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Presented by Dipu
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A Report on“Pricing policy of the Rahimafrooz Renewable energy ltd.”
Submitted By:
Dipock Mondal
ID:BBA070360590
Major: Finance
1
Table of Contents
Cover pageTitle pageLetter of Transmittal Letter of Endorsement by the SupervisorAcknowledgmentExecutive SummaryTable of Contents
II
III
IV
V
VI
VIII
1.0 Organizations overview
1.1 Rahimafrooz overview.
1.2 Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd Overview
1
2
3
2.0 Literature review 5
3.0 Introduction of the study
3.1 Rationale of the study
3.2 Statement of the problems
3.3 Scope of the study
3.4 Objective of the study
3.5 Limitation of the study
12
13
13
14
14
15
4.0 Methodology of the Study 16
5.0 Analysis and Interpretation of the Data
5.1 Package 20Wp
5.2 Package 40Wp
5.3 Package 45Wp
5.4 Package 50Wp
5.5 Package 65Wp
5.6 Package 75WP
18
19
21
22
24
26
27
2
5.7 Package 85Wp
5.8 Solar Pump
5.9 Bangladesh power Development project
5.10 Evaluation
29
31
34
37
6.0 Findings of the Study 40
7.0 Suggestions 42
8.0 Conclusion 45
Bibliography 47
CHAPTER 1
Organizations overview
3
Organizations overview
1.1 Rahimafrooz overview:
A man of strict religious values, yet a believer in progressive dynamism, and a dreamer who
thought nothing is impossible – Late A C Abdur Rahim overcame numerous challenges and
obstacles to become one of the most accomplished entrepreneurs of this country. Born on the
20th of January 1915, he lost both his parents by the time he was seven years of age. Deprived of
formal schooling and a typically comfortable childhood, he grew up as a man with strong
determination, hardworking diligence, and humane compassion.
By the early 1940s, Mr. Rahim started small scale commercial trading on his own. He moved to
Chittagong in 1947 and stared afresh with very little capital in hand, but with a whole world of
courage and faith. In 1950, he established the small trading concern dealing in various items.
This proprietary business was formally incorporated on April 15, 1954 as Rahimafrooz & Co.
Till date; Rahimafrooz Group commemorates this as its “Foundation Day”.
4
Over the decades, Rahimafrooz has grown in size, scale, and diversity. The Group today has
Eight Operating Companies (SBUs), a few other business ventures, and a non-profit social
enterprise. As of 2009, the Group currently employs more than two thousand people directly and
a further twenty thousand indirectly as suppliers contractors, dealers and retailers. Rahimafrooz
operates in four broad segments – Storage Power, Automotive and Electronics Division, Energy
and Retail.
Rahimafrooz has strengthened our market leadership at home while reaching out to international
markets. Ranging from automotive after market products, energy and power solutions, to a world
class retail chain – the team at Rahimafrooz is committed to ensuring the best in quality
standards and living the Group’s five core values – Integrity, Excellence, Customer Delight,
Innovation and Inspiring People.
Rahimafrooz has been a partner in the development journey of this nation for more than fifty-
five years now. We set ourselves the highest standards in responsible corporate behavior and
Rahimafrooz passion for success is aligned with the development of the country journey of
Bangladesh. We are committed to playing a leading role in driving growth, prosperity, ethical
values and social responsibility. We continue to serve their customers through unparalleled
quality excellence and service superiority. Their business success has been complemented by our
commitment to the environment, society and community.
At Rahimafrooz, We are – ‘enriching lives with your trust’
Companies:
Rahimafrooz (Bangladesh) Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Accumulators Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Globatt Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Distribution Ltd.
5
Rahimafrooz CNG Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Energy Services Ltd.
Rahimafrooz Superstores Ltd.
1.2 Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd overview: Transforming the lives of people and lighting up different corners of the country, Rahimafrooz
Renewable Energy Ltd. (RREL) has been providing Solar Energy solutions for households,
agriculture, healthcare, education, telecommunication, rural streets and marketplaces, as well as
government and private institutions. To date, RREL has lightened up more than 100,000 rural
homes in Bangladesh and the Company is endeavoring to do much more in the future. RREL is
also the pioneer in providing solar-hybrid solutions for Telecom Operators’ BTS towers and
solar powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh.
The abundance, inexhaustibility and non-polluting nature of solar energy has made it a popular
alternative to conventional energy sources, which are rapidly getting exhausted. So far only a
small portion of solar energy is being harnessed for use in solar lighting, telecommunications,
solar water heating and solar powered irrigation. Working closely with Bangladesh
Government’s agencies, NGOs, donor and partner organizations and international agencies,
RREL offers a full range of solar solutions including home lighting, street lighting, water heating
systems, Photo Voltaic (PV) centralized systems, irrigation systems, vaccine refrigeration,
support for computer and other electronic systems and a number of other solutions.
Bangladesh Carbon:
6
In 2009, Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd. joined hands with Carbon Planet, Australia and
launched Bangladesh Carbon – a CDM based Consultancy and Carbon Trading service.
Bangladesh Carbon is an initiative of RREL to develop, implement and commercialize projects
under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) guidelines of UNFCC Kyoto Protocol, which will
not only reduce Carbon Emissions but also earn foreign exchange for our economy.
