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Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potato
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Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potato modification for Potato
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Potato crop prefers well-pulverized seed bed for its better germination,
growth and yield.
Soil is brought to fine tilth through repeated tillage operations prior to
potato planting.
Tillage operations carried in potato cultivation can be grouped in to two,
1. Primary tillage
2. Secondary tillage.
Country plough, mould board plough, disc plough, Bose plough,
cultivator are some of the commonly used primary tillage implements in
potato cultivation.
Abstract:
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potato Potato
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Cultivator, harrows, planks are regularly used for secondary
tillage in potato fields.
However, country plough, cultivators and harrows are used as duel
purpose i.e. for both primary and secondary tillage operations in
potato fields in developing countries.
Land modifications for making preferred method of potato
planting, i.e. ridges and furrows in addition to other methods such
as planting flat beds, shallow furrow planting, planting tubers and
ridging etc. are made either manually or mechanically.
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPotato
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To learn the primary and secondary tillage operations carried
out in potato cultivation in potato.
To know the different land modification needed for planting
potato.
Learning objectives:
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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Potato ranks fourth position in the world after wheat, rice and maize
as non-cereal food crop. It is used in many ways like vegetable,
potato wafers/chips, powder, finger chips etc.
Potato tubers constitute a highly nutritious food. It provides
carbohydrates, vitamin C, minerals, high quality protein and dietary
fibre.
The potato needs well pulverized seed bed for tuber production.
Introduction:
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPrimary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potato
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The soil is brought to a fine tilth by giving 8-10 ploughings followed by
planking (after each ploughing).
The process of planking levels the land, breaks the clods, collects the
weeds and compresses the soil slightly. The preparation of land is
usually begin at 6-8 weeks before the sowing of potato during which
25 tonnes/ha of compost or FYM are applied to the soil.
The soil should be made free from stubbles, weeds and clods. Now-a-
days, tractors and power tillers are employed for land preparation the
latter makes the soil more pulverize, free from weeds and clods by
minimum number of tillage than that of country plough
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPotato
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The tillage operation that is done after the harvest of crop to bring
the land under cultivation is known as primary tillage or ploughing.
Ploughing is the opening of the compact soil with the help of
different ploughs.
Primary tillage is done mainly to open the hard soil and to
separate the top soil from lower layers and to uprooting of weeds
also.
Potato is a crop whose growing season is short and whose
planting time is restricted. Speedy agricultural operations are a
basic need to ensure success.
Primary tillage
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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The primary objective of tillage in potato is to prepare the land for
placement of tubers. The secondary objective of tillage is that is to
control the weeds in potato at the early stages of plant emergences.
Fine soil tilth is maintained for potato cultivation.
To achieve this, a very high number of tillage operations to the extent
of 6-12 times is practiced which not only cause delay in planting at
optimum time but also, disturb the aggregation of soil particles as
well as moisture content in the soil.
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPotato
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Experimental results however, suggest that the number of tillage
operations can be appreciably reduced.
There are several implements used for primary tillage are as follows.
Country plough
It is an indigenous plough and is one of the most common
implements used by potato farmers of developing countries. It is
drawn with a pair of bullocks. It is used both for tilling the land and
harvesting of potato.
The plough can work up about 0.14 ha/day in the initial ploughing
and subsequently the efficiency increases to about 0.20 ha/day.
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatofor Potato
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It is most suitable for primary tillage of almost all types of soil in
potato cultivation.
It cuts square furrow and the soil is inverted completely depending on
the curvature given to the mould board plough and thus help in
burying the weeds.
The mould board plough ploughs to a depth of 15 cm having width
from 15 to 35 cm. It covers 0.20-0.26 ha/day.
Mould board plough
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPotato
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It is a modified form of mould board plough. It is made of wood
except the share which is made of steel or iron.
The structure and function of this plough is almost similar to
mould board plough
This plough is gaining popularity among the potato farmers.
