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Primate evolution & human origins
Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history
Darwin, 1859
During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views.
Darwin, 1871
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
Ponginae Homininae
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
tarsierlemur
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
Ponginae Homininae
Pongo pygmaeus
Ponginae
Pan troglodytes
Pan paniscus
Homininae
Gorilla gorilla
Homo sapiens
Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrate that humans are closely related to gorillas and chimpanzees
Gigantopithecus blackii
gorilla
human
Ape & Human common ancestor
opposable hallux
luxuriant body hair
ape-sized brain
knuckle-walker (not bipedal)
complex social relationships
used simple tools
The phylogenetic relationships among the species of fossil hominids have not been definitively established
The fossil record includes a diversity of hominids that lived after the human lineage and the chimpanzee lineage separated
Sahalanthropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
4.4 MYAknown only from teeth
Australopithecus anamensis
3.9 - 4.2 MYAknown only from jaws & teeth
Australopithecus afarensis
3.0 - 3.9 MYA‘Lucy’
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus afarensis
‘Robust’ australopithecines
Genus: Paranthropus
3 species: aethiopicus, boisei, robustus
not human ancestors
large molars
powerful jaws
bony crest on skull
Paranthropus aethiopicus
1.9 - 2.7 MYAformerly Australopithecus
Paranthropus boisei
1.4 - 2.3 MYAformerly Australopithecus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
1.0 - 2.0 MYAformerly Australopithecus
‘Gracile’ australopithecines
Genus: Australopithecus
3 species: afarensis, africanus
human ancestors
small braincases
bipedal
make/use stone tools
Australopithecus africanus
2.4 - 2.8 MYAhuman lineage unknown
Australopithecus africanus
The earliest known stone tools predate the earliest known Homo species
Homo rudolfensis
1.8 - 2.4 MYAconspecific with H. habilis?
Homo habilis
1.6 - 1.9 MYAformerly Australopithecus
Homo habilis
An analysis of the skulls of Homo habilis suggest that they may have had at least rudimentary language
Homo erectus
Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
1.5 - 1.8 MYAAfrican H. erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster
Homo heidelbergensis
immediate ancestor to H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
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Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
Analyses of a limited sample of ancient DNA suggest that modern humans and Neandertals were distinct lineages, and that modern humans emerging from Africa replaced Neandertals in Europe
What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals!
Hamlet, William Shakespeare
The origin of modern Homo sapiens is controversial
Homo sapiens
Morphological analyses suggest that modern humans evolved in Africa, then replaced archaic humans elsewhere
bipedalism
big brains
naked skin
Causes of hominid evolution
Pelvic girdle
female male
Tilted forwardBones lighter, thinner, smootherCavity of true pelvis:
broad, shallowAcetabulasmaller, further apartPubic arch broaderPelvic brim widerSacrum wider, shorter
chimpanzee
human
gorilla
human
There are one hundred and ninety-three living species of monkeys and apes. One hundred and ninety-two of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens.
Desmond Morris
gibbon chimpanzeeorangutan gorilla human