CHAPTER 2
Literature review
7
Literature review:
One of the most difficult, yet important, issues we must decide as an entrepreneur is how much
to charge for our product or service. While there is no one single right way to determine product
pricing strategy, fortunately there are some guidelines that will help we with our decision.
Before we get to the actual pricing models, here are some of the factors that we need to consider:
Positioning - How are we positioning our product in the market? Is pricing going to be a key
part of that positioning? If we're running a discount store, we're always going to be trying to keep
our prices as low as possible as (or at least lower than our competitors). On the other hand, if
we're positioning our product as an exclusive luxury product, a price that's too low may actually
hurt our image. The pricing has to be consistent with the positioning. People really do hold
strongly to the idea that we get what you pay for.
Demand Curve - How will our pricing affect demand? We're going to have to do some basic
market research to find this out, even if it's informal. Get 10 people to answer a simple
questionnaire, asking them, "Would you buy this product/service at X price? Y price? Z price?"
For a larger venture, we'll want to do something more formal, of course -- perhaps hire a market
research firm. But even a sole practitioner can chart a basic curve that says that at X price, X'
percentage will buy, at Y price, Y’ will buy, and at Z price Z’ will buy.
8
Cost - Calculate the fixed and variable costs associated with our product or service. How much
is the "cost of goods", i.e., a cost associated with each item sold or service delivered, and how
much is "fixed overhead", i.e., it doesn't change unless our company changes dramatically in
size? Remember that our gross margin (price minus cost of goods) has to amply cover our fixed
overhead in order for us to turn a profit. Many entrepreneurs under-estimate this and it gets them
into trouble.
Environmental factors - Are there any legal or other constraints on pricing? For example, in
some cities, towing fees from auto accidents are set at a fixed price by law. Or for doctors,
insurance companies and Medicare will only reimburse a certain price. Also, what possible
actions might your competitors take? Will too low a price from you trigger a price war? Find out
what external factors may affect our pricing
The next step is to determine our pricing objectives. What are we trying to accomplish with our
pricing?
Short-term profit maximization - While this sounds great, it may not actually be the optimal
approach for long-term profits. This approach is common in companies that are bootstrapping, as
cash flow is the overriding consideration. It's also common among smaller companies hoping to
attract venture funding by demonstrating profitability as soon as possible.
Short-term revenue maximization - This approach seeks to maximize long-term profits by
increasing market share and lowering costs through economy of scale. For a well-funded
company, or a newly public company, revenues are considered more important than profits in
building investor confidence. Higher revenues at a slim profit, or even a loss, show that the
company is building market share and will likely reach profitability. Amazon.com, for example,
posted record-breaking revenues for several years before ever showing a profit, and its market
capitalization reflected the high investor confidence those revenues generated.
Maximize quantity - There are a couple of possible reasons to choose the strategy. It may be to
focus on reducing long-term costs by achieving economies of scale. This approach might be used
9
by a company well-funded by its founders and other "close" investors. Or it may be to maximize
market penetration - particularly appropriate when you expect to have a lot repeat customers.
The plan may be to increase profits by reducing costs, or to up sell existing customers on higher-
profit products down the road.
Maximize profit margin - This strategy is most appropriate when the number of sales is either
expected to be very low or sporadic and unpredictable. Examples include custom jewelry, art,
hand-made automobiles and other luxury items.
Differentiation - At one extreme, being the low-cost leader is a form of differentiation from the
competition. At the other end, a high price signals high quality and/or a high level of service.
Some people really do order lobster just because it's the most expensive thing on the menu.
Survival - In certain situations, such as a price war, market decline or market saturation, you
must temporarily set a price that will cover costs and allow you to continue operations.
Now that we have the information we need and are clear about what we're trying to achieve,
we're ready to take a look at specific pricing methods to help us arrive at our actual numbers.
As we said earlier, there is no "one right way" to calculate your pricing. Once we’ve considered
the various factors involved and determined our objectives for our pricing strategy, now we need
some way to crunch the actual numbers. Here are four ways to calculate prices:
Cost-plus pricing - Set the price at our production cost, including both cost of goods and fixed
costs at our current volume, plus a certain profit margin. For example, our widgets cost $20 in
raw materials and production costs, and at current sales volume (or anticipated initial sales
volume), our fixed costs come to $30 per unit. Our total cost is $50 per unit. You decide that you
want to operate at a 20% markup, so we add $10 (20% x $50) to the cost and come up with a
price of $60 per unit. So long as we have our costs calculated correctly and have accurately
predicted our sales volume, we will always be operating at a profit.
Target return pricing - Set our price to achieve a target return-on-investment (ROI). For
example, let's use the same situation as above, and assume that we have $10,000 invested in the
company. Our expected sales volume is 1,000 units in the first year. We want to recoup all our
10
investment in the first year, so we need to make $10,000 profit on 1,000 units, or $10 profit per
unit, giving us again a price of $60 per unit.
Value-based pricing - Price our product based on the value it creates for the customer. This is
usually the most profitable form of pricing, if we can achieve it. The most extreme variation on
this is "pay for performance" pricing for services, in which we charge on a variable scale
according to the results you achieve. Let's say that our widget above saves the typical customer
$1,000 a year in, say, energy costs. In that case, $60 seems like a bargain - maybe
even too cheap. If our product reliably produced that kind of cost savings, we could easily charge
$200, $300 or more for it, and customers would gladly pay it, since they would get their money
back in a matter of months. However, there is one more major factor that must be considered.
