74
Diseases of the Digestive System Principles of Health Science 2012

Principles of Health Science 2012. Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Diseases of the Digestive System

Principles of Health Science 2012

Page 2: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection

Appendicitis

Page 3: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1)Generalized abdominal

pain that later localizes at the lower right

(2) Nausea and vomiting (3) Mild fever (4) Elevated white blood

cell count

Symptoms:

Page 4: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 5: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 6: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

If appendix ruptures, infectious material spills out into peritoneal cavity and causes peritonitis, a serious condition

Page 7: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Appendectomy- Removal of the appendix

Treatment:

Page 8: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

A. Inflammation of the

gallbladder B. Cholelithiasis:

gallstones form from crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments

Cholecystitis

Page 9: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 10: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1)frequently occur after eating

fatty foods (2) Indigestion, nausea and

vomiting (3) Pain under the rib that radiates

to the right shoulder (4) If gallstone blocks bile ducts,

gallbladder can rupture and cause peritonitis

   

Symptoms:

Page 11: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Low fat diets  (2) Lithotripsy: shock waves

to shatter gallstones  (3) Cholecystectomy: surgical

removal of gallbladder

Treatment:

Page 12: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 13: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 14: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue

Cirrhosis

Page 15: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Malnutrition associated with alcoholism

Hepatitis Bile duct disease Chemical toxins

Causes:

Page 16: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 17: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Vary and become more

severe as disease progresses  (2) enlargement of the liver  (3) anemia and nosebleeds (4) indigestion, nausea and

vomiting  (5) jaundice or yellow

discoloration

Symptoms:

Page 18: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 19: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(5) ascites or an accumulation of fluid in the

abdominal cavity

Page 20: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(6) When liver function fails, disorientation, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death occur

Page 21: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Directed toward preventing further damage to the liver

(2) Avoiding alcohol and preventing infections

(3) Proper nutrition and vitamin supplements

(4) Rest and appropriate exercise are encouraged

Treatment:

Page 22: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

a. Condition that

occurs when fecal material remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorption of water

b. Feces or stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to eliminate

Constipatio

n

Page 23: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

poor bowel habits chronic use of laxatives,

causing a “lazy” bowel diets low in fiber certain digestive diseases

Causes:

Page 24: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Usually corrected by a diet high

in fiber, adequate fluids, and exercise

(1) At times, laxatives used to stimulate defecation

(2) Frequent use of laxatives may be habit forming and lead to chronic constipation

Treatment:

Page 25: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Condition characterized by frequent watery stools

Diarrhea

Page 26: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Infections Stress Diet An irritated colon Toxic substances

Causes:

Page 27: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Extremely dangerous in infants and small children due to the excessive loss of fluids

Page 28: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Eliminate the cause

(2) Provide adequate fluid intake

(3) Modify the diet

Treatment:

Page 29: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Inflammation of diverticula, pouches or sacs that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle

(2) When fecal material and bacteria become trapped in diverticula, inflammation occurs

(3) Can cause an abscess or rupture leading to peritonitis

Diverticulitis

Page 30: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Vary depending on the amount of

inflammation (2) Abdominal pain (3) Irregular bowel movements and

flatus (gas) (4) Constipation or diarrhea (5) Abdominal distention (swelling) (6) Low-grade fever (7) Nausea and vomiting

Symptoms:

Page 31: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Antibiotics, stool softening and pain medications

(2) Surgery to remove the affected section of colon

Treatment:

Page 32: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestinal tract

Gastroenteritis

Page 33: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

food poisoning

Infections toxins

Causes:

Page 34: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

abdominal

cramping nausea vomiting fever diarrhea

Symptoms:

Page 35: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Usually rest and

increased fluid intake (2) In severe cases,

antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and medications to slow peristalsis may be used

Treatment:

Page 36: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Painful, dilated or varicose veins of rectum and/or anus

Hemorrhoids

Page 37: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 38: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Straining to defecate or

constipation (2) Pressure during pregnancy (3) Insufficient fluid intake (4) Abuse of laxatives (5) Prolonged sitting or

standing

Causes:

Page 39: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Pain ItchingBleeding

Symptoms:

Page 40: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) High fiber diet and

increased fluid intake

(2) Stool softeners (3) Sitz baths or warm

moist compresses (4) Hemorrhoidectomy

in severe cases

Treatment:

Page 41: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Viral inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis

Page 42: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(a) Highly contagious (b) Transmitted in food or

water that has been contaminated by the feces of an infected person

(c) Vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A

Type A (HAV) or infectious hepatitis

Page 43: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(a) Transmitted by blood and

serum (b) More serious than type A and

can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver

(c) Hepatitis B vaccine recommended for all health workers

Type B (HBV) or serum hepatitis

Page 44: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Other strains of hepatitis include Types

C, D, and E

Page 45: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Fever Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Fatigue Dark colored urine Clay-colored stool Enlarged liver Jaundice

Symptoms:

Page 46: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Rest (2) Diet high in protein and

calories and low in fat (3) Liver transplant may be

necessary if liver is severely damaged

Treatment:

Page 47: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in a body wall

Hernia or rupture

Page 48: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Stomach

protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity through the opening for the esophagus

Hiatal Hernia:

Page 49: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

heartburn distention of the stomach

chest pain difficulty in swallowing

Symptoms:

Page 50: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

bland diet small, frequent meals not lying down after eating

surgical repair

Treatment:

Page 51: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Section of the

small intestine protrudes through the inguinal rings of the lower abdominal wall

Inguinal hernia:

Page 52: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

If the hernia cannot be

reduced, or pushed back in place, a herniorrhapy, or surgical repair, is done

Treatment:

Page 53: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Inflammation of the pancreas in which pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas

Pancreatitis

Page 54: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed, and

edematous

Page 55: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

If damage extends to blood vessels in the pancreas, hemorrhage and shock occur

Page 56: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Excessive alcohol

consumption (2) Blockage of

pancreatic ducts by gall stones

(3) Many cases are idiopathic, or of unknown cause

Causes:

Page 57: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Severe abdominal pain that

radiates to the back Nausea Vomiting diaphoresis (excessive

perspiration) Jaundice if swelling blocks the

common bile duct

Symptoms:

Page 58: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Treatment depends on the cause (1) Cholecystectomy if gallstones

are the cause (2) Analgesics for pain (3) Nutritional support if the

cause is alcoholism or idiopathic (4) Pancreatitis caused by

alcoholism has a poor prognosis and often results in death

Treatment:

Page 59: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Inflammation of the abdominal

peritoneal cavity (1) Usually occurs when a

rupture in the intestine allows fecal contents to enter this cavity

(2) Ruptured appendix or gallbladder are causes

Peritonitis

Page 61: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Abdominal pain and distention

Fever Nausea Vomiting

Symptoms:

Page 62: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

antibiotics and surgical repair

Treatment:

Page 63: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Open sore on the lining of the digestive tract

Peptic ulcers include gastric (stomach) ulcers and duodenal ulcers

Ulcer

Page 64: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 65: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Major cause is Heliobacter

pylori (H. pylori) (1) Bacterium that

burrows into stomach membranes

(2) Allows stomach acids and digestive juices to create an ulcer

Causes:

Page 66: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

burning pain indigestion hematemesis (bloody

vomitus) melena (dark, tarry

stool)

Symptoms:

Page 67: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Antacids and bland diet (2) Decreasing stress (3) Avoiding irritants such as alcohol,

fried food, tobacco, and caffeine (4) If H. pylori bacteria present,

treatment with antibiotics and a bismuth preparation, such as Pepto-Bismol, usually cures condition

(5) In severe cases, surgery to remove the affected area

(6) Antibiotics to kill bacteria that can cause ulcers

Treatment:

Page 68: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

Severe inflammation of the

colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses

Thought to be caused by stress, allergic reactions to food, or an autoimmune reaction

Ulcerative Colitis

Page 69: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 70: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Main one is diarrhea with

blood, pus, and mucus (2) Others are weight loss,

weakness, abdominal pain, anemia, and anorexia

(3) Periods of remission and exacerbation are common

Symptoms:

Page 71: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(1) Directed toward

controlling inflammation (2) Reduce stress with

mild sedation (3) Maintain proper

nutrition (4) Avoid substances that

aggravate the condition

Treatment:

Page 72: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis

(5) In some cases, surgical removal of affected colon

aa. Creation of a colostomy

bb. Artificial opening in colon to allow fecal material to be excreted

through abdominal wall

Page 73: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis
Page 74: Principles of Health Science 2012.   Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection Appendicitis