FAKULTETA ZA KMETIJSTVO IN BIOSISTENSKE VEDE MARIBOR

MARIO LEŠNIK 1

Nove

plevelne

vrste

v Sloveniji

–

ocena

dinamike

prehoda

iz

ruderalnih v plevelne

združbe

njivskih

površin

in

trajnih

nasadov

OSNOVNI VIDIKI POTENCIALNE ŠKODLJIVOSTI NOVIH VRST RASTLIN:

-IZGUBE KOLIČINE IN KAKOVOSTI PRIDELKOV GOJENIH RASTLIN

-POVEČANJE STROŠKOV PRIDELAVE GOJENIH RASTLIN

-OGROŽANJE ZDRAVJA LJUDI, DOMAČIH IN DIVJIH ŽIVALI

-OGROŽANJE REDKIH IN VAROVANIH HABITATNIH TIPOV

-PORUŠENJE RAVNOTEŽIJ IN PREHRANSKIH VERIG V OBČUTLJIVIH HABITATIH

-OMOGOČANJE NASELITVE NOVIH ŠKODLJIVCEV IN POVZROČITELJEV BOLEZNI GOJENIH RASTLIN

OZNAKE GLEDI POTI VNOSA NOVIH RASTLINSKIH VRST:PRID –

vnos pri uvozu pridelkov, eko

kmetijstvo –

izmenjava semen, alternativne

rastline, alternativne energetske rastline, …KRM-

uvoz krmil (hrane) za domače živali in hišne ljubljenčke, …..

OKZDR –

vnos kot okrasna, užitna ali zdravilna rastlina, ….. RSUB –

vnos v rastnih substratih (originalno pakiranje substratov ali

lončnice),

TRANS –

prenos ob splošnem transportu (semena slepi potniki na čevljih, na obleki, avtomobilih, vlakih, gradbena mehanizacija, kmetijska mehanizacija, …).

Primeri ustalitve novih vrst iz preteklosti

NJIVA KORUZE PRERASLA S TOPINAMBURJEM

Latinsko poimenovanje: Poti vnosa: URP UPP GŠ

Amaranthus

deflexus

L. TRANS DA NE M

Amaranthus

albus

L. TRANS DA NE M

Amaranthus

rudis

(L.) Saur. PRID NE NE V

Amaranthus

viridis

L., A. gracilis

Desf. PRID, TRANS NE NE S

Amaranthus

palmeri

S. Watson OKZDR NE NE V

Amaranthus

caudatus

L. OKZDR NE NE Z

Amaranthus

oleraceus

L. A. blitum

L. subsp. oleraceus

(L.) CosteaOKZDR NE NE M

Amaranthus

blitoides

S. Watson TRANS DA NE M

Amaranthus

tricolor

L. OKZDR NE NE M

Amaranthus

cruentus

L. OKZDR DA NE M

GŠ

–

potencialna gospodarska škoda: V –

velika, S –

srednje velika, M –

majhna, Z-

zanemarljiva Obstoj prvih ustaljenih populacij na ruderalnih

(URP) ali pridelovalnih (UPP) površinah

Pojavnost novih vrst v družini Amaranthaceae

A. RETROFLEXUS IN A. HYBRIDUS –

najbolj razširjeni vrsti ščira

pri nas

A. DEFLEXUS MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -

NEPOMEMBNO

A. BLITOIDES MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -

NEPOMEMBNO

A. ALBUS

SREDNJA TEKMOVALNOST –

SKORAJ NEPOMEMBNO

A.

VIRIDIS

tip Azija = = =

A. GRACILIS

MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -

NEPOMEMBNO

A.GRACILIS

A.

TAMARISCINUS Nuttal

A. RUDIS J.D. Saur

A. TUBERCULATUS Moq.

AGREGATNA VRSTA –

DVODOMNE RASTLINE

AGRESIVNA TEKMOVALNA VRSTA

A.TUBERCULATUS

A. tuberculatus

A.

TUBERCULATUS Moq.

-

izrastki na koreninskem vratu

-

semenska ovojnica pol-orešček

A.

RUDIS

moška rastlina

VELIKO

CVETNEGA

PRAHU

ALERGIJE

A. PALMERI VISOKO TEKMOVALNA VRSTA

POGOST RAZVOJ ODPORNOSTI NA HERBICIDE

A. PALMERI -

listi na zelo dolgih pecljih

A. PALMERI

A.

