Pressure Vessel Handbook by Megyesy

7/22/2019 Pressure Vessel Handbook by Megyesy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pressure-vessel-handbook-by-megyesy 1/499

Click on the arrow buttons on the tool bar above to page

through the book. Pages which were blank in the print

version of the Pressure Vessel Handbook have had

substitute pages inserted in order to retain the book's

page numbering. To jump to a section from the table of

contents, click your mouse on the section title.

Welcome to the CD-ROM edition of

the Pressure Vessel Handbook.



WARNING!WARNING!

This document is copyright 1997 by Pressure Vessels Inc., and

may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical,

recording or otherwise, without prior written permission.

It is intended for single user use. Information about site licensesand network use may be obtained by contacting:

Pressure Vessels Incorporated

P.O. Box 35365

Tulsa, OK 74153 USA

www.pressure-vessel.com







This PDF format document was created using Adobe Acrobat. See

Acrobat Reader Help for more information on the use of this product.

Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo, Acrobat

Capture, Acrobat Exchange, Distiller, and PageMaker are trade-marks

of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

© 1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated.All rights reserved.

This CD-ROM was produced by:

7322 Ohms Lane • Minneapolis, MN 55439

612-835-6164 • 1-800-862-6164





P V

HT e n t hd i t i o

withforeword byP B

Professor of Chemical Engineering

University of Tulsa

Tulsa, Oklahoma

E M

PRESSURE VESSELPUBLISHING, INC.P.O. Box 35365 “ Tulsa, OK 74153



FOREWORD

Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry

are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and

mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating

experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature

in the field of code requirements and design equations.

First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the

applicable code. Then he must search the literature for techniques

used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material

properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company

catalogs for use in the design equations.

Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem. For several years he

has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational

methods. He has been presenting this information first in the form

of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together inone place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.

I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry

and that readers will find it extremely useful.

Paul Buthod



PREFACE

This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas,

technicaldata,designand construction methods readily available for thedesigner, detailer, Iayoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels.

Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required

data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature

or advanced studies. The author’s aim was to bring together all of the

above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form.

The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure

Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those

generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From

among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the

author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice.

In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,

rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have

been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook

deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding,

since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category.

A large part of this bookwas taken from the works ofothers, with some

of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to ProfessorS4ndorKalinszky, J&os Bodor, Lasz16F61egyhiizyand J6zsef Gyorii for

their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permittedthe author to include material from their publications.

The authorwishesalso to thank all thosewhohelpedto improvethis

new edition by their suggestions and corrections.

Suggestions and criticism concerning some errors which may remain

in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to

the further improvement of this Handbook.

Eugene F. Megyesy





9

CONTENTS

PARTI Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels ....................................11

PARTII Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 25’7

PARTIII Measures and Weights .................................................................... 321

PARTIV Design of Steel Structures .............................................................. 447

PARTV Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 465



PART L

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1. VesselsUnderinternalPressure_~__~~_~~~~~~~..~~~~~ti~ti~~~~. 15StressesinCylindricalShel~Definitions,Formulas,PressureofFluid, Pressure-TemperatureRatings of American Standard,CarbonSteelPipe Flanges.

2. Vessels Under External Pressure .......................................................... 31Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required TicknessofCylin-dricalSheH,ChafiforDeteminingThicknessofCylindrical andSphericalVesselsunderExternal PressurewhenConstructedofCarbon Steel,

3. Design ofTall Towers .......................................................................... 52Wind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccen-tric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combination of Stresses,Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximatemethod), Design of Base Ring (approximate method), Design ofAnchor Bold and Base Ring,Anchor BoltChair for Tall Towers.

4. Vessel Suppotis ..................................................................................... 86Stresses inLargeHorizontal Vessels Supported byTwo Saddles,Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in Vessels Due toLug support.

5. Openings ............................................................................................... 122Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad, Open-

ing with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforce-ment ofOpenings, Strength ofAttachments, Joining Openings toVessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings.

6. Nozzle Loads ........................................................................................ 153

7. Reinforcement at the Junction of Cone to Cylinder .............................. 159

8. Welding of Pressure Vessels ................................................................. 170Welded Joints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thick-nesses, Application of Welding Symbols.

9. Regulations, Specifications ................................................................... 181Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related toVarious Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Con-taining Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Properties ofMaterials, Description of Materials, Specification for The De-sign and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication Toler-ances.

10. Materials of Foreign Countries ............................................................. 194

11. Welded Tanks ....................................................................................... 204



13. Rectangular Tanks ................................................................................ 212

14. Corrosion .............................................................................................. 221

15. Miscellaneous ... . .. . ... .. . . . ..~...o..o...u,mv..u.mv..~..u...i..~..~..~..u..~ 232Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engage-merit, Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allowances, LengthofStud Bolts, Pressure Vessel Detailing, Preferred Locations,CommonErrors,LiRingAttachments, SafeLoadsforRopesandChains, Transportation ofVessels.

16. Painting Steel Surfaces ..~...o..o...~....a...~. U.V......O... 247

1NREFERENCESTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOK CODE sTANDSF0RASME(AMERICANS O C I E T Y FE C H A N I C A LN G I N E E R S )O I L E RNP R E S S U R EE S S E LO D EE C T I O NI I IU L E SO RO N S T R U C T I O NO FR E S S U R EE S S E L S ,I V I S I O N— A NM E R I C A NT A N D A R D .

1 E



S P V

Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses ofdifferent intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity ofstresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construc-tion of the vessel components.

LOADINGS (Code UG-22)a,

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g“

Internal or external pressure

Weight of the vessel and contents

Staticreactions fromattachedequipment,piping, lining, insulation, internals,supports

Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations

Wind pressure and seismic forces

Impact reactions due to fluid shock

Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion

STRESSES (Code UG-23)

a. Tensile stress

b. Longitudinal compressive stress

c. General primary membrane stressinduced by any combination ofloadings. Primary membranestress plus primary bending stressinduced by combination of load-ings, except as provided in d. be-low.

d. General primary membrane stressinduced by combination of earth-quake orwind pressure with other

loadings (See definitions pagesbeginn-ing473.)

MAXIMUMALLOWABLE STRESS

Sa

The smaller of S. or the value offactor B determined by the proceduredescribed in Code UG 23 (b) (2)

S

1.5 Sa

1.2 times the stress permitted ina., b.,or c. This rule applicable to stressesexerted by internal or external pres-

sure or axial compressive load on acylinder.

Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simulta-neously.

S.= Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steelCode Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (Seeproperties of materials page 180- 184,)



/ ,

STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL

Uniforminternalorexternalpressureinducesinthelongitudinalseamtwotimeslargerunitstressthan in the circumferentialseambecauseof the geometryof the cylinder.

A vesselunder external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc.) are notfactors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling o n l yho

p r o v i d e sh ee t h o d fe s i g n ’ oe e th i se q u i r e m e n t .h e nt h eo a d i n

present, these combined loadings m a yo v e r nn de a v i e rl a t ei le r e q u i

t h a nh el a t eh i c ha sa t i s f a c t o r y oe s i s th ei r c u m f e r e n t i a lu c k l i nn l

T h eo m p r e s s i v et r e s su e ox t e r n a lr e s s u r en de n s i l et r e s su e on t e r n ar e s s

s h a l l ee t e r m i n e d yh eo r m u l a s :

$ 3

tF O R M U L A S

+C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LL O N G I T U D I N A L. .

J O I N T O I N

Ds, .$ s ~ = ~

,R ~

N O T A T I O ND= M e a ni a m e t e r fe s s e l ,n c h e

S2 P= I n t e r n a l rx t e r n a lr e s s u r e ,s

‘ 1, = Longitudinal stress, psi

s, s* = Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi‘/ [ = Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance

excluded, inches

EXAMPLE

;iven D = 96 inches PD 15 X 96P= 15psi s, = ~ = ~ = 1440 psif = 0.25 inches

s* = $ =15 X 96

= 2 8 8s2 X 0.25

F o ro w e r sn d e rn t e r n a lr e s s u r en di n do a dh er i t i c a le i g h tb o v eh i co m p r

s i v et r e s so v e r n sa n ep p r o x i m a t e d yh eo r m u I a :

H=%3 2 (

w h e r e= C r i t i c a le i g h t fo w e r ,t



I N R

1. OPERATING PRESSURE

The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at whichthe vessel is normally operated.

2. DESIGN PRESSURE

The pressure used inthe design ofa vessel. It isrecommended to design a vesseland its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. Adesign pressurehigher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is thegreater, will satis@this requirement, The pressure of the fluid and other contentsof the vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 forpressure of fluid.

3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

The internal pressure atwhich the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to theultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:

(a) in corroded condition(b) under the effect ofa designated temperature(c) in normal operating position at the top(d) undertheeffectof otherloadings(wind load, external pressure, hydro-

static pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.

When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as themaximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) code 3-2.

A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressurevessels isto limit themaximum allowable working pressure bythe head or shell,not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc.

See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges.

See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes.

The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very oflen, Itmeans the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to theultimate permissible point, when the vessel:

(a) is not corroded (new)

(b) t h ei t(

and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken intoconsideration.

4. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE

O n end one-half times the maximum allowable working pressure or the designpressure to bemarked onthevessel whencalculations are not made to determinethe maximum allowable working pressure.

Ifthe stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than atthe test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased propor-tionally.

H y d r o s t a t i ce s th a l l eo n d u c t e df l e rl la b r i c a t i o na se e no m p l e t e d



I nh i sa s e ,h ee s tressure shall be:

1 . 5( M a x .l l o w ..Press. xStressValueS Temperature

(OrDesignPress.) StressValueSAt DesignTemperature

V e s s e l sh e r eh ea x i m u ml l o w a b l eo r k i n gr e s s u r ei m i t e dt h

f l a n g e s ,h a l l ee s t e d tp r e s s u r eh o w n nh ea b l e :

+P r i m a r ye r v i c e

900 lb

H y d r o s t a t i ce s t fu l t i - c h a m b e re s s e l s :o d eG - 9 9e )

A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100

P r o o fe s t s os t a b l i s ha x i m u ml l o w a b l eo r k i n gr e s s u r eh eh

s t r e n g t h fn ya r t fh ee s s e la n n o t eo m p u t e di t ha t i s f a c t o

a s s u r a n c e fa f e t y ,r e s c r i b e d no d eG - 1 0 1 .

5. MAXIMUMALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES

Themaximuma l l o w a b l ee n s i l et r e s sa l u e se r m i t t e do ri f f e r e n ta t e r i aa r ei v e n na b l e na g e8 9 .h ea x i m u ml l o w a b l eo m p r e s s i v et r et o es e d nh ee s i g n fy l i n d r i c a lh e l l su b j e c t e d oo a d i n gh ar o d ul o n g i t u d i n a lo m p r e s s i v et r e s s nh eh e l lh a l l ee t e r m i n e dc c o r d i nC o d ea r .C - 2 3 , ,d .

6. JOINT EFFICIENCYThe efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.

T h eo l l o w i n ga g e so n t a i no r m u l a ss e d oo m p u t eh ee q u i r ea

t h i c k n e s sn dh ea x i m u ml l o w a b l eo r k i n gr e s s u r eo ho a

f r e q u e n t l ys e dy p e s fh e l ln de a d .h eo r m u l a s fy l i n d r i c a lh e lr

g i v e no rh e. o ~ g i t u d i n a le a m ,i n c es u a l l yh i so v e r n s .

T h et r e s s nh ei r t he a mi l lo v e r nn l yh e nh ei r c u m f e r e n t i a lo i

e f f i c i e n c y se s sh a nn e - h a l fh eo n g i t u d i n a lo i n tf f i c i e n c y ,h e

besides the internal pressure additional loadings(wind load, reaction of

s a d d l e s )r ea u s i n go n g i t u d i n a le n d i n g re n s i o n .h ee a s o noit h a th et r e s sr i s i n g nh ei r t he a mo u n der s q u a r en c hn e - h a l

t h et r e s s nh eo n g i t u d i n a le a m .

T h eo r m u l a so rh ei r t he a mc c o r d i n g l y :

tPR

= 24SE+ 0.4P

Seenotation on page 22.

P=2SEt

R – 0.4t



I N RFORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDEDIMENSIONS

NOTATIONE = J o i n tf f i c i e n c y .a g7

P = D e s i g nr e s s u r e ra x .l l o w a b l e= I n s i d ea d i u s ,n c h ew o r k i n gr e s s u r es i= I n s i d ei a m e t e r ,n c h e

S = S t r e s sa l u e fa t e r i a ls i ,a g e= t h i c k n e s s ,n c h eC A .C o r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e .n c h

ACYLINDRICAL SHELL ( L O NE A M

e

t

PRSE t

f= SE– O.6P PR = m-m

1. U s u a l l yh et r e s s nh eo n ge a mo v e r n ip r e c e d i n ga g e .

2 .h e nh ea l lh i c k n e s sx c e e d sna lt hn sr a d i u s re x c e e d s. 3 8 5E ,ho r m u li vt h eo d ep p e n d i x- 2h a l l ep p l i e d

B SPHERE HEMISPHERICAL HEAD

PR p= 2SE t

‘= 2SE–0,2P R +0.2t

r

1- -1R

-–f

1. F o re a d si t h o u ts t r a i g h tl a n g e ,s hf f i c io fh ee a d oh e l lo i n t f {e sh ahf f i c io fh ee a m s nh ee a d .

2 .h e nh ea l lh i c k n e s sx c e e d s. 3 5o P e x c e0 . 6 6 5E ,h eo r m u l a si v e nho dp p e nI - 3 ,h a l l ep p l i e d .

.

. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

IPD

b ‘= 2SE– O.2PP= -Dy;jt

“0 1. F o rl l i p s o i d a le a d s ,h e r eha t it ha j

a n di n o rx i s st h e rh a n :eo dp p e n1 - 4 ( c ) .

/1 = 1>/4



E X

D E S I G NA T A : E = 1 . 0 0 ,o i n tf f i c i e n c ye a m l e

h e a d sP = p s ie s i g nr e s s u r e= 4 8n c h e sn s i d ea d i u s

S = 1 7 5 0 0s it r e s sa l u e f A= 9 6n c h e sn s i d ei a m e t e r

5 1 5 . 7 0l a t e I5 0 ” F= r e q u i r e da l lh i c k n e s s ,n c h

E = 0 . 8 5 ,f f i c i e n c y fp o t - e x a m i n e d. A .0 . 1 2 5n c h e so r r o s i o nl l o w u n

j o i n t s fh e l ln de m i s .e a d oi no r r o d e do n d i t i o nv a ts h e l l w i t hh eo r r o s i o nl l o w a n

SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE

I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms, SEE DESIGN[),N”f’AIK)VE

01”o shellfhwrmine the maximum:Ill(nv;Iblef(whingpressure, P

I(K)x 48.1?5 I’br().5()()in thi~k kh{.11wtlrn Ihc tIS<,Il i, in IICW,= = ().325 in.I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.6 x 100 currditi(m.

+ C.A. () 125 in. 17500 x ().X5x ().5(M)P = - 154psi

48 + xin.

fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc

—.

SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE

The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge.

Detcrrnirrethe required thickness.

SEE DESIGNL)A’rAABOVE

I d’ ii hemisphericalhead. DetermineIIwmaximumallowuhlcvrn-kingpressure. P

I’or().3125in [hi(k head. when it is in IICNctmdili(m]00 x 48, Izfi

/= = ().16?in.2 x I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.2 x I00 ,?x I7500 x 0.X5x 0.3 I25

p ,.. + IOJ p~iW + 0.2 x (),3I25

+ C.A. 0.125 in.

0.287 in.

Use: ().3125 in MIN. HEAD

SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE

Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessot’a SCJMICSSllipsoidalhead SEE DESIGNDA’I’AABOVE

100 X 96.25 Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblcU[wkingprcwurc. P— = 0,275 in. for0,275 in. thick. seamlesshead \ ’heni is in corroded

‘ - 2 x 17500 x 1.0 – 0.2 x 100 condition.

+ C.A. 0.125 in, 2 X 17500 X 1,0 X 0.275

in,= 10(1psi

96.?5 + 0.2 x 0.275—

Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD



I NFORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENS1ONS

NOTATION D = I n s i d ei a m e t en c hP = D e s i g nr e s s u r e ra x .l l o w a b l e= O n ea lhn c I ua

w o r k i n gr e s s u r es in g l e ,e g r e eS = . S t r ; s sa l u e fa t e r i a ls i ,a g e= I n s i d ea d i ud i sn c

r = I n s i d en u c k la d in cE = J o i n tf f i c i e n c y ,a g e7 2= W a l lh i c k n e s sn c hR = I n s i d ea d i u s ,n c h e sC o r r o s i o nl l o w a nn c

1 CONE CONICAL SECTION

2SEt c

‘ = 2o s(SE– O.6P) ‘= D + 1.2t a

A % ~ ‘D

1 .h ea l fp e xn g l e ,n or e a th

2 .h e n a sr e a t e rh a0p e c in a lr e( C o d ep p e n d i x- 5 ( e )

E A S M EL A N G E DNI S HE( T O R I S P H E R I C A LE A

W h e n/1 6 2

0.885PL SEt

f= SE– o. 1 PP=

0.885 L+0.lt

~

< When Vr l e sh a

\PLM 2SEt

‘= 2SE– O.2P ‘= LM+oo2t

V A L U E S FA C T O RM ”

‘ J r. 0 0. 5 0

M3

2

1 3 .

M 1

* : L = D + 2t (see note 2 on f a c



2

E X

DESIGN DATA: R =48inchesinsideradius*P = lOOpsidesignpressure D = 96inchesnsidediameter*

S = 17500psistressvalueof~ = requiredallthickness,nches

SA515-70plate@650°F L = 30°0nehalfoftheapexangle

E = 0.85,efficiencyfspot-examined t = Resuiredwallthicknessnches

joints C.A = 0,125inchescon-osionallowance

E = 1.00,jointefficiencyfsearnless * incorrodedconditionreaterwiththecorrosionllowance

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVECos30°= 0.866

Determine the maximum allowableDetermine the required thickness, r working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thickof a cone cone, when the vessel is in new

100x96.25 condition.

‘2X 0.866(17500X 2 x xO.85xO.500x0.86696+1.2XOo500Xo.866

=133psi

+C.A. 0,125in.

Use0,500in.plate0.500in.

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

L/r = 16$ Determine the maximum allowable

Determine the required thickness, tof aworking pressure, P for 0.6875 in. thickseamless head, when the vessel is in

seamless ASME flanged and dishedhead.

new condition.

0.885X100x96.I25 p. 17500x1,0x0,6875f= =0.486in. 0.885x96+ 0,1 x0,6875

= 141psi17500x1.0-0.1x 100

+C.A. 0.125in.

Use0.625in.plate0.611in.

SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE

Knuckle radius r = 6 in.L/r= ~= (j61

%Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~ = 16

~= 1.75 from table. A4= 1.75 from table

Determine the required thickness t of aseamless ASME flanged and dished Determine themaximum allowablehead. working pressure, P for a 0.481 in. thick

100x96,125X1.75seamless head when the vessel is in

t=2 x17500 100

‘0.481 in. corroded condition.

+C.A. 0.125in. p=2 x17500X1.0xO.481

96.125X1.75+0,2 xO.481= 100psi

0.606in.

Use0.625in.min.thickhead

NOTE: When the r a t i o f/ r sr e a t e rh a n6 3 ,o n - C o d eo n s t r u c t i oak4 m a y ea l c u l a t e d yh eo r m u l a :l l =( 3L / r )



22

I NFORMULASIN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS

NOTATION

E = Joint efficiency,page1P = D e s i g nr e s s u r e ra x .l l o w a b l eO u t s i d eadius,inchesw o r k i n gr e s s u r es i =u t s i d ei a m e t en c

S = S t r e s sa l u e fa t e r i a ls i ,a g eW a l lh i c k n e sn c1 8 9C.A: = Comosionallowance,inches

ACYLINDRICAL SHELL ( L OE

b

+ PR

G3) ~

* = SE + 0.4PP = R y;4t

R .

1 .s u a l l yh et r e s sho neg o v ep a g e 4

2 .h e nh ea l lh i c k n e s sx c e e natr a d i u s re x c e e d s. 3 8E ho r mit h eo d ep p e n d i x-h a la p p l

BSPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD

@

PR

f = 2SE + 0.8P P - ~ y; B*.

d’

f 1 .o re a d si t h o u ts t r a i g hl a n gf fR o fh ee a d oh e l lo i ni l e hf f

o fh ee a m s nh ee a dR P

S E ,h e1-3,shallbeapplied.

c2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

-

PDh ‘= 2S45+1,8P

P=D~l— .

u

+1 .o rl l i p s o i d a le a d s ,h e rha tt a

m i n o rx i s st h e rh a: 1eop p e-

h = D14



23

E X

DESIGN DATA:

P = IOOpsidesignpressure E = 1.OOjointefficiencyfseamlessheads

S = 17500psistressva1ueof l? =48inchesoutsideriidiusSA515-70plate@650°F D= 96inchesoutsidediameterE= O.8&efliciencyofspot-examined t=Requiredwallthickness,nches

joints ofshellandhemis.headtoshell C.A.=0.125inchescorosionallowanceE = 1.00,jointefficiencyfseamless

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

Determine the required thickness, t Determine the maximum allowable

of a shell working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick

100X48shell when the vessel is in new condi-tion.

‘= 17500x0.85-0.4x 100 ‘0”322‘n” 17500xO.85xO.500P=

+C.A. 48-0.4 x0,500 = 155psi0.125in.0.447in.

Use:0.500in.thickplate

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVESEEDESIGN DATAABOVE

Head furnished without straight flange.Determine the maximum allowable

Determine the required thickness, tof ahemispherical head.

working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick

head, when the vessel is in newcondition.t=

2x17500%;t0.8x100 ‘0-161 ‘r-ip. 2x 17500xO.85x().3125

48-0.8 x0,3125 =194psi

+ C . A .. 1 2 5n .

0.286in.

Use:0.3215in.min.thickhead

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE

Determine the maximum allowable

Determine the required thickness t of a working pressure, P for 0.273 in. thick

seamless ellipsoidal head. head, when it is in new condition.

100x96t=

2 x 17500X 1 . 0 +. 8 X. 2x 17500x1.0X96-1.8 xO.273 =100psi

+C.A. 0,125in.0.398in.




I NFORMULASNTERMSOF OUTSIDEDIMENSIONS

N ~ A T I O NOutsidediameter.inches

P = Designpressureor max. allowable ~ = one halfof the included(apex)w o r k i n gr e s s u r esi a n g l e ,e g r e

S = S & e s sa l u e fa t e r i a ls i ,a g e= O u t s i d ea d id i snr = I n s i d en u c ka d in

E = J o i n tf f i c i e n c y ,a g e7 2W a l lh i c k n e sn cR = O u t s i d ea d i u s ,n c h e s.A: = C o r r o s i o nl l o w a nn c

) CONE CONICAL SECTION

@

PD p= 2bsEfCosCY

‘=2 CosCYSE+ O.4P) D –0.8t a

d1 .h ea l fp e xn g l e ,n or e a th

L “ .h e n a sr e a t e rh a0 °p e cn a lr e( C o d ep p e n d i x- 5 ( e )

E A s M EL A N G E DNI S HE( T O R I S P H E R I C A LE A

W h e n L / r1 6 2

0.885PLP=

SEt

2=SE + 0.8P 0.885L– O.8t

fW h e ne sh a6

.

i

PL M 2SEtf= 2SE+P(M– O.2)’ ‘= ML –t(ikf-O.2)

VALUES OF FACTOR M

‘ / r. 0 0. 5 0. 0 0

1 . 2 5. 7 53 . 5. 5

2 . 2 5. 7 5. 2 5.

4 . 0.

M 1 . 0 0. 0 6. 1 0

% ‘

7 : L - t = D 2

.



25

E X

3ESIGN DATA:

P = IOOpsidesignpressure D = 96inchesoutsideimeterS = 17500psistressvalueof ~ = 3@onehalfoftheapexmgle

SA515-70plate@650°F L = 96inchesoutsideadiusofdishE =0.85,efficiencyfspot-examinedjoints t = Requiredwallthickness,nchesE = 1.00,jointefficiencyfseamlessheads C.A = 0.125inchescomosionallowmceR = 48inchesoutsideadius

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE

:0s 30°=0.866 Determine the maximum allowable

Determine the required thickness, t working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick

of a cone cone.

96‘=2x0.866X(l\50; X0.85+Oc4X100)=

00

=0.372 in. ~= 2X17500X).85X).5()()X().866

96- (0.8xO.500xO.866)

= 134psi

+-CA. 0.125in.0.497in.

Use:0.500in.thickplate

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE

L/r = 16$Determine the maximum allowable

Determine the required thickness, t of a working pressure, P for 0.625 in. thickseamless ASME flanged and dishedhead.

seamless head, when the vessel is incorroded condition.

0,885x100x96

‘= 17500x1.0+0.8x 100

=0.483in.

17500x1.0xO.625P= 0.885

+C.A. 0.125in.

0.608in.

U s e :. 6 2 5n.min.thickhead

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE%

SEEDESIGN DATAABOVE

Knuckle radius r= 6 i M ~ = 1 K r p= 6 in. L/r= ~ =16M 1.75 from table.

Determine the required thickness tof a~= 1.75 from table.

seamless ASME flanged and dished Determine the maximum allowable

head. working pressure, P for a 0.478 in. thick100X96X1.75 seamless head when the vessel is in

t=2x 17500x1.0x 100(1.75-0.2)

=0.478in. corroded condition.

+-CA. 0.125in.2X17500x1.OX().478 .

0.603in.‘= 1.75X96-0478(1.75-0.2)=100ps*


NOTE: W h e nh ea t i o f/ r sr e a t e rh a n6 :( n o n - C o d eo n s t r u c t i oaM m a y b ea l c u l a t e d yh eo r m u l a :l =( 3~



&u

I E PF

NOTATION

P = Internal or external design pressure psi E=joint efficiency

d =Inside diameter ofshell, in.S =Maximumaflowable stiessvalue ofmaterial, psit = Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in

t~ = Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.

tr = Minimumrequiredthicknessof seamlessshell for pressure,in.t~ = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.



27

I E PE

DESIGNDATA

P = 300 psi design pressure E=joint efficiencyd =24in. inside diameter ofshell

s =15,0001psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 platetr =0.243 i n .equired thickness of seamless shell for pressure.t~ =0.3125 in. actual thickness ofshell.

DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t

t=d ~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000 x 1 = 1.223 in.

Use l.250in. head

t~ 1.250Checking the limitationof — = — = 0.052,

d 24

Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE

0.243c = 0.33 ; = 0,33 — = 0.26

s 0.3125

t = d = = 24 0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 ==1.731 in.

Use 1.75 in. plate

Using thicker plate for shell, alesser thickness wfil be satisfactory for the head

t~= 0.375 i n .

0.243c = 0.33 + = 0.33 —

0.375= 0.214

t= d & = 24 J0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.

Use 1.625 in. plate

The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2J

dt, from theinside face of the head

2 m = 6 in”

- .. . . . .... . .



28

PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RATINGS

F O RT E E LI P ELANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS

American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981

150lb. 300 l b .0 0b .0 0b. 900 l b5

HYDROSTATICTESTPRESSURE,PSIG

450 1125 1500 2225 3350 5575 9275

TEMPERATURE, MAXIMUMALLOWABLENON-SHOCKpRESSURE PSIG

-20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 547400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280

500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560

650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440

750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200800 80 410 550 325 1235 2060 343850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230900 50 170 230 345 515 860 143

950 35 105 140 205 310 515 861000 20 50 70 105 155 260 43

Ratings apply to materials:SA-1051’2 SA-515-702 SA-516-702 SA-181-70]’2 SA-350-LF2SA-537-C1.13 SA-216-WCB2

NOTES:1. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed steels

containing not less than 0.10070esidual silicon be used.2. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800F, the carbide phase of

carbon steel may be converted to graphite.3. T h ea t e r i a lh a l lo t es e d nh i c k n e s sb o v e1/2 i n

Flangesof ANSIB16.5shallnot be usedfor higher ratings exceptwhereit isjustified by the designmethods of the Code.

Ratingsare maximum allowable non-shock working pressuresexpressedas gagepressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated betweentemperatures shown,

Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of thef l a n g e . ne n e r a l , t sh ea m e sh a t fh eo n t a i n ea t e r i



2

P F

STATIC HEAD

The fluid in the vesselexerts pressure on the vesselwall. The intensity of thepressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides orbottom of the vessel and i su e oh ee i g h t fhl u ib o o

a th i c hh er e s s u r e so n s i d e r e d .

T h et a t i ce a dh e np p l i c a b l eh a l l ed d e d ohe s i gr e s stv e s s e l .

T h ea b l e se l o wh o wh ee l a t i o n se t w e e nh er e s s u rne itw a t e r .

T oi n dh er e s s u r eo rn yt h e rl u i d sh a na t e r ,ha l ui vtt a b l e sh a l l eu l t i p l i e di t hh ep e c i f i cr a v i t yhl u ic o n s i d e r

P r e s s u r e no u n d se rq u a r en c ho ri f f e r e n te a dW a t

H e a d ,F e e t1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0

b

w a t e r ta h r e n h e i tq u a l s4 3 3o u n dr e s s ueq unT oi n dh er e s s u r ee rq u a r en c ho rn ye e te a doi v et ha bm u l t i p l yh ee e te a d y4 3 3 .

H e a d s fa t e r ne e to r r e s p o n d i n g oe r t a ir e s si no u n d se rq u a r en c h

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0

i t



30

Tf o ru i c ko m p a r i s o n fe q u i r e dl a t eh i c k n e s sn deight for various materials andat different degree of radiographic examination.

A Stressvalues at tem~. -20 to 650° F.

S A3S A - 2 8 5S A1 5 - 65 1

S A1 6 - 65 1

85V0J. E. 11730 12750 14875

100YoJ. E. 13800 15000 17500

B Ratios of Stress Values

11730 12750 13800 14875 15000 17500

11730 — 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.28 1.49

12750 0.92 — 1.08 1.17 1.18 1.37

13800 0.85 0.92 — 1.08 1.09 1.27

14875 0.79 0.86 0.93 — 1.01 1.18

15000 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.99 — 1.17

17500 0.67 0.73 0.79 “ 0.85 0.86 —

Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materials.

Table B shows the ratios of these stress values.

EXAMPLE:

1. Foravesselusing SA515-70plate, whenspotradiographed, therequiredthickness0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs.

2. What plate thickness will be required and what will the weight of the vessel be

using SA 285-C plate and fill radiographic examination:

In case 1. The stress value of the material 14875

In case 2. The stress value of the material 13800

The ratio of the two stress values tlom Table B = 1.08. In this proportion will bincreased the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel.

0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in.

12600 X 1.08= 13608 lb.



31

E X

D e s i g nr e s s u r e

V e s s e l sn t e n d e do re r v i c en d e rx t e r n a lo r k i n gr e s s u r e1 p l

w h i c hr e o et a m p e di t hh eo d ey m b o le n o t i n go m p l i a

r o l e so rx t e r n a lr e s s u r e ,h a l l ee s i g n e dom a x i ml le x t e r n a lr e s s u r e fS p s i r 5e re n to r eh aha x i mo s

e x t e r n a lr e s s u r e ,h i c h e v e r sm a l l e r .o d eJ G2 8f

A v e s s e lh i c h se s i g n e dn do n s t r u c t e d oo d ee q u i r e m e nn t

p r e s s u r en dh i c h se q u i r e d o ee s i g n e do rx t e r n ar e s s1 p

o re s se e do t ee s i g n e d oo d eu l e so rh ex t e r n ar e s so n dH o w e v e r , ox t e r n a lr e s s u r ea t i n ga y eh o w ni thot a m

l e s so d ee q u i r e m e n t so rx t e r n a lr e s s u r er ee t .o dG - o

T h i sh a l lo t ep p l i e d fh ee s s e l sp e r a t e dt e m p e r a t ue

2 0a n dh ee s i g nr e s s u r e se t e r m i n e d yh eo dC 6 cC

U H A5 1b ) ov o i dh ee c e s s i t y fm p a c te s t .

V e s s e l si t ha po i n t s :o d e G2 8g )o ny l i n d r i ce s sa

C o d e G2 8i )

T e s tr e s s u r e

S i n g l e - w a l le s s e l se s i g n e do ra c u u m ra r t i a la c u un lh

s u b j e c t e d o nn t e r n a ly d r o s t a t i ce s t rh e nh y d r o s t aenp r a c t i c a b l e , op n e u m a t i ce s t . G9 9f )

E i t h e ry p e fe s th a l l ea d e tp r e s s u r eoe sh a1 i

d i f f e r e n c ee t w e e no r m a lt m o s p h e r i cr e s s u r en hi n i e

i n t e r n a lb s o l u t er e s s u r e . G9 9f )

P n e u m a t i ce s t :o d e G1 0 0

T h ee s i g ne t h o d nh eo l l o w i n ga g e so n f o r mS Mo dr e

V e s s e l se c t i o nI I I .I V . .h eh a r t s na g e s 2h r rx c e r

t h i so d e .



32

E XRESSUREFORMULAS

N O T A T I O NP= External designpressure, psig.

P = Maxunumallowableworkingpressure, psig.d.= Outside diameter, in.L = the length, in. ofvessel section between:

1. circumferential lineon a head at one-third the depth of thehead-tangent line,

2. stiffeningrings3. jacket closure4. cone-toqdinderjunction or knuckle-to-cylinderjunction of

a toriconicalhead or section,5. tube sheets (see pa e 39)

t fiMinimumrequiredwa thickness,in.

A. m CYLINDRICAL SHELL2

Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt JointsWhen D./l equal to or greater than 10

the maximum allowable pressure:

D. Pa =4B

1~ , A 3(D0It )t.

— T h ealue of B shall be determined by the fol-lowingprocedure:1. Assume a value for t; See pages 49-511)

t i betermine L/DQ a nI2 .n t e ri g .G O - 2 8 . OP a2) at the valueA m of L/DO. E n t e rw h e/Dp is greater

z

than 50, and at 0.05 when L/D. is l

0.05.3. M o v eo r i z o n t a l l yt hie p r

~ O / t .r o mh eo i ni n t e r s e cB . t l c a l l y oe t e r m i n eha lf a

4 .n t e rh ep p l i c a b l ea t e rh4 3 - 4 7 ) th ea l uM oe r t it

Aa p p h c a b l ee m p e r a t u r ei n e

5 .r o mh en t e r s e c t i o no vo r i z or e a dh ea l u e

uz C o m p u t eh ea x i m u ml l o w ao r

2 s u r e ,a.

u If the maximum allowable working pressure isz t AE

smaller than the design pressure, the design

M procedure must be repeated increasing the vesLalL sel thicknessor decreasingL b s t i f f

F * F o ra l u e sf a l l it ta p p l i c a b l ee m p e r a t u r ei n af POc a n ea l c u l a t e dho r m u

t ~ A

1 Pa =s 1 3 ( Dt) - ?

2 W h e nh ea l u eo /l e htg i v e nho dG - 2 8

W I T HT I F F E N I N GI N G ep p l i e d .