Psychological pricing - Ultimately, we must take into consideration the consumer's perception
of our price, figuring things like:
Positioning - If we want to be the "low-cost leader", we must be priced lower than our
competition. If you want to signal high quality, you should probably be priced higher than most
of our competition.
Popular price points - There are certain "price points" (specific prices) at which people become
much more willing to buy a certain type of product. For example, "under $100" is a popular price
point. "Enough under $20 to be under $20 with sales tax" is another popular price point, because
it's "one bill" that people commonly carry. Meals under $5 are still a popular price point, as are
entree or snack items under $1 (notice how many fast-food places have a $0.99 "value menu").
Dropping our price to a popular price point might mean a lower margin, but more than enough
increase in sales to offset it.
Fair pricing - Sometimes it simply doesn't matter what the value of the product is, even if we
don't have any direct competition. There is simply a limit to what consumers perceive as "fair". If
it's obvious that our product only cost $20 to manufacture, even if it delivered $10,000 in value,
you'd have a hard time charging two or three thousand dollars for it -- people would just feel like
11
they were being gouged. A little market testing will help we determine the maximum price
consumers will perceive as fair.
Now, how do we combine all of these calculations to come up with a price? Here are some basic
guidelines:
Our price must be enough higher than costs to cover reasonable variations in sales
volume. If our sales forecast is inaccurate, how far off can we be and still be profitable? Ideally,
we want to be able to be off by a factor of two or more (our sales are half of our forecast) and
still be profitable.
We have to make a living. Have we figured salary for our self in our costs? If not, our profit has
to be enough for us to live on and still have money to reinvest in the company.
Our price should almost never be lower than your costs or higher than what most
consumers consider "fair". This may seem obvious, but many entrepreneurs seem to miss this
simple concept, either by miscalculating costs or by inadequate market research to determine fair
pricing. Simply put, if people won't readily pay enough more than we cost to make we a fair
profit, we need to reconsider our business model entirely. How can we cut our costs
substantially? Or change our product positioning to justify higher pricing?
Pricing is a tricky business. Our certainly entitled to make a fair profit on our product, and even a
substantial one if you create value for our customers. But remember, something is ultimately
worth only what someone is willing to pay for it.
A solar energy incentive package
(Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists)
Incentives at both the federal and state level are needed if want to gain the acceptance of solar
space heating and cooling systems in the building industry in the United States, given the
organizational barriers in the industry. And even when the operating costs of a solar space
conditioning system become less than that for the conventional systems now being used in this
country, a main obstacle to the acceptance of a solar system is its initial cost compared to that for
12
a conventional gas, oil or electric system, An incentive is needed to overcome this economic
barrier.
A federal incentive package designed to improve the economics of solar space conditioning
could include tow primary incentives: tax credits and low interest loans. A 5 percent loan for 20
years would yield a 25 percent equivalent first-cost reduction compared to a typical 9 percent
mortgage loan for the same 20-year term. Depending on the alternative fuel and location, the
monthly payments on the loan plus the monthly cost of the additional fuel could be less than for
the monthly fuel costs without the solar system. Establishing a low interest loan rate tied to
federal money could help make the level of incentive remain relatively constant. In addition, a
direct tax credit of 25 percent could be given initially to provide additional inducement for solar
energy.
The use of this combination of this combination of incentives would provide a 50 percent to 25
percent. After 1985, the low interest rate could be gradually raised until the entire incentives
were phased out by 1990.
Two additional policy actions to improve the economics of solar space conditioning and to
reduce the firs-cost barrier are necessary at the state level. States could provide a property tax
abatement which would remove the added value of solar space conditioning from the assessed
value of the property. This would provide about a 10 percent reduction in the annualized cost of
solar system and would demonstrate tangible state support for solar energy. In addition, state
regulatory bodies could help establish the option of utility ownership of solar space conditioning
equipment. Allowing consumers the choice between buying the solar space conditioning
equipment from a utility may help keep solar costs lo by promoting competition between
installers who are contracted by the utility ad installers who are not. Utility ownership will help
mitigate the first-cost barrier.
Finally, both federal and state governments can expand the demonstration program and establish
implementation Centers. Feasibility studies for demonstration projects should include a life-cycle
cost analysis, including a cost reduction at the level of the incentive prevailing at the time of
analysis.
Incentives, such as the one presented here, could stimulated presented here, could stimulate
savings in fossil fuel use and boost the impact of solar energy on the U.S economy – A.S.H
13
CHAPTER 3
Introduction of the study
14
3.1 Rationale of the study
As a student I got knowledge and practically learn how to determine price of a product.
I knew about how to accumulate the product cost in real life.
I also knew about how market effect on price.
This research enriched my knowledge about the Renewable Energy of Bangladesh which ultimately added value to my career.
This study had opened an opportunity for the student of business Administration for future research. The study will also enrich the store of information of University library as it contained huge information about shipbuilding industry of Bangladesh.
The government will be known about the pricing policy of the Renewable Energy
industry.
The entrepreneur will get an idea about the industry and investment opportunity.
So, ultimately this research work will be contributing to the improvement of the investment
climate of the Renewable Energy industry of Bangladesh as a whole.
15
3.2 Statement of the problems
What is the Pricing policy of Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd?
Which are the factors that influence Price?