PALMERI

izrazito dolgo

terminalno

socvetje

A. DUBIUS Mart. ex

ThellA.

HYBRIDUS SUBP. HYBRIDUS

Visoko tekmovalna vrsta na primorskem

A. DUBIUS – izredno redka

rastlina –

ni tekmovalna vrsta

A.

DUBIUS X A. HYBRIDUS ?????

VEČ

VMENSIH FORM -

PRIMORSKA

A. DUBIUS

A. CAUDATUS A. TRICOLOR

NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –

nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form

A. CRUENTUS

NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –

nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form

A.

CRUENTUS

-

samosevne

nekultivirane forme

A.

CRUENTUS

-

samosevne

nekultivirane forme

A. HYBRIDUS

SUPSP. HYPOCHODRIACUS

NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –

nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form

A. LIVIDUS (A. BLITUM) PODVRSTA A. BLITUM SUBSP. EMARGINATUS

Nova podvrsta –

značilna za njive z vrtninami

PRIMERJAVA OMENJENIH VRST

Začetek vznikanja: Začetek cvetnja: Začetek zorenja semen:

april maj junij julij avgust septemb. oktob.

A. retroflexus

A. powelii

A. hybridus

A. rudis com.

A. viridis

A. albus

A. blitum

A. palmeri

A. gracilis

A. dubious

A. deflexus

A. blitoides

Nekatere fenološke značilnosti ščirov

–

osrednja Slovenija –

razmere tekmovanja

pend

imet

alin

flufe

nace

t + m

et.

mez

otrio

n

topr

amez

on

tem

botri

on

2,4-

D

dika

mba

fora

msu

lfuro

n

pros

ulfu

ron

niko

sulfu

ron

rimsu

lfuro

n

A. retroflexus 80-95

90-100

95-100

90-95

95-100

90-95

85-95

87-95

88-95

90-97

94-98

A. palmeri 80-90

/ 90 85-90

80-90

85-90

80-90

80-90

75-90

/ 80-90

A. hybridus 80-90

90-98

90-100

90-95

90-100

90-100

90-95

90-95

85-90

85-95

90-95

A. blitum 90-95

90-97

95-100

90-95

90-95

90-96

85-90

90-95

85-93

90-93

85-90

A. viridis 93-98

93-100

99-100

96-100

93-100

90-98

90-100

90-95

90-95

85-95

85-90

A. rudis com. 80-85

90-95

90-100

75-85

80-95

90-95

88-95

75-90

75-85

60-70

60-75

Delovanje nekaterih herbicidov na ščire

–

sinteza nekaterih domačih rezultatov iz poskusov in podatkov iz literature; upoštevani največji dovoljeni odmerki 2009.

ZATIRANJE ŠČIROV NI TEŽAVNO –

HERBICIDI DELUJEJO DOBRO

Latinsko poimenovanje: Poti vnosa: URP UPP GŠ

*Chenopodium

probstii

Aellen PRID NE NE S

*Chenopodium

missouriense

Aellen PRID NE NE S

Chenopodium

quinoa

Willd. OKZDR NE NE M

*Chenopodium

giganteum

D.Don.*C.amaranticolor

(Coste.&Reyn.)Coste.&ReynOKZDR NE NE S

*Chenopodium

centrorubrum

Makino*C. album

L. var. centrorubrumTRANS NE NE S

Polygonum

orientale

L OKZDR DA DA S

Reynoutria

japonica

Houtt. OKZDR DA DA V

Reynoutria

sachalinensis

F. Schmidt OKZDR DA NE V

Fallopia

baldschuanica

(Regel)Holub OKZDR NE NE S

GŠ

–

potencialna gospodarska škoda: V –

velika, S –

srednje velika, M –

majhna, Z-

zanemarljiva Obstoj prvih ustaljenih populacij na ruderalnih

(URP) ali pridelovalnih UPP površinah*POTREBNA DODATNA NATANČNEJŠA PREUČITEV VRSTNE PRIPADNOSTI

Pojavnost novih vrst v družini Chenopodiaceae

in Polygonaceae

C. CENTRORUBRUM DOKAJ NETEKMOVALNA PODVRSTA C. ALBUM

C. CENTRORUBRUM

C. AMARANTICOLOR

C. GIGANTEUM

Podivjane sicer gojene vrste -

kulinarika

C. GIGANTEUM

Podivjane kultivirane forme

C. QUINOA

C. QUINOA

Podivjane kultivirane forme

Original Paper

Chenopodium probstii and Chenopodium missouriense: two North American plant species in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and neighbouring countriesJ. Dostálek, Ing., V. Jehlík, RNDr.