33

E X

D E S I G NATA

P = IS e x t e r n a le s i g nressure

D. = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the shell

Length o fh ee s s e lr o ma n g e n ti n e oa n g e n ti n eti n5H e a d s: 1l l i p s o i d a l

M a t e r i a l fh e l l A2 8 5p l a t e

T e m p e r a t u r e0 0 °

E = M o d u l u sf elasticity o fa t e r i a l ,7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0s i0 Js h

o na g e 3

D e t e r m i n eh ee q u i r e dh e i lh i c k n e s s .

A s s u m es h e l lh i c k n e s s := 0 . 5 0n .s e ea g e9 )

L e n g t h=592 in. (length of shell 576 in. and one third of the depth of

heads 16 i n . )L/DO= 592/96 = 6.17 Do/t = 96/0.5= 192

A=O.00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described onthe facing page.

Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-linein Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43),

P* = 2AE/3( DOlt) = 2 x 0.00007x 27,000,000/3x 192= 6.56 psi.

Since tlie maximum allowable pressure is smaller than the design pressureP stiffening rings shall be provided.

Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads,Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one thirdof depth of head 8 in.)

L/DO= = = =

i

* = from chart (pagea

s 3000 f r o mh a r tp a g3

G d e t e r m i n e d yh er o c e d u r ee s c r i

: ‘ 0a c i n ga g e .+“ o

QPa = 4B/3(DOlr) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192= 20.8 psi.

‘k GG* Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is‘; greater than the design pressure P, the assumed

thickness of shell using two stiffening rings,is satisfactory.

“00*Z

See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.



34

EXTERNALPRESSUREFORMULAS

NOTATIONP = External design pressure psig.Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure psig.DO = Outsidediameter of the head, in.RO = Outside radius of sphere or hemispherical head, 0.9D0 for ellipsoidal

heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in.= Minimum required wall thickness, inches.

; = Modulusof elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)

SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD

The maximum B

allowable pressure: ‘“ = (RO/t)

The valueof B shall be determinedby the followingpro-cedure:

1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of

A using the f o r m u l a :( ) (see page49)2 .n t e rh ep p l i c a b l ea t e r i ah ap a3

t h ea l u e f. Move vertically to the applicabl

t- - ~~–•°à–•Tá–•Xæ–•

temperature line.*3. From the intersection move horizontally and read

tR. R. t h ea l u e f .

DO *For values of A falling to the left of the applicable temperature line, the value of POcan be calculated by the formula:Pc = 0.0625V~R0/ t ):

If the maximum allowable working pressure f’. computed by the formula above, is smaller than the desigpressure, a greater value for [ must be selected and

the design procedure repeated.2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

The required thickness shall be the greater of thefollowing thicknesses.

I (1) The thickness as computed by the formulasR.

+%

given for internal pressure using a design pres

sure 1.67 times the external pressure and jointt

DOefficiency E=1.00.

(2) The thickness proofed by formula Fa=BARo/where&=O.9 00, and B to be determined as fosphere.

ASMEFLANGEDNDDISHEDHEAD( T O R I S P H E R I C A LE A

+ W

R.The required thickness and maximum allowable pres-

( sure shall be computed by the procedures given forellipsoidal heads. (See above)ROmaximum=D,,f,



35

E X

DESIGN DATA:

P = 15psigexternal design pressureDo= 96 inches outside diameter of headMaterial of the head SA-285C plate500°F design temperature

Determine the required head thickness.

SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE

Assumea head thickness: t,=0.25 i n . .4 8 . ~n

A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 / 0 . 2 5 )0 . 0 0 0 6 5

F r o mi g .C S - 2 8 . 2p a g e3 ) B8 5 0 0e t e r m i n e dhr o c e dd e s c r i b e d nh ea c i n ga g e .

Pa = 8 5 0 0 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 / 0 . 2 5 )4 4 , 2 7s i .

S i n c eh ea x i m u ml l o w a b l eo r k i n gr e s s u r ea is exceedingly greater thanthe design pressuref’, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.

For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in.RO= 4 8 . 0 0n .

A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 / 0 . 1 8 7 5 )0 . 0 0 0 5

B = 6 7 0 0 ,r o mh a r tp a g e 4 3 ) ,a = B/(RJt) = 6700/256= 26.2 psi.

The assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.

SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE. Procedure(2.)

A s s u m eh e a dh i c k n e s s := 0 . 3 1 2 5n . .x = in.

A = 0.125/(86.4/0.3125)= 0.00045

B= 6100 from chart (page 43), Pa = B/( RO\r)I= 6100/276= 22.1 psi.

Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa i sr e a t e rh ahe s ir e sP t h es s u m e dh i c k n e s s sa t i s f a c t o r y .

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.)

Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., RO=,DO=96 in.

A = 0.125/(96/0.3125)= 0.0004B a 5 2 0 0r o mh a r tp a g e3 ) ,a = B/( RO/t) = 5200/307 = 16.93 psi.

Since the m a x i m u ml l o w a b l er e s s u r e a sr e a t e rh ahe s ir e s

~ t h es s u m e dh i c k n e s s sa t i s f a c t o r y .



36

E XFORMULAS

AX

CONE A NONICAL SE(XION

L WHEN a ISEQUALTOORLESSTHAN‘a and Dl\r, > 10The m a x i m u ml l o w a br e s s

LD ,

4

‘ 3(D,/f,.)

1 .s s u m ev a l uor thickness,~,s

l%

Thevaluesof B s h adeterminedby tfollowingprocedure:

a

‘1

2 .e t e r m i n e,., and the ratiosL/Dl a

te D1/tea

L3. Enter chart UGO-28(page42) at the wd

I of LJDI (.L/D&)( E n t5 w /Dlis greater than 5 0oo r i z t

DIline representing~it. From the pointintersection move vefically to determfactor A,

4. Enter the applicable material chart athe value of A* and moveverticallyto th

NOTATIONline of applicable temperature. From thintersection move horizontally and rea

A = factordeterminedfrom the value of B.

fig.UGO-21L0page , 4 2 .o m p u t eha x i ml l oB = fhctordetermined from pressure,Pa.

charts(pages4 3 4 7 )a = o n ea l f fh en c l u d e d

( a p e x )n g l e ,e g r e e sI fa is s m a l l eh ahe sr e

Dl =d e s i g n ,h ee s i gr o c e dust be repeat

outsidediameter at thelargeend, in.

increasingthe thicknessor decreasingL

D outsidediameter at theusingof stiffeningrings.

s=

smalle n dn .E

F o ra l u e sf a l l it het a= modulusof elasticityof

material (page 43)cableline, the valueof P can be calcula

L = lengthof cone, in. (see by the formula:

page 39) Pa = 2AE/3(D,/t,.)

Le = equivalentlength of For coneshavingD A ratio smallerthan 1

conicalsection, seeCode UG-33(~(b)

in.(L/’2)(l+D~/Df)P = external designpressure,. W H E N aR E A T EH

Pa = flbum allowable The thicknessof theconesshallbe thesame

workingpressure, psi the required t h i c k n e of l

t = minimumrequired o h i cq u aa r

t h i c k n e s s ,n .i a m e t e rho n e

te = effectivethickness,n.= t Cos a

P r o v i d ed e q u a t ee i n f o r ct oc y l i n d e ru n c t u r e .ea



37

E X

DESIGN DATA

F’ = 15 psi external design pressure

Material of the cone SA 285-C plate500 F design temperature

CONICAL HEAD

D( = 9 6n .=2 2 . 5e g r e e s, =O

Determine the required thickness, t

A7

LLength, f. =( D1/2)hncx=48/.4142= 115.8,say 116in (11. Assumea head thickness, t, 0.3125in.2. fe= tcosa=O.3125 .9239 = 0.288;

L, =L/2 ( l + DD 1= 1 1 6 / 2( 10/96) = 58

L, /~, =58/96 =0.6 L), Ite = 96/,288 = 333 w3. A =0.00037 ( f r o mh a r t ,a g e2 )4 .= 5 , 2 0 0f r o mh a r t ,a g e3 )

5 .,, =4B 4 X 5,200

3(D,/t@) ==20.8 psi.

3(333)

Sincethe maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, theassumedplate thickness is satisfactory.

CONICAL SECTION (See designdata above)

DI = 144in. D, =96 in. a =30 d e g .

D e t e r m i n eh ee q u i r e dh i c k n e s s ,

L e n g t h ,= [ ( D r D J ) / 2 ] / t a n a2 4 / . 5 7 7 44 1 . 6n .

m

a 0 . 32 . ,t C O s ~ O . 3 7 5( ) . 8 6 6 = 0 . 3

$ ’

Le=(L/2)(1 + D~\Dl)=41.6\2 X

1 + 9 6 / 1 4 4 )3 4 . 6I L Le/D[ =3 4 . 6 7 / 1 4 4 = 0 . 2 4 1

D1/te=1 4 4 / 0 . 3 2 4 =4

3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J4 .= 8 , 6 0 0f r o mh a r ta g3

2 41 4 4 - 9 6

2 5. pa = 4B =

4 X8 6

1 4 4 3(DJr J 3 X (144/0.324)= 25.8 p s i .

S i n c eh ea x i m u ml l o w a b l er e s s u r e. is greater than the d e s ir e sP, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.

EXAMPLES &





39

E XFORMULAS

o

7L

J

Use L in calculation as shown when

R

T

the strength ofjoints of cone to cylin-

L der does not meet the requirementsdescribed on pages 163-169 It willresult the thickness for the cone notlessthan the minimumrequired thick-

ness for the joiningqdindricalshell.

H

7

Use L in calculationas shownwhenthe strength ofjoints of cone to cylin-der meets the requirements describedon pages 163-169

-a

rL.

1



40

E XDESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS

NOTATION

A : Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in thestiffening ring.

A, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in.

DO= Outside Diameter of shell, in.

E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43)

1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallelto the axis of the shell, in.4.

f’,, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shellsection which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width ofthe shell section 1.10 @ in.4.

L, = The sum ofone-halfofthe distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from

the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line atdepth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinderunction, in.

P = External design pressure, psi.

t = Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in.

I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A

II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally betweenjacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at % of its depth anddetermine dimension, L,.

111.Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia ofthe ring combined with the shell section (see page 95).

IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumferential stiffening ring shall not beless than determined by one of the following formulas:

~, = Do’L,(t+A]L)A D02L,(t+A~L)A

10.9{,= ~.s

The value of A shall be determined by the following procedure:

1. Calculate factor B usingthe formula:

“’[*J2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 -47) at the value of B and move

horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value ofB is less than2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E.

3. Fromthe intersection point move vertically tothebottom ofthe chart andreadthevalue of A.

4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above.

If the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section isgreaterthan the required moment of inertia, the stiffening of the sheHis satisfactory. Otherwisestiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings

shall be increased.

Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)



41

E X

D E S I G NATA:

P=

D.=

E=

1 =

1 5s i .e x t e r n a le s i g nr e s s u r e .

9 6n . ,u t s i d ei a m e t e r fh eh e l l .L e n g t h fh ee s s e lr o ma n g e n ti n e oa n g e n ti n ef ti 5

H e a d s: 1l l i p s o i d a lM a t e r i a l fh et i f f e n i n gi n g A3 6

T e m p e r a t u r e0 0 °

M o d u l u s fl a s t i c i t y fa t e r i a l ,7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0s i5 0( s ho na g e3 )

0 . 5 0 0n .h i c k n e s s fh e l l

I .

II.

III.

IV.

A nn g l ex 4 - 5 /e l ez 4 ,3 . 0 3q n

U s i n gs t i f f e n i ni nq us p a c e de t w e en e - t heo fe a d ss ei g u r ej = 1 n.

T h eo m e n ti n e rtselectedangle: 11.4in.

1. T h ea l ua c t o r

B= 3/4[PDOjct =

3/4 ~5 X96/(0.5 + 3.03~1961

= 2095

2 .i n c eha l uB i lt h a n5 0 0

A = 2BiE. =

2 X 2095/27,000,000= 0.00015

The required moment of inertia:

I , = =[1102L$(r+ A,\Q4] 962X 196X (0.5+ 3.03/ 196)X 0.00015 = g 97 in ~=14 14

. .

S i n c eh ee q u i r e do m e n t fn e r t i a9 . 9 7ni m a l lhm o m e n t fn e r t i a fh ee l e c t e dn g l e 1. 4nt he sae q u a t e l yt i f f e n e d .

S t i f f e n i n gi n g sa y eu b j e c t oa t e r a lu c k l i n g .h ih o u lc o n s i

i nd d i t i o n oh ee q u i r e do m e n t fn e r t i a .

S e ea g e ~ 9 5 - 9 7o rt i f f e n i n gi n ga l c u l a t i o n s .



4 2

Cacml owl 001 . 0

A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR A

U S E D NO R M U L A SO RE S S E L SN D E RX T E R N AR E S





n

r

I

i

I

I

I

II

I

z



I1

I ,w

I

I

I

I

\

l

\w

8P



t

t

1

1

1

u

I

IYR]

.

\

I

1

I

,

I

\

I

.

I

I

\

I

.

I

t

I

I

I

I

1

III

I

1

I

I

I

I

U





48

E XCONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS

LOCATIONStiffening ringsmay be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel.

SHAPEOFRINGST h ei n g sa y e fe c t a n g u l a r rn yt h e re c t i o n s .

CONSTRUCTIONI t sr e f e r a b l e os el a t e s no n s t r u c t i n gc o m p o s i t e - s e c t i o nt i f f

r a t h e rh a ns i n gt a n d a r dt r u c t u r a lh a p e s .h ee a s o noh ii

t h ei f f i c u l t i e s fo l l i n ge a v yt r u c t u r a lh a p e s ,u tl se c a ut e

s i t y od j u s th ei n g oh eu r v a t u r e fh eh e l l .oa r gi a m ee s

m a x i m u me r m i s s i b l eu t fo u n d n e s sa ne s u l t n1 – 2 i n e t

t h eh e l ln dh ei n g .h i sa n el i m i n a t e d fh ee r t i c a le m btc u tu t fh el a t e ne c t i o n s .h ee c t i o n sa n el a mu tn s tr o

a n dh e nu t t - w e l d e do g e t h e r nl a c e .

DRAIN AND VENT

S t i f f e n e ri n g sl a c e d nh en s i d e fo r i z o n t a lh e l l sa vh og tb o t t o mo rr a i n a g en d th eo po re n t .r a c t i c a l l ynaa 3 id i a m e t e ro l e th eo t t o mn d% i n c hi a m e t e ro l eh os a t i s fa n do e so tf f e c th et r e s so n d i t i o n s .i g u r e .

F o rh ea x i m u mr c fh e l le f tn s u p p o r t e de c a u sg as t i f

r i n g ,e eo d ei g u r eG . ’ 2 9 . 2 .

WELDINGAccording to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached “tothe

shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittentwelding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:

1 .o ri n g s nh eu t s i d e ,o te s sh a nn ea l fhu t s ii r c u m f

o fh ee s s e l ;2 .o ri n g s nh en s i d e fh ee s s e l ,o te s sh a nnh it i r

f e r e n c e fh ee s s e l .

W h e r eo r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e s o er o v i d e d ,h et i f f e n i n gi nh aa t t

t ohe shell with continuous fillet or seal weld.ASME.Code(UG.30.)

M a x .p a c i n1 2f on t e r n ai8 t f ox t e r n ai

4

1

F i g u r e F i g u r

E X A M P L E :I N G SU T S I D E% ”3 ”g .i l l ee l6 c t

R I N G SN S I D E4 ”2 “g .i l l ee l6 c t

T h et i e te l de g - s i z eh a l l eo te s sh a nh em a l l e s tho l l o wt h eh i c k n e s s fe s s e la l l rt i f f e n e r th eo i n t .



49

CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR

VESSELS SUBJECTED T F V

U s i n gh eh a r t s ,r i a l si t hi f f e r e n ts s u m e dh i c k n e s s e saa v o

T h eh a r t sa se e ne v e l o p e d nc c o r d a n c ei t hh ee s i ge t hA SC o d e ,e c t i o nI I I ,i v i s i o n .

~“ “ ”0 2 00 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130140 150 160170 180 190200

SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS(Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 p s in c l u s i v

I

T oi n dh ee q u i r e de a dh i c k n e s s : .e t e r m i n e ,n t ehh ato f , .o v ee r t i c a l l y oe m p e r a t u r ei n e , .o v eo r i z o n t a l lne

t = R e q u i r e de a dh i c k n e s s ,n .R = F o re m i s p h e r i c a le a d s ,h en s i d ea d i u s ,n

F o r: 1l l i p s o i d a le a d s. 9 x D 0

F o rl a n g e dn di s h e de a d s ,h en s i d er o w na d i u nmW=DoD. = Outside diameter of the head, in.



50


VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM

323.

5m.

475.

a m

-Q5

Qo.

37s

35a

s

3m.

27s

Zm.

225

2ca

175

Isa

1=

Im

Ea

14

Isa

laa

I la

Ioa

m

m.

70.

30.

3a

Q.

2a

m.

la

525502

475

6a

e

a

375

350.

225

2m.

27s.

m

2Z-3.

a

r?s.

(5a

123.

Ice.

L I D

l

1

1

,

I

90.

m

n).

a

30.

a

m

m.

3 d 5 67*9 2 3 0.

1. * 5 0 7 a o ,..

C Y L I N D R I C A LH E L L

( S e eacing page f o rx p l a n a t i o n )



51


VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM

10 Is ,Xl .25 .32 .sS .4 .5s .50 .% .(M .05 .70 75 .s0 .03 .90 .95525”

.00S5

Soo. X0.

4?5. 415

492. 441

-Q5 45.

-QO. -no.

3n 3T5

330. 330.

325 325\o ~. X

n2 7 ’ 5 . 2?s

—’2EQ. ?3a

2?5. 2ZS

ma 290.

ITS. 17S

,3. Isa

125 25

ICo..10 . 15 .20 .2s .= ,35 .Q .65 .542 .55 .m .63 .m .75 .m .55 .90 .s5 ,.m

CC..

t =

C Y L I N D R I C A LH E L L

( S p e c i f i e di e l dt r e n g t h0 , 0 0 0 o8 , 0 0 0s in c l u s i v

T oi n dh ee q u i r e dh e l lh i c k n e s s :1 .n t e ro w e rh a r tf a c i n ga g e ) th ea l uL2 .o v eo r i z o n t a l l y ou r v e se p r e s e n t i n g

M o v ee r t i c a l l y oe m p e r a t u r ei n e4 .o v eo r i z o n t a l l yn de a do / t5 .n t e rh a r tb o v e th ea l u e fo / t6 .o v eo r i z o n t a l l y ou r v e7 .o v ee r t i c a l l yo w nn de a dh ea l u e

t == o fh e l l ,n .

L = L e n g t h fh ee s s e l re s s e le c t i o n ,a k e n sh ea r g e st ho l l o

1 .i s t a n c ee t w e e nh ea n g e n ti n e s fh ee a d sl unh it et h ei n g sr eo ts e d ,n .

2 .h er e a t e s ti s t a n c ee t w e e nn yw ok j a c e n tt i f f e n i ni n g3 .h ei s t a n c er o mh ee n t e r fh ei r s tt i f f e n i n gi nt hea n

l i n el u sn ehird of t h ee l de p t h ,n .

T h e

P .. ,B a s e d ne wS M Eo d ed d e n d a. . C h a r ti n de s sh i c kH Y D R O C A R B O NR O C E S S I N G , 5o . ,a y9 7 6 .1 7

L o g a n , .. , Ai m p l i f i e dp p r o a c h o. . P r e s s u r ee s s e le ae s i g nY D R ON o v e m b e r9 7 6 .6 5 .

C o p y r i g h t e d



52

D T T

WIND LOAD

The computationofwind load isbased on StandardANSIiASCE7-93, approved 19

The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the followingpage.

The basicwind speed is 80mph. inHawaii and 95 mph. in Puerto Rico.

The minimum designwind pressure shall be not less than 10lb.hq. ft.

When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than threflected in the map, the higher valuesof wind speed shall be applied.

The windpressureon the projectedarea ofa cylindrical tower shall becalculatedbyfollowing formula.

F=qzG CjA~ (Table 4) ANSI/ASCE 7-93 STANDARD(Referencesmade to the tables of this standard)

Projected area of tower, sq. ft. = @x H)

Shapefactor= 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 12)

Gust response factor= (G~& GZ)*Whenthe tower located:in urban, suburbanareas, ExposureB;in open terrain with scatteredobstruction, ExposureC;

in flat. unobstructedareas, ExposureD.(Table 8)

= Velocitypressure,0.00256K, (1~2

IESIGN WIND‘ R E S S U R E ,b .

m projected

a o t I

*See tables below for values of qand for combinedvaluesofGh, G,& K,

Wind speed,mph.Importance factor, 1.0(structuresthatrepresent low hazard to human lifein event of failure).

VelocityPressureExposureCoefficient*ExposuresB ,C&D (Table 6)

VELOCITY PRESSURE, q

Basic wind speed,mph, Y 70 80 90 100 110 120 13

VelocityPressurep 0.00256 V2,q 13 17 21 26 31 37 4



53

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERSWIND LOAD

(Continue~

COEFFICIENT G (Gust r f c w E C

Abo?eE~~~~d,l. EXPOSUREB EXPOSUREC EXPOSURED0-15 0.6 1.1 1.4

20 0.7 1.2 1.540 0.8 1.3 1.660 0.9 1.4 1.780 1.0 1.5 1.8

100 1.1 1.6 1.9140 1.2 1.7 2.0200 1.4 1.9 2.1

300 1.6 2.0 2.2500 1.9 2.3 2.4

The area of caged ladder maybe approximated as 1 sq. ft. per lineal il. Area of

platform 8 sq. Il.

Users of vessels usually specifi for manufacturers the wind pressure without

reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. fl. This

specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.

The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the

projected area ofthetower. With good arrangement of the equipment the exposed

area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder

90 degrees from the vapor line.

EXAMPLE:

Determine the wind load, FDESIGN DATA:

t w b s Vv d Dvessel height, H

Diameter of tower, D

Height of the tower, HThe tower located in flat,

unobstructed area, exposure

= 1 m= 6 fi~= 80 ft.

= 6 ft.= 80 ft.

.. D

The wind load, F=q x G x (9.8xAq f r o ma b l e2 6sfG from table = 1.8Shape factor = 0.8Area, A = DH =6 x 80 =480 sq. ft.F =26X 1.8X 0.8X 480= 17,971 Ibs.



MAP W S(miles per hour)

. r-v

—

(q u90 j----- ---

i

“ri---- =- ~-i_.. _.T‘-.’

i----

, ~ A L A S K ’ A 2,

m

. . . . .. . ...

my

/,-—---- —

‘&—— I i .- \kl



.

M W S(miles per hour)

NOTES:1 .a l u e sr ea s t e s t - m i l ep e e d s t 3l .b o v er o u n do rx p o s u r ea t e g oa ns sw i t h nn n u a lr o b a b i l i t y f. 0 2 .

2 .i n e a rn t e r p o l a t i o ne t w e e ni n dp e e do n t o u r s sc c e p t a b l e .3 .a u t i o n nh es e fi n dp e e do n t o u r s no u n t a i n o u se g i o nA l a sa d v i4 .i n dp e e do ra w a i i s 0n do ru e r t oi c o s 5p h .5 .h e r eo c a le c o r d s re r r a i nn d i c a t ei g h e r0 - y e a ri n dp e e d sh eh au s6 .i n dp e e da y es s u m e d o eo n s t a n te t w e e no a s t l i n en he a r en lo n



56

D T T

WIND LOAD

Computationof w i n do a d sl t e r n a t ee t h o da s e d nt a n d a rSAA58.1-1955.Thisstandardis o b s o l e t eu tt i l ls e d no m eo d e sn do r e i g no u n t r i e

T h ei n dr e s s u r e t 0t .e v e lb o v er o u n do rh en i t et a ts ht h ea p nh ea c i n ga g e .

T h ea b l ee l o wi v e sh ei n dr e s s u r e so ra r i o u se i g h tb or ota r e a sn d i c a t e d yh ea p .

W I N DR E S S U R E wH E NH EO R I Z O N T A LC R O S SE C T I O NQ U A R E RE C T A N G U L A R

H E I G H T A PR E A Sl o 5 0 5 0 5 0

I 2 0 530 to 49 I 20

[ 50 to 99 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 50 I 55 I 60

I 100 to 499 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 55 I 60 I 70 I 75

EXAMPLE

F i n dh ei n dr e s s u r e wr o ma p .

T h ee s s e l sn t e n d e d op e r a t e nk l a h o m a ,h i c hhir e sa r e aa r k e d0 . nh i sa pr e ah ei n dr e s s u r e soa r i oe i o

I nh ee i g h to n ee s sh a n 0t . 5b .e rq .tI nh ee i g h to n er o m 0 o 9t . 0b .e rq .t

F o ry l i n d r i c a lo w e rh e s ea l u e sh a l l eu l t i p l i e dh a pa c t.w i n dr e s s u r e ni f f e r e n to n e si l l e 5n d 8b e q te s p e c t

I fa n yq u i p m e n t sr et t a c h e d oh eo w e r t sd v i s a b l ei n c r ef a c t o ra c c o r d i n g or o w n e l l ) p o. 8 5o ry l i n d r i c a le s s e

U s e r s fe s s e l ss u a l l yp e c i f yo ra n u f a c t u r e r sh ei nr e s si te r e n c e oh ee i g h to n e s ra pr e a s .o rx a m p l e :l b es p e c i f i e dr e s s u r eh a l l eo n s i d e r e d o en i f o r mhh oe s

Relationbetweenwindpressureandwindvelocitywhenthe horizontalcrosssectioniscircular,isgivenby the formula:

Pw= 0.0025 X VW* w h e r e Ww i n dr e s s u rb e qVw = w i n de l o c i tp

E X A M P L E

W i n d f0 0p he l o c i t yx e r t sp r e s s u r e :

Pw= 0 . 0 0 2 5Vwz= 2 5o u n d se r s q u a r e f o o t p r e s s u r en t h e p r o j e c t e d a r e af a c y l iv e s s e l th e i g h t f 0e e tb o v er o u n d .

T h eo t a li n dr e s s u r e nt o w e r sh er o d u c thn ir e stp r o j e c t e dr e a fh eo w e r .i t ho o dr r a n g e m e n thq u i p mx

a r e a fh ei n da n ee d u c e do n s i d e r a b l y .o rx a m p l el o c a ta

9 0e g r e e sr o mh ea p o ri n e .





58

D E S I G N FA L LO W E R S

WIND LOAD

~ =

v =hr(V- P.D, h,) t=R2n

N O T A T I O= W i d t h fh ee s s ei tn s u l a tt

E = E f f i c i e n c y fhe l d eo i n tr = L e v e rr m ,t .

= D i s t a n c er o ma se c t in do n s i dH,HIHZ= L e n g t h fe s s e le s s ee c t iM

t

h, MT= M a x i m u mo m e n ta ha s= M o m e n t te i g h t~ t b

~ - ~

- - d

=

R = M e a na d i u se s s e lnT

J_

s = S t r e s sa l u ea t e r i aa c t ut rv = T o t a lh e a r ,b .f = R e q u i r e dh i c k n e s s ,o r r o s ix c l u

D2

E X A M P L E :t G i v e n :4 ’ - 0 ”= =

= 4 ’ - 0 ”p s

Y~D e t e r m i n eh ei n do m e n t

= H1[2= 28’-0” = HI + (HZ12)= 78’-0PwX D X H = V X h = M

L o w e rI S e c t i o n 04 X 5 66 7 22 = 1 8 8I

1 ’D] U p p e ri h2S e c t i o n0 X 3 X 44 = 3,960 X 78 = 308,880

t :) 1

T o t a l= 1 0 , 6 8HI

M4 9 7l

M o m e n t th eo t t o ma n g e n ti n

h, MT=M – – 0 . 5– 4 - X X 4 X =

3 ’ - 6 ”

, ~ 4

E X A M P L E :

- N, G i v e n :1 = 3 ft. 6 in.P l a t f o r m

H = 100ft. Oin. hT = 4 ft. Oi

x 2

= p s f

D e t e r m i n eh ei n do m e n tk 5 1 = H12=4

50 f ti n

u Pw x D] X H = V X h, = Mz V e s s e l0 x 3.5 x 100 = 1 0 , 55 = 5% L a d d e r 09 8i n .t2 , 94 = 1

4 Flatform 30 x 8 lin. ft. = 2 49 = 2

‘ oT o t a l= 1 3 , 6= 6I I g

M o m e n t th eo t t o ma n g e ni n fz - g

‘ - “- l

k f ~M – hT(V – 0 .wD, h=)=II 6 9 2 , 1 0 04 ( 1 3 , 6 8 00 .3 X 3 .4 = 6

= 0 ’‘ -< ’ f

~ ’ m t =S E EX A M P L E SO RO M B I N EO AP



59


WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL

The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not

exist and the resultant force c o i n c i d e si t hh ex i she s ss uc o m p r e s s i o nu e oh ee i g h t sn s i g n i f i c a n tn d soo n t r o l l i n

T h ee i g h th a l l ea l c u l a t e do rh ea r i o u so n d i t i o n sho wf o l

A .r e c t i o ne i g h t ,h i c hn c l u d e sh ee i g h t fh e :

1 .h e l l E q u i p m e n t s

2 .e a d s3 .n t e r n a ll a t eo r k 1 3n s u l a t i4 .r a yu p p o r t s 1 4i r e p r o o f i5 .n s u l a t i o ni n g s 1 5l a t f o6 .p e n i n g s 1 6a d d e7 .k i r t 1 7i p i n

8 .a s ei n g 1 8i s c e l l a n e o9 .n c h o ri n g

1 0 .n c h o ru g s1 1 .i s c e l l a n e o u s1 2 .6 9 % fh ee i g h t ft e m st h r o u g h 1o r

o v e r w e i g h t fh el a t e sn de i g h td d e d yt h ee l d i n g s

E r e c t i o ne i g h t :h eu m ft e m st h r o u g h8

B .p e r a t i n geight,whichincludesthe weight of the:

1 .e s s e l nr e c t i o no n d i t i o n2 .r a y s3 .p e r a t i n gi q u i d

C .e s te i g h t ,h i c hn c l u d e sh ee i g h t fh e :

1 .e s s e l nr e c t i o no n d i t i o n2 .e s ta t e r

T h eo m p r e s s i v et r e s su e oh ee i g h ti v e ny :

w= where S = u n i tt r e s s ,s iCt W= w e i g h t fe s s e lb o v eh ee c t i o nn d eo n s i d e r

c = c i r c u m f e r e n c e fh e l l rk i r the ai a m e

t = t h i c k n e s s fh eh e l l rk i r t ,n

T h ee i g h t fi f f e r e n te s s e ll e m e n t sr ei v e n na b l e se g i n n i np a



60


V I B RAT I ON

A sr e s u l t fi n da l lo w e r se v e l o pi b r a t i o n .he r it i

s h o u l d ei m i t e d ,i n c ea r g ea t u r a le r i o d s fi b r a t i o naef a t aT h el l o w a b l ee r i o da se e no m p u t e dr o mh ea x i m u me r m i s se f

T h e oa l l e da r m o n i ci b r a t i o n so ti s c u s s e dh ia n d b oi t

a ss u a l l yp p l i e dn dh e i ru p p o r t sr e v e n th er i s i nt hr o b

F O R M U L A S

P e r i o d fi b r a t i o n ,sec.

( )F

= ~ z

D T

M a x i m u ml l o w a b l ee r i o d

o fi b r a t i o n ,e c . r0 .

N O T A T I O N

D = O u t s i d ei a m e t e r fe s s e l ,tH = L e n g t h fe s s e ln c l u d i n gk i r ttg = 3 2 . 2t .e re c .q u a r e d ,c c e l e r a t i ot = T h i c k n e s s fk i r t th ea s env = T o t a lh e a r ,b . ,e ea gw = W e i g h t fo w e r ,b .w = W e i g h t fo w e re ro o te i g h tb

E X A M P L E

G i v e n : e t e r m i n eh ec t u a lna x i m ul l o wp e r i o d fi b r a t i o n

D = 3 . 1 2 5t .i n .H = 1 0 0t .i n .

g = 3 2 . 2t l s e c 2t = 0 . 7 5v = 1 4 4 0b .

‘ =~ ’ ’ ’ ( $ z j e= ‘ “

w = l b .i np e r a t i n go n d i t i o n

=d

x 1 0~ ~ S ew = 1440 X 32.2 “ “

T h ec t u a li b r a t i o no e sox c e ha l l o w a b l ei b r a t i o n

R e f e r e n c e :r e e s e , .. :i b r a t i o n fe r t i c a lr e s s u r ee s sS a



61

DESIGN OF TALLTOWERS

S LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a

cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end.The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC).

FORMULAS

SHEAR MOMENT

F~~

t41 4 &l = [F, x H + (V – F,) x (2H/3)]

H13 Z[c ~ IWX= [F, x X forX S ‘isv—=

V — x Rw MX = [F, X X + (V -~j X (X – H/3)]

H for X > H13

4 ‘

B a s eh e a r

T h ea s eh e a r sh eo t a lo r i z o n t ae i sh

t h ea s e ft o w e r .h er i a n g u l a ro a d ia t

t h eh a p e fh eo w e rh e a ri a g r aue to that loading

are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion Ft of totalS e i s m i co a d i n gi a g r a mo r i z o n t a le i s m i co r c eis assumed to be applied at

the top of the tower.The remainder of the base shear is

T

distributed throughout the length of the tower, includ-

ing the top.

O v e r t u r n i n go m e n t

The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic

sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.

NOTATION

C = Numericalcoefficient =1

(need not exceed 2.75)7?/3

;=NumeticalcOef ficient ‘:””:

= Outsidediameterof vessel ft

= Efficiencyof weldedjoints

(b)SeismichearDiagram F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of thevessel, lb. determined from the following

formula:BaseS h e a r

F, = 0.07 TV (F,,need not exceed 0.25V)

= O, for T <0.7

H = Lengthof vessel includingskirt, ft.



62


SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

-0

rH

L

L. I

NOTATION

I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 forvessels)

M = Maximum moment (at the base), ft-lb.

MX= Moment at distance X, ft-lb.

R =Meanradius of vessel, in.

Rw = Numerical coefficient (use 4 for vessels)

S =Sitecoefficient for soil characteristicsAsoilprofilewitheither:

(a)Arock-likematerialcharacterizedya sheu-wavevelocitygreaterhan2,500feesecondor byothersuitablemeansofclassification.