How to determine the price of a product?
3.3 Scope of the study:
By conducting this research, we capable set price of a product. Know about how change
the price over the period.
In market based price how company follow the competitor.
It gives an idea about the Renewable Energy industry in Bangladesh.
It has also provided an idea about the impediments of the Renewable Energy for growth.
We have a clear idea about pricing policy of Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy ltd.
3.4 Objectives of the study
Research objectives are classified into two types. One is broad objectives and another one is
specific objective.
16
Broad objective
1. To identify Pricing policy of Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy ltd.
2. To identify the cost of the product.
Specific objectives:
1. To know about what factors influence the price of renewable energy.
2. To know about market of renewable energy.
3. To know about renewable energy depends on which supplementary product.
4. To know about impediment of renewable energy.
5. To know how renewable energy effect on environment.
3.5 Limitation of the study
There were some limitations which can not be denied.
The access to all information had not been allowed by the companies because of security
purpose. Price is very sensitive issue for the company.
Duration had been very short for accomplishing the study, such research needs more
time.
Another very big problem for this research corporate employee are very busy so they
have not enough time to contribute my research work.
17
CHAPTER 4
Methodology of the Study
18
Methodology
The study conducted by using Interview, survey Method. It will be an exploratory research.
Primary sources: In my report I used primary data which were collected through
interviews, survey and contact with RREL personality. Interviews administered by formal
and informal discussion. No structured questionnaire used. Information regarding office
activities of the RREL will collect through consulting RREL records and discussion with
RREL personnel.
Secondary sources: In my report I used secondary on a large scale. For secondary data
collection I went annual report of RREL, files & folders, different publications of RREL,
articles of the newspaper and periodicals, records of financial transactions, websites of
RREL and different others webpage’s.
For the analysis part, Pie Chart, Bar-diagram, Rader-graph, Doughnut-Diagram will be
used. Microsoft Excel used for data calculation and analysis. Pie charts used for showing
response in percentage (%), Bar- Diagrams used for displaying the exact number of
19
responses. Rader-Graphs used for identifying significance of problems and relationships
whose highest value was 5 and the more the mean value the more significant the
problems and relationships. Doughnuts will used for showing the data graphically.
CHAPTER 5
Analysis and Interpretation of the Data
20
SOLAR HHOME LIGHTING SYSTEM
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd Solar home lighting systems are ideal sources for providing
indoor illumination or remote areas and un-electrified villages. The Solar home lighting system
essentially consists of the solar module, suitable module mounting structure, battery, battery box,
charge-controller, cables and switches etc. All light assemblies have built-in high efficiency and
high frequency DC to AC inverter circuits for suitable to run CFL an FLT lamps. The Indoor
lighting systems would also come with a provision to power a 12V DC table fan or black &
white Portable TV as option. The lighting system is designed to operate 3 to 4 hours a day. Home
light is a DC operated wall mountable indoor light luminary. It consists of a compact Fluorescent
lamp (CF lamp) and high frequency inverter. High frequency inverter offers high efficiency,
more light output and long service life to the CF Lamp. The Indoor lighting luminaries are
available in different lamp wattages and models. All adequate protections are provided in the
luminary for safety, reliability and long life. These lights are ideally suited for lighting
applications powered from renewable energy sources like solar, wind etc these are widely used
in solar Home systems.
5.1 Package: 20Wp
21
20 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 2 CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) lamps. The
back up time of this system is 4 day. It provides 20 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12
V, 30 AH Deep Cycle Battery. Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 2Nos
Luminaries Mounting Structure, other accessories.
System components:1 No. 20Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 30 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller, 2Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 2 CFL
Back-up hour/day: 4
Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
20 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1
11010
B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 23 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 24 Switch Nos 25 Switch Box Nos 26 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 607 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 608 Cable Clip Nos 1009 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No
11 Dc mobile Charger No
12 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 1
22
18 Nitto tape No .5Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 11010.25Admin Cost 3500Selling & Distribution Cost 2500Cost of Good Sold 17010.25Profit 14% 2381.435Sales Price 19391.69
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 2, FTL 7.5 W no 2, Switch no 2, Switch Box
no 2, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 60 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 60 feet, Cable Clip no. 100, Battery
Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1, Petroleum
Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1, Nitto tape
no. 0.5. Total cost of material 11010 ad admin cost 3500 and selling cost 2500. Gross profit 14%
of the cost of good sold. Package price is 19391.69.
5.2 Package: 40Wp
40 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 3 FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 40 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 88 AH Deep Cycle Battery.
Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 3Nos Luminaries Mounting Structure,
other accessories.
System components:1 No. 40Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 88 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller, 3Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 3 FLT
Back-up hour/day: 4
Price:
23
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
40 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1
18766
B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 12 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 33 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 34 Switch Nos 45 Switch Box Nos 46 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 657 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 1208 Cable Clip Nos 1009 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 18766Admin Cost 4500Selling & Distribution Cost 4000Cost of Good Sold 27265.55Profit 14% 3817.177Sales Price 31082.73
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 3, FTL 7.5 W no 3, Switch no 4, Switch Box
24
no 4, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 65feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 120 feet, Cable Clip no. 100,
Battery Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1,
Petroleum Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1,
Nitto tape no. 1.
Increase Shade & Circuit, FTL 7.5 W both of 2 boxes then the 20 wp and Number of cable
increase 5 and 60 feet. Total cost of material 18766 ad admin cost 4500 and selling cost 4000.
