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Principles of Adult Education. Eamonn M. M. Quigley, MD , FACG Houston Methodist Hospital Weill Cornell Medical College. Adult Learning. Childhood Education. Compulsory Teacher initiated Teacher motivated Teacher directed Teacher assessed Non reflective Non critical. Motivation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Principles of Adult Education
Eamonn M. M. Quigley, MD, FACGHouston Methodist HospitalWeill Cornell Medical College
• Compulsory• Teacher initiated• Teacher motivated• Teacher directed• Teacher assessed• Non reflective• Non critical
• Motivation• Learner centered• Relevant• Clear goals• Feedback• Experiential reflection• Development
Childhood Education
AdultLearning
Average Retention Rate
Lecture
Reading
Audiovisual
Demonstration
Discussion Group
Practice by Doing
Teach Others
5%
10%
20%
30%
50%
75%
80%
The Learning Pyramid
Benjamin Franklin
Teaching Ethos
• Tell me and I forget
• Show me and I remember
• Involve me and I learn
“Education is about lighting fires not filling buckets. ”
W. B. Yeats
Adult Education
Make it Fun!
Adult learners are most successful when:
• The learning is purposeful, meaningful and relevant
• The learner is actively involved• Objectives are identified• Positive feedback is given• The learner is reflective
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook 1; Cognitive Domain .
New York: David McKay Co. Inc.: pp. 7-8.Bloom B. 1956
Bloom’s Taxonomy Revisited
Aims, Objectives and Learning Outcomes
• Aims (general) are overall statements of what you hope the educational event will achieve. “The aim of this course is to give an introduction to educational methods in
gastroenterology.”
• Objectives (specific) are statements of what you will present to the participants. “To present current methods of how to train in endoscopy.”
• Learning outcomes are a set of statements setting out what the participants should be able to do or understand by the end of the event. “By the end of this course you will be able to conduct small group
discussions on gastroenterology topics.”
Aims, Objectives and Learning Outcomes
Course Aims• Pre-set• Outline course
agenda• Defined by trainer• Group activity helps
Personal LearningOutcomes
• Completion of instructional process
• Statement of change for learner
• Measurable• Assist trainer in planning
Knowles: The Adult Learner, A Neglected Species
Why set learning outcomes?
When learners understand how the acquisition of certain knowledge or skill will enable them to perform better in life, they enter into instructional situations with a clearer sense of purpose and see what they learn as more personal.
Setting Learning Outcomes
• Specific• Measurable• Achievable• Relevant• Timely (time limited)
…and learner-centred
Reviewed then
modifiedthroughfeedback
Setting Learning Outcomes
• Specific• Measurable• Achievable• Relevant• Timely (time limited)• Economical• Realistic
…and learner-centred
Writing Learning Outcomes
• Begin with a statement addressed directly to the participant:
• “When you have completed this course you should be able to:”
• Avoid vague words such as: Appreciate Know Be aware of
Writing Learning Outcomes
• Use words describing activities which can be observed, such as: State, Describe, Explain Identify, Analyse, Compare Demonstrate, Plan, Develop, Use
Adults learn more effectively where relationships:
• Promote mutual respect• Are encouraging and supportive• Accept diverse opinions but • Challenge ideas • Clarify difficult concepts
Factors Influencing Learning
• Subject matter• Motivation• Learner (ability, knowledge)• Teacher (commitment, preparation, skill)• Resource quality• Environmental limitations
Limitations or Constraints
• Time• Workload• Interest• Financial• Environment
The Teacher Should Therefore:
• Help define needs• Ensure relevance• Contribute expertise• Encourage reflection• Provide positive feedback
Learning Methods
• Lecture• Discussion
open closed
• Experiential
A Lecture Is Best For:
• Revision of core material• Making general points specific for a particular
group• Persuading or comparing or contrasting
different points of view• Imparting small amounts of new material not
readily found elsewhere• Identification of links between different learning
approaches
Format
• Set
• Dialogue
• Closure
Set
• What is their present level of knowledge?• What do you want them to learn?• What linkages can you establish with their
previous knowledge/experience?• Can you control the environment/seating?• Timing
Dialogue
• Get your timing right!• Break it down into separate parcels to keep
interest going• Pause for audience interaction• Keep eye contact • Make the learner think and reflect
Closure
• Take and answer questions before the end• Remember questions may be the only form of
feedback that you get• Keep eye contact• Summarise your talk – “take home message”• Terminate
Questions
• Yes/No
• Closed - e.g. causes of
• Open - your opinion of
DiscussionClosed
• Content-centered• Knowledge-based• Acquiring facts• Resolving
ambiguity/dilemmas• Acquiring information
Open
• Process-centered• Experience-based• Reflecting on practice• Clarifying views
Open Discussion
• Answers should be positively accepted and then: Related to the group agenda Reflected to an individual or group
(“What do you think?”) Developed (“What would follow from that?”) Directed to another member
Positive Critique
• Adults do not readily accept negative criticism
• Positive critique enhances the learning environment
What did you do well?
What could be done better?
Feedback
• Timing• First hand• Specific• Action not person• Non judgemental• Consistent• With guidance• Private
Evaluate your own teaching!
• Ask yourself – positive feedback, students’ progress, reflection
• Ask learners – 3 things you learned today, oral/written evaluation
• Ask a colleague – peer review
Active reflection
• How did I make the learning points?
• Why did I do it in this way?
• What went well and what could be done better?
• How has it influenced me?
• What will I do differently as a result? When will I do it? How will I know I have done it?
Questions?
Adult Education Theory
• Adults learn best when:
• They are motivated• The learning is relevant• The aims and objectives are clear• They are actively involved• A variety of learning methods is used
Adults Learn Best When:
• They are able to reflect on their experience
• It is done in “negotiated” time
• They get feedback
• It is FUN!