(b)Stiffordensesoilconditionwherethesoildepthis lessthan200feet.S = 1

Asoilprofilewithdenseorstiffsoilconditions, t hoepthexceeds200fes = 1.2

A soilprofile40 feetormoreindepthandcontainingmorethan20feetofsofttomediumtiffclaybutn~ morethan40feetofsoftclay.S =

Asoilprofilecontainingmorethan40 feetofsoftclay.S = 2.0

St = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate materialpsi

T = Fundamental period of vibration, seconds

= c, Xt = Required corroded vessel thickness, in.

12 M or 12 M,.=

T R2Sr E TR2Sr E

V = Total seismic shear at base, lb.

W = Total weight of tower, lb.

Distance from top tangent line to the level undconsideration, ft.

Seismic zone factor,

0.075 for zone 1, 0.15 for zone 2A,

0.2 for zone 2B, 0.3 for zone 3,

0.4 for zone 4,(see map on the following pages for zoning)



63


SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

EXAMPLE‘

Given:

Seismiczone: 2B z = 0.2

D = 37.5 in. = 3.125 ft. X = 96 ft. Oin.

H = 100 ft., O in. W = 35,400 lb.

Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base andat a distance X from top tangent line

First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated

T = C, Xf13/4 = 0.035X 1003/4= 1.1 sec.

and

I 1, s = 1.5 Rw = 4,

c =.25S 1.25 X 1.5= = 1.76 <2.75

T213 1.1213

ZIC Xwv=

0.2 X 1 X 1.76=

Rw 4X 35,400= 3115lb.

~,= 0.07TV= 0.07 X 1.1 X3115 = 2401b.

M = [EH + (V - F’t)(2H/3) ] =

=[240 X 100 + 3115- 240)(2X 100/3)]= 216,625ft. lb.

x>H

— thus3

M = [Rx + (v– F) (X – H/3)] =

= [240X 100+ 3115- 240) (96 - 100/3)]= 205,125ft. -lb.







66


ECCENTRIC LOAD

Towersand their i n t e r n a lq u i p m e n tr es u a l l yy m m e t r i c ar o ue

a x i sn dh u sh ee i g h t fh ee s s e le t s po m p r e s s i v et r en lq u

a t t a c h e d oh ee s s e l nh eu t s i d ea na u s en s y m m e t r i c a li s t r i bt

l o a d i n gu e oh ee i g h tn de s u l t ne n d i n gt r e s s .h in s y m m e t rr

m e n t fm a l lq u i p m e n t ,i p e sn dp e n i n g sa ye g l e c t e ue

s t r e s s e sx e r t e d ye a v yq u i p m e n tr ed d i t i o n a lhe n d it r ee sf r o mi n d re i s m i co a d .

F O R M U L A SeM O M E N TT R E S

E Q UT H I C

c 5

1 * ‘

M =~ = 1 We

nR 2t t=RznSE

—

I N O T A T I Oe = E c c e n t r i c i t y ,h ei s t a n c er oho wxc e

e c c e n t r i co a d ,t .

w = E f f i c i e n c y fe l d e do i n t s

; = M o m e n t fc c e n t r i co a dt b\ R = M e a na d i u s fe s s e l ,n

* -P s = S t r e s sa l u e fa t e r i a l ,c t ue n dt rt = T h i c k n e s s fe s s e l ,x c l u d i no r r o sl l ow = E c c e n t r i co a d ,b .

E X A M P L E

G i v e n := 4 ft. O m: Determinemoment,M, and stress, S.R = 15 in, M o m e n t ,= We = 1000 X 4 = ft = 0 . 2 5n .w = 1 0 0 0b . 2 e2 x 1000 x 4I J_ == 2

~ 3 . 1 41 50 ,

W h e nh e r e so r eh a nn ec c e n t r i co a d ,h eo m e n th as u m m

t a k i n gh ee s u l t a n t fl lc c e n t r i co a d s .



67

Design of Tall Towers

ELASTIC STABILITY

A tower u n d e rx i a lo m p r e s s i o na ya i l nw oa y se c a u si n s t a b

1 . yu c k l i n g fh eh o l ee s s e lE u l e ru c k l i n g )2 . yo c a lu c k l i n gI nh i n - w a l l e de s s e l sw h e nh eh i c k n e s s fh eh e l le shn e -

t h en s i d e ”a d i u s )o c a lu c k l i n ga yc c u r tu n i to ae sh ahe q

t oa u s ea i l u r e fh eh o l ee s s e l .h eu t fo u n d n e s st hh ea vs i g n i f i c a n ta c t o r nh ee s u l t i n gn s t a b i l i t y .h eo r m u l a son v e s t i ge l a s t i ct a b i l i t yr ee n nh i sa n d b o o k ,e v e l o p e di l s one w

E l e m e n t s fh ee s s e ]h i c hr er i m a r i l ys e dot h eu r p

s u p p o r t s ,o w n c o m e ra r s )a y eo n s i d e r e dl s ot i f f e n e rg a iu ci fl o s e l yp a c e d .o n g i t u d i n a lt i f f e n e r sn c r e a s eh ei g i d i tf the tower moreeffectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous aroundthe shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined i

t h eo d eC - 2 9c ) .

E X A M P L E

G i v e n := 1 8n .e t e r m i n eh eI l o w a b l eo m p r e s s i v et r et = 0 . 2 5n .

s1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0f 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 00 .= = = 2 0

Given: Ay = 1 sq. in.R 1

dy = 2 4n .

D e t e r m i n eh el l o w a b l eo m p r e s s i v et r esL o n g i t u d i n a lt i f f e n e rt i f f e n e ri n g s

i so ts e d ,h e n :s =’ 5 : ’ 0 0 0tx= t = 0.25 in.

1— =‘y = t + 24

1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0~ 0 . 2 50 . 22 2 .

= 0 . 2 50 . 0 40 . 2 98

R e f e r e n c e :i l s o n , .. ,n de w t n a r k .. :h et r e n g tT hy l i n

S h e l l s so l u m n s ,n g .x p .t a .n i v .l l .u l l .5 5 ,9 3 3 .



68


D

rowers s h o u l d ee s i g n e d oe f l e c t oo r eh a ni n c h ee00 feet of height

r h ee f l e c t i o nu e oh ei n do a da y ea l c u l a t e du s io

m i f o r m l yo a d e da n t i l e v e re a m ”

A M F O R M U L

N O T A T I O N

AM = M a x i m u me f l e c t i o na ho p

D1 = W i d t h fh eo w ei tn s u l a t t

E = M o d u l u s fl a s t i c i t y ,s

H =e n g t h fe s s e l ,n c l u dk ir = R 3 n ,o m e n tn e r tohy l i.

( w h e n>lot)

R = M e a na d i u sho w e n

t = T h i c k n e s s fk i r tn

Pw = wind p r e s s u r e ,s

E X A M P L E

G i v e n :e t e r m i n eh ea x i m u me f l e c t i o n

= 2 f t . ,i n .

E = 30,000,000 PJI,H (12H)3

= 48 ft., Oin.AM=

H 8EI

I = ~

= 30 p s f0 x 2.5 x 48 (12 X 48)3 = 1

R = 1 2n .t = 0 . 3 1 2 5n .

‘ M8 x 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 01 23 .0 . 3

T h ea x i m u ml l o w a b l ee f l e c t i o ni n c h e se r0 0te i g h48 X 6

f o r8 ’ . ( ) ”~ = 2 . 8 8n .

S i n c eh ec t u a le f l e c t i o no e so tx c e e dh i si m i t ,he s i g nh i c kt s

s a t i s f a c t o r y .

A m e t h o do ra l c u l a t i n ge f l e c t i o n ,h e nh eh i c k n e st hon. “ S h o r tu te t h o doa l c u l a t io e f

kt a n t ,i v e n y . “a nv e m b e r9 6 8

H y d r o c a r b o nr o c e s s i n g



6


COMBINATION OF STRESSES

T h et r e s s e sn d u c e d yh er e v i o u s l ye s c r i b e do a d i n ghallbe investigatedincombinationto establishthe governingstresses.

C o m b i n a t i o n fi n do a do ra r t h q u a k eo a d ) ,n t e r n aressure and weight oft h ee s s e l :

Stress Condition

A ti n d w a r di d e te e w a r di d

+ S t r e s su e oi n dS t r e s su i n

+ S t r e s su e on t .r e s s . .S t r e s su n tr e

– S t r e s su e oe i g h tS t r e s sue i g

C o m b i n a t i o n fi n do a do ra r t h q u a k eo a d ) ,x t e r n ar e s s et h ee s s e l :

S t r e s sondition

A tindward side At leeward side

+ Stress due to wind – Stress due to wind– Stress due to ext. press. – Stress due to ext. press.– Stress due to weight – Stress due to weight

T h eo s i t i v ei g n se n o t ee n s i o nn dh ee g a t i v ei g ne n oo m p r e

s u m m a t i o n fh et r e s s e sn d i c a t eh e t h e re n s i o no m p r e s sg o v

I t ss s u m e dh a ti n dn da r t h q u a k eo a d s ooc c ui m u l t a n e

t h eo w e rh o u l d ee s i g n e do ri t h e ri n da r t h q u a koh i

g r e a t e r .

B e n d i n gt r e s sa u s e d yc c e n t r i c i t yh a l l eu m m a r i z ei t

r e s u l t i n gr o mi n d ra r t h q u a k eo a d .

T h et r e s s e sh a l l ea l c u l a t e d th eo l l o w i n go c a t i o n s :

1. At the bottom of the tower2. At the joint of the skirt to the head3. A th eo t t o me a d oh eh e l lo i n t

4 . th a n g e s fi a m e t e r rh i c k n e s s fh ee s s e

T h et r e s s e su r t h e r m o r eh a l l ex a m i n e d nh eo l l o w i no n d i t i

1. D u r i n gr e c t i o n ri s m a n t l i n g

2 .u r i n ge s t

3 .u r i n gp e r a t i o n

U n d e rh e s ei f f e r e n to n d i t i o n s ,h ee i g h t fhe s s eno n s e q u

s t r e s so n d i t i o n sr el s oi f f e r e n t .e s i d e s ,u r i n gr e c t id i s m av e s s e l so tn d e rn t e r n a l rx t e r n a lr e s s u r e .

F o rn a l y z i n gh et r e n g t h fa l lo w e r sn d e ra r i oo a dt

H a n d b o o k ,h ea x i m u mt r e s sh e o r yas been applied.



70

C OS (cont.)

The b e n d i n go m e n tu e oi n d se c r e a s i n gr o mho t tt tt o w e r ,h u sh el a t eh i c k n e s sa nl s o ee c r e a s e dc c o r d i n g l yT a b l ea n di g u r ea r eo n v e n i e n ti d s oi n dhi s t a no r

t o p fh eo w e ro rh i c hc e r t a i nh i c k n e s s sd e q u a t e

0.5 0 . 6 . 9. ( ). 1. . . 1m 1 . 0

1 . 8. 9. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 0. . 5

m 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 ().39 ().37 ()<350.33 0.3

T A B L E ,A L U E S FA C T O R

S i n c eh eo n g i t u d i n a lt r e s su en t e r n ar e s soA \ t h ei r c u m f e r e n t i a lt r e s s ,n ea l fhe q u i ah i

f o rn t e r n a lr e s s u r e sv a i l a b l ee s i she n dot

xw i n d .r o ma b l e ,s i n ga c t o rc af o ui sd o w nr o mh eo pa n g e n ti n ei t h i nh i chh i c

l a t e do rn t e r n a lr e s s u r ea t i s f a c t o r yl sr e swH

t =

p r e s s u r e .

x = H x m

tp = T h ee q u i r e dh i c k n e s so rn t e r n ar e s s( H o o pe n s i o n )n .

t wT h ee q u i r e dh i c k n e s so ri nr e s s ut oj o i n t oh e l l ,n .

E X A M P L E :0 . 2 3 3n . , W0 . 6 4 4n .=

k = 100 ft.F r o ma b l e= 0 . 4 3n d= mH = 0.43 X 1 043 f

z

5g

b

5

E

QQx

10 . 1

R a t i o fl a t eh i c k n e s se q u i r e d th ei g .

b o t t o mt r / 2t w ) oh i c k n e s se q u i r e d

a th eo n s i d e r e de i g h t .



71

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

EXAMPLE - A

Requiredthicknessof cylindricalshellunder internal pressureand wind load.~,-~,,

~D E S I G NO N D I T I O N S

D = 2 ft. Oin. insidediameterof vesselA D1 = 2 ft. 6 in. width of towerwith insulation,etc.

E = 0.85 e f f i c i e n c y fe l d e do i nH = 4 8t .i n .e n g t ho w e

:o hT = 4 f t .i n .i s t a n c er oha st o

h e a d oh e l lo i n t“ mv : 4 P = 2 5 0s in t e r n a lr e s s u r eII

o Pw = 3 0s fi n dr e s s u r ez -em R = 1 2n .n s i d ea d i u se s s e

: I Io = 1 3 7 5 0s it r e s sa l u e8m a t e r i a l t0 0 ” Fe m p e r a t u r e

*=

\ v = T o t a lh e a rb .

N ol l o w a n c eo ro r r o s i o n .

M i n i m u me q u i r e dh i c k n e s so rn t e r n a lr e s s u r eo n s i d e r i n gh et r e n g tt hoe

PR 250 X 12 3000t = - =0.260 i

= SE – 0.6P = 13,750 X 0.85 – 0.6 x 250 11,538

Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressureconsideringthe strengthof thegirthseams:

PR 250 X 12 3,000t

= 2SE + 0.4P

=0.128 in.= 2 X 1 3 , 7 5 00 . 8 50 . 42 52 3 , 4

R e q u i r e dh i c k n e s so ro n g i t u d i n a le n d i n gu e oi n dr e s s u r e .o m e nt ha M

PWx D1 X H = v X h] = M3 02 . 54 83 , 6 0 02 48 6 , 4 0 0t .b .

M o m e n t th eo t t o me a m~ = )

MT = M – IIT(V – 0.5 PwD, h=j= 86,400- 4(3,600 – 0.5 x 30 X 2.5 x 4)= 86,400 – 13,800 = 72,600ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200in. lb.

Requiredthickness:

MT 8 7 1 , 2 0 07 1 , 2 0= 0 . 1t = R 2S E1 2 23 . 1 41 3 , 7 5 00 4 8 55 , 2 8 7 , 5 2

T h ee q u i r e dh i c k n e s sa l c u l a t e di t hh et r e n g t h fh eo t t o mi r te a

F o ri n dr e s s u r e. 1 6 5n .F o rn t .r e s s u r e. 1 2 8n .

T O T A L. 2 9 3h i s sr e a t e rh a nh eh i c k n e sa l c u l

t h et r e n g t h fh eo n g i t u d i n a le ah e r e fm i n i m u mh i c k n e s s. 2 9 3nh au s

to





73

EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

The preliminary calculation of the required wall thick-ness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.

A 4 plate is required,to withstandthewindload andinternal

pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor:o - and for internalpressure(hoop tension)only0.25 plate“mN is satisfactory.F o rc o n o m i c a le a s oi a d v i

“ ~u s ei f f e r e n tl a t eh i c k n e s s e sa r i oe itt o w e r .T h eh i c k n e s se q u i r e do ro oe n s i0 .et oe s i s tl s oh ei n do a dc e r t ai s t

: :o 0 : 0r o mh eo p ., , ~ F i n dh i si s t a n c eX )r o ma b lP a- o ~o t w / t p0 . 2 3 3 / 0 . 6 4 42 . 7h e= 0 .H = 4 f

~ F r o mi a g r a m ,a g e 0af o ue q:o b .h i c k n e s sn de n g t h fhn t e r m e d i ahe ct “ mU s i n gf t .i d el a t e s ,he s s eh ac o n s

- e .m o f r o m ::o 1 ( 5 ). 2 5h i c kf t .i d eo u r s e

( 4 ). 5 0h i c kf t .i d eo u r s eft - e( 3 ). 7 5h i c kf t .i d eo u r s ef

# T o t a

W E I G H T FH EO W E R( S e ea b l e se g i n n i n g na g e7 4

S h e l l 09 78 8 0kirt 4 x 195 73 21 9 52 4 0a s ei n g2 42 9 40 5 6n c h o ri n g

H e a do p. 3 1 2 5o m .6 0n c h o ru gb e t .. 8 1 2 5o m .9 3 1 8

I n t .l a t eo r k 0 0T r a yu p p o r t s

+ 61 1 0

I n s u l a t i o ni n g s 2 0 1 9

O p e n i n g9 0 0a 0

1 9 7 5 9n s u l a t i o n 6

+ 6 %1 8 4l a t f o r m 1L a d d e r 8

2 0 9 4 3b .P i p i n g 4S a y1 , 0 0 0

9960

S a 0 ,

T C Y I ’ A LR E C T I O NE I G H T :3 , 0 0 0b .

T r a y s 6 0 0O p e r a t i n gi q u i d 4 0 0

3 0 0 0b .+ E r e c t i o nt .

3 3 , 0 0 0b .

T O T A LP E R A T I N GEIGHT: 36.000 lb.

Test water 42,000 lb.+ Erection Wt. 33,000 lb.

TOTALTEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb.—For weight of water content, see rage 416



74

E B (

Checkingthe stresseswith the preliminarycalculatedplatethicknesses:Stress inthe shellat the bottomhead to shelljoint:P l a t eh i c k n e s s. 7 5n .

P D5 03 6 . 7 5S t r e s su e on t e r n a lr e s s u r e= ~ = = 1 8 3s4 x

X 6 3 8 , 2S t r e s su e oi n d = = 9 ,

Rz n t = 1 8 . 3 7 5 23 . 10 .w 3 1 , 0 0 0

S t r e s su e oe i g h t ,= — =3 5

i nr e c t i o no n d i t i o n1 1 5 . 50 7

w 3 4 , 0 0 0i np e r a t i n go n d i t i o n=—= = 3 9

C m t1 5 . 50 . 7

C O M B I N A T I O N FT R E S S E S

W I N D W A R DI D E E E W A RI

I NM P T YE R E C T I O N )O N D I T I O N

S t r e s su e oi n d9 , 6 4 0t r e s su i n9 ,

Stress due to weight – 3 5 8tress due to weight – 3

+ 9 , 2 8 2s i– 9 ,

( N on t .r e s s u r eu r i n gr e c t i o n )

I NP E R A T I N GO N D I T I O N

S t r e s su e on t .r e s s .1 , 8 3 7t r e s su i n9 ,S t r e s su e oi n d9 , 6 4 0tress due to weight – 3

+ 1 1 , 4 7 7 - - 1Stress due to weight – 3 9 2t r e s su n tr e s1 ,

I+ 1 1 , 0 8 5s i 8 ,

T h ee n s i l et r e s s1 , 0 8 5s i np e r a t i n go n d i t i o nhi n d woT h el l o w a b l et r e s so rh el a t ea t e r i a li t h. 8 5o i nf f i c i e1 1T h u sh ee l e c t e d. 7 5n .h i c kl a t e th eo t t o mhe ss a t i

S t r e s s nh eh e l l t 2t .o w nr o mh eo p fo w e rl ah i c k

S t r e s su e oi n d .A

A 1 7 ,x

PW x D] x X = V x ; = Mx ‘o i

Shell-m 3 03 . 57 7 , 5 63 = 2 7e ‘ o ol a t f o r m 08 l i n . - f t .240 x 68 = 1 6I I 0 ma d d e r 07 0i n . - f t .2 , 1 03 = 7 3

* b m T o t a lo m e n tX = 3 6

1 2 r 23 6 1 , 9 8

1 v Ts =

R zt 1 8 . 2 5 23 . 10 .8 ’

S t r e s su e on t e r n a lr e s s u r e( A sa l c u l a t e dr e v i o u s l y )1 ,

T o t0

T h ea l c u l a t i o n ft r e s s e s th eo t t o me a da sh o wh aht r tw i n d w a r di d e np e r a t i n go n d i t i o no v e r nn dhf f e ct he in i f i c a n t .h e r e f o r ei t h o u tu r t h e ra l c u l a t i o n ta e eh e1 0 , 1 4 2s io e so tx c e e dh el l o w a b l et r e s s1 , 6 8 7 . 5s ih e li n .h i c kl a t e sa t i s f a c t o r y .



75

EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

Stressin the shellat 40 ft. downfrom the top of the tower. Platethickness0.25in.

S t r e s su e oi n d .

PW x D1 X X = v X : = Mx

S h e l l0 x 3.5 X 40 = 4,200 X 20 = 8 4P l a t f o r m0 x 8 lin. ft. = 240 x 36 = 8 ,L a d d e r0 x 38 lint ft. = 1,140 x 19 = 2 1

T o t a lo m e n tv . f X1 1 4

s =2 , 21 1 4 , 3 0

RI n t = 1 8 . 1 2 5 13 . 10 . 2= 5 ,

S t r e s su e on t e r n a lr e s s u r e( A sa l c u l a t e dr e v i o u s l y ) 1 ,

T o t ,

T h e. 2 5n .h i c kl a t eo rh e l l t 0t .i s t a n c er oot o

s a t i s f a c t o r y . ou r t h e ra l c u l a t i o n se q u i r e d nh ea me a s oe n t i b



76

DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT

A skirt is the most frequentlyu s e dn dh eo s ta t i s f a c t o r yu p pev e s s e l s . t st t a c h e d yo n t i n u o u se l d i n g oh ee ans u ae qs i z e fh i se l d i n ge t e r m i n e sh eh i c k n e s s fh ek i r t

F i g u r e sa n ds h o wh eo s to m m o ny p e fk i rh e at t a c hc a l c u l a t i o n fh ee q u i r e de l di z e ,h ea l u e s fo i nf f i c i ei tC o d eU ’ W2 )a y es e d .

E X A M P L EG i v e nh ea m ee s s e lo n s i d e r e d nx a m p l e

D = 37.5 in.S = 18,000*stressvalue

E“ = 0.60 for butt joint of SA-285-Cplate

MT = 6 3 8 , 2 2 0t .b .= 3 1 , 0 0 0b

R = 18.75 in.* F o rt m c t u r a lu r p o s e

D e t e r m i n eh ee q u i r e dk i r th i c k n e s s .

F o ri n d=1 2T 1 26 3 8 , 2 2 0

= 0 . 6R2 ~ SE = 1 8 . 7 5 23 . 1 41 8 , 0 0 0.

F o re i g h t=w 3 1 , 0 0 0

= 0 . 0D X 3 . 1 4SE= 3 7 . 53 , 1 41 8 , 0 0 00 .

T ( Y f A L0 . 6

U s e 4 6 ”h i c kl a t eok i r t

R E F E R E N C E S :h e r m i i l

8



77

IDESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT

V e r t i c a le s s e l s ,t a c k sn do w e r su s t ea s t e n e d ohe c fs k i d rt h e rt r u c t u r a lr a m e ye a n s fn c h o ro l t sn hab e ar i n g .

The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts m u s tn multiple of four andfor tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts.

Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is notfully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts notcloser than about 18 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of smalldiameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conicalskirt or wider base ring with gussets.

Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area withinthe root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas ofbolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inchshould be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts.

For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described:

1. An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases.2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and

other circumstances make it necessary.?

13 12 TABLE B

Q

NUMBEROF ANCHOR BOLTSTABLE A I Diameter of Minimum Maximum

Bolt circle in.

Bolt Bolt * Dimensionn.RootArea- 24 to 36 4 4Sizes q .n . 2 3

t o 48

Y 2 / 80 o 81

0 . 1 2 6/ 8

5 / 88 4 o0 22

0 . 2 0 23 / 4

3 A 3 / 60 8 o2 62

0 . 3 0 2- 1 / 8

x1 3 2 o4 40 24

1 5 /

1 1 - 3 / 8- 1 / 1 6

l %. 6 9 3- 1 / 2- 1 / 8l x. 8 9 0- 3 / 4- 1 / 4A B L E

1 3 A. 0 5 4- 7 / 8- 3 / 8A X I M U ML L O W A B L ET R E S

l %. 2 9 41 - 1 / 2O L T SS E DN C H O1 5 A. 5 1 5- 1 / 8- 5 / 8S p e c i f i c a t i o nD i a m e t enal

1 3 4. 7 4 4- 1 4- 3 / 4u m b e r t r1 7 A. 0 4 9- 3 / 8- 7 / 82 2 . 3 0 0- 1 / 2S A2 5li a m e t e r5z %3 . 0 2 0- 3 / 4- 1 / 4A 193 B 7 2 %nn d 82 %. 7 1 53 - 1 / 1 6- : ; ; A9 31 6 %nn d 8

2 %. 6 1 8- 3 / 8SA 193 B 7 O v e r 2 Y 2on c6

3 5 . 6 2 1- 5 / 8- 7 / 8 A9 31 6v e r 2 %on c5

4* F o ro l t si t ht a n d a r dh r e a d s .



D O A B

(

A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by acontinuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle.

The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower.

FORMULAS

Maximum~= 12iu w—.—

Tension lb./lin. in. TA8 Ce

Required Area of B,= ;+OneBolt Sq. - in.

S t r e s s nnchor TC8sg - b. N—

B o l ts i .

AB =C* =M=N=SB =w=

N ~ A T I O N

A r e ai t h i nh eo l ti r c l e ,q .n .C i r c u m f e r e n c e fo l ti r c l en .M o m e n t th ea s eu e oi n d ra r t h q u k e ,t bN u m b e r fn c h o ro l t sM a x i m u ml l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e fo l ta t e r i a ls iW e i g h t fh ee s s e lu r i n gr e c t i o n ,b .

E X A M P L E

A~ = 7 0 7q .n .CB = 9 4n .

8 6 4 0 0t .b .

G i v e no l ti r c l e3 0n . ;h e n :e t e r m i n eh ei znu m br e qa n c h o ro l t s .

1 28 6 , 4 0, 0T= – — = 1 , b

7 0 7M-=w=SB =

N=

6 0 0 0b .u r i n gr e c t i o n .4 0 291 5 0 0 0s i .h ea x i m u m ~= 42.196 sq. in. -

a l l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e ft h en c h o ro l ta t e r i a l -r o ma b l ea gt hc r4 n u m b e rfbolts. 2 “o l t s. 3 0 0q n(SeeTableB on the A d d i n g. 1 2 5norcorrosion,use:PrecedingPage) (4)2Y’”bolts.

C h e c k i n gt r e s sn c ho l

1,402X 94 –SB= 14,324p2 . 3 0 04

S i n c eh ea x i m u ml l o w at r1 5 , 0 0 0s i ,he l e c tu mo fo l t sr ea t i s f a c t o r y



79

D O B R

b ea r g en o u gd i s t rl o a dn i f o r m l y nh eo n c r e t eo u n d a t i o nn dh u sox c el l

b e a r i n go a d fh eo u n d a t i o n .T h eh i c k n e s s fh ea s ei n gh a l le s i s th ee n d i n gt r e sn d uwe a r t h q u a k e .

F O R M U L A S

M a x i m u mo m p r e s s i o n- 1

,l b . / 1 i n .n .~ . 1 2c A, C,

m i n .1 1p p r o x i m a t ei d t h f

- B a s eing in. “tIs 12

t* _Di Approximate Thicknessof BaseRing in.

t8=

B e a r i n gt r e s ss i. ~

. 9+ D oe n d i n gt r e s ss i= 3 x s,1;

t52

N ~ A T I O NAR = Areao fa s ei n g0 . 7 8 5 4D Z OD z i )q .n .As = A r e ai t h i nh ek i r t ,q .n .

= C i r c u m f e r e n c e n. D . fk i r t ,n .

; sS a f ee a r i n go a d no n c r e t e ,s i .e ea b l e ,h g= Cantileverinsideor outside,whicheveris greater,in.

l: 13= Dimensions,as shownon sketchabove.(ForminimumdimensionsseeTableA on page77)

M = Momentat the base due t oi n d ra r t h q u a k e ,t b

W = W e i g h t fe s s e lu r i n gp e r a t i o n re s t ,b .

E X A M P L E

G i v e n : e t e r m i n eh ei n i m u mi d tnh i c k= 8 6 , 4 0 0t .b . fa s ei n go rp e r a t i n go n d i t i o

; = 500 psi from 12 x 86,400 7,500TableE Page 80 Pc = + = 2 , 2b . / l i

W = 7,500lb. operating 4 7 6

1 8 , 0 0 0b .e s t, 2 7 5

A n c h o ro l t s :4 ) An .= 5(3(3 = 4 . 5 5n . ,ur oa bp at

O . D . fk i r t4 . 6 2 5n . m i n i m ui m e n s=

T h e ns = 4 7 6q .n . 2 y n n o= 2V4mt

C $7 7n .u s’ /ni a i

r~ = 0.32 x 5 = 1.60 in.U s e %n .h i c ka s ei n g

C h e c k i n gt r e s s e s :

S = 2,273 X 77 = 305 psi S – 3 x 305 X 52 = 10,167 psi1 5 7 4e a r i n gt r e s s . 5 2e n d it r

C



80

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING

Whena tower is under wind or earthquakeload, on the windwardside tensional

stressarisesin the steel and on the oppositesidecompressivestressin the concretefoundation. It is obviousthen that the areaof the boltingandthe areaof the basering are related. As the anchor bolt area increased,the base ring area can bedecreased. Withthe designmethod givenhere, the minimumrequiredanchorboltarea for a practicalsizeof base ring can be found. me strengthOfthe steel andthe concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincidewith thecenterlineof the skirt.

1 .

4 .

Sa

T A B L EV a l u e s fo n s t a n t s

a su n c t i o n s fk I1

0 . 6 0 0: : :

z

O::s:

T A B L E

f cs i

fb

n

D e t e r m i n eh ea l ukC a l c u l a t eh ee q u i r ei ua n c h o ro l t s .ea gT a bD e t e r m i n eh en s i d

C h e c kh et r e s s et hn c of o u n d a t i o nI fh ee v i a t i o ne t w e hl l oa c t u a lt r e s s e sr oa rec a l c u l a t i o nC a l c u l a t eh ea si nh i c k nU s eu s s e tl a t e sn c hc o m p r e s s i o ni ni n e c e ss t r e s si s t r i b u t i o nha is k

F

a X YU s e. ,

/1 1

b

0.500

0.667

1.0001 . 5 0 0

2 . 0 0 0

3 . 0 0 0

0 0

2 0 0 0I 2 s 0 0I II I I

8 0 00001 1 I

1 I 1

8

M

O.000

0 . 0 0 7 8

0.0293&b’

0.0558f.b2

o.0972f,b2

0.123fcb20.131f.bz0 . 1 3b

0 . 1 3,b2

I

M

- O .

– 0 . 4

- o .

– 0 . 2

- 0. Ii

-0.1245 b

- 0 .

- 0 .

- 0 .



81


F O R M U L A S

19 9

* —— k/(.= I

1 +

~4 Bt - 1

+ I

i& ‘~b~

v

ILb ‘f, z:::/t I

1. -T e n s i l eo a d nn c h o ro l t s ,b. M

(

B

T e n s i l et r e s s nn c h o ro l t s ,as i

b -.at h e,=~

Fc,W

E ~

t CirCk. @. “b= (/4 + ;,)

St B

tB= il

1B a s ei n gh i c k n e s si t hu s s e tp l a t e ,B ,n . B

N O T A T I O N

b = Thedistancebetweengussetplates,measuredon arc of boltcirclein.= T o t a lr e ae q u i r e do rn c h o ro l tq .n .

C C , C ,C o n s t a n t s ,e ea b l eo nh er e c e d i n ga g e .d = D i a m e t e r fn c h o ro l ti r c l e ,n .

= D i a m e t e r fn c h o ro l ti r c l e ,t .

: = C o m p r e s s i v et r e s s nh eo n c r e t e th eu t e rd gt ha i

= C o m p r e s s i v et r e s s nh eo n c r e t e th eo l ti r c l es ij = C o n s t a n t ,e ea b l eo nh er e c e d i n ga g e .1 41 – t ,n .w i d t h fh ea s ei n g ,n .M = M o m e n t th ea s eu e oi n d ra r t h q u a k et bM = o rh i c h e v e r sr e a t e r .e ea b l eo hr e c e dan = R a t i o fo d u l u s fl a s t i c i t y ft e e ln do n c r e t es / E ea

= R a d i u s fo l ti r c l e ,n .: .T e n s i l et r e s s nn c h o ro l t s ,s i .s = M a x i m u ml l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e fa s el a t e ,s iw = W e i g h t fh eo w e r th ea s e ,b .z = C o n s t a n t .e ea b l eo nh er e c e d i n ga g e .



82


EXAMPLE

DESIGNDATA: DETERMINE:D = 5 f t . ,i n .i a m e t e r fn c h o ro l ti r c l e .hi u

d = in. diameterof anchorbolt circle. anchorbolts;n = 1 0 ,a t i o fo d u l u s fl a s t i c i t y ft e e lhi dh i

a n do n c r e t eT a b l e .a g e0 )b a i

f= = 1 , 2 0 0s il l o w a b l eo m p r .t r e n g t h fc o n c r e t eT a b l e ,a g e0 )

1 = 6)1

s = 1 5 , 0 0 0s il l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e fa s er i n g .

= 1 8 , 0 0 0s il l o w a b l ee n s i l et r e s s no l t s .w = 3 6 , 0 0 0b .e i g h t fh eo w e r .M = 6 9 2 , 1 0 0t .b .o m e n t th ea s e .

S O L U T I O N :A s s u m ei n .i d ea s ei n gn dc o m p r e s s i v et r e s sho li r c.- = 1,Ooopsi

T h eho n s t ar

1 1 T a b la r= 0.35 cc = 1.640

1 + Sa ‘ 1 +8 , 0 0 0= 2 . 3

‘fctj 1 01 , 0 0 0j = 0 . 7z = 0 . 4

2 k d2N 2 x 0.35 X 60T hi s u f f

f c bfc — .2kd * 1 ‘ 2 x 0.35 X 60 X 8

= 1 , 0 0 8e i sv a lfCb= 1

R e q u i r e dr e a fn c h o ro l t s

B, = 2 n1 2 MW z d~ ; 8 26 9 2 ) 1 0 03 6 ~0 “ 4 2w

= 2 3iC, S. jd “ 2 , 3 3 31 8 , 0 0 00 . 7 86

U s i n g 2n c h o ro l t s ,h ee q u i r e do o tr e ao rn eo l2 3 . 5 0 / 1 21 . 9 5 8n .

F r o ma b l e1 ? 4 8n .i a m e t e ro l to u l d ea t i s f a c t o r yud d ii o r

use(12) -2 in. diameteranchorbolts.Tensileload on the anchorbolts

M– W z6 9 2 , 1 0 03 6 , 0 0 00 . 4 2 75 = 1 5 5= =

0 . 7 8 359

jD

T e n s i l et r e s s nh en c h o ro l t s

s. = ~:; =157,150

0.125 X 3 02 . 3 3 31 7 , 9 6 0s i

2 3 . 5 0= = i n .