Gross profit 14% of the cost of good sold. Package price is 31082.73.
5.3 Package: 45Wp
45 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 3 FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 45 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 88 AH Deep Cycle Battery.
Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 3Nos Luminaries Mounting Structure,
other accessories.
System components:1 No. 45Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 55 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller, 3Nos.
Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 3 FLT
Back-up hour/day: 4
Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
45 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 33 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 3
25
20311
4 Switch Nos 45 Switch Box Nos 46 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 657 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 1208 Cable Clip Nos 1209 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 20311.49Admin Cost 4000Selling & Distribution Cost 3500Cost of Good Sold 27811.49Profit 14% 3893.6086Sales Price 31705.10
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 3, FTL 7.5 W no 3, Switch no 4, Switch Box
no 4, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 65 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 140 feet, Cable Clip no. 120,
Battery Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1,
Petroleum Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1,
Nitto tape no. 1.
All most same as 40 Wp. Only increase cable clip no. 20. Total cost of material 20311.49 ad
admin cost 4000 and selling cost 3500. Gross profit 14% of the cost of good sold. Package price
is 31705.
26
5.4 Package: 50Wp
50 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 4 FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 50 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 88 AH Deep Cycle Battery.
Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 4Nos Luminaries Mounting Structure,
other accessories.
System components:1 No. 50Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 88 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller, 4Nos.
Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 4 FLTBack-up hour/day: 4
Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
50 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1
22223
B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 43 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 44 Switch Nos 55 Switch Box Nos 56 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 657 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 1608 Cable Clip Nos 1609 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 1
27
17 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 22223.3Admin Cost 4500Selling & Distribution Cost 4000Cost of Good Sold 30723.3Profit 14% 4301.262Sales Price 35024.56
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 3, FTL 7.5 W no 3, Switch no 5, Switch Box
no 5, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 65 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 160 feet, Cable Clip no. 160,
Battery Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1,
Petroleum Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1,
Nitto tape no. 1.
Increase number of switch & switch box is 1 and cable 2*40 is increase is 40 feet, number of
cable clip is increase 20 then the 45 wp. Total cost of material 22223 ad admin cost 4500and
selling cost 4000. Gross profit 14% of the cost of good sold. Package price is 35024.
5.5 Package: 65Wp
65 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 5 FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 65 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 100 AH Deep Cycle
Battery. Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 5Nos Luminaries Mounting
Structure, other accessories.
System components:1 No. 65Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 100 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller,
5Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
28
Operating Load: 5 FLT
Back-up hour/day: 4
Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
65 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1
27335
B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 53 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 54 Switch Nos 65 Switch Box Nos 66 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 707 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 1808 Cable Clip Nos 1809 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 27335Admin Cost 5000Selling & Distribution Cost 4200Cost of Good Sold 36534.75Profit 14% 5114.865Sales Price 41649.62
29
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 5, FTL 7.5 W no 5, Switch no 6, Switch Box
no , CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 70 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 180 feet, Cable Clip no. 180, Battery
Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1, Petroleum
Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1, Nitto tape
no. 1.
Increase number of switch & switch box is 1 and cable 2*40 is increase is 20 feet, number of
cable clip is increase 20 then the 50 wp. Total cost of material 27335 ad admin cost 5000 and
selling cost 4200. Gross profit 14% of the cost of good sold. Package price is 41649.62.
5.6 Package: 75Wp
75 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides 6 FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 75 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 100 AH Deep Cycle
Battery. Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 6Nos Luminaries Mounting
Structure, other accessories
System components:1 No. 75Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 100 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller,
6Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 6 FLT
Back-up hour/day: 4
Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
75 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 63 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 64 Switch Nos 7
30
35027
5 Switch Box Nos 76 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 807 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 2008 Cable Clip Nos 2009 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories CostF. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 35027.1Admin Cost 5500Selling & Distribution Cost 4500Cost of Good Sold 45027Profit 14% 6303.794Sales Price 57330.89
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 6, FTL 7.5 W no 6, Switch no 7, Switch Box
no 7, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 80 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 200 feet, Cable Clip no. 200,
Battery Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1,
Petroleum Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1,
Nitto tape no. 1.
Increase number of switch & switch box is 1 and cable 2*70 increase 10 feet, cable 2*40 is
increase is 20 feet; number of cable clip is increase 20 then the 65 wp. Total cost of material
35027.1ad admin cost 55000 and selling cost 4500. Gross profit 14% of the cost of good sold.
Package price is 19391.69.
5.7 Package: 85Wp
31
85 Wp solar home lighting system. It provides FLT lamps. The back up time of this system is 4
day. It provides 85 wp PV solar module and also provide 1 no 12 V, 130 AH Deep Cycle
Battery. Charge Controller is 1 Nos. This package also provides 7Nos Luminaries Mounting
Structure, other accessories.
System components:1 No. 85Wp PV Module, 1 No 12V, 130 AH Deep Cycle Battery, 1 No. Charge Controller,
7Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure, Accessories.