Most of the farmers of developing countries, cultivating potato
are using this plough.
Bose plough
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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It is also used for ploughing which have little resemblance to
common mould board plough. It is clod breaking implements which
is invariably used for initial ploughing in hard soil under potato
cultivation. It can cover about two hectares a day.
Disc plough
Spade is most common implement used for various agricultural
operations like bunding, channeling, ridging and harvesting of
potato. It is used for breaking and preparing of the soil when the
land size is small.
Spade
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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The tillage operations that are performed on the soil after primary
tillage to bring a good soil tilth are known as secondary tillage.
Secondary tillage consists of lighter or finer operation which is
done to clean the soil, break the clods and incorporate the
manures and fertilizers. Since the potato prefers fine seedbed,
the secondary tillage operations are inevitable.
Secondary tillage
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatofor Potato
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There are some implements used for secondary tillage
as follows Cultivator
It is one of the most useful implements used for secondary tillage of
potato field.
It may also be used for primary tillage cultivation and weeding
purposes soon after the emergence of the plant.
It can cover 1.0 to 1.5 hectares of land in a working day of 8 hours.
Harrow
It is commonly used for secondary tillage and is drawn by a tractor in
potato fields. Harrows are used for making the soil loose and friable.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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It makes the soil pulverized very well and hurried the weeds
completely. It can cover 1.0 hectares of the land in a working day of
8 hours in tractor attachment.
Harrows can also be attached with power tillers, but, the area
coverage will be lesser (0.5 ha/day).
Ladder or plank
It is an age old implement used for secondary tillage purposes in
potato. Planking is done to crush the hard clods level the soil surface
and to compact the soil lightly. It is pulled by a pair of bullock or
tractor.
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatofor Potato
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After tillage operations, potato is planted by different methods in
various parts of the world. However, ridge and furrow method is
the most popular method of potato planting.
The planting of potato can be grouped into two types, viz.,
manual and mechanical planting. According to planting methods,
resource availability of farmers and soil types, the land
modifications are also varies.
Hence, planting methods along with land modifications are given
hereunder
Land modification in potato
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for PotatoPotato
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Shallow furrows drawn with curved /narrow-blade spade followed by
planting and covered the seed tubers on the North side of the ridge.
Another method is after marking with the rope or marker on the soil
surface, tubers are placed on these lines and then ridges are made
either with bullock drawn implements or with narrow-blade spade
manually. A double row method of planting came into practice in
Jalandhar (India) in the 1950s, wherein fertilizers were applied on soil
surface as a continuous band in rows 70-80 cm apart, tubers were
placed on soil surface on both sides of the band about 10-15 cm apart,
followed by ridging.
Manual planting
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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In fine textured soils, after pre-planting irrigation and when soil is in
working condition, the seed tubers are inserted in about 5 cm below
the bottom of the furrows with sturdy thin edged tool in moist soil.
In some parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
(India), while drawing the furrows with a country plough, cut seed or
small tubers are placed in the furrows by Pora or behind the plough in
the furrows manually, leaving the alternate furrow vacant.
Planking is done after planting.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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In another method, after application of fertilizers, first 10-12 cm high
ridges are formed with hand scraper or narrow blade spade or with
country plough and then tubers are dibbled at a depth of 5-7 cm from
the top in the centre of the ridge with Khurpa (a narrow-blade tool).
In heavy textured soils, furrows are opened first at a distance of 4550
cm and light irrigation is given.
At optimum soil moisture, soil is made fine and pulverized by
ploughing and then after placing the tubers, ridges are made.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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Tractor drawn 2 or 4 row marker-cum-fertilizer drill is used for making
furrows and placing of fertilizers in the furrows followed by planting with
2 or 4 row potato planter-cum-ridger.
A tractor drawn 2 or 4 row potato planter in which all the operations,
viz., opening of furrows, application of fertilizers, placement of tubers
and ridging are combined together and done simultaneously.