~d = 3.14 x 60

C o m p r e s s i v eo a d nh eo n c r e t e :’ d1 – t .8 .0 . 1 27 . 8

F. 193,150= r = ( 7 . 8 7 51 00 . 1 2 5 ) 01 . 6 44 3




EXAMPLE (CONT.)

Checkingvalueofkwhichwascalculatedwithassumedvaluesof~,~= 1,000psiandS. = 18,000

Thentheconstantsrom

k=1 1

= 0.19T a b la r

I + S _1 +7 , 9 6 01 . 1c 2 . 6

‘fCb xj =

z = 0.461

=M – 692,100 – 36,000 X 0 . 4 6 15

= 1 5 7 , 1jD = x 5

Sa = F, 1 5 7 , 1 9 2

= 0 . 1 2 53 02 . 6 8 31 5 , 6 2 4s

r~rCf

= + W = 157,192 + 36,000 = 193,192lb,

fcb =FC 193,192

(14 + n fsjrCC= ( 7 . 8 7 51 00 . 1 2 5 ) 01 . 1 8= 5 9

C o m p r e s s i v et r e s s nh en c h o ro l t s :S .n f , b1 05 9 65 , 9 6 0s i

C o m p r e s s i v et r e s s nh eo n c r e t e th eu t e rd g e fha si n

fc = fcb x 2 :M+ 1= 596 X2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8

2 X 0.19 X 60 = 8 0 s

R e q u i r e dh i c k n e s s fa s ei n g ,6 i n ,

d

3 X 805tB= 11~ = 6 = 2.406 i n .

1 5 , 0 0 0

T oe c r e a s eh eh i c k n e s s fh ea s ei n g ,s eu s s e tl a t e sU s i n g2 4 )u s s e tl a t e s ,h ei s t a n c ee t w e e nh eu s s e t s ,

b=~d 6— = 7.85” ; ~ = —24 b 7.85

= 0.764

f r o ma b l e := M Y0 . 1 9 6C1,2= 0.196 x 8 0 5& = 5 6 8n b

: m ~ e =. 5 0 7 6n .s eM ”n .h i c ka s el a t e



84

ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS

Thechairsaredesignedfor themaximumloadwhichthe bolt can transmitto them.The anchor b o l ti z en da s el a t eh a l l ea l c u l a t e de s c r itg o i n ga g e s .

A l lo n t a c t i n gd g e s fh el a t e sh a l l ee l d e di t ho n t i n u o ui l el e gi z e fh ei l l e te l dh a l l en ea l f fh eh i n n eo i n il ah i c

-

1

.T h eb o v ea b l e sa k e nr o mc h e i m a n. D .h o r tu tA n c ho lB a s ei n gi z i n g .e t r o l e u me f i n e r ,u n e9 6 3 .

DIMENSIONS inches

hchorbolt dim A

B c D E F G

1 3 2 1 1

1 3 11 2 3 1 1 1

4 3 11 4 3 518 11/4 13/4 2ls/~ 23f~ 4 3 5fa 11/4 1lj~ 21/8

13/4 2 5 3 1 2

5 3 1 / z/ 41 / 1

2 2 s / e5 32 3 6 4 1 13 /1

3lj~ 6 4 1 2 32 3 7 5 1 2 3 3

3 7 5 1 2 3 3





86

STRESSESINLARGE

H V

SUPPORTEDBY SADDLES

The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick’sanalysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vesseland Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refersto the anaIysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method withslight modification and further refinement. Zick’s work has also been used indifferent studies published in books and various technical periodicals.

The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned

above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)

A horizontalvesselon saddlesupport actsas a beamwith the followingdeviations

1. Theloadingconditionsare differentfor a full or partiallyfilledvessel.

2. vesselvary accordingto the angleincludedby the saddles

3. The load due to the weight of the vesselis combined with other loads.

LOADINGS:

1. aa

2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half ofthe circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thicknessis availableto resist the load of the weight.

3. External Pressure. If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuumoccurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especiallywhen the vesseloutlet is connected to a pump.

4. Wind load< Long vesselswith very small t/r valuesare subject to distortion

from wind pressure. According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessedesignedto 1 psi. external pressurecan successfullyresist external loads en-counteredin normaIservice.”

5.



87

LOCATIONOF SADDLES.

The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economicallyoverthe multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings isnecessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the locationof openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,

then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walledvessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize

the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick wa led vessels are best supportedwhere the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to thestress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. Thedistance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no casebe more than0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L)

Contact Angle O

The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for

very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under exter-nal pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code.

(UG-29).

Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:

1. Longitudinal bending stress

2. Tangential shear stress

3. Circumferential stress



1

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES

R

~

o t~ ==

A m

QC o n t an gs a

. A

:4~d * S e eo t e na c i n ga g e~ $L -~ v lZ &AT

()

]+2~ 4AYYoAm MIDSPAN QLAu (Tensio~at

—-

uJ~ ihe Bottom 4 4H - Tz: Compression 1 ‘z-

0 the *

r R2ts

Max. Allow.Stress

I 1 p l ti n t e r n ar e s sP Re x c e ehl l o wt

S1

d

n IN K4 Q< S* – ~ts

-—

w SHELL=0*Q~ti K4Q

INq I/l

=—HEAD Ilth

u<mUJA ADDl-n TIONAL

K5Qa

STRESSS3. = ~

-$ [NHEAD

M Q 3K6Qw -—

?(:=-~t~(b+l5@s) -2z AT

,J Q HORN

3 g SA%LE s4=– Q i2&QR—

‘j 34 t ~ ( b +. 5 ~ s )t$

: Et AT K7Q“L~ BOTTOM s5=–,=0 .= O Fs(b+1.56@@,=L 3 SHELL

e x cta l l o w a b lt r eavt e r i a l

S3 plus stress

.r i no

S4 tim



89

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES

~ NOTES: I

YY

JJ positive Values denote t e n s i l etresses and negative values denote compression.$4~ E z Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materidpound per square inch

D~~ The maximum bending stress S1may be either tension or compression.

z Computing the tension stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values ofw K1 shall be used.m~ Computing the compression stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values4 of K8 shall be used.~

When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K =n

3.14 in the formula for S1.

~ The compression stress is not factor in a steel vesselwhere t/R SO.005 and the~ vesselis designedto be fully stressed under internal pressure.uz Use stiffener ring if stress S1 exceeds the maximum allowablestress.~

If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the& sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10$ inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the

m saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring.m

$ In Unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When

G the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, thez tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. Thiswu

stress shall be added to the stress in the heads d u e on t e r n ar e s s u

~ W h e nt i f f e n e ri n g sr es e d ,h ea x i m u mh e a rc c u rt hq u a

e

I fe a rl a t e ss e d , no r m u l a so r 4o rhe icknessts maybe taken the ?sumof the shelland wearplate thicknessandfor ts maybe”takenthe shellthick-

ness squared plus the wear plate thicknesssquared, providedthe wear plateA extendsR]lOinchesabovethe hornof the saddle, andA<It12. Thecombined~ circumferentialstressat the top edgeof the wearplate shouldalsobe checked.~ Whencheckingat this point: ts = shellthickness,

~ b = widthof saddle&

O = centralangleof the wearplatebut not more

a than the includedangleof the saddleplus 12°L If wear plate is u s e d , no r m u l a so r 5o rh eh i c k n e s sm at a~ s u m fh eh e l ln de a rl a t eh i c k n e s s ,r o v i d e dhi d tt heQ e q u a l s te a s t+ 1 . 5 6 -~ I fh eh e l l so tt i f f e n e d ,h ea x i m u mt r e s sc c u r shot a~ T h i st r e s s so t e od d e d oh en t e r n a lreSSUK4reSS.

Q I ns t i f f e n e dh e l lh ea x i m u mi n g - c o m p r e s s i o n ho t ts hU s et i f f e n e ri n g fh ei r c u m f e r e n t i a le n d i n gt r e sx c e e ha xa l l o w a b l et r e s s .



90

STRESSESNLARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWOSADDLES

VALUESOFCONSTANTK(Interpolatefor IntermediateValues)

‘K, = 3.14 if the shellis stiffenedby ringor head(A < R/2)

;ONTACTANGLE

0

120122124126128130132134136138

1401421441461481501521 5 4

1 5 61 5 8

1162

164166168170172174176178180

0.3350.3450.3550.3660.3760.3870.3980.4090.4200.432

0.4430.4550.4670.4800.4920.5050.5180.5310.5440.557

00.585

0.5990.6130.6270.6420.6570.6720.6870.7020.718

K2

1.1711.1391.1081.0781.0501.0220.9960.9710.9460.923

0.9000.8790.8580.8370.8180.7990.7810.7630.7460.72900.698

0.6830.6680.6540.6400.6270.6140.6010.5890.577

K3

0.319ForAnyCon-TactAngles

0

0.8800.8460.8130.7810.7510.7220.6940.6670.6410.616

0.5920.5690.5470.5260.5050.4850.4660.4480.4300.413

00.380

0.3650.3500.3360.3220.3090.2960.2830.2710.260

i

K5

0.401,0.3930.3850.3770.3690.3620.3550.3470.3400.334

0.3270.3200.3140.3080.3010.2950.289.0.2830.2780.272

00.261

0.2560.2500.2450.2400.2350.2300.2250.2200.216

K(5

Seecharton

facingpage

K7

0.7600.7530.7460.7390.7320.7260.7200.7140.7080.702

0.6970.6920.6870.6820.6780.6730.669;.;;:

0:6570.6540.650

0.6470.6430.6400.6370.6350.6320.6290.6270.624

0.6030.6180.6340.6510.6690.6890.7050.7220.7400.759

0.7800.7960.8130.8310.8530.8760.8940.9130.9330.95400.994

1.0131.0331.0541.0791.0971.1161.1371.1581.183



91

STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWOSADDLES

VALUESOF CONSTANTK6

0.01

0 : 0 : 5R A T I O

uA



92

STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSEISSUPPORTEDBY‘IWOSADDLES

EXAMPLECALCULATIONS

DesignDataL s 48in. distancefromtangentline

of head to the centerof saddle

I=4 in.w i d ts a d d

21in. depthof dishof head960in. lengthof vesseltan.-tan.

= 250psi. internaldesignpressure300,000lb. load ononesaddle60in. outsideradiusof shell1.00in. thicknessof shell

= 120deg.contactangle

oSheI.1material: SA515-70plateAllowablestress value17,500psi.

Yieldpoint 38,000 psi.6“ Joint Efficiency: 0.85

LONGITUDINALBENDINGSTRESS (S,)

Stress at the saddles

~, ,A(.1-:jj:)3m,mx4(_l-~::;j~~)=522psi

K1R2t. = x 602x I

Stress at midspan

~:%(+:~j.2-%)3m*qxw(::~%)=4,,,psi

= =

nRzt, 3.14x 602x 1

PR 2 5 0d oS t r e s su e on t e r n a lr e s s u r e := — =7 S 0 0s i

2t~ 2X1

Thes u m fe n s i o n a lt r e s s e s :959+ 75(XI= 12,459psiItd o e so tx c e e dh et r e s sa l u e fh ei r t he a m :7 , 5 0 0. 0 81 4 , 8

C o m p r e s s i o nt r e s s so ta c t o ri n c e/ R >. 0 0 5 ;/ 6 00 . 0 1



93

STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWOSADDLES

EXAMPLECALCULATIONScont.)

TANGENTIALSHEARSTRESS(S,)

SinceA (48)>IV2(60/2), the applicableformula:

‘,=%L*H)= 1“’’;”:?*OOO ( :::3”.4:1 )=’$’mPsi

doesnot exceedthe s t r e s sa l u ef shellmaterialmultipliedby0.8; 17,500x 0.8= 14,000psi.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

Stress at the horn of saddle (S4)SinceL (960)> 8R(480), A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula:

s4=- Q 3K6Q.—4 t

A/R =48160 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart)

300,000 3 X0.036X 300,000s, ‘–

4 X1 (24 + 1.56 d-) –= –18,279 psi

2t

S4does not exceedthe stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 17,500x 1.5=26,250 psi

Stress at bottom of shell (Ss)

K, QSs =—

r~ 1 . . 5 6

S 5– x 300,000

1(24 + 1.56 <~’)=–6,319 psi

% doesnot exceedthe compressionyieldpointmultipliedby0.5; 38,000x0.5= 19,000psi



94

STIFFENER RINGFOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTEDBY

SADDLES

/

N O T A T I O N .

(

2 @

A = C r o se c t i o nr

II II 1II l =K =

8Q =o a na d dbR = R a d i u

=@ =

AS

~

R i n gn s i d e .C o m p r e s s i o n 9~ Qa th eh e l l

S 6 = –I /

1 ~ + 15 -o v e r n s

.

~ n gu t s i d e . 9~ Q

< %

s ~ = –,S t r e s s th e m

S h e l l&

3

R i n gu t s i d e .5

cStress at the K9Q K, ~QR Es

~ Saddle - ,r d o fh eS 6 = –.

l/d “: ~andRing

,

-“

S h e l l wR i n gn s i d e .

G

U w , + - +j ~ ~ ~ s a th e

9K ~ Q$

- 3

S 6–I /

d =

‘ 3 $ ~ : : es 6 = - K # - K ’ j ~ R

<“

and Ring+



95

STIFFENER RINGFOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY

SADDLES

VALUES OF CONSTANT,K(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)

ContactAngle e 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

K9 .34 .33 .32 .30 .29 .27 .25

K1o .053 .045 .037 .032 .026 .022 .017

NOTES:1. In figures & fmrnulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and negative

signsdenote compression.2. The first part of the formulas for S6 gives the direct stress and the second part

givesthe circumferential bending stress.3. If the governing combined stress is tensional,. the stress due to internal

PRpressure, —$

shall be added.

CALCULATIONOF MOMENTOF INERTIA (1)1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential

bending moment. The effective width = 1.56 ~~ ; 0.78 ~~on both sides of the stiffener ring.

2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and adculate the areas (a) of eachrectangles, including the area of shell section within the effective width. Addthe areas (a) total area = A,

3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center ofgravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote it AY.

4. Determine the neutral axis of the stiffener ring,the distance (C) from the shellto the neutral axis c =Amy

5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity ofeach rectangle of the stiffener.

6. Multiply the square of distances (h2) by the areas (a) and summarize theresults to obtain AI-IZ

b d37. Calculate the moment of inertia Ig of each rectan~es Ig =~,where b =

the width and d = the depth of the rectangles.

8. The sum of AH2 and Z I gives the moment of inertia of the stiffener ring&nd the effective area of the en.

See example calculations on the following pages.



96

M O M E N T FNERTIA(I) OF STIFFENER~NGS

EXAMPLECALCULATIONSA L LI M E N S I O N S NN C H E S

R = 7 2U T S I D EA D I U S FH E L

11

b, = 9.86d

+ ;

MARK I ‘AREA I I I

1=0.78~x =

~ X =

Xi

1 -

A R E A

b2d: = 0.5 x 63 = ~.oo in. 4

11

I b

a Yh

i R E A S1

0 4 . 9 3. 2 5. 2 3. 2 3. 5 ..

@

A = – = - =

~A — = I = 2 + = + = iA

q ““”251-F%-’2’””25

I I

MARK I AREA I

1=1.56 ~~ =x =

h,d; X=

77-

=

12 1

b

Y ha a X h2

o

@

A = – ‘ – =

~ – A Y‘ O ” l s- — –=A

1= 2 + = + = 4



MOMENTOF INERTIA (I) OF STIFFENER RINGS

EXAMPLECALCULATIONSALLD1MENS1ONSNINCHES

R=72 in.OUTSIDERADIUSOFSHELL

CJ1= 0.78 ~~

$ , m 0.78 J72 X0.5=4.68

I I * A R E A

b,d:~ o

12 “ “

* = x = g ~

12 “ ‘

4 x 0 .—12 = 12 = 0

ba Y h

2 —

1

2

3

A = - = - = =1

~ AY 25.23‘—= — = 2S4

A I = AH 2 + Ig = 6 4 . 0 39 .7 3 . 1n9 . 9 3

~ = ~ =2 ” 9 3I = A H+ I g4A

— = 2 . 7 2 0 . 7 39 . 0 35 9 . 7n8 . 4 3



.“

D S

M A

A R

1 .h ea d d l e th eo w e s te c t i o nu s te s i s th eo r i z o n t a lo r c~ f f

c r o s se c t i o n fh ea d d l e oe s i s th i so a d sn eh i rt he sa R).F=K1lQ,Where Q=the loadonone saddle, lbs.

K,, = constantas tabulated.

Theaveragestressshallnotexceedtwothirdsof thecompressionyieldpoint ofthematerial.(Seeexamplebelow.)

VALUESOF CONSTANTK,l

IntactA n g l e20° 130° 140° 150° 160° 170° 180°

Kll .204 .222 .241 .259 .279 .298 .318

EXAMPLE:Diameter of vessel= 8’- 6“Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs.Q= 187,500 Ibs.Saddle material: SA 285 CWeb plate thickness = 0.25 in.Contact angle = 120°

Kl, = 0 f t aR = 5 = 1 iF F = K,, x Q =.204 x 187,500= 38,250 lb.

To resist this force the effective area of web plate= lU3 x 0.25= 4.25 in.238,250/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch.

The allowable stress = ?4 x 30,000= 20,000 psi.

The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F).

2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudi-nal bending over the web.

3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling.



99

E X P A N S I O NN DO N T R A C T I O N

O FO R I Z O N T A LE S S E L S

A B

4

9

~ ~ BOLTS ~

2 2

– ~ B O L T S Q S A D D LRI

* “ +

EXPANDINGVESSEL CONTRACTINGVESSEL

For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the oneon the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In thissaddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length ofthe slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. Thecoefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degreeF = 0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimen-

sion “a” calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700Fand the indicated temperature. Whenthe change in the distance between the saddlesis more than 3/8” inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When thevessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4”thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle.

MINIMUMLENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. “a”)

H

a DISTANCEBETWEEN

FOR TEMPERATURE oF

@

SAD-DLEsFt. -50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

10 0 0 0 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 3/4

20 0 0 1/4 3/8 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8z

: ~ 30 1/4 1/8 3/8 5/8 7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-5/8 2‘u ~$ ~ 40 1/4 1/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/8 2-3/8 2-1/2

50 3/8 1/4 1/2 1 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 2-5/8 3 3-3/8&

60le width of

3/8 1/4 5/8 1-1/4 1-5/812-1/8 2-3/4 3-1/8 3-5/8 4-1/8

70h el o tq u a l s

/ 2/ 4/ 4- 3 / 8- 7 / 8- 1 / 2- 1 /- 5 1

h ei a m . f0/ 2/ 8/ 4- 1 / 2- 1 / 8- 7 /- 5 /- 1-

90 5[8 318 7/8 1-3/4 2-3/8 3-1/4 4 4-5/8 5-3/8 6n c h o ro l tl y 4 * 3 0 0[ 81 81 - 7 / 8- 5 / 8- 5 /- 1 /- 16



SFOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS

r - j’” i ‘“;B

k ~ ‘- ;~ : - & - : ‘:

H O L EH

G T\ I

Ii MH H I

& B SQ U A L L YP A C E DC

L -

E E

The design based on:

1. the vessel supported by two saddles

2. toresisthorizontal force (“)duetothemaximumo peratingweightofvesselas tabulated.

3. the maximum allowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % o30,000 = 20,000 psi.

4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi.

5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120°.

Weld: %“continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges.

Drill and tap %“weep holes in wear plate.

At the sliding saddle the nuts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secureby tack welding.

SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENS1OIW



101

SADDLE

{OMN.U MAXIMUMlwAMEITR)F\EY$EL

OF

c D EF G H K

0 4 4 o-3~z /Z o % ‘% 42,000

1-2 l-x 1-1 4 4 0-4 Y? o ‘h % - 50,000

1-4 1-2 1-2 4 4 0-5 Yl o % % - 56,000

1-6 1-3 L 1-3 4 4 0-6 % o N % - 62,000

1-8 1-5 4 1-4 4 4 O-6YZ V2 o % % - 70,000

1-1o 1-7 1-5 4 6 0-7 % o % % - 76,0002-o 1-9 I-6 4 6 0-7% K o % % - 84,000

2-2 1-1OY2 1-7 4 6 0-8 4 o % ‘/4 ‘A 90,000

2-4 2-2Y2 1-8 4 6 0-8% ‘/2 o ‘/2 % ‘% 98,000

2-6 2“2 1-9 4 6 0-9 % o % % % 104,000

2-8 2-4 1-1o 4 6 0-9 4 % o 4 % % 112,000

2-1o 2-5 1-11 6 11 0-1o l/2 o Y2 ‘A ‘/4 128,000

3-o 2-6% 2-o 6 11 0-11 4 o % % ‘h 134,000

3-2 2-9 2-1 6 11 1-0 3/4 o 5 ‘/4 ‘A 144,000

3-42-11 2-2 6 11 1-1 3A o 4 210,000

3-6 3- 4 2-3 6 11 1-2 % o % 220,000

4-o 3-6 2-6 6 11 1-4 % o % 252,000

4-6 3-11 3-o 6 11 1-6 ‘h o % 3/8 3/8 282,000

5-o 4 - 4- 31 1- 81 3/4 3/8 3/8 312,000

5-6 4-9 4 3-6 6 11 1-1o % 1 % 344,000

6-O 5-25 3-9 9 18 2 1 ‘ / 02,000

6-6 5-8 4-o 9 18 2-2 3/4 1 3/4 ‘/2 3/8 436,000

7-o 6-1 4-3 9 18 2-4 1 1 3/4 Y 3/8 470,000

7-6 6-6 4-6 9 18 2-6 1 1 1 Y’ 502,000

8-O 6-1IY2 4-9 9 18 2-8 1 1 1 Y2 3/8 536,000

8-6 7-4% 5-o 9 18 2-10 1 2 1 % ‘/2 760,000

9-o 7-9% 5-3 9 18 3-O 1 2 1 ‘ /2 L? 806,000

9-6 8-3% 5-6 9 24 3-2 1 2 1 ‘h ‘ /2 852,000

1o-o 8-8 5-9 9 24 3-4 1% 2 1 3/4 ‘ /2 896,000

10-6 9-1% 6-O 9 24 3-6 1% 2 1 3/4 Y2 940,000

11-0 9-6 A 6-3 9 24 3-8 IK 21 % Y2 986,000

11-6 1o-o 6-6 9 24 3-lo 1% 31 ‘A % 1,030,000

12-O 10-5 6-9 9 24 4-o 1% 31 ?4 % 1,076,000



102

S V

LEG SUPPORT

NOTATION:w,W = Weight of vessel, lbs.n = number of legs

Q = ~ Load on one leg, Ibs.

R = Radiusof head, inchH = Leverarmof load, inch.2A, 2B = Dimensionsof wear plateS = Stress, poundper sq. inch

t = wall thicknessof head, inch

o

K = Factors,see chartsQ C = inch

*

@lI’ El

C = radius of circularwear plate, in

f=1,82S E

nRt

LONGITUDINALSTRESS:

Q[

C O S(Kl + 6 K2) + ; f

R~ (K3 + 6 K.)1

CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:

Q[

cos a ( K 56 KG)+ Hf f (K7 + 6 K8) ]R

NOTES:

Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 andK, denote negative factors and K2, Kq, KGand K8 denote positive factors.

Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2,K3, K4, K5, KG,K, and K8 denote negative factors.

The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively,PIUShe tensilestressdue tointernal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material.

The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively,plus the tensiledue to internalpressure shall not exceedthe allowablecompressionstressvalueofhead material.



103

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

0.2OAO.6.81.01.2 1.5 2.0 3

D

& K5

4

020.40608101.2 1.5 2.0 4.0

D

VALUE OF Kz 8LKG




0.20

~

k

O

0

0

.0.2040.60.81.01.2 1 2 3.0

D

4.0

VALUE OF K3 8ZK,

0.60

0.50

k ?-0.40

Q?0.30

0.20

0.10

020.4060.81.012 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

D

VALUE OF Kz 8ZKg



105


EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS

DESIGN DATA

800,000 lb, weightof vesseln = 4, numberof legs

w 800,000Q d = 200,000 lb, load on one leg

R = 100 inch, rr,diusof headH= 5 inch, leverarmof load2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensionsof wearplate

? = 1.8 inch thicknessof headCos~ = 0.800P = 100

SA— 515–70

Allowable stress value: 17,500 psi

Joint Efficiency: 0.85

Yield point: 38,000 psi.Factors K (see charts):

c= ~ = == 15 inch

K1 = 0.065, Kz = 0.030, K3 = 0.065, Kq = 0.025,

K5 = 0.020, K6 0.010, K, = 0.022, Kg = 0.010.

LONGITUDINALSTRESS:1.) Maximumtensile stress:

200,000

[

5r

100S1 = 0.800 (–0.065 + 6 x 0.030) + — —

1 . 8 2 100 1.8

(-0.065 + 6 X 0.025)1

= + 7,634 psi

The stress due to internal pressure:

PR 100 x 100—— = + 2778 psi2t – 2 X 1.8

The sum of tensional stresses:

7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi



106


2.) Maximum compressional stress:

Q

[ cos ~ ( – K, – 6KZ) + g V

R

S1 = ~ T( – K3– 6KQ)R 1200,000

[

5

r

100S1 = 0.800 ( –0.065 – 6 X 0.030) + —

1.82 100 G

1–0.065 – 6 X 0.025) = – 17,0:44psi

The stressdue to internalpressure:

PR 100 x 100——2t –

= + 2778 psi2 x 1.8

The sum of stresses:– 17,044 + 2,778 = – 14,266 psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:

17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi

C i r c u m f e r e n t i a lt r e s s :

1.) Maximum tensile stress:

Q= ~[

cos ~ ( –K5 + 6K6) + ; VR~ (–K7 + 15K8) 1

200,000S2 =

[

5

v

1000.800 ( –0.020 + 6 X 0.010) + —

1.82 100 =

(–0.022 + 6 X 0.010) 1=+2,849 ps

The stress due to internal pressure:

PR 100 x 100—=2t

= + 2778 psi2 X 1.8

The sum of tensile stresses:2,849 + 2,778 = 5,627 psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:

17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi

2.) Maximum compressional stress:

Q= ~[

cos m ( – K5 – 6 K6) + ~r

R7( –K7 – 6K8)

R 1



STRESSESIN VESSELSONLEGSUPPORT

200,000

[

5

v

100S2 = 0.800 ( –0.020 – 6 X 0.010) + — —

1.8Z 100 1.8

1–0.022 -6 x 0.010) = -5,837 psi

The due to internal pressure:

PR 100 x 100—— = + 2778 psi2t – 2 X 1.8

The sum of stresses:

– 5837 + 2778 = – 3,059 psi.It does not exceed the stress value

17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi

of the girth seam:



. -

LEG SUPPORT

Notch out anglesto clear seam \

III

I \

I II

II

II f; & ~“1

‘ A

‘

+8 *

“SECTIONA-A

V E S S E LE S S E LD I AE I G H TA X

2’-6”

10’-0”

ANG.LESIZE

3 “3 “3 f 8 °

~ . 5 °3 . 5 ”3 / 8 ”

x x 1 / 2 ”

x 5 “1 / 2 ”

6 “6 “5 1 8 ”

m a I

4

5 ’ - 0

6

7

17 ’ - 0

1‘ -

. —



109— .. . .

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO

L S

U N S T I F F E N E D S T I F F E N E D

S H E L LS H E L

N O2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate

W = Weight of vessel, lb S = Stress, pound per sq. in

n = Number of lugs t = Wall thickness of shell, in

~=:. Load on one lug, lbshape factor, see table

K= Factors, see charts

R = Radius of shell, in

r

~.d 3 BH = Lever arm of load. in

—R A

LONGITUDINALSTRESS:

,,. ~ E(

K2R DCIK1 + 6 — +

D R2t c2t 2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘~A )

N ~ E : ne n s i o n 1l u sh et r e s su e on t e r n a lr e s s u r eR / 2h ax

t h et r e s sa l u e fh e l la t e r i a li m e sh ef f i c i e n c yi re a

C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LT R E S S :

QH

(

Kd RC3K3+ 6 —

‘2 = * DR2f c4t )

NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed

the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.



110

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

8

6

4

2

00 0 0.10 0

VALUE OF K]

0 0

n



11


0

0

0

0

0

0

00 0 0 0 0 0

(

VALUE OF Kz



112


10

5

00 0 0 0 0 0

D

VALUE OF Kj




0

0

0

0

0

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 0

VALUE OF K4 ( C

BIA R/t c, C2 C3 C’4

50 0.72 1.03 0.95 1.07

100 0.68 1.02 0.97 1.06

1/2200 0.64 1.02 1.04 1.05

300 0.60 1.02 1.10 1.04

50 1 1 1 1

100 1 1 1 1

1 200 1 1 1 1

300 1 1 1 1

50 0.85 1.10 0.85 0.92

100 1.15 1.07 0.81 0.89

2200 1.32 0.98 0.80 0.84

300 1,50 0.90 0.79 0.79

VALUE OF C



114

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT—.

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS

D E S I G NA T A

W = 1,200,000lb. weightof vesseln = 4 number of lugs

Q = : = 1,200,0004

= 300,000 lb. loadon one lug

R = 90 in, radius of shellH = 5 in, leverarrn of load

2A = 30 in, 2Z?= 30 in, dimensions of wear plate

t = 1.5 in, thickness of shell

p = 100 psi internal pressure

Shellmaterial:SA -515-70Allowablestressvalue 17,500psiYieldpoint 38,000 psiJointEfficiency:0.85

ShapefactorsC, (see table):

RI, = $ = 60, B/A = 15/15) = 1,0

c1 = C2 = CJ = C4 = 1.0

The factors K, (see charts)

w= “ ’ = % = 6 0

K1 = 2.8, K2 = 0.025, K3 = 6.8 Kd = 0.021

L o n g i t u d i n a lt r e s s :

, ,& U . _(D

C,K1 + 6 ~ +“ R 2 ~2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘x ~A )

~ = 300,000 x 51

(

, X228+ ~ 0.025 x 90 +

0.167 x 902 x 1.5 1 x 1.5

+ 0.167 x

902

)– 11,795 psi

2 (1.17 + 15/15) 5 x 15 –

Stress due to internalpressure:PR = 100 x 90 The sum of tensional stresses:

z= 3000 psi

2 x 1.511,795 + 3000 = 14,795psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi



115


C i r c u m f e r e n t i a lt r e s s :

s~ = &QH

(

KJ?C3K3+ 6

DR2t c~i )300,000 x 5

s~ =(

0.021 x 901 X 6.8+6

0.167 X 902X 1.5 1 x 1.5 )= 10,616psi

Stressdue to internalpressure:PR 100 x 90 -= = 6000”psi

The sum of tensional stresses:10,616 + 6000 = 16,616psi1.5

It does not17,500 x

exceedthe stressvalueof shellmaterialmultipliedby 1.5:

1.5 = 26,250



116

L SFOR INSULATEDVESSELS

u’

r I 1 [-

LJ

Lb,d

h--l,&

T

ug

thl h

6(Y

t3 _ _ _

T} V

4 a x i m u ml l o w a b l eI M E N S I O N S W e

L o a d nne ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ “ O

L u g ,b s .1 1 F w

1,400 6 /2 5 5% 3Y4 4 ~8 5% % ‘/4 72,200 674 5VZ 6 5 5% 5/8 5% ‘/4 ‘/4 9

3,600 8~4 63/4 7y4 6Y4 7 Y4 6?4 ‘/4 ‘/4 16

5,600 10Y4 83A 9Y4 9% 9y8 1 8Y2 ‘/4 1/4 24

9,000 12y* 14Y414% 1 10Y2 ~8 3/8 58

14,000 13y4 llfi 12V4 17 17Y8 1 1l A % 3/8 72

22,000 15y2 13 1374 lg% 1878

90,000 22Y4 18 /2 19k 31 lti 18 388

140,000 25% 2072 21Y23478 3578 2 20 482

All dimensionsare in inchesStressesin vessel shall be checked.Use wearplate if necessary

I



117

L SFOR UNINSULATEDVESSELS

J -l

T

t

hl h

j l 40°

‘L–

T—

w ~

~ i m u ml l o w a b lI M E N S I O N S W e

L o a d nn e~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O

L u g ,b s .I I F w

1,400 2 4 2 2% 44?46 YJ4 1% %6 full 1

2,200 3 4 2Y2 3 5% 5?46 2 full 2

3,600 4 3y4 3?4 6~4 (jl~b 2Y?2%6 full 4

5,600 53/4 5y4 6y4 974 10 1 4 1/4 ‘/4 9

9,000 7Y4 7 774 14~ 14%6 1 5% %6 ‘/4 21

14,000 9y~ 8~z 9y4 17 17%6 1 6ti %6 ‘/4 28

22,000 10 9y’ 10M 18 18y8 lti 7 3/8 ‘/4 45

36,000 12 11 4 2Y2 22 22Y2 1% 9 ‘/2 3/8 80

56,000 15 15 6V4 28H 29 46 1Y2 12 y16 3/8 148

90,000 161/2 1574 7 31y? 32yg 174 13 5/8 3/8 218

140,000 18 17% 8Y4 34Y2 3578 2 14 5/8 3/8 260

A l li m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s

S t r e s s e s ne s s e lh a l l eh e c k e d ,

U s ee a rl a t e fe c e s s a r y



L

:

L

a

I

. — —

I & J

VESSEL D R H L WELD

WEIGHT (IN) (1:) (IN) (IN) (IN) (Min)

(LBS)

12,000 1 ~/~ 1v? 5 10 co-- _

20,000 1% 3/4 2 6&J~

10 ~.=gL

30,000 1% 1 2Y8 6 10 &s

50,000 1% 1% 2YI 7 12 2570,000 2% 1 3Y2 8 12

100,000 2Y? 172 4Y2 9 16 .5 ~%-

150,000 3 11/4 5 10 16 b=EL

200,000 4 2 6 12 18 as=5

250,000 4% 2 6Yz 13 18 ~ “~

300,000 4fi 21/ 7 14 20

Notes:1. All dimensionsare in inches2. The design is basedon conditions:

a. x = 45° “maximumb. Minimumtensile strengthof lug material 70,000 psi.c. Direction of force is in the plane of lugs.

3, U s eear plate if necessary to eliminate buckling due to normal or sudden

loading.



LIFTINGATTACHMENTS

f-h

MINIMUMDIMENSIONSOF LIFTINGLUGSUSINGSHACKLE

Sh~~kle HoIe Sheared Rdl;d~~;d Diam.