Operating Load: 7 FLT
Back-up hour/day: Price:
SLNO
Name of ItemsUOM
UnitCost
85 WP( STP)System
Qty Material cost
A Solar Module No 1
35027
B Battery No 1C Accessories1 Charge Controller Innovative 12V 10A No 22 Shade & Circuit LP Nos 63 FTL 7.5 W Nos. 64 Switch Nos 75 Switch Box Nos 806 CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) Feet 2007 Cable 2*40/.0076 Feet 2008 Cable Clip Nos 19 Battery Welding Cable Pair lig Pair 110 Structure With nut bolt No 111 Dc mobile Charger No 112 TV socket No 113 De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle No 114 Petroleum Jelly No 115 Funnel No 116 Solar maintenance Card No 117 Carton 10W/20W/40W No 118 Nitto tape No 1Total Accessories Cost
32
F. Total Cost (A+B+C+D0
Product Cost 35027.1Admin Cost 5500Selling & Distribution Cost 4500Cost of Good Sold 45027Profit 14% 6303.794Sales Price 57330.89
In this table Number of materials are solar Module no 2 Battery no.1, Charge Controller
Innovative 12V 10A no.2, Shade & Circuit LP no. 6, FTL 7.5 W no 6, Switch no 7, Switch Box
no 7, CABLE 2*70/.0076(Single) 80 feet, Cable 2*40/.0076 200 feet, Cable Clip no. 200,
Battery Welding Cable Pair lig no 1, TV socket no 1, De lionized Water 1 LTR Bottle no 1,
Petroleum Jelly no. 1, Funnel no. 1, Solar maintenance Card no.1, Carton 10W/20W/40W no.1,
Nitto tape no. 1.
Almost same as 75 wp only increase 7Nos. Luminaries Mounting Structure. Total cost of
material 35027ad admin cost 5500 and selling cost 4500. Gross profit 14% of the cost of good
sold. Package price is 57330.89 taka.
5.8Package: SOLAR PUMP
RRE has launched a solar powered water pumping system for drinking and irrigation purpose.
For an agro-based country like Bangladesh where electricity for pumping is very scarce, this is
the solution which will enable us to save a lot of energy. The solar pump comprises of the pump,
a motor, solar modules, a control device and piping accessories. Recently RRE has introduced
solar powered water Purification system for arsenic and salinity prone areas where the drinking
water is very scarce.
Item Description Quantity Unit Cost
Total Cost
Solar Module 85 Wp,12 volt 885 Wp, Street light 185 Wp, Pump 15 Panel structure ( for 85wp) (from 1
33
rangamoto)Module Support Structure
Single panel mouting structure(for 85WP)
3
Single mouting structure( 80 wp), Pump ( on roof)
1
Battery 12 V, 55 Ah@10HR 112 volt, 100 Ah@10 Hour 10
Battery Rack 1 step( 12V, 100 AH battery 4nos) 12 step( 12V, 100AH battery 6 nos) 1
Charge Controller
24V, 15A (Phocos) 35 Amps (TATABP) 1
Pump( pump, motor, controller)
1
Pole ( Dia:3 “, Length:14’) 1CFL 12v, 11 watt with shade, :Street
light1
AJB Training center and gust house DIMENSION
2
Cable, Panel to AJB
2*70*0.0076 110
Cable, AJB o controller
5 RM 140
Cable, battery to Controller
25rm 130
Cable, controller to DCDB
5rm 60
Cable, DCDB to Load
70/76 1350
Earthling Cable
2.5rm 190
4 core Moto Rcabe( Pum motor to SMC
5.25rm 10
2 core cable (panel to SMC)
2.25rm 30
Panel Cable 2c*70*0.0076 12Battery Cable 6 rm 6Delivery pipe and suction pipe
0.5 inch 45
Copper rod 8 mm 5
34
817937
Heat sink tube 2.5rmSwitch 49Switch box Singe 49Circuit breaker DP with box
32amp 3
Circuit breaker DP with box
63A 3
DC DB Design? 2Cable lug 25 rm (ring type) 60Cable lug 10 rm(ring type) 20Cable lug 25 rm(pin type) 20Cable lug 2.5 rm( pin type) 24Connecting lug
2.5 rm 32
Cable lug for battery
25 rm 2
Pin type lug 25 rm 6Ring type lug 6Royal plug (12 number) 22Royal plug 10 number 1Royal bolt 8 mm 48Industrial channel
5
Channel for cabling
2 inch 35
Cable tie 10 number 2Cable tie 8”, 10” 8Elbow ¾” inch 3Socket 0.5 inch 4Bend 0.5 inch 2Teflon tape 5Nito tape 4Scotch tape 2PIB Tape 1U clamp 0.5 inch 10Copper C clump
8 mm 1
Screw 1.5 inch with washer 5Screw 1.5 inch 1Petroleum jelly
12
PVC solution 1De-lonized 35 liter Jar 5
35
waterInstallation Expense
1
Labor expense 1Transportation 1After sales service
1 technician 3 times a year 3
Total cost
Product Cost 817937.40Admin cost 10000Selling & Distribution Cost 5000Cost of Goods Sold 832937.4Profit14% 116611.236Sales Price 949548.64
.
