressing cross-border activities of private undertakings byinternational agreements as well as issues of jurisdiction of States and the hotly debatedextraterritorial legislation.

This book follows a broad understanding of international economic law,3 ie an understanding notjust as the part of public international law addressing the economic order, but rather as the law ofinternational economic relations. Thus, the book also covers the basic elements of what is termedinternational (transnational) business law4 or international commercial law.5 It includes legalstandards for international undertakings and activities as to human rights, labour conditions,transparency (ban on corruption), environmental protection, labour standards, or the prohibition ontrade with certain arms or other potentially harmful goods.

Several reasons support the inclusion of rules addressing private undertakings and individuals. Aconcept restricted to the rules governing the relations between States would provide a mostfragmentary understanding of the modern order of economic relations and would fully ignore manysets of rules essential to the status of private actors engaged in transnational activities. Internationallaw itself pays more and more attention to economic rights and freedoms of individuals and otherprivate actors, in treaties on human rights or in agreements on investment protection. The Conventionon the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSIDConvention) provides for arbitration and conciliation between States and foreign investors. For thepurposes of dispute settlement, the Convention places a foreign investor and the host State on thesame footing, once both parties have accepted the jurisdiction of ICSID. From this perspective,

ICSID is a most innovative step in the field of investment protection as it was before the individualcomplaint created by the European Convention on Human Rights.

Many rules for international transactions or the settlement of commercial disputes are laid down ininternational treaties such as the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) or the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign ArbitralAwards. Often cooperation among administrative authorities results in international rules forcompanies which become law by harmonized legislation in many or even most States. Thus, the BaselBanking Committee on Banking Supervision, an important forum of G20 members and some othercountries on banking supervision, has adopted non-binding standards for the resilience of the bankingsector, in particular for the adequate capital of internationally active banks and liquidity riskmanagement (Basel accords6), which are implemented by domestic laws. Some kind of softconvergence is being reached in the area of accounting standards.

Economic realities should also be considered. Quite a number of multinational corporations havean economic (and often political) weight comparable, if not superior, to many States.7 The quest ofdeveloping countries for foreign investment and access to technology often enough placesmultinational corporations on a negotiating level vis--vis States in context with conditions forinvestment and the grant of concessions. Some companies even succeeded in having contracts withforeign States internationalized (ie governed by international law instead of national law), thusplacing the contract out of reach of unilateral intervention by their State counterpart.

International law also develops binding standards and soft law (codes of conduct) formultilateral corporations. From the view of multinational corporations and other private actors withtransboundary economic activities, international rules and national law must be read together.

2. The Interaction between International and Domestic Law

The interplay between national and international law shapes the international economic order in manyways. Public international law conditions the exercise of regulatory powers in the domestic sphere.Fundamental principles common to most municipal systems like the principle of good faith or the banon corruption may give rise to general principles of law recognized by civilized nations in terms ofArticle 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and thus emerge as principles ofpublic international law.

In World Duty Free Ltd v Kenya the arbitration tribunal held that:

In light of domestic laws and international conventions relating to corruption, and in light of the decisions taken in this matter bycourts and arbitral tribunals, this Tribunal is convinced that bribery is contrary to the international public policy of most, if not all,States or, to use another formula, to transnational public policy. Thus, claims based on contracts of corruption or on contractsobtained by corruption cannot be upheld by this Arbitral Tribunal.8

Resolutions of the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (UNCharter) like a trade embargo under Article 41 of the UN Charter or individual sanctions againstpersons or entities implicated in international terrorism must be implemented by national legislation.

Article 48 of the UN Charter provides:1. The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be

taken by all the Members of the United Nations or