Di~m.Edge Armofm Lug

D1cut

H AMo~ent

B

710 5/161060 3/8 I /,-” , .4U I .[> I1600

I I u-l

7/16 ., - 1 .U4-% I .OL. J- 1 - ,- 1 1/0 I I17 I

1

Al1 1 ./ /

I cl? 1 -1” 1 . . ,

1.44. --

/ uI l / L5 / 869 .90282(-)I

1-1/8SIR

71821A I .94 1.22 1-1/4

I1

7/8 1.131.75

1.47 1-1/2 1-118 :

- - - -I:

I

63’75 7/$?2.12

11 1 la I 1 cc

‘ ‘“’A ‘m

11300 1-1/8 1-1/4 ] ..<” I 1.72

13400 1-1/44-1\+

1-2IQ1-3175 Z.Y4 -

1 L 2I a - /. , I .

16500 1-3[8‘ 3.06

20000 1-1/2

LB 13.62

23750 1-518 4.061-d/+32350 2

>-l/ 1 -42 - 1 / 8. 2 5. 9 3- 3 /

4 2 5 0 0- 1 / 42 - 5

2 - 3 / 8. 5 6. 3 3- 1 /5 4 0 0 0- 1 / 2

3 52 - 5 / 8. 8 1. 6 6

6 7 6 0 03 / 44 - 9 / 1- 1

2 - 7 1 8. 9 4. 8 28 1 0 0 0

2 .A 7 .

. “ - - . f l8

A u 1.U2 L L - II1-1/2 1.75 2.28 2-5/8 1--‘-

1-5/8 1.88 2.45 2-7/8 2 II1 91A A . ,- - —.

. - —3 3-1;8

/ 15-7/;6 ;:; ‘:” ‘ :

Y jI

A l li m e n s i o n s nn c h e s .

I



120

r

LIFTINGATTACHMENTScont.)

RECOMMENDEDMATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thicknessand length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation.’

WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be atleast 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug.

To designthe lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug.

All possibledirectionsof loadingshould be considered(duringshipment,storage,erection, handling.) Whentwo or more lugs are used for multilegsling,the amgle betweeneach leg of the slingand the horizontal shouldbe assumedto be 30degrees.

EYE- BOLT

Threaded fasteners smaller

than 5/8” diameter shouldnot be used for liftingbecause of the danger ofovertorquingduringassembly.

Commercial eyebolts aresupplied witha rated break-ing strength in the Xdirection.

For loadingsother than alongthe axis of the eyebolt, the

following ratings are recommended. Theseareexpressedas percentage of the ratingin the axialdirection.

100 0 Y = 33%z= 20% w = 10%

EXAMPLE:

Aneyeboit of 1 in. diameterwhichis good for 4960 lb. loadin tension(directionx) cancarryonly4960x 0.33= 1637lb. load if it actsin directiony.

Theabovedimensionsandrecommendationsare takenfromC. V.Moore:Designing

LiftingAttachments,MachineDesign, March 18, 1965.

Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickneasmay be calculated by the formula:

R

6

I P where t = required thickness of lug, in

t = 2S (R-DIP) P = load, Ibs.S = allowable shear stress, psi.

seepage fordesignofweldandlengthofW.



121

SAFELOADSFORROPESANDCHAINS

The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of theangle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe

load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress.

If the ailowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of theangle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicatethe allowable load on one side of the inclined sling.

Example:

The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 lb. If the rope appliedto an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000/2 = 40001b. Forthetwo-rope sling the totalallowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 lb. The table shows the load-bearing capacity

of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shovm inthe table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicatethe allowable load in inclined position.

FACTORSTOCALCULATESAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS

L . AA &Angleof

Inclination9(30 600 450 300 1(-JO

On OneEnd

1.00 0.85 0.70 0.50 0.17

On Two – 1.70 1.40 1.00Ends

0.34



122

O P

externalpiping is connectedto thevessel,the scopeof theCode includes:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

theweldingend comection for the first circumferentialoint forwelded

connections

the first threadedjoint for screwedconnections

the face of the first flangefor bolted,flangedconnections

the first sealingsurfacefor proprietaryconnectionsor fittingsCodeU-l(e)(1)

SHAPEOFOPENINGS:

Openingsinpressurevesselsshallpreferablybe circular,ellipticalor obround.An

obroundopeningisonewhichis formedbytwoparallelsidesandsemicircularends.Theopeningmadebyapipeoracircularnozzle,theaxisofwhichisnotperpendiculatothevesselwallorhead,maybeconsideredanellipticalopeningfordesignpurposes.

Openingsmaybe of shapesotherthan the above.(SeeCodeUG-36.)

SIZEOFOPENINGS:

Properlyreinforcedopeningsarenot limitedas to size,but,whentheopeningin theheadof a cylindershell is largerthan one half the insidediameterof the head, it isrecommendedto use in placeof heads,shellreducersectionsas shownin theCodeFigureUG-36,

NOZZLENECKTHICKNESS(CodeUG-45)

For vesselsunder internalpressurethe wall thicknessof openingnecksshallnot belessthan:

(1)

(2)

the thicknesscomputedfor the applicableloadingsin UG-22on the neck

(pressure,reactionof piping,etc.), plus corrosionallowance.

forotherthan accessandinspection openingsshallnotbe lessthanrequiredfor the applicableloadingsandnot less than the smallestof the following

(a)

(b)

the thickness of the shell or head (to which the opening is attached),

required for internal pressure (assuming E = 1), p lo r r oa n c e ,u to re l d e de s s e l n oa s ee sh a/

t h ei n i m u mh i c k n e s s ft a n d a r da l li pl uo r r ol l

Theminimumthicknessof a pipe (ANSI/AB36.1OM)is the nominathicknessless 12.5percentallowabletolerance(seepage 140).

1



123

I O

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal

corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitablemanhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning.

The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the

alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the mosteconomical.

INSPECTIONOPENINGSARENOTREQUIRED:INSIDE 1NSPECTION

DIAMETER OPENING 1. for vessels12 in. or lessinside diameterOFVESSEL REQUIRED if there are at least two minimum %

in. pipe size removable connections.2. for vessels over 12 in. but less than

16 in. inside diameter, that are to beover 12 in. two - 1%in. installed so that they must be discon-

less than 18 in. pipe size threaded nected from an assembly to permit

I.D. opening inspection, if there are at least tworemovable connections not less than1%in. pipe size. UG46(e).

3. for vessels over 12 in. inside diameter

min. 15 in. I.D. under air pressure which also contain

18 in. manhole other substances which will prevent

to 36 in. or corrosion, providing the vessel non-

inclusive two -2 in. tains suitable openings through which

I.D.

pipe size threaded inspection can be made conveniently,

opening and providing such openings are equiv-alent in size and number to the require-ment of the table. UG-46(C).

min. 15 in. I.D. 4. for vessels(not over 36 in. I.D.)which

over manhole are provided with teltale holes (one

36 in. or hole min. per 10 sq. ft.) complying

I.D. two -6 in. withthe provisionsof theCodeUG-25,

pipesizenozzle which are subject only to corrosionand are not in compressedair service.UG-46(b).

The preferablelocation of smallinspectionopeningsis in eachheador near each

head.In place of two smalleropeningsa singleopeningmay be used, provided it is ofsuch size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior.Compressed air as used here is not intended to include ~ which has had moistureremoved to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. Themanufacturer’s Data Report shall include a statement “for non-corrosive service”and Code paragraphnumber when inspectionopeningsare not provided.

NOZZLENECKTHICKNESSThe wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used as access orinspection openingonly shall not be less than the thicknesscomputed for theapplicableloadingsplus corrosionallowance.



1 2 4- .

O W R PBelow the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For othertypessee Code,Fig.UW-16.I.



125

O W RB e l o whe



THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS

T H EI G U R E SE L O WH O WH EO S TO M M O N L YS EY PW EC O N N E C T I O N S .E EO D EI G .W - 1 6 . 1OH EY P

N O T A T I O N

a = ~ , . r) . 3 7 5 ,h i c h e v e r sh em a l l e s t ,n

+ = 1 - 1 / 4i m e sh em a l l e s t f , . ri n .

o rthe smallestof t, t. or0.375in.b= nominimumsizerequirementc = the smallest o fo r1 2n .

d = t h eh i c k n e s s fc h6 0i p ea l l ,n .

e = the smallestof to 3/4in.

t= t h i c k n e s s fe s s e la l l ,e s so r r o s i o nl l o w a n c en

t .n o m i n a lh i c k n e s s fi t t i n ga l le s so r r o s i o nl l o w a n

T h ee l di z e se f i n e de r er eh ei n i m u me q u i r e m e n t s

S E E~ E S NA C I N GA G E

. .



THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS

T H EI G U R E SE L O WH O WH EO S TO M M O N L YS E DY P EW E LC O N N E C T I O N S .E EO D EI G .W - 1 6 .F O RT H EY P E

SEENOTATIONONFACINGPAGE:

GJ a

I I318in.

7: %+

min.

t t

d

s i z ei nD m a xo u t s i d ei a m e t e r fi p e3 / 4n .

— . . -

FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE.Insomecasestheweldsareexemptfromsizerequirements,or fittingsandboltingpadsmaybeattachedtothevesselsbyfilletwelddepositedfiomtheoutsideonlywithcertainlimitations(CodeUW-16(f) (2) and(3)) such as:

1. Themaximumvesselthickness:3/8 in.

2. Themaximumsizeoftheopeningis limitedtothe outsidediameteroftheattachedpipeplus3An.

3. Theweldthroatshall bethegreateroftheminimumnozzleneckthicknessrequiredbytheCodeUG-45(a)or that necessaryto satisfytherequirementsofUW 18forthe applicableloadingsof UG22.

4. Theweldingmayeffectthethreadsofcouplings.It isadvisabletokeep thethreadsaboveweldingwitha minimumY’in.or cut the threads afterwelding.

5. Strengthcalculationof attachmentsisnot requiredforattachmentsshowninFigs.A,C andE, and for openings:

3 in. pipesizefittingsattachedto vesselwallsof 3/8 in. or less in thickness,2 in.pipe size fittingsattachedto vesselwalls over 3/8 in. in thickness.(CodeUG-36(c)(3)).



1281

SUGGESTEDMINIMUMEXTENSION OF OPENINGS

The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When

insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary to increase thesedimensions.

OUTSIDEPROJECTION,NCHESUSINGWELDINGNECKFLANGE

PRESSURERATINGOFFLANGELBOM.PIPESIZE

2500300 600

6 66 88 88 88 10

8 108 1010 1010 1010 1210 1210 12

900 I 1500150

888

101012121414141414

888

101214161616181820

8101214162022

66688

8888

101010

23468

10121416182024

OUTSIDEPROJECTION,NCHESUSINGSLIPONFLANGE

PRESSURERATINGOFFLANGELBOM.PIPE

SIZE

23468

10121416

182024

1500 250000 900150 300

88

1012121212

810101212141

6888

101010101

121212

888

101012121212121212

6668888

101

101010

668888

1010

1

101012

INSIDE EXTENSIONa

& a c - d -S e tl u s ho tu ti n i m u mx t e n s i o nx t e n se i n

P i p eu t oh e oh eu r v a t u r eo re l d i n go t hu r p



129

R ED F I P

Single,welded openingsnot subject to rapid fluctuationin pressure do not requirereinforcingif they are not largerthan:

3 inchpipe size - invesselwall3/8 in. or less.2 inchpipe size invesselwall over3/8 in. (CodeUG-36 (c) (3).

Largervesselopeningshantheaboveshallbereinforced.Therulesfor reinforcementof openingsare takenfromthe Code,UG-26throughUG-44,andareintendedoapplyprimarilyoopeningsnotexceedinghefollowing:

>Forvessels60in.indiameterandless:%thevesseldiameter,butnotto exceed20in.

Forvesselsover60in.indiameter:%thevesseldiameter,butnottoexceed40 in. Largeropeningshouldbegivenspecialattentionas

Fig.Adescribedn CodeAppendix1-7.

Hereisgivenabriefoutlineofreinforcementesignforbetterunderstandingftheproceduredescribedin thefollowingpages.

Thebasicrequirementsthataroundtheopeningthevesselmustbereinforcedwithan equalamountofmetalwhichhasbeencutoutfor theopening.Thereinforcementmaybe an integralpart of the vessel and nozzleor maybean additionalreinforcingpad. (Fig. A.)

This simplerule, however,needsfurtherrefinementsas follows:

1. It is not necessaryto replacethe actuallyremovedamountofmetal,but onlytheamountwhich is requiredto resistthe internalpressure.@).This requiredthicknessof thevesselat the openingsis usuallyless than at otherpointsof the shell or head.

2.The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be requiredaccordingto calculation.Theexcessinthevesselwall(Al) andnozzlewall (AJ serveasreinforcements.Likewisethe insideextensionofthe opening(Aj)andthe areaof theweldmetal (AJ) canalso be taken into considerationas reinforcement.

3. The reinforcementmustbe withina certainlimit.

4. Theareaof reinforcementmustbeproportionallyincreasedif itsstressvalueislowerthanthat of the vesselwall.

5. Thearearequiredfor reinforcementmustbe satisfiedforallplanesthroughthe centerofopeningand normalto vesselsurface.

The requiredcross sectionalareaof the reinforcementshall then be:

The requiredarea for the sell or head to resistthe internalpressure, (A).Fromthis areasubtractedthe excessareaswithinthe limit(Ai.4zAjAJ).Ifthe sumof theareasavailablefor reinforcement(AJ+A?+Aj +A,) isequalor greaterthantheareato bereplaced,(A),the opening is adequatelyreinforced. Otherwise t h eifferencemust be supplied byreinforcingpad (AJ).

Somemanufacturersfollowa simplepracticeusingreinforcingpadswithacross-sectionalareawhich is equal to the metal area actuallyremovedfor the opening.This practice results inoversizedeinforcement,utwiththeelimination fcalculationstheyfinditmoreeconomical.



130

REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS1

DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

u

D

I-Q--l

E

~ 0.8D ,

f iNC ?@r ’ )

u

(continue@j

1. AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

For vesselsunderinternalpressurethe total cross-sectionalarea requiredfor reinforcementof openingsshall not be

less

d=

t, =

—

than:A =d XI,, where

the insidediameterofopeningin itscorrodedcondition,inches.

therequiredthicknessof shellor head computedby theapplicableformulasusingE= 1.0whentheopeningis insolidplateor ina categoryBjoint. Whenopeningpassesthroughanyotherweldedjoint,E= theefilciencyofthatjoint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radio-graphicallynot examined,E = 0.85 for typeNo. 1jointandE = 0.80 for typeNo. 2 joint.

When the opening and its reinforcementare entirelywithinthesphericalportionofaflangedanddishedhead,t, is the thickness requiredby the applicable formulasusingAl=1.

Whentheopeningisinacone,t,isthethicknessrequiredfora seamlessconeof diameter,Dmeasuredwherethenozzleaxis intersectswiththewallof the cone.

Whentheopeninganditsreinforcementareina2: 1ellip-soidalhead and are located entirelywithin a circle thecenterofwhichcoincideswiththecenteroftheheadandthe diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the headdiameter,t,is the thicknessrequiredfor seamlesssphereof radius0.9timesthe diameterof the head.

If the stressvalueof the opening’smaterial is less thanthat of the vesselmaterial,the requiredareaA shall beincreased.(Seenextpage for examples.)

2. AVAILABLEAREASOFREINFORCEMENT

Areaof excessthicknessin thevesselwall (t—t,)d or(t–t,)(t,,~2 usethe largervalue, squareinches,

If the stressvalueof the opening%material is less thanthat of the vesselmaterial,areaAI shall be decreased.

(Seenext page forexamples.)Areaofexcessthicknessinthenozzlewall(’t,,—,)5tor(L-t,,,)t,,use — the smaller value, square inches.

Area ofinside extensionofnozzle square inches (t,,-@2h.

Areaof welds,squareinches.

IfthesumofA, A2AJandA~islessthantheareaforrein-forcementrequired,A thedifferencemustbesuppliedbyreinforcingpad.



131.

REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGSDESIGNFOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

(continued)

G 3. LIMITSOFREINFORCEMENT

xx

R

Themetal usedas reinforcementmustbe locatedwithin the

k R nimits.trn The limitmeasuredparallelto the vesselwall~= dor R. + t.

+

+ t, use larger value.t Y

1, The limitmeasured parallel to the nozzle wall Y= 2.5 tor2.5t.,—,use smallervalue.

troy When additionalreinforcingpad is used, the limit, Yto bed

measuredfromthe outsidesurfaceof the reinforcingpad.

NOTATION: Rn=insideradiusof nozzlein corrodedcondition,inches.

t= thicknessoftheves- For othernotations,see theprecedingpage.selwalllesscorro-sion allowance, 4. STRENGTHOFREINFORCEMENT

inches.t,= seepreceedingpage

If the strengthof materialsin AI Az Aj AJ and A5 or the

1.= nominalthicknessmaterialofthereinforcingpadare lowerthanthat of thevessel

of nozzlewallirre-material,their area consideredas reinforcementshallbe pro-

spectiveofproduct portionatelydecreased and the required area, A in inverseformles~co~osion proportionincreased.Thestrengthofthedepositedweldmetal

allowance,nches. shallbe consideredas equivalentto theweakermaterialof thetm= requiredthickness joint.

Of;fy:;:sno=’e It isadvisabletouseforreinforcingpadmaterialidenticalwith

h= dist~nce riozzle the vesselmaterial.

projectsbeyondhe No credit shall be taken for additionalstrengthof reinforce-

innersurfaceofthe menthavinghigherstressvaluethan that of the vesselwall.vesselwalllesscor-rosion allowance, EXAMPLES:

inches. 1. a. The stress value of nozzle material: 15,000psi.c = corrosion allow- The stress value of shell material: 17,500 psi.

ance,inches.d= seeprecedingpage.

Ratio 15,000/17,5000 = 0.857To the required area, A shalI be added:

+ 2tMX (1Q 0.857)

b. From the area AI shallbe subtracted:

H—2t. (1— 0.857)

r

fn(f-1, ) 2. Usingidenticalmaterialforthevesselandreinforcingpad,

TFf“

the requiredarea for reinforcementis 12squareinches.

\

Im If the stressvalueof vesselmaterial= 17,500psi.,

P

the stressvalueof the nozzlematerial= 15,000psi.,I

I

ratio 17,500/15,000= 1,167--- ----

Itr Inthisproportionshallbeincreasedtheareaofreinforcing

--- pad:12x 1.167= 14.00square inches.

t. x t,



132

REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGSDESIGNFOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

(continued

DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.The reinforcement required for openings in single-walled vessels subject to externapressure need be only 50percent ofthat required for internalpressure where t,sthewathicknessrequiredbytherulesforvesselsunderextemalpressure.CodeUG-37(d)(l).

REINFORCEMENTOF OPENINGSFOREXTERNALPRESSURE.Thecross-sectionalarea (A)of reinforcementrequiredforopeningsin vesselssubje

to externalpressure:dxt

/4= ~where

ii= Diameter inthegivenplaneof the openingin its corrodedcondition,inche1,= Thewall thicknessrequiredfor externalpressure,inches.F = Factor for computation of the required reinforcement area on different plane

(as the pressure-stress varies) when the opening is in cylindrical shell or conand integrally reinforced. For all other configurations the value of F = 1



1-JJ

REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGSEXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1. DESIGNDATA:Insidediameterof shell:48 in.

t“

~ -

Designpressure:250 psi at 200°F.t

Rn ShellMaterial:SA-285-Cr n

I

S = ,3,800 psi t= 0.265 in.Thevesselis spot radiographed

trI

t No allowanceforcorrosion

T

* P?

Nozzlematerial:SA-53-BI “ S=15,000 psi. tn=0.432 in.

Nozzlenom.size:6 in.Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5in.

+w

d h =2.5t~= 2.5 x 0.432= 1.08in.h Thenozzledoesnotpass throughseams.

Filletweldsize: 0.375 in.

Wallthicknessrequired:

for shell, t ‘SE 6P = 250 X2413,800X1.0-0.6X

= 0.440 in.—.

fornozzle,tm=~*p =250 X 2.88

15,000X 1.0-0.6X 250= 0.048 in.

AREAOFREINFORCEMENTREQUIREDA,= dt,= 5.761 x 0.440= 2.535 sq. k.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLEA,= (Excess in shell.) Larger of following:

(t–tr)d =(0.625-0.440) x 5.761or 1.066Sq.in.(t-t,) (...+ ~ 2 = (0.625-0.440)x (0.432+ 0.625)x2= 0.391sq. in.

Az= (Excessinnozzleneck.)Smallerof following:(tn–tm)5t= (0.432—0.048)x 5 x 0.625= 1.200s q n

(tn–tm)5tn= (0.432-0.048) X5 X0.432= 0.829sq. in.(Nocreditfor additionalstrengthof nozzlematerialhavinghigherstressvaluethanthat of the vesselwall.)

Aj= (Insideprojection.)t. x 2h =0.432x 2 x 1.08=0.933 sq. in.

A,= (Areaof filletweld)0.3752 0.140Sq.in.

Aj = (Areaof filletweld inside)0.3752 0.140Sq.in.

TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 3.108 sq. in.Sincethis area is greaterthanthe arearequiredforreinforcement,additionalreinforcementisnot needed.



134


EXAMPLE 2. DESIGN DATA:Inside radius of shell: R =24 in.

t“ Designpressure:P =300 psi at 200°F.Shellmaterial:t= 0.500 in. SA-516-70platetr n

I

S = 17,500psiThe vessel is spot examined

tr~ There is no allowancefor corrosion

J T

Nozzle nominal size: 6 in.Nozzle material: SA-53 B

S = 15,000 psi. t.= 0.432 in.Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5in.

Filletweld size inside:0.500 in.;

h Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in.Ratio of stress values: 15,000/17,500= 0.857

Wall thickness required:

Shell, t,= ‘R =300 X24

SE - 0.6P=0.416 in.

17,500X 1-0.6X300

Nozzle,t,.= sap =300X2.88

15,000X 1.0-0.6 X300= 0.058 in.-.

Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel mate-rial, the required area for reinforcement shall be proportionally increased andthe areas available for reinforcement proportionally reduced.

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED

~ = dt, = 5.761 X 0.416= 2.397 sq. inArea increased:+2tnxt,(1-15,000/17,500) =2 x 0.432x 0.416(1-0,857)= 0.051sq. in. 2.448sa. in

AREAOF REINFORCEMENTVAILABLEAl= (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:

(1- t,)d= (0.500- 0.416)x 5.761= 0.484 s q n

(t-t,)t.+ t,)2=(0.500-0.416) (0.432+ 0.500)x 2 ‘O.156sq. in.Areareduced:-2 x t . ( t - t , )1-0.857)=

-2 x 0.432x (0.500-0.416)(1-0.857)= -0.010sq. in. 0.474 sq. inA2=(Excess innozzleneck.)Smallerof following:

(t.- t,n)5t=(0.432-0.058)5X 0.500= 0.935(t.- t,n)5tn= (0.432-0.058)5 X 0.432= 0.808

Area reduced: 0.857 x 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in.Since the strength of the nozzle is lower than that of the shell,a decreased area shall be taken into consideration.

15,000/17,500 = 0.857, 0.857 X 0.808= 0.692 sq. in,43= (Insideprojection.)tnx 2A= 0.432x 2 x 1.08‘0.933

Areadecreased0.933x 0.857 = 0.800 sq. inAJ‘(Area of filletweld)2 x 0.5 x .6252x0.857= 0.334 sq. in~j ‘(Area of fillet weld inside)2 x 0.5 x .5002x 0.857= 0.214 sa. in

TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 2.514SCI.nAdditionalreinforcementnot required.



135


EXAMPLE 3. DESIGNDATA:Insidediameterof shell:48 in.

t“Designpressure:300 psiat 200°F.Shellmaterial:0.500 in. SA-516-60plate,

t Thevesselfidlyradiographed,E = 1rn

There is no allowanceforcorrosiontr Nozzlenominalsize: 8 in.

tNozziematerial:SA-53B, 0,500 in.wallExtensionof nozzle insidethevessel:0.5 in.

r+

Thenozzledoes notpass throughthemain#

ud t

seams.h of fiiletwelds0.375 in. (Reinforcement

pad to nozde neck.)

Wallthicknessrequired:

Shell t,= ‘R300X 24

SE– O.6P = 15,000X 1-0.6X300= 0.486 in.

Nozzle, t,. = SAP =300X3.8125

15,000X ].0–0.6 X300= 0.077 in.—.

AREAOF RE~FORCEMENT REQUIREDA =dx [,= 7.625X 0.486= 3.706 sq. in.

AREAOFREINFORCEMENTVAILABLE

AI = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:(t -t, )d= (0.500- 0.486)7.625= 0.106 sq. in.or (t - [, ) (t. + t) 2 = (0.500-0,486)(0.500+ 0.500)2 ‘0.028 sq. in.

Az=(Excessinnozzleneck.)Smallerof following:@-t,.)5t = (0.500-o.077)5x 0.5 = 1.058or(tn–tr.)5t. = (0.500-0.077)5X0.5= 1.058 1.058sq. in.

A3= (Insideprojection.)L x 2h = 0,500x 2 x 0.5= 0.500 sq. in.AJ‘ o f w 0 0.141 sa. in.

(Theareaofpad to shellwelddisregarded)TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 1.805 SQ.in.

Thisareais lessthantherequiredarea,thereforethedifferenceshallbeprovided

byreinforcingelement.tmaybeheaviernozzleec~kirgerextensionothenozzleinsideofthevesselorreinforcingpad.Usingreinforcingpad,therequiredareaofpad:3.706–1.805=1.901sq, in. UsingO.375in.SA-516-60plateorreinforcingpadthewidthofthepad 1.901/0.375=5.069in.

Theoutsidediameterof reinforcingpad: Outsidediameterofpipe: 8.625widthof reinforcingpad: 5.069

13.694in.





127/

STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTSJOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL

EXAMPLE4DESIGNDATA

A= 3.172sq.in.,A,=0.641sq.in.,A.F0.907sq.in.= 1 2 . 8 4 5n .u t s i d ei a m e t e re i n f o r ca

8.625in.outsidediameterofnozzle.8 . 1 2 5n .e a ni a m e t e ro z z l e

S = 1 7 , 5 0 0s il l o w a b l et r e s sa l uv e s sa tS . =5 , 0 0 0s il l o w a b l et r e s sa l un o z za tt = 0 . 5 0 0n .h i c k n e s s fe s s e la l lt .0 . 5 0 0n .h i c k n e s s fo z z l ea l l

0 . 3 7 5n .e g fi l l e tw e l d0 . 2 5 0n .e g fi l l e tw e l d

t, = 0 . 2 5 0n .h i c k n e s s fe i n f o r c i n ga d

C h e c khe s t r e n g t hf a t t a c h m e n t fo z z l e .

L O A D O EA R R I E D YE L D S :(A–A,)S =(3.172—0.641)17,500= 44,293 lb.

LOADTO BECARRIEDBY WELDSa, c, e:(A2+21“OS= (0.907+ 2 x 0.500x 0.500) 15,000= 21,105 lb.

STRESSVALUEOFWELDS:Fillet - weld shear 0.49 x 17,500= 8,575psiGroove- weldtension 0.74x 17,500= 12,950psi

STRESSVALUEOFNOZZLEWALLSHEAR:0.70 x 15,000= 10,500psi

STRENGTHOFWEL~S ANDNOZZLENECK:a. Filletweldshear ~ x weldlegx 8,575= 13.55X0.375X8,575=43,572lb.b. Nozzlewallshem ~ x tnX10,5OO 12.76X0.500X10,500‘66,990 lb.

c. Grooveweldte~ion @ x weldlegx12,950= 13.55X0.500x 12,950=87,7361b.

d. Filetweldshear Z#2Xweld1egx 8,575= 20.18X0.25X8,575=43,260lb.

e. Grooveweldtension ~ weldlegx 12,950-13.55 x 0.25x 12,950=43,868lb.

POSSIBLEPATHOFFAILURE:1. Throughbandd 66,990+43,260 = 110,250lb.2. ThOU@c andd 87,736+ 43,260 = 130,996lb.3. Througha, c ande 43,572 + 87,736+ 43,868= 175,176lb.

Paths1.and2. arestrongerthanthetotalstrengthof44,293lb.Path3. is strongerthanthestrengthof21,105lb.

Theouterf i l l e te l ds t r e n g t h3,260 lb. is greater than the reinforcingpad strengthof(dP-do) t.X 17,500=1.055x 17,500=18,463lb.



12R

LENGTH OF COUPLINGS AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS



139

LENGTH OF COUPLING AND P FOR OPENINGS



140

N N TTHE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR NOZZLE NECKS IN VESSELS

UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE (Code UG-45)

1 T t f t a l i U p cbut for other than access and inspection openings, not less

than the smaller of the following:

2. The thickness required for the vessel for internal pressure (assuming joint

efficiency, E = 1.0), but in no case less than the minimum for shells and

heads specified in UG-16 (b);

3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus corrosion allowance.

THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR ACCESS AND INSPECTION

OPENINGS (manways, handholes) IN VESSELS UNDER

INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.

1. The thickness computed for the applicable load plus corrosion allowance

(there is no other requirement).

For selection of required pipe under internal pressure, see table “Maximum

Allowable Internal Working Pressure for Pipes” on the following pages.

EXAMPLES for using the table:

1. Opening Diam: 18”

Design Pressure: 800 psig.Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”

The Required Pipe for Manway:

The Required Pipe for Nozzle:


Design Pressure: 150 psig.

Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”

The Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.3 125”

The Required Pipe for Manway:

The Required Pipe for Nozzle:


Design Pressure: 140 psig.

Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.750”

The Required Pipe for Manway:The Required Pipe for Nozzle:

Sch. 60,

Sch. 60,

0.750” Wall

0.750” Wall

Sch. 10, 0.250” Wall

Std. Wt. 0.375” Wall

Sch. 10, 0.250” Wall

Std. Wt. 0.328” + 0.125” Corr. Allow. = 0.453, Min. Wall=

Sch. 40 Pipe



141

THE REQUIRED NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS FOR VESSELS UNDEREXTERNALPRESSURE(CodeUG-45)

1. Thethicknessfortheapplicableload lesst

t h em a l l e r fh eo l l o w i n g :

2. Thethicknessof head or shell requiredfor internalp r e s s us ixternadesignpressureas an equivalentinternalpressure,but k no case less than theminimumthicknessspecifiedfor materialinUG-16(b)(1/16 in. for shellsandheads,3/32in.incompressedair,steamandwaterservice,%in.forunfiredsteamboilers),pluscorrosionallowance;

3. Theminimumthicknessof standardwall pipepluscorrosionallowance.

EXAMPLE1.

Externaldesignpressure:P =35psi.MaterialSA516-60; S= 15,000

Outsidediameterof cylindricalshell:Do= 96 in.Shellthickness:t = 1 in.The requiredticknessfor 14O.D., 12in. longnozzleneck:

1. Towithstand25psi externalpressureapproximately0.05 in.wallrequired,buthe thicknessshallnot be lessthan the smallerof;

2. Thethicknessrequiredforthe shellunder35 psi internalpressure(asequivalenexternalpressure)

PR = 35x 47 =O~lo in‘= SE - 0.6P 15,000- n “ -

3. The minimumthicknessof standardwallpipe: 0.328 in. (0.375in. nom.)Th

smallerof 2. and 3.0.110 in. for wallthicknessof nozzleneck is satisfactoryEXAMPLE2.

Externaldesignpressure: P = 15 psi.

Material SA 516-60; S= 15,000Outside diameter of cylindrical shell, Do= 36 in.Shell thickness: t= 0.3125in.

The requiredthicknessfor a 14 in.D.O., 12in. longnozzleneck:

1. To withstand15psi externalpressureapproximately0.02in.wallrequired,buthe thicknessshallnot be lessthanthe smallerof the following:

2. The thicknessrequiredfor the shell under 15psi. internalpressurePR = 15x 17.6875=o 0~8 in

t =SE - 0.6P 15,000-9 “ “

3. The minimumthicknessof standardwallpipe: 0.328 in. (0.375in. nom.)Thsmallerof2. and3. is 0.018 in.,but the thicknessof thenozzleneckshall inncasebe lessthan0.0625in.UG-45(a) (2).



142

M A

I W P F P

TheCalculationsBasedon the Formula:P=

23EtD+ 1.2t

, where

P = Themax.allowableworkingpressure,psig.S= 15,000psig.the stressvalueof the most commonlyusedmaterialsfor pipe

(A53B,A106B)at temperature-20 to 650°F. For highertemperature seenotes at the end of the tables.

E= 1.0joint efficiencyof seamlesspipeD= Insidediameterof pipe, in.t = Minimumpipewallthickness,in. (.875 times the nominal thickness).The figuresunderlinedare the maximumallowablepressurein corrodedconditio

for the pipe of whichwall thicknessis minimumthe standardwallplus corrosionallowance.

NOM. DESIG-PIPE WALL

‘IPE NATION THICKNESSUZE NOM. ~

T=EX-STG. 0.294

STD. 0.113

X-STG. 0.1543/4

SCH.160 0.218

I XX-STG. 0.308STD. I 0.133

1X-STG. 0.179

SCH.160 0.250

XX-STG. 0.358

STD. 0.140

X 0.1911-1/4

SCH.160 0.250

XX-STG. 0.382

STD. 0.145X-STG. 0.200

1-1/2SCH.160 0.281

XX-STG. 0.400STD. 0.154

X-STG. 0.2182

SCH.160 0.343

I XX-STG. I 0.436

MIN.0.095

0.129

0.164

0.257

0.099

0.135

0.191

0.2700.116

0.154

0.219

0.313

0.123

0.167

0.219

0.334

0.1270.175

0.246

0.3500.135

0.191

0.300

0.382

CORROSIONALLOWANCEN.

~- ‘;:”:g 1’412153 I 8526 5392 I 2658 252

1072 I I I4299 2192 288

6386 4069 1985 100

9712 7041 %7 2515 5802847 1261

3959 2287 I 744 I I5764 3946 2274 732

8820 7423 4842 3099 1494.2362 1126

3282 1988 774

4424 I 3059 1779 ] 578

7194 G 2848 1582

2118 1046 312982 1864 806

4333 3139 I6481 I 51641786 938

G 1696

4215 I 3260 I

2013 947

3924 2754 164126

852 44

2348 1477 642

5537 X2 2629— 174



143

MAXIMUMALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(cent)

NOM. DESIG-PIPEWALL CORROSIONALLOWANCEN.

PIPENATION

THICKNESS o I 1/16 I 1/8 3/16 I 1/4

SIZE NOM. MIN.Max.Allow.PressurePsig.

STD. 0.203 1245 561

X-STG. 0.2762%

SCH-160 0.375

X-STG. 0.300

SCH. 160 0.438

XX-STG. 0.600

STD. 0.226

X-STG. 0.318

XX-STG. 0.636

STD. 0.237

X-STG. 0.337

SCH.120 0.438

SCH.160 0.531

XX-STG. 0.674

XX-STG. 0.552

STD. 0.216

3

.