It is a customized product. Every material depends on customer need. Material cost of soar pump
is 817937.40, admin cost 10000 selling cost of this product 5000. Grows profit of this product is
116611. Package price is 949548.64 taka.
5.9 Project: Bangladesh power development project
RRE is working with government and private organizations to promote customized solar power
solutions. Most of the solutions are highly customized based on customer’s specific requirements
in terms of load selection, operational hours, availability of other energy sources and site
conditions. The followings are some patterns of our offered customized solutions
BPDP Project-2.5KW AC Load_12 Hrs Operation/day without AutonomySL No
Item Name Description Comments Q’ty Total cost
3861153.20Equipments and Accessories1 Solar PV
module9.36KWp ( STP065-12)
14400
2 Lead Acid Battery
450 AH(Traction Type, 2V each
7200
Battery Rack
36
3 MPPT SCR FM60,60A 6.004 Module
Structure & C/Ws
Galvanize Frame 1.00C/Ws 1.00
5 ATS 20Amps6 Manual Change over Switch 30 Amps 2.007 Inverter TK28000/
Each2.00
8 Solar Accessories
Main Junction Bos with Fuse
4.00
BPP Local purchase
1.00
IPP Local purchase
1.00
SCR Protection Panel ( SPP)
Local purchase
1.00
AC Distribution Box(ACDB)
Local purchase
1.00
Lightning & Over Voltage Protection
Local purchase
1.00
Earthing Kit Local purchase
2.00
9 Cable Cable 1*4 rm (pv to MJB)
NYYF 350.00
Cable 1*25 rm (MJB to SCR PP)
NYY 490.00
Cable 1*16 rm ( SCR PP to SCR)
NYY 25.00
Cable 1*16 rm (SCR to IPP)
NYY 15
Cable 1*16 rm (IPP to Inverter)
NYY 20
Cable 1*16 rm (IPP to Battery)
NYY 30
Cable 1*4 rm ( inverter to ACout)
NYY 20
Cable 1*4 rm (ACD to Sumbstation)
NYY 20
Cable 1*10 rm ( ACD to substation)
NYY 20
Cable 1*4 rm ( MCS to floor DB)
NYY 600
Cable 3/20 ( Floor DB to Load Cable)
200
Cable 1*35rm Green Earthing cable
BYA 100
37
Cable 1*4 rm (Existing DB to ATS & MCS
NYY 40
Total Cost of Equipments and Accessories
Installation & Commissioning Cost8 Installation
AccessoriesCable lug, Heat sink, Nut-bolt, Screw, AL-Pin, Washer, C-Clamp,Tape, Royal plug, Royal bolt, Tools, Coil/Flrixible pipe, Cable tie
Local purchase
1.00
Installation Expense
1.00
Labor CostTransportation Cost
Assume
1.00
Total Installation & Commissioning cost
Total project cost
Product Cost 3861153.2Admin Cost 15000Selling & Distribution Cost 5500Cost of goods Sold 3881653.2Profit 14% 543431.448Sales price 4425084.65
It is customize project for Bangaldesh power development. The have need 2.5KW AC Load_12
Hrs Operation/day without Autonomy. BPDP project costs are material cost 3861153.2, Admin
cost 15000 and selling and distribution cost 5500. Profit is 14% of the Cost of good sold.
Package price is 4425084.65 taka.
38
5.10 Evaluation
Rahimafrooz Renewable energy ltd mainly follows job costing accumulation system. Job-order
costing is used by Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd where goods are produced in distinct
batches and there are significant differences among the batches. Generally: In a job-order costing
system, costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead are assigned to each
production job. These costs comprise the inputs of the product costing system. As costs are
incurred, they are added to the Work-in-Process Inventory account in the ledger. To keep track
of the manufacturing costs assigned to each job, a subsidiary ledger is maintained.
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd job cost accounting system, a Budget is set up in advance of
the job. As actual costs are accrued, they are compared to budgeted costs, to determine variances
for each phase of each job. Costs are used for each phase, allowing "mini-budgets" to be
generated and tracked.
Elements of Import cost, labor, and storage cost, rate of interest on the capital invested in product
and rate of demand for product, setting up costs – Rahimafrooz Renewable energy ltd are
accumulated according to assigned job numbers.
39
They are mainly import product and buy form other SBU of Rahimafrooz. Like solar module the
buy from India or china. Batters buy from Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd But they are newly go to
produce solar module.
They sale Solar lighting system and Solar pump and some making some ordered project.
Rahimafrooz sale this product two ways some are package some are business approval (order
product).
Package products are like 20WP, 65 WP, 75WP. Accumulate the entire products price and add
all the cost and set the price. If the supplies products price increase package product price also
increase.
For the Order product:
First sales person take order form customer then the count how many product unit need. Then
sales department want to know total cost of the product from costing department.
Costing department accumulate all the product cost and Admin cost and selling & Distribution
Cost and also add Gross profit. Finally set sales price (proposed price)
If the higher authority approves this Price then sales person do this project.
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd is not use Process costing because the products are not
homogeneous. They use job costing systems assign costs to distinct production jobs that are
significantly different. An average cost per unit of product is then calculated for each job.
40
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd follow Traditional cost allocation system. Rahimafrooz
renewable energy ltd allocate product cost, Admin cost, selling & distribution cost, Salaries and
fringe benefits of selling, general and administrative personnel, entertainment, Rent, property
taxes, utilities for the space used by the non manufacturing functions of the company, Insurance
for areas outside of the factory, Interest on business loans, Marketing and advertising,
Depreciation and maintenance of equipment and buildings outside of manufacturing. Supplies
for the office use traditional cost allocation technique.
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd ad all cost of per year then allocate per project.
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd calculated profit per unit depends on project and competitor. First
they accumulate the all cost then charge profit on market base.