Research

Institute for

Landscape

and

Ornamental

Gardening, Pr honice, Praha

email: J. Dostálek

(dostalek@vukoz.cz)

Abstract

This

paper

presents

the

results

of

a floristic-taxonomic

survey

of

two

North

American

invasive

species, Chenopodium probstii Aellen

and

Ch. missouriense Aellen, in the

Czech

Republic, Slovak Republic

and

neighbouring

countries. It is based

mainly

on the

results

of

a re-analysis

of

the

authors' herbarium

material collected

from

1957 to 2003, deposited

mainly

in the

PRA Herbarium

(herbarium

of

the

Institute of

Botany

of

the

Academy

of

Sciences

of

the

Czech

Republic

in Pr honice

near

Prague). Also, the

chorology

and

ecology

of

both

species

in Czechian

and

Slovakian

are discussed. In addition, a summary

of

data

on the

occurrence

of

both

species

throughout

their

distribution

is presented, with

emphasis

on European

records. On the

basis

of

this

analysis, the

hypothetical

origin

of

Ch. probstii in North

America

is confirmed. First-time records

of

this

species

are presented

for

Egypt, North

Korea, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia

and

Romania.

The

second

species, Ch. missouriense, is reported

for

the

first

time from

Slovakia

and

Austria. Sources

of

further

dissemination

of

both

species

in their

secondary

European

area

of

distribution

are described. In Europe, both

these

invasive

species

are in the

pro-

cess

of

naturalisation

(ephemerophyte

epoecophyte), approximately

in the

resting-phase

lag; significant

range expansion

can

be

expected

in the

near

future, especially

for

Ch. probstii.

Feddes RepertoriumVolume 115 Issue 5-6, Pages 483 - 503

Published Online: 1

Oct

2004Copyright

©

2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag

GmbH

& Co. KGaA, Weinheim

View

all

previous

titles

for

this

journal

Chenopodium giganteum D. Don, C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai, C. probstii Aellen, and

other

similar

forms: plants

usually

exceptionally

robust, to 20-30 (occasionally

more) dm, erect, ±

densely

farinose

(mealy

pubescence

of

young

leaves

usually reddish

or yellowish), at maturity

becoming

yellowish

green, yellow

to deep

beet

red;

variously

(but

usually

not profusely) branched; proximal

and

middle

cauline

leaf blades

large

(to 15 cm), ovate

to distinctly

3-lobed, margins

dentate

to ±

entire;

terminal inflorescences

normally

condensed, spicate

(in some forms

lax

but

large), lateral

inflorescences

usually

weakly

developed; seeds

variable

but

most often

ca 1.2

mm diam. or larger, seed

coat

smooth

or nearly

so.

These

taxa

are probably

all

native

to southern

and

southeastern

Asia, where

they

were occasionally

cultivated

as ancient

leaf

vegetables

and

pseudocereals. In Japan

and

eastern

China

they

were

usually

known

as Chenopodium centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai, and

in India

and

western

China

as C. giganteum D. Don. Other

forms, such

as

C. amaranticolor Coste & Reynier, are of

uncertain

origin. Chenopodium probstii Aellen

was

described

from

Europe

as an

alien

species

supposedly

introduced

from

Australia, but

then

its

North

American

origin

was

suggested. Probably

the

forms discussed

evolved

independently

in different

parts

of

Eurasia

and, consequently,

represent

different

taxa

of

the

C. album aggregate. Despite

several

painstaking

efforts (e.g., P. Aellen

1929c; F. Dvo

ák

1992), their

taxonomy

still

remains

confused

and

is in

need

of

further

experimental

studies.

1S e a rc h

FNA

| Family

List

| FNA Vol. 4

| Chenopodiaceae

| Chenopodium32. Chenopodium album Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 219. 1753.

C. PROBSTII

C. PROBSTII

C. PROBSTII C. STRIATUM

C. PROBSTII in C. STRIATUM

C. MISSOURIENSIS

C. MISSOURIENSIS

C. MISSOURIENSISC. ALBUM

POLYGONUM ORIENTALE

Reynoutria

sachalinensisReynoutria

japonica

Reynoutria

japonica

Fallopia

baldschuanica

(Regel)Holub