3

4

5

6

8

STD.0.258

X-STG. 0.375

SCH.120 0.500

SCH.160 0.625

XX-STG. 0.75C

STD. 0.280

X-STG. 0.432

SCH.120 0.562

SCH.160 0.71$

XX-STG. o.86fSCH.20 0.25(

SCH.30 0.27t

0.242 I 2707 l 1971 1261 I 577I

0.328 3766 2991 2245 1525 831

0.483 5822 4969 Z 3359 2599— —

0.189 ~ 1116 556 12

0.263 2398 1801 1221 658 111

0.383 3597 2964 2350 1754 1175— —

0.525 5113 4432 3773 3134 2515

0.198 1546 1044 555 780.278 G 1689 1183 691 211

0.557 4701 4115 3546 2992 1937— —

0.208 ~ 995 561 137

0.295 2075 1616 1168 730 280

0.383 2739 2= 1802 1350 908

0.465 I 3379 I 2890 1-2412 I 1946 1490——

0.590 4394 3880 3379 2890 2412

0.226 1259 902 552 208

0.328 G 1488 1127 773 425

0.438 2520 2140 1767 1401 1042

0.547 3201 2808 2X 2044 1673

0 . 6 5 69 0 64 91 07

0 . 2 4 51 4 34 5

0.378 1793 1485 1181 882 58~

0.492 2368 G G 1431 112[

0.628 3077 2748 2425 =6 F

0.756 3767 3427 3093 2764 24400.219 777 552 329 113

0.242 861 634 411 190

X-STG. 0.500 0.438 1587 1353 1121 892 665

SCH.1OO 0.593 0.519 1896 1658 E 1189 959

SCH.120 0.718 0.628 2319 2075 1835 = u



144

MAXIMUMALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(con~

NOM.PIPES

8

10

12

1 4

DESIG-NATION

SCH.140

SCH.160

XX-STG.

SCH.20

SCH.30

STD.

X-STG.

SCH.80

SCH.100SCH.120

SCH.140

SCH.160

SCH.20

SCH.30

STD.

SCH.40

X-STG.

SCH.60

SCH.80

SCH.100

SCH.120

SCH.140

SCH.160

SCH.10

SCH.20

STD.

SCH.40

X-STG.

SCH.60

SCH.80

SCH.100

SCH.120

SCH.140

PIPEWALLTHICKNESS

NOM.

0.812

0.906

0.875

0.250

0307

0.365

0.500

0.593

0.7180.843

1.000

1.125

0.250

0.330

0.375

0.406

0.500

0.5620.687

0.843

1.000

1.125

1.312

0.250

0.312

0.375

0.438

0.500

0.593

0.75G

0.937

1.093

1.250

~

MIN.0.711

0.793

0.766

0.219

0.269

0.319

0.438

0.519

0.6280.738

0.875

0.984

0.219

0.289

0.328

0.355

0.438

0.4920.601

0.738

0.875

0.984

1.148

z

0.273

0.328

0.383

o.43t

0.51$

0.65{

0.82(

0.95(

1.094

CORROSIONALLOWANCENo I 1/16 I 1/8 I 3/16 i“”;/4

Max.Allow.PressurePsig.

2647

2977

2868

621

766

~

1263

1506

18382179

2611

2963

522

692

~7

854

1059

11941469

1820

2178

2467

2910

475

594

716

839

962

1146

1460

1843

2166

2500

2400

2725

2617

441

585

729

l=

1318

16471984

2413

2760

371

540

635

701

904

10381311

1659

2 0 1

2 3 0

2

338

456

577

699

~

004

316

696

2017

2348

2155

2476

2370

264

406

549

894

1132

14581792

2216

2560

222

389

483

549

751

~1154

1500

1 8 5

2 1 3

2s72

202

319

440

561

682

863

1173

1550

1869

2198

1913

2231

2126

90

228

370

712

948

12701601

1986

2362

76

240

333

398

598

730~

1341

1690

1972

2

69

184

303

423

544

pJ

1031

1406

1722

2048

1675

1988

1885

50

193

532

~

10851413

1829

2166

91

184

248

486

578~

118

153

181

2

49

16

28

40

58

~

126

157

190

I



145

MAXIMUMALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)

PLPEWALLOM.PIPESIZE

oROSIONALLOWANCEN.1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4

ESIG-NATION

THICIgOM.

iESSMIN. [ax.All

E~

398

504

717

C4

1310

1643

19802384

2674

262

354

447

541

636

729

1015

1306

1652

2002

2308

2669

x

402

~697

998

1303

1657

1974

2340

2666

: P s

x

5

1

2

4

7

1

1 3

1 72 1

2 4

5

1

2

3

4

5

7

1 0

1 4

1 7

2 0

2 4

4

2

3

5

8

1 1

1 4

1 7

2 1

2 4

SCH.160SCH.10

SCH.20

SCH.30. STD.

SCH.40X-STG.

SCH.60

SCH.80

SCH.100

SCH.120SCH.140

SCH.160

1.406 1.230 2834m

518

625

&

1108

1436

1771

21112517

2809

368

460

554

14

166

279

384

596

861

0.250

0.312

0.375

0.500

0.656

0.843

1.031

1.2181.438

1.593

0.219

0.273

0.328

0.438

0.574

0.738

0.902

1.0661.258

1.394

G

0.273

0.328

0.383

0.438

0.492

0.656

0.820

1.012

1.203

1.3671.558

m

0.328

0.4380.519

0.711

0.902

1.121

1.313

1.531

1.722

43

146

355

617

9376

18

1185

1515

18512251

2540

157

248

341

434

529

621

~6

1195

1539

1 8 8

2 1 9

2 5 5

m

3 0

4 7

6 0

900

1202

1555

1870

2234

2558

1263

15951990

2275

SCH.10

SCH.20

STD.

SCH.30

X-STG.

SCH.40

SCH.60

SCH.80

SCH.100

SCH.120

SCH.140

SCH.160

SCH.10

SCH.20 STD.

SCH.30X-STCSCH.40

SCH.60

SCH.80

0.250

0.312

0.375

0.438

0.500

0.562

0.750

0.937

1.156

1.375

1.5621.781

B

0.375

0.5000.593

0.812

1.031

1.281

1.500

1.750

1.968

38

130

222

315

407

689

974

1314

1658

19582314

649

744

838

1129

1418

1766

2118

2425

2789

T

4~

668795

1097

1403

1760

2078

2446

2774

117

284

407

~

1004

1353

1665

2025

2346

20

SCH.100

SCH.120

SCH.140

ISCH.160



146

MAXIMUMALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)

NOM.PIPE

SIZE

22

24

26

30

DESIGNATION

SCH.10

SCH.20 STD.

X-STG.

SCH.30

SCH.40

SCH.60

SCH.80

SCH.100SCH.120

SCH.140

SCH.160

PIPEWALLTHICI

N0.250

0.312

0.375

0.437

0.500

0.562

0.625

0.688

0.750

0.250

0.375

0.500

0.562

0.687

0.968

1.218

1,5311.812

2.062

2.343

0.250

0.312

0.375

0.437

0.500

0.562

0.625

0.688

0.750

0.312

0.375

0.500

JESS

MIN.0.219

0.273

0.328

0.382

0.438

0.492

0.547

0.602

0.656

0.219

0.328

0.438

0.492

0.601

0.847

1.066

1.3401.586

1.804

2.050

0.219

0.273

0.328

0.382

0.438

0.492

0.547

0.602

0.656

0.273

0.328

0.438

376

452

G

606

681

761

839

916

275

414

z

625

766

1089

1381

17532093

2399

2750

2 5 4

3 1 7

3 8 2

4 4 6

5 1 2

5 7 6

6 4 1

7 0 7

7 7 2

275

330

443

214 I

289

365

440

519

G

672

750

827

196

334

475

5Z

685

1006

1297

16672006

2311

2660

181

244

308

372

438

502

567

633

697

211

267

379

128

202

278

353

431

507

584

661

738

117

255

395

464

6X

924

1214

15821919

2223

2571

108

171

235

298

364

428

493

558

622

148

204

315

T116

192

267

344

419

496

G

649

40

176

315

384

524

842

1131

14981833

2135

2482

37

98

162

225

291

354

419

F4

548

85

141

252

3

10

13

25

33

40

48

z

9

23

30

44

G

104

141

174

204

239

2

9

15

21

28

34

41

47

2

7

18



147

NOTE: IFTHESTRESSVALUEOFPIPELESSTHAN15,000PSIG.DUETOHIGHERTEMPERATURE,MULTIPLYTHEMAX.ALLOWABLERESSUREGIVENINTHETABLESBYTHEFACTORSINTHISTABLE:

TEMPERATURENOTEXCEEDINGDEGREEOF

650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

A53BStress 15000 14350 12950

10800 86506500 – –

A 106B ‘ : s ’ + : s5000 14350 12950 10800 8650 6500 4500 2500FACTOR 1.000 0.9566 0.8633 0.7200 0.5766 0.4333 0.3000 0.1666

Example:

TheMaximumAllowancePressurefor 6“ x Stg.PipeWitha Corrosion

Allowanceof 1/8” FromTable= 1181psi.- at Temperature800°F

TheMax.Allow.Press.1181x 0.72= 850 psig.

Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:

TheMax.Allow.Press.1181Psig.FromTables

TheStressValue 13000psi.

For ThisPipeTheMax.Allow.Pressure ~Wo x 1181 = 1023psi.

NOZZLEEN~CMKpTT~CKNESS wI C O R R O S I O N o 0

1

2

3

4

Requiredfor Loadings(UG-22) 0.250$ 0.018 0.3125

J.E. 0.85 0.250 0.250 0.3125VesselWall

J.E. 1.00 0.213 0.213 0.2660

NOM. 0.280 0.280 0.2806 in. Std.Pipe

MIN. 0.245 0.245 0.245

Minimumf o rh e l l sH e a d sG - 1 6b ). 0 6 2. 0 6.

I no m p r e s s e di r ,t e a m &a t e re r v i c eG - 1 6b ). 0 9 3. 0 9.

F o rn f i r e dt e a mo i l e r sG - 1 6b ). 2 5 0. 2 5.

0 .* T h ei n i m u me a u i r e dh i c k n e s so ro z z l ee c kI 0 . 3



148

R W T F P

U I P

The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has been

computed with the following formula:

PR

‘= SE– O.6P

t = the required minimum wall thickness of pipe,

P = internal pressure, psig.

, where

in.

S= 15,000psig.t h et r e s sa l u e fh eo s to m m o n l ys ea t e r ior pipe.A 53 B and A 106 B @temperature –20 to 650°F.

E = Joint efficiency of seamlesspipe

R = inside radius of the pipe, in.

For the insidediameter of the pipe round figures are shown. With interpolationthe required thickness can be determined with satisfactory accuracy.

The thicknesses given in the tables do not include aIlowance

For the determination of the required pipe wall thickness in

various pipingcodes shall be applied.

Selecting pipe,the 12.5% tolerance in wall thickness shall be

for corrosion.

piping systems the

taken into consider-ation. The”minimum thickness of the pipe wall equals the nominal thicknesstimes .875.



149

REQUIRED PIPE WALLTHICKNESS

FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

1.s.

11AM,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 32 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

500 . 0 0 2

0 . 0 0 3

0 . 0 0 5

0 . 0 0 7

0 , 0 0 8

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 0 1 2

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 1 5

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 0 1 8

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 2

0 , 0 2 3

0 . 0 2 5

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 2 8

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 2

0 . 0 3 3

0 . 0 3 5

0 . 0 3 7

0 . 0 3 80 . 0 4 0

0 . 0 4 2

0 . 0 4 4

0 . 0 4 5

0 . 0 4 7

0 . 0 4 8

0 . 0 5 0

100

0 . 0 0 3

0 . 0 0 7

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 3

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 3

0 . 0 3 7

0 . 0 4 0

0 . 0 4 4

0 . 0 4 7

0 . 0 5 0

0 . 0 5 4

0 . 0 s 7

0 . 0 6 0

0 . 0 6 4

0 . 0 6 7

0 . 0 7 0

0 . 0 7 4

0 . 0 7 70 . 0 8 0

0 . 0 8 4

0 . 0 8 7

0 . 0 9 0

0 . 0 9 4

0 . 0 9 7

0 . 1 0 0

150

0 . 0 0 5

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 0 1 5

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 5

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 5

0 . 0 4 0

0 . 0 4 5

0 . 0 5 0

0 . 0 5 5

0 . 0 6 0

0 . 0 6 5

0 . 0 7 0

0 . 0 7 . 5

0 . 0 8 0

0 . 0 8 6

0 . 0 9 1

0 . 0 9 6

0 . 1 0 1

0 . 1 0 7

0 . 1 1 1

0 . 1 1 60 . 1 2 1

0 . 1 2 6

0 . 1 3 1

0 . 1 3 6

0 . 1 4 1

0 . 1 4 6

0 . 1 5 1

PRESSURE PSIG.

200

0 . 0 0 7

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 3 4

0 . 0 4 0

0 . 0 4 7

0 . 0 5 4

0 . 0 6 0

0 . 0 6 7

0 . 0 7 4

0 . 0 8 1

0 . 0 8 7

0 . 0 9 4

250

0 . 0 0 8

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 0 2 5

0 . 0 3 4

0 . 0 4 2

0 . 0 5 1

0 . 0 5 9

0 . 0 6 7

0 . 0 7 6

0 . 0 8 4

0 . 0 9 3

300

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 4 0

0 . 0 5 1

0 . 0 6 1

0 . 0 7 1

0 . 0 8 1

0 . 0 9 1

0 . 1 0 1

0 . 1 1 1

0 , 1 2 1

0 . 1 3 2

0 . 1 4 2

0 . 1 5 2

0 . 1 6 2

0 . 1 7 2

0 . 1 8 2

0 . 1 9 2

0 . 2 0 2

0 . 2 1 3

0 . 2 2 3

0 . 2 3 30 . 2 4 3

0 . 2 5 3

0 . 2 6 3

0 . 2 7 3

0 . 2 8 3

0 . 2 9 4

0 . 3 0 4

3500 . 0 1

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 3

0 . 0 4

0 . 0 5

0 . 0 7

0 . 0 8

0 . 0 9

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 3

0 . 1 4

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 6

0 . 1 7

0 . 1 8

0 . 2 0

0 . 2 1

400

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2

0 . 2

o . ~ 3

0 . 2

0 . 2

0 . 2

0 . 2

0 . 2

0 . 30 . 3

0 . 3

0 . 3

0 . 3

0 . 3

0 . 3

0 , 4

450

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 .

0 . 1

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .0 ,

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

5000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

0

0

0

0

0



150

REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESS

FORINTERNALPRESSURE(cent)

1IAM.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 s

1 61 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 42 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

550

D . 0 1 9

0 . 0 3 7

0 . 0 5 6

0 . 0 7 5

0 . 0 9 4

0 . 1 1 2

0 . 1 3 1

0 . 1 5 0

0 . 1 6 90 . 1 8 7

0 . 2 0 6

0 . 2 2 5

0 . 2 4 4

0 . 2 6 2

0 . 2 8 1

0 . 3 0 00 . 3 1 9

0 . 3 3 7

0 . 3 5 6

0 . 3 7 5

0 . 3 9 4

0 . 4 1 2

0 . 4 3 1

0 . 4 5 00 . 4 6 9

0 . 4 8 7

0 . 5 0 6

0 . 5 2 5

0 . 5 4 4

0 . 5 6 2

600

) . 0 2 0

3 . 0 4 1

D . 0 6 2

3 . 0 8 2

0 . 1 0 2

0 . 1 2 3

0 . 1 4 3

0 . 1 6 4

0 . 1 8 40 . 2 0 5

0 , 2 2 5

0 . 2 4 6

0 . 2 6 6

0 . 2 8 7

0 . 3 0 7

0 . 3 2 80 . 3 4 8

0 . 3 6 9

0 . 3 8 9

0 . 4 1 0

0 . 4 7 1

0 . 4 9 20 . 5 1 2

0 . 5 3 3

0 . 5 5 3

0 . 5 7 4

0 . 5 9 4

0 . 6 1 5

650

0 . 1 1 1

0 . 1 3 3

0 . 1 5 6

0 . 1 7 8

0 . 2 0 00 . 2 2 2

0 . 2 4 5

0 . 2 6 7

0 . 2 8 9

0 . 3 1 1

0 . 3 3 4

0 . 3 5 60 . 3 7 8

0 . 4 0 0

0 . 4 2 3

0 . 4 4 5

0 . 4 6 7

0 . 4 8 9

0 . 5 1 2

0 . 5 3 40 . 5 5 6

0 . 5 7 8

0 . 6 0 1

0 . 6 2 3

0 . 6 4 5

0 . 6 6 7

700

0 , 4 8 0

0 . 5 0 4

0 . 5 2 8

0 . 5 5 2

0 . 5 7 60 . 6 0 0

0 . 6 2 4

0 . 6 4 8

0 . 6 7 2

0 . 6 9 6

0 . 7 2 C

PRESSUREPSIG.

750

0 . 0 2 6

0 . 0 5 2

0 . 0 7 7

0 . 1 0 3

0 . 1 2 9

0 . 1 5 5

0 . 1 8 0

0 , 2 0 6

0 . 2 3 2

0 . 2 5 8

0 . 2 8 4

0 . 3 0 9

0 . 3 3 5

0 . 3 6 1

0 . 3 8 7

0 . 4 1 20 . 4 3 8

0 . 4 6 4

0 . 4 9 0

0 . 5 1 5

0 . 5 4 1

0 . 5 6 7

0 . 5 9 3

0 . 6 1 90 . 6 4 5

0 . 6 7 0

0 . 6 9 6

0 . 7 2 2

0 4 7 4 7

0 . 7 7 3

800

0 . 0 2 8

0 . 0 5 5

0 . 0 8 3

0 . 1 1 0

0 . 1 3 8

0 . 1 6 5

0 . 1 9 3

0 . 2 2 0

0 . 2 4 8

0 . 2 7 5

0 . 3 0 3

0 . 3 3 1

0 . 3 5 8

0 . 3 8 6

0 . 4 1 3

0 . 4 4 10 . 4 6 8

0 . 4 9 6

0 . 5 2 3

0 . 5 5 1

850

0 . 0 2 9

0 . 0 5 9

0 . 0 8 8

0 . 1 1 7

0 . 1 4 7

0 . 1 7 6

0 . 2 0 5

0 . 2 3 5

0 . 2 6 4

0 . 2 9 3

0 . 3 2 3

0 . 3 5 2

0 . 3 8 1

0 . 4 1

0 . 4 4 0

0 . 4 6 90 . 4 9 9

0 . 5 2

0 . 5 5

0 S 8

0 . 6 1

0 . 6 4

0 . 6 7

0 . 7 00 . 7 3

0 . 7 6

0 . 7 9

0 . 8 2

0 . 8 5

0 . 8 8

900

0.0310.062

0.093

0.124

0,156

0.187

0.218

0.249

0.280I0.311~

0 . 3 4

0 . 3 7

0 . 4 0

0 . 4

0 . 4

0 . 40 . 5

0 . 5

0 . 5

0 . 6

0 . 6

0 . 6

0 . 7

0 . 70 . 7

0 . 8

0 . 8

0 . 8

0 . 9

0 . 9

950 1

0.694

0.729

1



151

1.s.)IAM.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESSFORINTERNALPRESSURE(cont.)

1100

0 . 0 7 7

0 . 1 1 5

0 . 1 5 3

0 . 1 9 2

0 . 2 3 0

0 . 2 6 8

0 . 3 0 7

0 . 3 4 5

0 . 3 8 4

0 . 4 2 2

0 . 4 6 0

0 . 4 9 9

0 . 5 3 7

0 . 5 7 5

0 . 6 1 4

0 . 6 5 2

0 . 6 9 0

0 . 7 2 9

0 . 7 6 8

0 . 8 0 5

0 . 8 4 4

0 . 8 8 2

0 . 9 2 0

0 . 9 5 9

0 . 9 9 7

1 . 0 3 6

1 . 0 7 4

1 . 1 1 2

1 . 1 5 1

12000 . 0 4 2

0 . 0 8 4

0 . 1 2 6

0 . 1 6 8

0 . 2 1 0

0 . 2 5 2

0 . 2 9 4

0 . 3 3 6

0 . 3 7 8

0 . 4 2 0

0 . 4 6 2

0 . 5 0 4

0 . 5 4 6

0 . 5 8 8

0 . 6 3 0

0 . 6 7 2

0 . 7 1 4

0 . 7 5 6

0 . 7 9 8

0 . 8 4 0

0 . 8 8 2

0 . 9 2 4

0 . 9 6 6

1 . 0 0 8

1 . 0 5 0

1 . 0 9 2

1 . 1 3 4

1 . 1 7 6

1 . 2 1 8

1 . 2 6 0

13000 . 0 4 6

0 . 0 9 1

0 . 1 3 7

0 . 1 6 3

0 . 2 2 9

0 . 2 7 4

0 . 3 2 0

0 . 3 6 6

0 . 4 1 1

0 . 4 5 7

0 . 5 0 3

0 . 5 4 9

0 . 5 9 4

0 . 6 4 0

0 . 6 8 6

0 . 7 3 2

0 . 7 7 7

0 . 8 2 3

0 . 8 6 8

0 . 9 1 4

0 . 9 6 0

1 . 0 0 6

1 . 0 5 1

1 . 0 9 7

1 . 1 4 3

1 . 1 8 8

1 . 2 3 4

1 . 2 8 0

1 . 3 2 6

1 . 3 7 1

PRESSURE PSIG.

14000 . 0 4 9

0 . 0 9 9

0 , 1 4 8

0 . 1 9 8

0 . 2 4 7

0 . 2 9 7

0 . 3 4 6

0 . 3 9 5

0 . 4 4 5

0 . 4 9 4

0 . 5 4 4

0 . 5 9 3

0 . 6 4 3

0 . 6 9 2

0 . 7 4 2

0 . 7 9 1

0 . 8 4 0

0 . 8 9 0

0 . 9 3 9

0 . 9 8 9

1 . 0 3 8

1 . 0 8 8

1 .. 3 7

1 . 1 8 6

1 . 2 3 6

1 . 2 8 6

1 . 3 3 4

1 . 3 8 4

1 . 4 3 4

1 . 4 8 3

15000 . 0 5 3

0 . 1 0 6

0 . 1 6 0

0 . 2 1 3

0 . 2 6 6

0 . 3 1 9

0 . 3 7 2

0 . 4 2 6

0 . 4 7 9

0 . 5 3 2

0 . 5 8 5

0 . 6 3 8

0 . 6 9 1

0 . 7 4 5

0 . 7 9 8

0 . 8 5 1

0 . 9 0 4

0 . 9 5 8

1 . 0 1 1

1 . 0 6 4

1 . 1 1 7

1 . 1 7 0

1 . 2 2 3

1 . 2 7 7

1 . 3 3 0

1 . 3 8 3

1 . 4 3 6

1 . 4 9 8

1 . 5 4 3

1 . 5 9 6

16000 . 0 5 7

0 . 1 1 4

0 . 1 7 1

0 . 2 2 8

0 . 2 8 5

0 . 3 4 2

0 . 3 9 9

0 . 4 5 6

0 . 5 1 3

0 . 5 7 0

0 . 6 2 7

0 . 6 8 4

0 . 7 4 1

0 . 7 9 8

0 . 8 5 5

0 . 9 1 2

0 . 9 6 9

1 . 0 2 6

1 . 0 8 3

1 . 1 4 0

1 . 1 9 7

1 . 2 5 4

1 . 3 1 1

1 . 3 6 8

1 . 4 2 5

1 . 4 8 1

1 . 5 3 8

1 . 5 9 5

1 . 6 5 2

1 . 7 0 9

17000 . 0 6

0 . 1 2

0 . 1 8

0 . 2 4

0 . 3 0

0 . 3 6

0 . 4 2

0 . 4 8

0 . 5 4

0 . 6 0

0 . 6 6

0 . 7 3

0 . 7 9

0 . 8 5

0 . 9 1

0 . 9 7

1 . 0 3

1 . 0 9

1 . 1 5

1 . 2 1

1 . 2 7

1 . 3 3

1 . 3 9

1 . 4 5

1 . 5 2

1 . 5 8

1 . 6 4

1 . 7 0

1 . 7 6

1 . 8 2

18000 . 0

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2

0 . 3

0 . 3

0 . 4

0 . 5

0 . 5

0 . 6

0 . 7

0 . 7

0 . 8

0 . 9

0 . 9

1 . 0

1 . 0

1 . 1

1 . 2

1 . 2

1 . 3

1 . 4

1 . 4

1 . 5

1 . 6

1 . 6

1 . 7

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 9

19000 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 ,

0 .

0 8

0 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

20000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2 I



152

REQUIRED PIPE WALLTHICKNESS

FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.)

1.s. PRESSURE PSIG.

‘lM” 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 . 0 6 4. 1 1. 1.

1 2. 9 1 7. 9 6 5, 0 1 3. 0 6 2. 1 1 1. 1 6 1. 2 1. 2.

1 3. 9 9 3. 0 4 5. 0 9 8. 1 5 0. 2 0 4. 2 5 7. 3 1. 3,

1 4. 0 7 0. 1 2 6. 1 8 2. 2 3 9. 2 9 6. 3 5 4. 4 1. 4,

1 5. 1 4 6. 2 0 6. 2 6 7. 3 2 7. 3 8 9. 4 5 1. 5 1. 5.

1 6. 2 2 3. 2 8 7. 3 5 1. 4 1 6. 4 8 1. 5 4 8. 6 1. 6.

1 7. 2 9 9. 3 6 7. 4 3 5. 5 0 4. 5 7 4. 6 4 4. 7 1. 7.

1 8. 3 7 6. 4 4 7. 5 2 0. 5 9 3. 6 6 7. 7 4 1. 8 1. 8.

1 9. 4 5 2. 5 2 8. 6 0 4. 6 8 1. 7 5 9. 8 3 8. 9 1. 9.

2 0. 5 2 8, 6 0 8. 6 8 9. 7 7 0. 8 5 2. 9 3 5. 0 1. 1.

2 1. 6 0 5. 6 8 9. 7 7 3. 8 5 8. 9 4 4. 0 3 1. 1 1. 2.

2 2. 6 8 1. 7 6 9. 8 5 8. 9 4 7. 0 3 7. 1 2 8. 2 2. 3.

2 3. 7 5 8. 8 4 9. 9 4 2. 0 3 6. 1 3 0. 2 2 5. 3 2. 4.

2 4. 8 3 4. 9 3 0. 0 2 6. 1 2 4. 2 2 2. 3 2 1. 4 2. 5.

2 5. 9 1 0. 0 1 0. ]] 2 . 2 1 2. 3 1 5. 4 1 8. 5 2. 6.

2 6. 9 8 7. 0 9 0. 1 9 5. 3 0 1. 4 0 7. 5 1 5. 6 2. 7.

2 7. 0 6 3. 1 7 1. 2 8 0. 3 8 9. 4 5 0. 6 1 2. 7 2. 8.

2 8. 1 4 0. 2 5 1. 3 6 4. 4 7 8. 5 9 3. 7 0 8. 8 2. 9.

2 9. 2 1 6. 3 3 2. 4 4 9. 5 6 6. 6 8 5, 8 0 5. 9 2. 0.

3 0. 2 9 3. 4 1 2. 5 3 3, 6 5 5, 7 7 8. 9 0 2. 0 2. 1.



153

N E F MC V

P i p i n g yh ed j o i n i n go z z l e sx e r to c a lt r e s s nh ee s s e l .h ee t h o delow,todeterminethenozzleloadsisbasedinpartontheBulletin107ofWeldingResearchCouncilandrepresents

a simplificationof it.Thevesselsarenot intendedto serveas anchorpointsfor thepiping.Toavoid excessiveloadingin the vessel,the pipingshall be adequatelysupported.

FRJWr{,

I

4AR.

*—.

———— — - - — —.

,

E x t e r n a lo r c e sM o m e n t s

T oalculate the maximum force and moment, first evaluate ~and y.Then determineCL2, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified~ and ~ substitute into theaquationsbelow,and calculateFRRF,

fl=.875 ($) Y=+

Determine CL~and A fromFigures1,2 and 3.CalculatePressureStress(~.

0= (q(R.-;)

[f a is greaterthan S0,thenuseS. as the stressdueto designpressure.

FM= R;— (ST—O) A4RCM R~2roSy Mm = S –0)& Y

x

Plot the value ofFN a sWand the smaller of .~~c~and MMas A4w.The allowable nozzle loads are bounded by the areaof FRF,O,A41w,

~R\f

EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and MomentRm=37.5 T= .7511 SY= 31,500 psi@ 460°rO= 15“ P = 150 psi S. = 17,500 psi

b= .875(%)= .875 (&)= .35 ()y= + = ~= 50

FromFigure 1,a = 440 FromFigure2,2= 1,070 FromFigure3, A= 340



154

NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTSIN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)

;alculatePressureStress2(150)375 ~ = 14,850psic&=17,500 psi

‘=%m-3= 75( ~ - 2)

Jse o= 24,850in theequationsfor calculatingFRRFndMkM~alculateAllowableForcesandMoments

Fw= ~ (~y. @=(#2(3 1,500—14,850)= 53,214lb.

~RcM=Rm2~o~y =37.52 (15) (31,500) = ~zo 984 in-lbz 1,070 9

M-m= y (sy — (37.5)2 (15)= (31,500—14,850—l,032,97~ in-lb.‘-= ~

IL= i n - l b .

P l o to rh ea l u e fRFa n hm ak f , Q ~ & fn d1 7 L M sf W .hl l o w a bo zoa r eo u n d e d yh er e a’RF, 0, Mm.

T h e r e f o r e ,n o z z l ee a c t i o nF =2 0 , bk ? =0 0 , 0 0 0n .b s .o u ll l o w ap ob u tn o z z l ee a c t i o n= 5 , 0 0b6 2 0 , 0 0 0 *n .b s .o u l dol l o w ap

* N o t e :s eb s o l u t ea l u ehr a p

S O T A T I O N :

P = DesignPressure,poundsper sq. in.

‘ oN o z z l eu t s i d ea d i u s ,n c h e sR .M e a na d i u s fh e l l ,n c h e s

T = S h e l lh i c k n e s s ,n c h e s

S yY i e l dt r e n g t h fa t e r i a l te s i g nT e m p e r a t u r e ,o u n d se rq u a r en c h

o = S t r e s su e t oe s i g n P r e s s u r e ,o u n d sp e rq u a r en c h

s .S t r e s sa l u ef S h e l la t e r i a l ,o u n d sp e rq u a r en c h .

~ = D i m e n s i o n l e s su m b e r s

Y = D i m e n s i o n l e s su m b e r sa = D i m e n s i o n l e s su m b e r s

Z = DimensionlessNumbers

A = D i m e n s i o n l e s su m bFRRF = Maximum Resultant Radial Forc(

pounds*

k f R c , @a x i m u me s u l t ai r c u mM o m e n t mi n c h - p o u n

I W Ma x i m u me s u l t ao n g i tm e n t ,n c h - p o u n d s

FRF = M a x i m u me s u l t ao ro

F ’ R MM a x i m u me s u l t ao mp o u n d s *

* U s eb s o l u t ea l u e

REFERENCES:

Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R.Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon — Welding Research Council. Bulletin107/August 1965— Revised Printing — December 1968.

Standardsfor ClosedFeedwaterHeaters,Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.



15

NOZZLE LOADS

Fig. 1

1OJ

98765

4

3

2

9

;65

43

2

a

98765

4

3

2

]0298765

4

3

2

10

1 i::: i1 , , , , , , t I 1 1 I 1 1 i I 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I ( ,,,, I 1 , , I [ I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I, , f , I I I [ WI I ,: I I I I I [ I I I I I I I [’1 I I I

t, ,-

I :-+- r i {I--+--L - l-l++ +--l-%-l-~ -: . .: I \. I I : i I ~ i i ~

, , ; , I I , ?I , ; , I 1 I I I; I : I 4 : : 4-%-4 ~ì´„• .’ . ”” i :”m --, ----:;,1 I

1 . . . .

, I1 1

1 [1 r t

, I I ,



1 5 6

NOZZLE LOADS

Fig 2



11

NOZZLE LOADS,

Fig. 3

1OJ9876

5

4

3

2

65

4

3

2

Alo]987

6

5

4

3

2

]0298765

4

3

2

100 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5





1“,

RT J C C

U I P

A the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) dueto bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with

reinforcement to be compensated.

DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle cz<30 deg.)

1. Determine P/S,EI and read the value of~ from tables A and B“

2. Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = s~~~For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S’~E~

TABLE A - VALUESOF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE ENDP/S,,EI 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009*

A,deg. 11 15 18 21 23 25 27 28.5 30

TABLE B - VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE ENDP/S,, EI 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.100 0.125*

A, deg. 4 6 9 12.5 17.5 24 27 30

*A = 3 0e g .o rr e a t e ra l u e f/S~EI

W t v o A i l t c r b p

3 D e=y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula).

4. Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page).

NOTATION

E = with subscriptss,c or r modulusof R~=insideradiusof largecylinderat largeelasticityofshell,coneorreint20rcing endofcone,in.ringmaterialrespectively,psi. R=inside radiusof smallcylinderat smallSeechartsbeginningonpage43 for endofcone,in.modulusof elasticity. S= withsubscriptss,corrallowable stress

E= with subscriptslor 2 efllciencyof of shell,coneor reinforcingmaterial,weldedjoints in shellor cone psi.respectively. t= minimum required thickness of cylin-

For compression E=l.O for butt deratthejunction,in.welds. t,= actualthicknessofcylinderatthejunc-

fi= axialloadat largeendduetowind, tion,in.deadload,etc.excludingpressure, t,= requiredthicknessof conelbfin. atthejunction,in.

j= axialloadat smallendduetowind, t.= actualthicknessofconeatthejunction,deadload,etc.excludingpressure, in.lblin. U= halfapexangleofconeor conicalsec-

P= Designpressure,psi tion,deg.

Q~=algebraics~ofPR~/2 andfi 1b/in. A= anglefi-omtableA orB,deg.

Q,=algebraicsumofPIL/2andfi lb/in. ~ = factor:SSE, orSCEC



160

RT J C C

FORMULAS

E l

JUNCTION AT THE LARGE ENDM ; x .Required area of reinforcement, A sq. in. when tension governs

(see notes)

()~ ~ . kQLRL 1 .L

r S,EI a tan a

Area of excess metal for reinforcement, sq. in.FIG. C

P

A.L = (t,—t) G+ (t.—t~ {h./ cos CZ

Thedistancefromthejunction withinwhichthe additionalreforcementshallbe situated, in.

GM;x.30”

Thedistancefromthejunctionwithinwhichthe centroidof th

FIG.D reinforcementshallbe situated, in.

0.25X~

JUNCTION AT THE SMALL ENDRequiredarea of reinforcementA sq. in.whentensiongoverns(seenotes)

()kQsR, A

‘,, = S,E1 la tan a

Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A., sq. in.