41
1Customer orders
7Finally sales department do the project.
3Sales department go to finance department for business approval
2 Sales department take the orders
6Finance department check it whether project profit able or not.
RRE pricing system
CHAPTER 6
Findings of the Study
42
5Finance department go to supply chain department to know current supply product price.
4Finance department take the orders.
Renewable Energy -- solar energy, Bio-gas, Bio- mass, Wind turbine, Hydro
electric
Rahimafrooz renewable energy products are Solar home lighting system,
Solar pump, Solar Street light, Solar Rooftop Solution, Solar power BTS
( ase Transcever station), Water Heater.
Solar home lighting system packages are –20 Wp price-19391.69, 40Wp
price-31082.73, 45 Wp price-31705.10 , 50 Wp price-35024.56 , 65 Wp
price-41649.62 , 75 Wp price- 57330.89 and 85 Wp-57330.89.
Other products depend on the Project accumulated price.
Rahimafrooz renewable energy use job processing cost accumulation
system.
43
Rahimafrooz renewable energy allocates their cost use Traditional methods.
They calculate per unit profit depends on project and competitor.
CHAPTER 7
SUGGESTIONS
44
Rahimafrooz renewable energy ltd is flow the traditional cost allocation method. But it has some
disadvantage like- do not focus on where or why costs occur, provide little insight into the causes
of variances, report information that is accounting-oriented, inaccurate, not flexible and not
timely, are not easily understood by operational managers, since the focus is fiscal, do not
associate the cost of a product or service with the actual effort expended.
They can use Activity-Based Costing (ABC). It has some benefit like -is based on ACTUAL
performance, consumption and expense data extracted from the organization’s existing
information systems and combined with the knowledge of those directly involved in the delivery
of the product or service, assigns costs to activities based on the resources they consume,
provides insights into the sources of costs and the possible impact of different decisions provides
the information required to take action and realize performance breakthroughs.
Activity-Based Costing for Renewable energy like—
Cost Allocation Base:1. Quantity of product produced.2. Number of product produce per Batch.3. Number of Batches.4. Setup time per Batch.
45
5. Total Setup Hours.
Cost Hierarchies:
1. Output unit level Cost. ---Cost of Energy, Machine Depreciation & Repair.2. Batch Level Cost. --Purchase order, Product received & Paying to supplier.3. Product Sustaining Cost. ---Engineering cost.4. Facility Sustaining Cost. --- Administrative Cost, Rent.
ABC system calculates the cost of individual activities & assign costs to cost objects such as product & services on the basis of the activities needed to produce each product or Service.
ABC system focuses on indirect cost, refining the assignment of indirect cost to Departments, process, products & other cost objects.
Refining a Costing System:
1. Direct Cost Tracing.2. Indidect cost pools.3. Cost allocation bases. Use the cause & effect criterion.
Existing Single Indirect Cost Pool System:
1. Identify the products that are the chosen cost objects.2. Identify the Direct costs of the Products.3. Select the cost-allocation base to use for allocating indirect costs to the products.4. Identify the indirect costs associated with each cost-allocation base.5. Compute the rate per unit of each cost allocation base used to allocate indirect cost to the product.6. Comute the indirect cost allocated to the products.7. Compute the total cost of the products by adding the all direct & indirect costs assign to the products.
46
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
47
Solar Energy is the best renewable energy source other than the primary non renewable sources
in urban area. Other form of renewable energies generated from wind, bio gas, ocean tide, hydro
etc have very little feasibility in urban areas of Bangladesh. Most of the cities are few meters up
from the sea level. So there is not that much feasibility for hydropower except Chittagong Hill
Tracts and few other places. Bangladesh has very few potential locations for hydro electric
project. Wind and Ocean tide energy can be the sources, but the exact potential is not clearly
known due to lack of study and relevant information. So the solar energy is the ultimate suitable
form of renewable energy for urban region because of availability of plenty of sunshine.
There is serious lack of proper campaign and branding to popularize the solar energy in Urban
Bangladesh. Solar energy can be a complimentary environment friendly source of power and can
play a significant role in reducing current urban power crisis. Government and Private sector
should work hand in hand to harness the immense potential of solar energy of Bangladesh.
“Price should not be out of capacity from urban people”
48
Bibliography
1. http://www.rahimafrooz.com/Default.aspx
2. http://chethoughts.com/?p=373
3. http://www.lged-rein.org/images/Renewable_Energy_Policy2008.pdf
4. http://www.answers.com/topic/process-costing#ixzz1TH9W3Lij
5. http://books.google.com/books? id=4QsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=solar+system+pricing++methods&source=bl&ots=K1-zbUn1Fc&sig=YdCjpxmr7qPW4YiLXFKuj4_8ess&hl=en&ei=juYJTpigLaydmQW1y5yOAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
6. http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy.htm
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(http://hubpages.com/hub/Power-crisis-In-Bangladesh) (Accessed on August 22, 2010).
8. Nagle, Thomas and Holden, Reed. The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Prentice Hall, 2002. Pages 84-104.
9. Mind of Marketing, "How your pricing and marketing strategy should be influenced by your customer's reference point"
49
10. Dolan, Robert J. and Simon, Hermann (1996). Power Pricing. The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83443-X.
11. Bernstein, Jerold: "Use Suppliers Pricing Mistakes", Control, 2009.
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