It saves a lot of time and reduces soil compaction by tractor wheels
compared with the method where these operations are done separately
in two trips.
Mechanical planting
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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After opening shallow furrows, tubers are placed in furrows followed by
ridging with tractor drawn ridger.
In another method, ridges are made with the tractor drawn ridger after
application of fertilizers and tubers are dibbled 5-7 cm deep on the
ridges manually.
Size of the ridge
Ridges and furrows
Size of the ridge depends upon the soil texture, availability of
water and the crop is planted for ware or seed purposes. Generally, 45-
60 cm wide ridges are preferred for potato cultivation.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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Thin and low ridges are favoured for quick emergence; require low
volume of water for getting moistened and save time as well as
cost of labour.
For early potato crop, quick and early emergence and fast grow
and development is important owing to short duration of the crop.
Hence, it is desirable that only small volume of soil exists over the
seed tubers at planting and full ridge are made at earthing up.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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In case of main crop, initial ridging to a height of 5, 10 and 15 cm after
placing the seed tubers on soil surface followed by earthing up after
emergence to a uniform height gave similar yields of main crop of
potato
A good ridge having triangular shape is necessary after emergence to
with stand irrigation water, to provide space for developing tubers and
to check greening of tube from sunlight
Primary and secondary tillage and land modification Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatofor Potato
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The ridge height is reduced gradually with the running water with
each irrigation in coarse textured soil, whereas, in fine textured soil,
negligible reduction takes place and ridges remain firm and intact.
However, delayed irrigation at bulking favours development of
cracks in soils giving passage to sun rays which cause greening to
the tubers.
Potato crop needs well pulverized soil for its better performance.
The main objectives of tillage in potato are to prepare the land for
placement of tubers and to control the weeds.
Summary:
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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Bose plough is a common plough in developing countries and Disc
plough is used for initial ploughing in hard soil under potato
cultivation.
Secondary tillage consists of lighter or finer operation which is done
through harrows, cultivator and planking.
Ridge and furrow method is the most popul
Planting in shallow furrows, marking and tubers are placed on these
lines, planting after pre-planting irrigation, inserting seed tubers 5 cm
below the bottom of the furrows, Pora or behind the plough, are some
of the manual methods followed in potato cultivation.
Primary and secondary tillage and land Primary and secondary tillage and land modification for Potatomodification for Potato
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Tractor drawn 2 or 4 row marker-cum-fertilizer drill, tractor drawn 2 or
4 row potato planter, ridging with tractor drawn ridger are some of the
popular mechanical planting methods of potato.
Generally, 45-60 cm wide ridges are preferred for potato cultivation.
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Assessment
1.Potato crop needs well pulverized soil (True / False)
2.Main objectives of tillage in potato is to make inter-cultural operations
(True / False)
3.Country plough is one of the most common implements used by potato
farmers of developing countries (True / False)
4.Harrow is commonly used for primary tillage and is drawn by a tractor in
potato fields (True / False)
5.Cultivators can be used for primary tillage cultivation and weeding
purposes soon after the emergence of the plant (True / False)
6.Ridge and furrow method is the most popular method of potato planting
(True / False)
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References
Hari Om and R.S. Hooda. 1985. Effect of methods of planting and
fertilizer levels on yield and quality of the potato. Journal of Indian
Potato Association. 12 (1-2): 105-109
http://www.niir.org/books/book/potato-potato-products-cultivation-seed-
production-manuring-harvesting-organic-farming-storage-processing-
npcs-board-consultants-engineers/isbn-9788190439893/
zb,,131,a,0,0,a/index.html
Kushwah, V.S. and P.M. Govindakrishnan, 1993. Cultural practices for
potato cultivation. In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol. 7-Potato. Eds.
Chandha, K.L. and J.S. Grewal, Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
Kushwah, V.S. and S.S. Lal. 1988. Cultural practices for seed potato
production. Seeds and Farms. 14 (9): 11-15.