A,, = (t, /zj cos (a—A) (t.+ m+ (tC/t,)x (a—A)

{Rst. / cos a

The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shallbe situated, in.

K

The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shallbe situated, in.

0.25 X

N O T E S :h e nt t h e j u n c t i o n c o m p r e s s i v eo a d s ~r f i e x c e e d t h e t e n s i o n a lo ae t e2 o rR , / 2e s p e c t i v e l y ,h ee s i g nh a l l e nc c o r d a n c ei t hg )“ aat h rt h eu l e s fh eo d e ,e c t i o nI I I ,i v i s i o n. ” )

W h e nh ee d u c e r sa d eu tf t w o ro r eo n i c a le c t i o n sf d i f f e r e npn gia n dh e nh ea l fp e xn g l e ,i sr e a t e rh a n 0e g . ,h ee s i ga y ba ss p( C o d e- 5~ &g ) .



161

RT J C C

E

DESIGN DATA:= 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.

;.ECE,=30x 1 m o e p= 1.0,joint efficiencyin shellandcone= 0.55,joint efficiencyin reinforcingring= 800 lb/in,axialload at largeend= 952 lb/in,axialload at smallend= 50psi., internaldesignpressure

a = 100 in., insideradiusof largecylinder= 84 in., insideradiusof smallcylinder= 13,800psi., allowablestressof shellmaterial= 13,800psi., allowablestressof conematerial= 14,500psi., allowablestressof ringmaterial= 0.429 in.,requiredmin.thicknessfor largecylinder

= 0.360in.,requiredmin. thicknessfor smallcylinder= 0.500 in. actualthicknessof cone.= 0.4375in., actualthicknessof largecylinder

dL

= 0.375in.,actualthicknessof smallcylinder= 0.41 in., required thickness of cone at small cylinder

t,L = 0.49 in.,requiredthicknessof cone at largecylinder

Jsing the same material for shell and cone.

.. P/SsEI = 5013,800 X 1

= 0.0036 f t A A= 1

S A i l t ~ r er

U r eo t s

~ SsE.= 1 X 3 0 X061. Factor k=y/SrE~= 13,800 x30x 106/ 14,500x30x 106= 0.95

Use k = 1

1. QL=PRL12fI , l = 5 + 800= 3,300 lb/in.

j. The required cross-sectional area of compression ring:

kQLRL~ArL= SE

()- + t a =

(1X 3,300x 100 1 19.8- ~ tan30°=4.69 sq in.

13,800X 1The are: o’fexcess in shell available for reinforcement:AeL= (ts- ~ ~+ (tc- tr) @t~ /COS~

=(0.4375 - 0.429)X ~100 X0.4375 + (0.5 - 0.49) x{1OO X 0.5/cos 30°= 0.132 sq. in.

A,L- AeL=4.69-0.132 =4.55 in. the required cross sectional area ofcompression ringUsing 1 in. thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in.

Location of compression ring:Maximum distance from the junction = ~= ~100 x 0.4375 = 6.60 in.

Maximum distance of centroid from the junction= 0.25 ~~ =0.25 {100 x 0.4375= 1.65 in.



162

RT J C C

E (continuea)

JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER

1. PAS,El =0.0036; fromtableBA= 5°

SinceA is less than et,reinforcementis required.2. Factor~= S,E,=13,800x30x10s

3. Factork=l

4. QS=PR, /2+~lb./in =50~84+ 952= 3,0521b”/in”

5. Therequired cross-sectionalarea of compressionring:~r, = kQsRS~-~ tan ~= 1~~>~~~~ 184l~o tan 300= 8.94 sq. in.

(),E, u ? ()

The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement:

A,. = (t, / t,) –A) (t, - ~ %+ (LI t,)

x cos (a – A) (tc - t,) * StCcos a

(0.395/0.36) XCOS30-5) X (0.375 - 0.36)X 484X .0375

+ (0.5/0.41) cos (30-5) x (0.5-0.41) x ~84 x 0.5/cos 30°= 0.77 sq. in.

A,. - A,, = 8.94-0.77 = 8.17 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of compres-sion ring.

Using lfi thick bar, the required width of the bar: 8.17/ 1.5 = 5.45 in.

Location of the compression ring:

Maximum distance from the junction: a = 484 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.

Maximum distance of centroid from the junction:0.25 fi= 484 x 0.4375 = 1.5 in.

Insulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuousand the ends of it are joined together.

Since the-moment of intertia of the ring is not factor, the use of flat bar rolledeasy-way is more economical than the use of structural shapes.

To eliminate the necessity of additional reinforcement by using thicker plate forthe cylinders at the junction in some cases maybe more advantageous than theapplication of compression rings.



1

RT J C C

U E P

D,

t-l

Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone

$

to cylinder, or at the junction o t l e o csection to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn’thave knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E,

3

L. is less than ct.

rI TABLE E - VALUES OF A

P/SE o 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10A,deg. o 5 7 10 15 21 29 33

w -

;L P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35A,deg, 37 40 47 52 57 60

T ‘

CX= 0e g .o rr e a t e ra l u e s f/ S EI N o t e :n t e r p o l a t i o na y ea d eon t e r m e d i aa l

The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional areaI

of reinforcing (stiffening) ring — when the half apexangle a is equal to or less than 60 degrees — shall be

FIG.F determined by the following formulas and procedure.

1. Determine P/SE, and read the value of A from table E.

2. Determine the equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, ATI,,sq. in. $3:: pa~~ 46 for construction of stiffening ring)

A~lJ= ~ + ; + A., ( ,)3 FIDI.

Calculate factor B B = ~ ~

where

F[.= PM+ J tan aM = -RLtan a + L[ + R{?-R.?

2 2 3RI,tan a3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the value of A entering at

the value of B, moving to the left to the material/temperature line and fromthe intersecting point moving vertically to the bottom of the chart.

For values of 1?falling below the left end of the material/temperature linefor the design temperature, the value of A=2WE.

Ifthe value ofB is falling above the material/temperature line for the design

temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall,bechanged, and/or thestiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.

4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia

For the stiffening ring only: For the ring-shell-cone section:AD[.2A1[. ADI,ZA71,

Is = ~400 I’,Y=10.9

5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment ofinertia (see page 87) of the ring only 1,or the shell-cone or the ring-shell-cone section 1’.



164

RT J C C

(continue~

If 1 or 1’ is less than I, or 1[, respectively, select stiffening ring with large

moment of inertia.6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A,~,sq. in

(when compression governs):

A,~ = @fi;;an~ [,@&):]

NOTE:Whenatthejunctionthe compressiveloadsdeterminedbyPR~2 orPRJ2 aexceeded by~l or~Jtensional loads respectively, the design shall be in accordancwith U-2 (g) (“as safe as those provided by the Code Section VIII, Division 1.“

Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A,~ sq. in.:

A.~ = 0.55 ~D~t, (t, + t. /COS@

The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcemenshall be situated, in.

a

The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in.

0.25~

.~

R, Reinforcing shall be provided at the iunction o

~ = =

small end of conical section without flare to cylinder.

L~The required moment of inertia and cross-sectiona

I

area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring shall be deteLL mined by the following formulas and procedure.

1. Determine theequivalentareaofcylinder,cone

“ I

and stiffening ring, Am

L,

L, L,t, Let,An= ~+ ~+A,

2. Calculate factor 1?t

L A

B . ; ( :~’)

I R1 where

Fs =PN +jjtan a

RL2- R~2

FIG. G N = ~ + Z+ 6R. tan a



165

RT J C C

(continued)

3. F t a p( t r a

v o B m t t l t t m aa f ti nm v t t b o t c

F v o fl e n df td t ev o = 2

I t v of B is falling above the materialhemperature line for the designtemperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or thestiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.

4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia:

For the ring-shell-conesection: For the st~~e~~~ ring only:

~; =AD,2ATS

10.9 ~.= 1:.0

5. Selectthe type ofstiffeningring anddeterminethe available moment of inertia(see page 89) of the ring only, land of the ring-shell-cone section,I Iflorl’ isIessthanl..orli respectively,selectstiffeningringwith largermomentofinertia.

6. Determine the required cross-sectionalarea ofreinforcement. A,,, sq. in:

A~s= kQSR~tan~SE

metal availablefor reinforcement Ac,sq. i n

A.s = 0.55% [(t,-~ + (tc-tr)/cosx]

Thedistancefromthejunction withinwhichtheadditional reinforcement shallbe situated, in.-

G

The distance fromthejunction withinwhich the centroidof the reinforcementshall be situated, in.

025 G

NOTE:Whenthereducersmadeoutoftwoormoreconicalsectionsofdifferentapexangleswithoutknuckle,andwhenthehalfapexangleisgreaterthan60degrees,thedesignmaybebasedon specialanalysis.(Code1-8(d)and (e).)

NOTATION

A, = area of excess m e t a lv a i l a b l eo r. = cross-sectional area of the stiffen-reinforcement, sq. in. ing ring, sq. in.

A,,L = requiredareaofreinforcementwhen AT = equivalent area of cylinder, cone

QLis in compression, sq. in. and stiffeningring, sq. in.

At.’ = requiredareaofretiorcementwhen B = factor

QLis sq. in. D~ = outside diameter of cone or largeend of conical section, in.



66

RT J C C

(continued)

D,,

D.,

E

E

k

A

fi

I

T

IS

I,’

L

L,

LL

.

—

—

—

—

.

—

=

—

.

=

.

.

.

outsidediameterofcylindricalshell,

in.outside diameter at small end ofconicalsection, in.

lowest efllciency of the 1ongitudi-naljoint intheshell,heador cone;E= 1 for buttwelds in compression.

withsubscriptsc, r ors modulusofelasticityof cone,reinforcementorshellmaterial respectively,psi.

S&L5’RERbut not lessthan 1.0.

axial loadat large end due to windetc., Ib./in.The value offi shall betakenaspositiveinallcalculations.

axial loadat smallend dueto wind,etc. lb./in. The value of~2shall betakenaspositiveinallcalculations.

availablemoment of inertia of thestiffeningring, in4

availablemomentofinertiaofcom-bined ring-shell cross-section, in4.

Thewidthoftheshellwhichistakenas contributing to the moment ofinertiaof the combinedsection:

1.IO~D,,t

required moment of inertia of thestiffeningring, in4.

r e q u i r e do m e n t fn e r t i atc o m b i n e di n g - s h e l l - c o n er o s s -

s e c t i o n ,n 4 .

a x i a le n g t h fo n e ,n .

I e n g t h o f c o n el o n gu r f a c ef c o n e ,o ri s t a n c ee t w e e nt i f f e n i n gi n g s

o fo n e ,n .

d e s i g ne n g t h fv e s s e le c t i o n ,

in~or stifle-nedvessel section: thedistancebetweenthe cone-to-largeshelljunction andanadjacentstiff-ening ringon the largeshell.

for umtl@enedvessel section: thedistancebetweenthecone-to-large-

L,

P

Q~

RL

R,

s

sR

s.

t

t.

t,

t,

a

A —

shelljunctionandone-thirdthede

ofhead o theotherendofthelarshell.

designlengthofavessel section,forstl~enedvesse[section: distanbetween the cone-to-small-shejunction and an adjacent stiffeniring on the small shell.

f onstlflenedvessel section: dtance betweenthe cone-to-smshelljunctionandnethirdthedepofheadontheotherendofthesm

shell.

external designpressure, psi.PRL PRs— +fi Q,= ~ +fz2

axialcompressiveforceduetopresure and axial load.

outsideradius of largecylinder,

outsideradius of smallcylinder,

allowable working stress, psi.conematerial.

allowablestressof reinforcing mterial, psi.

allowable stress of shell materipsi.

minimumrequiredthicknessofcyi n d ei t h ol l o

c o r o s i o nn

a c t u ah i c k nc

c o r r o s i ol l o w a

m i n i m ue q u i r e d t h i

w i t h o uo r r o sl l o

a c t u ah i c k ns h

a l l o w a n coo r r o s

h a lp en g le

valueto indicateneed forreinforcment, from table E,deg.



167

RT J C C

E

Tt, DESIGN DATA

DL = 96 in.,o d o l c

Ds = 48

~ =

E,, Ec,E m o e o sc a r m p

afl = 100 lb./in., axial load due to wind

A = 30 lb./in., axial load due to wind.

LL = 120 in., design length of large vesselsection.

L, = 244 in., design length of small vesselsection.

Lc = 48 in.

~ = 15psi, external design pressureF

LL “

= 48.00 in. outside radius oflarge cylinder

R = 24.00 in. outside rad;us ofsmall cylinder

Designtemperature=6500F SS = 13,800psi. maximum allowableworkingstress of shell and cone material.

SR = 12,700 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement mate-

rial.

t = 0.25

t = 0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder.

t. = 0.25 in. actual thickness of cone.

t, = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone.

t. = 0 i a t o c

JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END

1. P/SE= 15/13,800= 0.0016; from table E A= 4

since A is less than U, reinforcement is required.2. Assuming As=O,A~~= h/.2+LJd%A. =

= 120X0.125+48 X0.125+ O=21 in2.RLtan a +LL RL2&2

~.— ~ — 48X 0.5774+ ~0+ 482–242

2 +3RLtana=— 2 2 3 x48X 0.5774=66.9

FL=Pk?+fi tana = 15 x 66.9+ 100’x 0.5774 = 1061



168

RT J CONE TO CYLINDER

EXAMPLE (continue~

~ = :(~L) = 0.75 x 1061 X96/21 = 3636

TL

3. A = 0.0003 from chart page 43

4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section

ADLATL 0.00035 x 962x 21

‘L= 10.9 = 10.9= 5.32

5. Using two 2% x $4flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shel

1.10 x ~= 1.1 ~96 x .025 = 5.389 in.,

The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in. (see page 96)

It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfactory.

6. T r c ro r

S,E, = 13,800 X 3 0 X06= ~09k= ~-

12,700 X 3 0 X06 “

~L= ~ ‘fi ’15 j48+ 100 ’460

kQ~RLtan aA,L= SE I

s L

1.09X460X48X 0.5774 15x48 -460 4=13,800X0.7 ~-025( 460 )33]= 1.412 in?

The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring is 2.5 in2.It is larger than tharea required.

The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:

m,, = 448x 0.25= 3.46 in.

The centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:

0.25 ~ = 0.25~48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in.

JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END

1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided.

2. Asuming A,,= O,ATS= LJJ2 +L~tJ2 +A.,

A,.,=L.,tl2 + L&J 2 +A.,= 244 x 0.25/2 + 48 x 0.25/2 + O= 36.5 i

~ = R 8 t ~ n ~ + +; ; :a ; ; =4 x“ 5 7 7 4+ 4X 4 :2149.7in



169

R I

T J C CE (continue~

F,= PN +fJ t a = 1 X 149.7+30X 0.5774= 2263

3 F$.DSB ‘? x

= 3/4~22;; :48) = 2232

3. Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line:

A= 2 B/E = 2 X2232/30X 106= ().()()()14

4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section:

1’,,=AD.?An = 0.00014X 482X 36.5 = ~08 in ~

10.9 10.95. Using 2% x % flat bar, and the effective shell width:

1.1448 x 0.25 = 3.81 in.

The available moment of inertia 1.67 in.4(see page 96)

It is larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffening is satisfactory.

6. The required area of reinforcing:

k = 1.09 15X24 + 30 = 21Olb./in.,= ~ +j= z

kQ,~. tan a =A,., =-

1.09X210X24X 0 . 5 T T 40 3 2n z

13,800X 0.7

Area of excess metal available for reinforcement:

A. =~~a (tc - t,)+~, (t.,Z)

== (0.25 - 0.25) + d24 x 0.25 (0.25 - 0.1875)= 0.153 i.

Ar,,-A, = 0.328-0.153 = 0.175 in.2

T a of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in.2. It is Iargerthan the required

area for reinforcement.

The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:

G,=d24 x 0.25 = 2.44 i n .

and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:

0.25 ~R,,t,,= 0.25424 x o . z sO . b ln .



170

WELDINGO P R

There are several methods to make welded joints. In a particular case the choice.of

1.

2.

3.

a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:

1. The circumstances of welding2. The requirements of the Code3. The aspect of economy

THE CIRCUMSTANCESOF WELDING.

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. Ina small diameter vessel (under 18 - 24 inches) from the inside, no manualwelding can be applied. Using backing strip it must remain in place. In largerdiameter vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be weldedfrom outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by theequipment of the manufacturer.

CODE REQUIREMENTS.

Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service,material and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be usedin the constructionof vesselsare also restricted by the Code as describedinparagraphUW-27.

The Code-regulations are tabulated on the followin~DaEesunder the titles:a.

b.

c.

Types o fe l d e do i n t s-. -

( J o i n t sermitted by the Code, their efficiency and limitations of theirapplications.) TableUW-12

D e s i g n fe l d e do i n t s

( o J t b u f v i v s a u ctain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3

E x a m i n a t i o n fe l d e do i n t sThe efficiency of joints depends only on the type of joint and on the degree ofexamination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any other

joint. (Except as required by UW-ll(a)(5)This rule of the 1989 edition of the Code eliminates the concept of collectivequalification of butt joints, the requirement of stress reduction.

THE ECONOMYOF WELDING,

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economymust be the deciding factor.

Some considerations concerning the economy of weldings:

V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more ec~nornical than the use of J or U preparation.

[



171

DoubleVV

a

Lower quality weldingmakesnecessarythe use of thicker plate for the vessel.

Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is moreeconomical,depends on the sizeof vessel,weldingequipment,etc. Thismustbe decidedin eachparticularcase.



172

T W J

TYPESCODEUW-12

cj

3

5

;

w e l de t a l nt h en s i d en du t s i d e

w e l du r f a c e .

B a c k i n gt r i p fs e ds h a l l ee m o v e df t e rc o m p l e t i o n fe l d .

S i n g l e - w e l d e du t to i n tw i t ha c k i n gt r i pw h i c he m a i n s n

p l a c ef t e re l d i n g

S i n g l e - w e l d e du t to i n tw i t h o u ts e fa c k i n g

s t r i p

D o u b l e - f u l lf i l l e ta po i n t

S i n g l e - f u l li l l e t

l a po i n tw i t hl u ge l d s

S i n g l eu l ; i ~ l $ ; ~a po i n t

p l u ge l d s

JOINTEFFICIENCY,E

-

F u ;R a d i og r a p h e

1.00

bs p

E x a m i

0 .

0 .

—

—

cN

E x

0

0



173

T W J

L I M I T A T I O N S

I NP P L Y I N GA R I O U S NOTESWELDTYPES

FORTYPE1:N O N EJ o i n ta t e g o r y : ,, C , D

F O RY P E :O N EJ o i n ta t e g o r y :, 1 3 , C , D

. nh i sa b lrh o y

E x c e p tu t te l di t hn el a t ef f - s e to fe l d e do i nh i

— f o ri r c u m f e r e n t i a lo i n t sn l y .m i t t e dho daw e l d i n gr o c e s s e

F O RY P E :J o i n ta t e g o r y :, B , C

2 .h eh a pt hd b

C i r c u m f e r e n t i a lo i n t sn l y ,o tv e rj o i n e du t t - w ehsa s oe r m io m p lu s

5 1 8n .h i c kn do tv e r 4n .u t s i d ee n e t r a t i o n .d i a m e t e r .

F O RY P E :.u t to i n th af r

( a )o n g i t u d i n a lo i n t so tv e r1 8n .u n d e r c u t s ,v e r l abr i d g e sna l l e ya s s

t h i c ko i n ta t e g o r y :t h ee l d - g r o o v ero m p( b )i r c u m f e r e n t i a lo i n t so tv e r/ 8i l l e d ,e le t ab u

i n .h i c k .o i n ta t e g o r y :. C se i n f o r c e m e n t hh i co fhe i n f o r c e m eh

F O RY P Ee x c e e dho l l o w ih i c k n

( a )ircumferential joints f o rt t a c h -P l a t eh i c k n e s sna x i mement of heads n o tv e r 4n .u t s i d e p on c l/d i a m e t e r oh e l l so tv e r/ 2n .h i c k .v e rY zi n c l

J o i n t st t a c h i n ge m i s p h e r i c a le a d s ov e r3 /s h e l l sr ex c l u d e d .

J o i n t w e l d i nhe c( b )i r c u m f e r e n t i a lo i n l so rh ed o u b l ee l duo

a t t a c h m e n t oh e l l s fa c k e t so tv e rm p u r i t i e st hi ri e

5 / 8n . no m i n a lh i c k n e s sh e r eh e n gh a lr e m oc h

p l u gi n g ,r i n d i nm e l t

w e l d oh ed g e fh el a t e so te s se c u r eo u ne to m

t h a n- 1 1 2i m e sh ei a m e t e r fh ee n e t r a t i o nnu s i

h o l eo rh el u g .m e r g e dre l d i nh i pa g r o o v ehr ar e

J o i n ta t e g o r y : C m e n d e d .

F O RY P E

( a )o rh et t a c h m e n t fe a d so n v e x.h ea x i m ul l o w o

t or e s s u r e oh e l l so tv e r/ 8n .f f i c i e n c i e si vt h a

r e q u i r e dh i c k n e s s .n l yi t hs e fr es ef o r m u

f i l l e te l d nn s i d e fh e l l :t h eo i n tade by arc or gasweldingprocesses.

JointCategory:A , B

( b )o rt t a c h m e n t fe a d sa v i n gp r e s s u r e ni [ h e ri d e . oh e l l so t .o i n tf f i c i e n c y= I f uo

o v e r 4n .n s i d ei a m e t e rn do tv e r no m p r e s s i o n .

1 1 4e q u i r e dh i c k n e s si t hi l l e te l do nu t s i d e fe a dl a n g en l y .

J o i n ta t e g o r y :. B



1 7 4. .

D W J

WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS

T oh eo i n t sn d e re r t a i no n d i t i o np e c i a le q u i r e m e n t sp p lh t

s a m eo ro i n t se s i g n a t e d yd e n t i c a Ie t t e r s .T h e s ep e c i a le q u i r e m e n t s ,h i c hr ea s e d ne r v i c ea t e r ih i c

o t h e re s i g no n d i t i o n s ,r ea b u l a t e de l o w .

D E S I G NO I N TY P EA D I O G R A P H I CO I N

C O N D I T I O N N DA T E G O R YX A M I N A T I O NF F I C I E NT R E

1 .h ee s i g n sl la t e g o r ya n db u t tu l lb a s e d no i n te l d s ne s s e le c t i o n se f f i c i e n c y. 0n de a d so r. 9( S e ee s i g n

l la t e g o r yo rb u t ts p o ty p1y 2w e l d sb u to tn c l u d i n g.0 0.9

c o n d i t i o n sl i s t e de l o w

h o s e no z z l e s r P

c o m m u n i c a t i n gh a m b e r s ) U Cw h e nu l lw h i c hn t e r s e c t sh er a d i o g r a p h yc a t e g o r yw e l d s ne s s e li ss e c t i o n s re a d s ro n em a n d a t o r y .c o n n e c te a m l e s se s s e l . 8.Uw-11

U W -2 ( d )e c t i o n s re a d s

C a t e g o r ya n db u t tointsBandC buttweldsin r e

w e l d s ne s s e le c t i o n sc e r fc n e

a n de a d sh a l l e fy p ei p

1 in

(1) or T y p e2 )e t

wall thickness do not require UHT-57

2 .u l ly p e1 ) ry p e2 )u t tp o ty p1y 2r a d i o g r a p h i ce l d e do i n t s 0 . 8. Ce x a m i n a t i o ni so tm a n d a t o r yU W - 1( b )



175

IDESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)

D E S I G NC O N D I T I O N

F u l lr a d i o g r a p h i ce x a m i n a t i o ni so tm a n d a t o r y .T h ee s s e l sd e s i g n e do re x t e r n a lp r e s s u r en l yUw-1 l ( c )

, .e s s e l so n -t a i n i n ge t h a ls u b s t a n c e sU W - 2 ( a )

]intsBandCbuttn

o cn

x1

t

c ro ex re s

pn

r U

$ .e s s e l sp e r -a t e de l o w– 2 0 ” F ri m p a c te s t sr e q u i r e do rt h ea t e r i a lo re l de t a lU W - 2 ( b )

6 .n f i r e dtean

boilers with

d e s i g nr e s -s u r ex c e e d -i n g 0s i

S e eo t eb o v ei nh i so l u m na te s i g nc o n d i t i o n :

J O I N TY P EA N DA T E G O R Y

my T y p e fe l d e do i n t s

o i n t ss h a l l e~ p eo .1 )J W - 2 ( a )1 )a )

o i n t sa n ds h a l l er y p eo .1 ) rN o .2 )

J W - 2 ( a )1 )b )

J o i n t ss h a l l eu l lp e n e t r a t i o ne l d se x t e n d i n gh r o u g hh ee n t i r eh i c k n e s s fh ev e s s e l ro z z l ea l lU W - 2 ( a )1 )d ) .

J o i n t s fa t e g o r yf o rt h ea b r i c a t e da po i n ts t u bn d sW - 2 ( a ) ( l ) ( c )

J o i n t ss h a l l ey p e o( 1 )e x c e p to ru s t e n i f i cc h r o m i u mi c k e lt a i n l e s ss t e e l ) .l o i n t ss h a l l ey p eo .

( 2 )U W - 2 ( b )1 )n d2 )

J o i n t sf u l le n e t r a t i o nwelds extending through

the entire section of the

joint

J o i n t sf u l le n e t r a t i o n

w e l d sx t e n d i n gh r o u g ht h en t i r ee c t i o n th ej o i n tW - 2 ( b )2 )n d3 )

J o i n t ss h a l l ey p eo .( 1 )

J o i n t ss h a l l ey p eo .( 1 ) ro .2 )U W - 2 ( C )

R A D I O G R A P H I CE X A M I N A T I O N

ione

F u l l

i l lu t te l d e dD i n t s nh e l l, n de a d sh a l l} eu l l ya d i -} g r a p h e dx c e p t: x c h a n g e ru b e sm dx c h a n g e r sJ W - 2 ( a )2 )n d3 )n de r

J W - 1( a )4 )

F i s hspotNo

A l lu t te l d e dj o i n t s nh e l la n de a d sh a l lb eu l l ya d i -o g r a p h e rx c e p tu n d e rh er o v i -s i o n s fU W - I( a )4 )

J O I NE F F I C I E N C

r y p1r y p2.r y p3.r y p4.T y p5.T ’ y p6.

I.

1 .y p10 . 2

T y p1ype 2

.

1 .

1 .y p1~ 0 .y p2

P OH

T R E A

PU C

/ e sa tcj lh apv eJ W -

P CUCS-56

V e sc aco ls hp

eU W -



176

DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)

D E S I G NC O N D I T I O N

7 .r e s s u r ee s -s e l su b j e c t od i r e c ti r i n g

8 .l e c t r o s l a gw e l d i n g

9 .i n a ll o s u r eo fe s s e l s

1 0 .e a m l e s sv e s s e ls e c t i o n s rh e a d sU W - 1( a )( 5 )b )U W - 1 2 ( d )

1 1 .o i n t sc o m p l e t e db yr e s s u r eu w - 1 2 ( f )

J O I N TY P EA N DA T E G O R Y

l o i n t ss h a l l ey p eo .: 1 )

J o i n t ss h a l l ey p eo .[1) o ro .2 )h e nh et h i c k n e s sx c e e d s/ 8n .

N oe l d e do i n t s fy p e( 3 )r ee r m i t t e do ri t h e rA o rj o i n t s nn yt h i c k n e s sU W - 2 ( d )

A l lu te l d sW - I( a )( 6 )

A n ye l d sU W - 1( a )7 )

J o i n t so n n e c t i n ge s s e ls e c t i o n sn de a d s

A n ye l d s

R A D I O G R A P H I CE X A M I N A T I O N

F u l ls p o tN o

F u l l

F u l l

U l t r a s o n i cx a m -i n a t i o nh e nh ec o n s t r u c t i o nd o e so te r m i tr a d i o g r a p h s

s p o t

N o n eo rh e no rw e l d sr ey p e4 , ,

J O I NE F F I C I E N

T y p1y 2I. .D . 8.0 . 7.

1 .y p10 .y p2

1 .y p10 .y p2

0 . 8

N or e a th, 8

P OH

T R E

w ht

l ewo ic; t P: x cim a tn e la l t, o~ pI er en a n

P CU C

P CU C

P CU C

E F F I C I E N C YE ) O ES E D NA L C U L A T I O N S

O FE A M L E S SE A DH I C K N E S SS Mode UW-12(d)

TYPE OF

HEAD

T Y P EFJOINT

H e m io l1 . 0 0.

s p h e r i c a l 0 20 . 9 0.

O t h e r s N Y . 0

* F o ra l c u l a t i o nn v o l v i n gc i r c u m f e r e n t i a lt r e s s ra @ rt h i c k n e s s fe a m l e s se a d



177

EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS

RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION

FuUradiographys mandatoryof joints: (Code UW-11)

1. All butt weldsin shells, heads,nozzles,communicatinghambersofunjired

2 .

3 .

4 ,

steamboikrs havinglethalsubstances.All

1 1

Exemption: B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicatingchambersthat neither exceed 10in pipe sizenor 1 1/8in.wallthicknessdo notrequire radiographicexaminationin anyof the abovecases.

All categoryA and D butt weldsin vesselsectionsand heads where the designof the joint or part isbased on joint efficiency 1.0,or 0.9.(see precedingpages:DesignofWeldingJoints).Allbutt weldsjoined byelectroslagweldingand allelectrogasweldingwithany

greaterthan 1

radiography,as a minimum,smandatoryof

1 .

2 .

BorCweldswhichintersectthe CategoryA buttweldsinvesselsections(includingnozzlesand communicatinghambersabove10in.pipesizeand1in.wallthickness)ormmect seamlessvesselsectionsor headswhenthedesignofCatego~A andDbuttweldsinvesselsectionsandheadsbasedon

ajointefficiencyof 1.0or0.9.S p o tadiographysoptionalofbuttweldedjoints(~ 1 2 h i cr

required to ~ filly ~diographed. If spot radiographyspeciiled for the entirevessel, radiographicexaminationis not required ofCategoV B and C buttweldsin nozzlesand communicatingchambers.

NoRadiography.No radiographicexaminationofweldedjoints is required whenthe vesselor vesselpart isdesigned for external pressure only,orwhen thedesignof joints based on no radiographicexamination.

ULTRASONICEXAMINATION

2 .

3 .

I ne r r i t i ca t e r i a l sl e c t r o s l a ge l d sn dl e c t r o g a se l d si tni n g

p a s sr e a t e rh a n1 / 2n .h a l l el t r a s o n i c a l l yx a m i n e dh r o u g h oh ee n t i r ee n g t h .

I nd d i t i o n oh ee q u i r e m e n t s fa d i o g r a p h i cx a m i n a t i o n ,le late l e c t r o ne a mr o c e s s r yh en e r t i an do n t i n u o u sr i vr i c t iw e l d i n gr o c e s sh a l l el t r a s o n i c a l l yx a m i n e do rh e i rn t i re n g t

U l t r a s o n i cx a m i n a t i o na y eu b s t i t u t e do ra d i o g r a p h yo hi nl o ss e a m fh eo n s t r u c t i o n fh ee s s e lo e so te r m i tn t e r p r e t a b l ea d i o g r



178

B W J

P C L U T

B EA P E R E D FH EI F F E R E N C E NH I C K N E SM O

I N . RN E - F O U R T H FH EH I N N E RL A T E .O D EW - 9 ( C )W - 1

T H EE N G T H FH EA P E R E DR A N S I T I O NH A L LI N I MT IO F F S E TE T W E E NH ED J A C E N TU R F A C E S .H EE LAp AE N T I R E L Y NH EA P E R E DE C T I O N RD J A C E N TT

&

x 2 3

1

&

L &3

T a p e ri t ~ e { v $ j ~o u t

r e g e n ti n e

‘ s L @ & y

$

‘ ~ % ’Y

Y %

a n g e n t ~- ~ H E A DS H E

Y ;A ~ A C H M E

1 $“ ~

~ ~ 3 Z z l / 2 ( t. -S - —W h e n h~ c e e d ~,., hi n i me ns t

z f l a n g e st h ,ue eox c -ew h e ne c e s s a r yr o v ie q u ie tW h e n k sq u ae sh. 2 en g e n t L i n ei - / f ls t r a i g h tl a n g eh a ls u f f i c ie

@ e :

t a p e r .h eh e l ll a te n t e r lo e i

7o fh ee a dl a te n t e r l i n

— — -th

H E A DS H E LA T T A C H M E

z ~ l / 2 ( t

T h eh e ll a te n t e rb ei t h ei dt e

p l a te n t e r l i



1

APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS

WELD SYMBOL MEANINGOF SYMBOL

n

m +rt

v P

m =

v

Km

6

& & w

8

~ ‘

~

&



APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS

WELD SYMBOL MEANINGOF SYMB

b G ‘i’’’g%N:i;E’”E

~, ~q g~g2g9D

L d

SYMBOLNDICATES

D

m

*

P

SYMBOL INDICATES 1/4 IINTERMITTENT FILLET WE

E

EACH 2

8 -

P

s



181

C R RELATED To VARIOUS SERVICES

Service Brief extracts of Code requirementsCode

paragraph

i i rl lr e s s u r ee s s e l so rs ei t ho m p r e s s e di rx c e pU -

p e r m i t t e dt h e r w i s e nh i sa r a g r a p hh a l lr o v i d e

w i t hu i t a b l en s p e c t i o np e n i n g .

V e s s e l si t hr e q u i r e di n i m u mh i c k n e s se sh aU

i n c hh a tr e o es e d no m p r e s s e di re r v i c eh a l

p r o v i d e di t ho r r o s i o nl l o w a n c eo te s sh a/

t h ea l c u l a t e dl a t eh i c k n e s s .i n .h i c k n e s s1 3n1 6

~ l a m m a b l ex p a n d e do n n e c t i o n sh a l lo t es e d .-m d ro x -

o u sa s e sm di q u i d s

L e t h a lu t te l d e do i n t s ne s s e l s oo n t a i ne t h a lu b s t a n c e- (

s u b s t a n c e sh a l l eu l l ya d i o g r a p h e d .W h e na b r i c a t e d fa r b o n ro wl l o yt e e lh a lp o s- (

w e l de a tr e a t e d .

T h eo i n t s fa r i o u sa t e g o r i e sh a l lo n f o r ma r a g r a

Uw -2.S t e e ll a t e so n f o r m i n g op e c i f i c a t i o n sA - 3 6 ,A - 2 8( (s h a l lo t es e d .

V e s s e l si t hr e q u i r e di n i m u mh i c k n e s se sh aucs -25S t e a mi n c h

i n .

i n .h e l l sh ~ d s J G

V e s s e l si t hr e q u i r e di n i m u mh i c k n e s se sh aucs -25W a t e r2 )n c hh a tr e o es e d na t e re r v i c eh a l lr o v i d

w i t hc o r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e fo te s sh a n/ ha

c u l a t e dl a t eh i c k n e s s .

M i n .h i c k n e s s/ 3 2n .h e l l sh e a d s G(

N O T E S :1 .n f i r e dt e a mo i l e r sa yl s o eo n s t r u c t e dc c o r d a n

w i t hh e2 .e s s e l s na t e re w i c ex c l u d e dr o mh eu r i s d i c t i o nt h

c o d er ei s t e d n



1 Q?1

C R RV W T V

?T h i c k -

1 < 6A 24 6n e s s ,n . x 5 4 67

2 , , 5 , , 5 , , , , , , , , , , ,4,6,8,9 ‘ 7 8 9 18 9 1a p p l i c a b l eN o t e s , , , , , , , , , , , 1 , ,1 ,1 ,2 ,1 2

1 1 ,2 , 41 ,2 , 42 ,4 , 52 , 4 5 21 1 1

v a i lh i c k -9 ~ 6 A1 4 6 A3 4 61 5n e s s ,n . 1

a p p l i c a b l e ,0 ,1 , ,0 ,1 , ,0 ,3 , ,0 ,3 , ,0 ,3 0 31 1 1N o t e s2 ,4 , 52 ,4 , 56 , 06 , 06 , 061 61 2

i a l lh i c k -1 1 < 61 A3 < 6 %5 X 63 7m s s ,n . &o

—

7 ,3 ,6 ,,3 ,6 , ,3 ,6 3 61 1 1

\ p p l i c a b l e ,3 ,6 , ,3 ,6 ,1 7 ,0 ,9 ,7 ,8 ,78 ,1 1 1N o t e s7 , 07 , 07 , 02 29 ,0 ,9 01 2 2

N o t e s

( B r i e fx t r a c t s fo d ee q u i r e m e n t s )

1 .h ei n i m u mh i c k n e s s fl a t eo re l d e do n s t r u c t i o nh an oG

l e s sh a n/ 1 6 .

T h ei n i m u mh i c k n e s s fh e l l sn de a d ss e do m p r e s s

s e r v i c e ,t e a me r v i c en da t e re r v i c eh a l l e/ 3 2n G -

2 .a n u f a c t u r e r s ’a r k i n gh a l l et h e rh a ne e pit a m p i nG

3 . no m p r e s s e di r ,t e a mn da t e re r v i c eo r r o s i o nl l o w a nC

l e s sh a n/ 6 fh ea l c u l a t e dl a t eh i c k n e s sh a l lr o v i d e

4 .i n g l e ,e l d e dp e n i n g s p oi n .i p ei z eoe q uC(

r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

5 .h ei n i m u mh i c k n e s s fh e l l sn de a d s fn f i r e dt e ao i lGs h a l lo t ee s sh a n %n .

6 .o u b l eu l li l l e ta po i n to ro n g i t u d i n a le l d e do i n tc c e p t aT a

7 .i n g l e ,e l d e dp e n i n g s p oi n .i p ei z e oo te q u i re i n f oU G(

f o r c e m e n t .

8 .i n g l eu l li l l e ta po i n ti t hl u ge l do rt t a c h m e n th e at T a

o v e r 4n .u t s i d ei a m e t e r oh e l l s ,c c e p t a b l e .

9 .a x i m u mh i c k n e s s fe i n f o r c e m e n to ru t te l d/ 3n W

1 0 .a x i m u mh i c k n e s s fe i n f o r c e m e n to ru t te l d/ nW

1 1 .i n g l eu l li l l e ta po i n ti t hl u ge l d so ri r c u m f e r e n t i aoT a

a c c e p t a b l e .



183

C O D EU L E SE L A T E D OA R I O U SA L LH I C K N E S S E SV E S

( C o n t i n u e d )

N o t e s( B r i e fx t r a c t s fo d ee q u i r e m e n t s )

1 2 .i n g l eu l li l l e ta po i n t si t h o u tl u ge l d sc c e p t a b l eot t a ca W

m e n t fe a d so n v e x or e s s u r e oh e l l s .

1 3 .e l d e do i n t s fr e s s u r ee s s e l su b j e c t oi r e c ti r i n ga t e g oW

B s h a l l ey p e1 ) r2 ) .o s te l de a tr e a t m e n te q u i r e d .2)

1 4 .i n g l ee l d e du t to i n ti t h o u ts e fa c k i n gt r i pc c e p t a b lo

P-1 shall be fully radio- UCS-57graphed.

19. Post weldheat treatment of P-1 materials ismandatory for all welded TableUCS-56connectionsand attachments.

20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing Tableuw-lz

strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinal joints.

21. Pull radiographic examination of butt welded joints of P-1 Grade

1, 2, 3 materialsis mandatory.

22. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materialsis not mandatorypro-vialedthat material is pre-heated. Note(2)(a)(b)

See page 179f o ro we m p e r a t u r ep e r a t i o n .

N O T E :

P o s te l de a tr e a t m e n t se i t h e re q u i r e do rr o h i b i t e doo i nb e t w e e nu s t e n i t i ct a i n l e s st e e l s fh e- N o .g r o u p .T a b u l a t ep a g e8 5 .



1 8 4-

T A VC F A C L

Excerpt from the Departmentof LaborOccupationalSafetyandHealthStandards(OSHA),ChapterXVII, Part 1910.106,

(FederalRegister,July 1, 1985)

CLASSIFICATION REGULATION

ATMOSPHERICANKS Atmospherictanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards o

Storagetank whichhasbeen design.

designedto operateat Atmospherictanks may be built in accord

pressuresfromatmospheric ancewith:

through0.5 psig. 1. Underwriters’Laboratories, Inc. Standards

2. American Petroleum Institute StandarNo. 12A, No. 650, No. 12B,No. 12D&No. 12F.

LOWPRESSURETANKS Low-Pressuretanks shallbe built in accordancewithacceptablestandardsof design.

Storagetank whichhas Low-Pressuretanks may be built in accordbeendesignedto operate ancewith

at pressuresabove0.5 psig. 1. American Petroleum Institute Standar

but not more than 15psig. No.620.

2. ASMECodefor PressureVessels,SectioVIII.

(These tanks are not within the jurisdictioof the ASMECodeSectionVIII (U-id) bumay be stamped with the Code U SymboU-lg)

P V P V s b b i aStora e tankorvessel

i?with the ASMECode for PressureVesse

which asbeendesignedto operateat pressures SectionVIII.

above15psig.

In addition to the regulationsof the abovementioned standards and code, thoccupationalsafetyand health standardscontainrulesconcerningtanksandvesseasfollows:

1. Definitionof combustibleand flammableliquids2. Materialof storagetanks3. Locationof tanks4. Ventingfor tanks5. Emergencyreliefventing6. Drainage7. Installationof tanks



185

LOW TEMPERATURE OPERATION

I fm i n i m u me s i g ne t a le m p e r a t u r e -n dh i c k -n e s s - c o m b i n a t i o n fa r b o nn do wl l o yt e e l s s

b e l o wh eu r v e s nf G .C S - 6 6 ,m p a c te s t i n g sr e q u i r e d . N O T E . nh ea n d b o ohoo m

. m a t e r i a l sr ei s t e dot h e eSIIII

~A l la r b o nn dl l ot e ei s tt o l

I -I

‘‘ 4a g e sn do th o we l o

1 0 0 . _A - 5 1 5r 5 56 0- 2A&BI S A - 5 1 6r 6 57 n oo r m a l i

8 0I

6 0Y . ~ S A - 5 1 6 r6 n oo r m a lI / -

: 40I / {

I; 20 /{ A / -

I

I

I

j 4 i n .n dh ei n i m ue s iet e m p e r a t u r eo l d eh a2 0m

: I m p a c te s t i n gx p d r e de s t e da t e r i a lh a lu s eC S -: - 8 01

0.394 1 2 3 4 5N o m i n a lh i c k n e s s , m om p a c te se q u i r eoa t e r

S A - 1 9 3 Re m p e r a t u4a aF I G .C S - 6 6M P A C TE S TU R V E SA - 3 0 7 ra e m p e r a t u2a a

F o rt a t i o n a r ye s s e l sh eho i n ci ni g ,C S - 6 6 ,i e sh n hi

p r o v i d e su r t h e ra s iu sa t eii m p a c te s t i n g .G - 6 6 ( b )

R E D U C T I O NI N I M UM E T A LE M P E R A T U R E

E X A M P L E :> V 33 Z: g. 6 -

F O Rd e s i g ne m p e r a t u r er oIC S - 6

; W. A~ c a I fh ec t u a lt r e st e n s irn t

@ o.4-- ~ p r e s s u r en dt h eo a d1 2 @s

; S Jm a z i m u ml l o w a b l et r et h e m a t e n a l ip s i . ,h ea t i o :

1 ~ 0 0 0 / 1 5 , 0 0 00 .

~ ;0 ” 2 ” ’ a n dr o mhe d u c2

Z * T h ei n i m u me s i ge m p e r a t0 -< .( A p p l i c a b l eo i nf f i c i e n c ih ai n c

oT

w h i c h .h ee s s e l sy d r o s t a t i c a l l ye s ts a t i s t j Jl l fh eo l l o w i n g : .h ee s i g ne m p e r a t u r en oo wh1 .h eh i c k n e s s fa t e r i a li s t e d nu r v ed o e sn do ti g h e rh a5

n o tx e e e d1 2n . .h e r m a l ,e c h a n i c a lh o co a dc y c2 t h eh i c k n e s s fa t e r i a li s t e d nu n w sl o a d i n g so to n t r o l l i ne s ie q u i r

a n d1



P MCARBON&LOWALLOYSTEEL*

Form Nominal SpecificationComposltlon Number Grade APPLICATION

cSA-283 c Structural uality. For pressurevess

aaybeuse withlimitationsseenote:

c SA-285 c Boilersfor stationaryserviceandothepressurevessels

C- Si SA-515 55 * Primarilyfor intermediateandhightemperatureservice

~ C-Si SA-515 60 *99—

2 C-Si SA-515 65 – “ –

C- Si SA-515 70 – “ –

C- Si SA-516 55 * For moderateandlowertemperatureservice

C-Si SA-516 60 * 99—

C - Mn - Si SA-516 65 * 99—

C-Mn-S i SA-516 70 * 99—

a&: C - Mn- Si SA-105 For hightemperatureserviceC“S~z C -S i SA-181 I For generalservice

‘uc1 C -Mn SA-350 LF1e C-Mn-S i LF2 For lowtemperatureservice

EC -Mn SA-53 B For generalservice

z C -Mn SA-106 B For hightemperatureservice

ICr-1/5Mo. SA-193 B7 * Forhi temperatureserviceM *G Bolt2 in. dam. or less.-3 SA-194 2H For hightemperatureservicenutm

SA-307 B* Machinebolt for generaluse

*Forowtemperatureperationeepage185

* Dataof the most frequen~yusedmaterialsfromASMECodeSectionII and~11”



PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL(cont.)

Specification P Tensile Yield SeeForm Number Strength Point

NumberNotes

Grade 1,000 psi. 1,000 psi.

SA-283 c 1 55.0 30.0 1

SA-285 c 1 55.0 30.0 2,6

SA-515 55 1 55.0 30.0 3

SA-515 60 1 60.0 32.0 3’

wb SA-515 65 1 65.0 35.0 3e2 SA-515 70 1 70.0 38.0 3

SA-516 55 1 55.0 30.0 3,8

SA-516 60 1 60.0 32.0 3,8

SA-516 65 1 65.0 35.0 3,8

SA-516 70 1 70.0 38.0 3,8

a .- SA-I05 1 70.0 36.0 2,3

J zZQH<z~ SA-181 I 1 60.0 30.0 2,3~<_& u SA-350

LF11

60.0 30.0

LF2 70.0 36.0

—

~2W SA-53 B 1 60.0 35.0 2,3,4,7E%3Am SA-106 B 1 60.0 35.0 3

SA-193 B7 –DIAM> 2k’2n

u 125.0 105.0 and<4 in —zG SA-194 2H 55.0 – —

:SA-307 B 55.0 – 5



188

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL(continued)

NOTES:

1. SA-36andSA-283ABCDplatemaybeusedforpressurepartsinpressurevesselsprovidedall of the followingrequirementsaremet:

(1) The vessels arenotusedto contain lethal substances, either liquid orgaseous;

(2) Tmaterial isnotusedintheconstmctionofunfiredsteamboilers(seeCode U-1 (g) ~;

(3) Withtheexception of flanges, flatboltedcovers, andstiffeningringson which strength welding is applies does not exceed 5/8 in.

2. For service temperatures above 850°Fit is recommended that killed steelscontaining not less than O.IOOAesidual silicon be used. Killed steels whichhave been deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steelsmay have creep and stress-rupture properties in the temperature rangeabove 850°F, which are somewhat less than those on which the values inthe table are based.

3. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phaseof carbon steel maybe converted to graphite.

4. Only killed steel shall be used above 850°F.

5. Not permitted above 450° F, allowable stress value 7000 psi.

6. The material shall not be used in thicknesses above 2 in.

7. For welded pipe maximum allowable stress values are 15Y0less. Noincrease in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance ofradiography.

8. The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20°F when steels aremade to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are givenin the column for -20 to 650° F.

MODULI OF ELASTICITY FOR FERROUS MATERIALS

Material Millionp s i .oe m p e r a t uo70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11

C a r b o nt e e l si t h <. 3 0 C k9 . 58 . 88 . 37 . 77 . 36 ,5 .4 2C a r b o nt e e l si t h >. 3 0 %9 . 38 . 68 .2 7 . 57 .2 6 ,5 .4 2H i g hl l o yt e e l s 87 72 7 . 06 . 55 . 85 .4 .4 3. -.

T h ea l u e s nh ex t e r n a lr e s s u r eh a r t sr en t e n d eox t e rr ec a l c u l a t i o n sn l y .



1

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CARBON& LOWALLOY STEELMaximum AllowableStress Values in Tension 1000 psi.*

Specification For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding Deg.F.

Number G r a d e5 : 00 05 0o o900 950

c 13.8 - - - - - - - - - -

SA-285 c 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 - - - - -

SA-515 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-515 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-515 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-515 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-516 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-516 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-516 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 - “ -

SA-516 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-105 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-181 I 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -

SA-350 LF1 15.0 1 4 . 43 . 00 . 8. 8.0 3.0 1.5LF2 ]7.5 lfj.b 14.&l12.(.) 7.8 5.() 3.0 .$ - - -

SA-53 B 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6:5 - - - - -

SA-106 B 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -SA-193 B7~2%’‘ 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 - - -

SA-194 2H - - - - - - - - - - -

SA-307 B

Seepage177forlowtemperatureope;ationo

* TheStressValuesin this tablemay be interpolatedto determinevaluesforintermediatetemperatures.

I



190

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALSSTAINLESS STEEL

P -o.8 GroupNo.1.——

TABLE 1 TAklLE3

P r o d u c tp e c .o .r a d eo t e sr o d u cp er

Plate 304 2 3 . P l a tA - 216 2 3S m l s .b. SA-213 TP304 2 g Plate SA-240

00317 2 3

z 3 :mls. Tb. SA-213 TP304H — ~ SA-213 TP316 2

SA-312 TP304 2y +@ y:: ;’: ; ;? %: ;;: SA-213 TP316H —

SA.312 TP304H — & Smls. Pp. SA-312~ q ~ 33 Smls. pp. SA.312 TL~?l~\ :

~ “gg H:: ;;: W;: ‘p304 2P304H — ‘ =-~“Z

Smls. Pp. SA-312 317 2

z . . C a s t .p. SA-452 TP304H — 5 g“ Smls. Pp. SA-376 TP316 2

Q SE Forg. SA-182 F304 2 s “? Smls. Pp. SA-376 TP316H —

* Forg. SA-182 F304H —z ijg

Cast Pp. SA-452 TP316H —ag

Bar SA-479 304 235[

Forg. SA-182 F316 2

gF o r gA-182 F316H —

TABLE 2 g b aA-479 316 235

ad Product Spec. No. G r a d eo t e s< u TABLE4~ Plate SA-240 304L — Az

ProductO* Smls. Tb. SA-213

Spec. No. G r

: ~ ~TP304L — :

Smls. Pp. SA.312 TP304L —s =jS ;::: Tb SA-240 316L —

~~ Bar g ~’g . .SA-479

SA-213 TP316L —304L 5 Smls. Pp. SA-312 TP316L —’ ~

>*B aA - 416L 5

M A X I M U ML L O W A B L ET R E S SA L U E S ,. 0 0d

MATERIALS

N

11 8 . 87 . 86 . 66 . 25 . 95 . 95 . 95 . 95 .5 .41 8 . 85 . 74 . 12 . 92 . 11 . 41 . 21.1 10.fj 10.6 10.4 Io.z

21 6 . 76 . 55 . 34 . 74 . 44 . 03 . 73 . 53 .3 .1 6 . 34 . 32 . 81 . 70 . 90 . 30 . 10 . 0. .

318.8 18.8 18.4 18.1 18.0 17.0 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15,6 1

1 8 . 87 . 75 . 64 . 33 . 32 . 62 . 32 . 11 .1 .1

41 6 . 76 . 76 . 01 5 . 64 . 84 . 03 . 83 . 53 .3 .21 6 . 74 . 12 . 71 . 70 . 90 . 40 . 20 . 0. .

M A T E R I A L SF O RE T A LE M P E R A T U R E STAyLE

11

1

31 5 . 45 . 34 . 52 . 4. 8. 4. 5. 12 .1 1 . 41 . 31 . 21 . 0. 8. 4, 5. 1. .

NT h s v e e y s t t s v rd c p s T s v r f g o aw s a d c l m

t a I t s v a c 0 hF 1 t s v b m t h am t1 q w r c o mS [ 6

e p c m b p s r o



191

THERMAL EXPANS1ON

LinearThermalExpansionbetween70FandXndicatedTemperature,Inches/100Feet

THEDATAOF THISTABLEARETAKENFROMTH~:AM~KIcANsTANllAItll~Ol)E:FORPRESSUREH~lNC. I T SO T

MATERIAL

~mp. g::;.;toy; 5 Cr Mo ;“:::;:C 120thru 17Cr 25 Cr

)gF Low-Chrome &l~:n~’cu 3%Nickel Aluminum &q:on9 ~ 18s W8’\i 27Cr 20

-2.04 –2.62 -2.25 -4.68 -3.98300 -2.24 -2.10 –3.63 -1.92 -2.50 -2.17 -4.46275 –2.11 –1.98 -3.41

-3.74-1.80 -2.38 -2.07 -4.2I -3..50

2s0 -1.98 -1.86 -3.19 -1.68 -2.26 -1.9622s

-3.97-1;85 -1.74 -2.96

-3.26-1.s7 –2.14 –1.86 -3.71 “-3.o2

200 -1.71 -1.62 -2.73 -1.46 -2.02 –1.76 -3.4417s -1.S8

-2.78- I .50 -2.s0 –1.3s -1.90 -1.62

1so-3.16

-1.45-2.S4

-1.37 -2.27 -1.24 -1.79 -1.48 -2.88 –2.3112s -1.30 -1.23 –2.01 –1.11 -1.s9 -1.33 –2.s7 –2.06100 -1;15 -1.08 -1 .7s -0.98 –1.38 -1.17 –2.27 –1.81

7s –f,oo -0.94 -1.s0 -0.8S -1.18 -1.01so -0.84 -0.79 -1.24 -0.72

-1.97-0.98 -0.84

-1.56–1.67 -1.32

25 –0.68 –0.63 –0.98 –O.s7 -0.77 -0.67 –1.32 -1.25-0.49 -0.46 –0.72 –0.42 –0.s7 -0.50 –0.97

2: -0.32 -0.30 -0.46-0.77

–0.27 –0.37 -0.32 –0.63 -0.49so -0.14 -0.13 –0.21 -0.12 -0.20 -0,1s

o 0 0-0.28

0 0-0.22

01:: o 0 0 00.23 0.22 0.34 0.20 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.46 0.21 0.36125 0.42 0.40 0.62 0.36 0.S8 0.s2 0.42 0.8S 0.38 0.66150 0.61 0.S8 0.90 0.53 0.84 0.7s 0.61 1.23 0.52 0.9617s 0.80 0.76 1.18 0.69 1.10 0.99 0.81 1.62 0.73 1.26200 0.99 0.94 1.46 0.86 1.37 1.22 1.01 2.00 0.90 1.S622s 1.21 1.13 1.7s 1.03 1.64 1.46 1.21 2.41 1.08 1.862s0 1.40 1.33 2.03 1,21 1.91 1.71 1.42 2.83 1.27 2.17275 1.61 1.s2 2.32 1.38 2.18 1.96 1.63 3.24 1.4s 2.48300 1.82 1.71 2.61 1,S6 2.4S 2.21 1.84 3.67 1.64 2.7932S 2.04 1.90 2.90 1.74 2.72 2.44 2.0s 4.09 1.83 3.11350 2.26 2.10 3.20 1.93 2.99 2.68 2.26 4.S2 2.03 3.4237s 2.48 2.30 3.s0 2.11 3.26 2.91 2.47 4.95 2.22 3.74400 2.70 2.s0 3.80 2.30 3.s3 3.25 2,69 S.39 2.42 4.0542S 2.93 2.72 4.10 2.50 3.80 3.52 2.91 S.83 2.62 4.374s0 3.16 2.93 4.41 2.69 4.07 3.79 3.13 6.28 2.83 ;.:;47s 3.39 3.14 4.71 2.89 4.34 4.06 3.3s 6.72 3.03Soo 3.62 3.3s Sol 3.08 4.61 4.33 3.S8 7.17 3.24 S:33S25 3.86 3.58 5.31 3.28 4.88 4.61 3.81 7.63 3.46 S.65S50 4.11 3.80 5.62 3.49 5.1s 4.90 4.04 8.10 3.67 5.98

S7S 4.3s 4.02 5.93 3.69 5.42 5.18 4.27 8.s6 3.89 6.31::; 4.60 4.24 :.;; 3.90 S.69 5,46 4.50 9.03 4.1I 6.644.86 4.47 4.10 5.96 S.7S 4.74 4.34 6.96

650 5.11 4.69 6:87 4.31 6.23 6.05 4.98 4.57 7.29675 5.37 4.92 7.18 4.S2 6.S0 6.34 S.22 4.80 7.62700 5.63 5.14 7.s0 4.73 6.77 6.64 5.46 5.03 7.9572S 5.90 S.38 7.82 4.94 7.04 6.94 S.70 S.26 8.287s0 6.16 5.62 8.15 S.16 7.31 7.25 S.94 5.s0 8.62775 6.43 5.86 8.47 5.38 7.s0 7.ss 6.18 S.74 8.968 0 0. 70 6. 10 8. 80 S. 607. 8S 7.8s 6.43 5.98 9.3082S 6.97 6.34 9.13 S.82 8.1S 8.16 6.68 6.22 9.648S0 7.2S 6.S9 9.46 6.0S 8.4S 8.48 6.93 6.47 9.9987s 7.53 6.83 9.79 6.27 8.7s 8.80 7.18 6.72 10.33900 7.81 7.07 10.12 6.49 9.0s 9.12 7.43 6.97 10.6S

92S 8.08 7.31 10.46 6.71 9,3s 9.44 7.68 7.23 11.029s0 8.3S 7.S6 10.80 6.94 9.6S 9.77 7.93 7.s0 11.3797s 8.62 7.81 11.14 7.17 9.9s 10.09 8.17 7.76 11.71

1000 8.89 8.06 11.48 7.40 10.2s 10.42 8.41 8.02 12.0s102s 9.17 8.30 11.82 7.62 10.5s 10.7s 12.4010s0 9.46 8.ss 12.16 7.9s 10.8S 11.09 12.76

107s 9.7s 8.80 12.50 8.18 11.1S 11.43 13.111100 10.04 9.0s 12.84 8.31 114s 11.77 13.47112s 10.31 9.28 13.18 8.S3 11.78 12.111150 10.s7 9.S2 13.S2 8.76 12.11 12.47

117s 10.83 9.76 13.86 8.98 12.44 12.811200 11.10 10.00 14.20 9.20 12.77 13,15122s 11.38 10.26 14.s4 9.42 13.10 13.s01250 11.66 10.s3 14.88 9.65 13.43 13.861275 11.94 10.79 1s.22 9.8& 13.76 14.221300 12.22 11.06 1S.S6 10.11 14.09 14.S8132S 12.s0 11.30 15.90 10.33 14.39 14.9413so 12.78 11ss 16.24 10.s6 14.69 1s.30137s 13.06 11.80 16.s8 10.78 14.99 1s.661400 13.34 12.0s 16.92 11.01 IS.29 16.02142s 17.3014so 17.69147s 18.081s00 18.47



192

DESCRIPTIONOF MATERIALS

Whendescribingvariousvesselcomponentsand parts on drawingsand in billmaterials,it is advisablethat a standardmethod be followed. For this purpoit is recommendedthe use of the widelyacceptedabbreviationsin the sequen

exemplifiedbelow. For ordering material the requirements of manufactushould be observed.

PART DESCRIPTIONMATERIA

SPECIFICAT

9 Bar2 x 1/4x 3’-6

9BAR Bar3/4 @x 2’- O SA-7

Bar 1 @ x 3’- O

3/4 @x 2-1/2H.Hd.M.B.WI(1) sq.nut SA-193B7bo= BOLT

1@x 5-1/2studw/ (2) h. nuts SA-1942Hnu

~ CAP 8“ Std.Cap$,

1“ – 6000# Cplg.

DScrewed 2“– 3000# Cplg.COUPLING 1“ -6000 # HalfCplg. SA-105

1“ -6000 # 4-1/2Lg.Cplg.

hWelding

6“- Std. 900 L.R. En.4“- X Stg.450 S. R. En.

ELBOW SA-234WPB6“ x 4“ Std. L.R. Red.Eli

4“ - 300# RF. So.Fig.6“- 150# RF.Wn.Fig. Std. BoreB.

g FLANGE 6“ - 600# RTJ.Wn.Fig. XStg.Bore,, SA-18113“ - 150# FF. So. Fig.8“ -150 # R.F.Bid.Fig.

b1“- 6000# 900 Scr’d.En.

~’:kw:d 1“-3000 # 900 Scr’d.StreetEn.

~ Welding2“ -3000 # S.w.Cplg.1“ - 3000# Sq.Hd.Plug

SA-105FORGED

Q FITTING2“ -6000 # Scr’d.Tee2“ -3000 # 450 S.W.En.

30 GASKET18-150 # 1/16” Serv. Sht. Gasket18-300 # SpiralWound ASB. Filled

ASB.

48 “ID x 0.375 min. 2:1 ellip. head2“ S.F.

SA-285 C

9 HEAD 48” OD x 0.500” min. ASMEF & DHead 2 S.F. L= 48” r = 3“

SA-515-70

54” ID x 0.375” min. Hemis. HeadSA-516-70



1

0

DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALScont.) IL o n g

W e l d i n ge c k8 ”3 0 0F. LWN

6“ - Std.Pipex 2’-1

PIPE 8“ -X Stg.Pipex 1’- 6-1/24“ - S. 160Pipex 2’424” - 0.438”WallPipex 1’-0

FL96” X 3/8 X 12’-6

PLATE ~ 24”OD X1/2 X18” ID~ 18” OD X1-1/2

Welding 6“ x 4“ Std. Cone. Reducer

REDUCER 8’”x 6“ X Stg. Ecc. Reducer

SA-1811

SA-53B I

SA-285C

SA-234 WPB

Welding 6“ - Std. 1800 L. R. ReturnRETURN 4“ - X Stg. 1800 S. R. Return

SA-234 WPB

Welding 4“ - Std. TeeTEE 6“ x 6“ x 4“ X Stg. Red. Tee

SA-234WPB

— —



EQUIVALENT AND COMPARABLE MATERIALS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

G e r m a n y F o r m e r

U . S . A .r a n c ee s tF e d .e p . )a s tD .e p . )o v i e tn i o na p a

SA -204 B 15D 3 1.6415/15MO3 15Mo 3 — —

SA - 283A =A 33 =1.0035 I =St 33 =St 33 CTO-2 —

SA -283 C TSE 24 a =1.0036 I Ust 37-2 St 381[-2 CT 3 kn2 —

SA -284 B =E24–2 = 1,0038/=Rst37-2 St 38 b -2 BCt 3 cn 2 —

SA -284 B E -24-3 1.0116/St 37-3 St 38-3 =181cn —

SA -285 C A 37 1.0345111 Mb 13 = 12K —

SA -299

SA -455 A 52 1.0844/ 17Mn 4 17Mn 4 K47

SA -440 15CD 2.05 1.7335/13 CrMor 13CrMor 4.4 12X M —A

& -

SA- 572-55 A 50-2 1.0050/St50-2 St 50 Ct 5 Cn 3 Ss 50

SA -51560 A -42 1.0425 / H 11 Mb 16~..

I SA -51570 I – I 1.0435/HIIi I Mb 19 I

16 k —

18 k —SA -51660 A -42 1.0425/ H II Mb 16 16k —

SA -516-70 — 1.0435/ H 111 Mb 19 18k —

SA -572-55 A 50-2 1.0050 /St 50-2 St 50 Ct 5 Cn 3 SM53 C

I

SA -240-304 — 1.4301 / X 5 Cr Ni 189 X5 CrNi 189 08X 18 H 10 SA453 c

SA -240 -316~ =22 CNDIT-1$ =1.44041X 2 CRN]MO1810 X8CRN1T11810 03X17H14M2 316L



1

SFOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS

N O T E S

P r e s s u r ee s s e ls e r sn da n u f a c t u r e r sa v ee v e [ o p e de r t a i nt a n d ar a c thp r o v e nd v a n t a g e o u s nh ee s i g nn do n s t r u c t i o n fr e s s u r ee s s e l sh ip e c i f i cnt h o s er a c t i c e sh i c ha v ee c o m eh eo s ti d e l yc c e p t a b l eno l l o w e

T h e s et a n d a r d sr ea r t l ye f e r e n c e s oh ee l e c t e dl t e r n a t i v e se r m i t tt M Ca n da r t l ye s c r i b e de s i g nn do n s t r u c t i o ne t h o d so to v e r e dho de g ut h eo d er eo tu o t e d nh i sp e c i f i c a t i o n .

A .E N E R A L

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

T h i sp e c i f i c a t i o no g e t h e ri t hh eu r c h a s er d e rn dr a w i n go v ee q u

f o rh ee s i g nn da b r i c a t i o n fr e s s u r ee s s e l s .I na s e fo n f l i c t s ,h eu r c h a s er d e rn dr a w i n g sa k er e c e d e n cv hp e c i

P r e s s u r ee s s e l sh a l l ee s i g n e d ,a b r i c a t e d ,n s p e c t e dnt a m p ea c c o rl a t e s td i t i o n fh eS M Eo i l e rn dr e s s u r ee s s e lo d ee c t iI Ii v ai t su b s e q u e n td d e n d a .

V e s s e l sn de s s e lp p u r t e n a n c e sh a l lo m p l yi t hh ee g u l a t i ot c c uS a f e t yn de a l t hc tO S H A ) .

V e s s e la n u f a c t u r e r sr en v i t e d ou o t er i c e s nl t e r n a t ea t e r io n sm e t h o d s fc o n o m i c s rt h e rs p e c t sa k e te a s o n a b l eo

A l le v i a t i o n sr o mh i sp e c i f i c a t i o n ,h eu r c h a s er d e r ,hr a w ih

w r i t t e np p r o v a l fh eu r c h a s e r .

V e s s e la b r i c a t o r ,i l e re c e i p t fu r c h a s er d e r ,h a l lu r n i sp u r c h ah ed r a w i n g so rp p r o v a l .

D E S I G N

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

PressureVesselsshallbe designedtowithstandthe loadingsexertedbyinternalorexternapressure,weightofthevessel,wind,earthquake,reactionof supports,impact,andtemperature.

The maximumallowableworkingpressure shall be limited by the shell or head, not bminorparts.

Wind loadand earthquake. Allvesselsshallbedesignedtobefree-standing.Todeterminthe magnitudeofwindpressure,the probabilityof earthquakesandseismiccoefficientsivariousareasof theUnitedStatesStandardANSI/ASCE7-93(MinimumDesignLoadsiBuildingsand OtherStructures)shallbe applied.

It is assumedthat wind andearthquakeloadsd oo tc c u ri m u l t a n e o u shvs h o u l d ee s i g n e do ri t h e ri n d ra r t h q u a k eo a d i n g ,h i c h e vg r e a

H o r i z o n t a le s s e l su p p o r t e d ya d d l e sh a l l ee s i g n e dc c o r d it e LP .i c k ,S t r e s s e s na r g eo r i z o n t a lr e s s u r ee s s e l swa d du p p o

T h ee f l e c t i o n fe r t i c a le s s e l sn d e ro r m a lp e r a t i n go n d i t i oh xi n c h e se r0 0e e t fe n g t h .



1 9 6

S p e c i f i c a t i o no rh ee s i g nn da b r i c a t i o n fr e s s u r ee s s ec o n t i

6 .t r e s s e s nk i r t s ,a d d l e s , rt h e ru p p o r t sn dh e i rt t a c h m eet h ea x i m u ml l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e s fa t e r i a l si v en Part UCS of the ASMCode by 33-1/3 percent.

7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approval when does no

furnish a d e s i g n ro e so tp e c i f yh ee q u i r e dl a th i c k n e s

C .A B R I C A T l u N

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

M a t e r i a l sh a l l ep e c i f i e d yu r c h a s e rn dh e i re s i g n a t in d i ts h o pr a w i n g s .a t e r i a l sh a l lo t eu b s t i t u t e doh o sp e c i fi tw r i t t e np p r o v a l fu r c h a s e r .

T h eh i c k n e s s fl a t es e do rh e l ln de a d sh a l l/ 4 - i ni n i

M a n u f a c t u r e r ’ se l d i n gr o c e d u r en du a l i f i c a t i o ne c o r dh as u ba p p r o v a lp o ne c e i p t fu r c h a s er d e r .e l d i n gh a lop e r ft ou r c h a s e r ’ sp p r o v a l fe l d i n gr o c e d u r en du a l i f i c a t i o n

A l le l d i n gh a l l eo n e yh ee t a l l i ch i e l d e drt hu b mw e l d i n gr o c e s s .

P e r m a n e n t l yn s t a l l e da c k i n gt r i p sh a l lo t es ei t h or i tp pp u r c h a s e r .h e ns e d ,a c k i n gt r i p sh a l l eh ea mo m p o s i tttw h i c hh e yr et t a c h e do .

L o n g i t u d i n a le a m s ny l i n d r i c a l ro n i c a lh e l l s ,le a ms p h e rhb u i l t - u pe a d sh a l l eo c a t e d ol e a rp e n i n g s ,h e ie i n f o r c iaw e a rl a t e s .i r c u m f e r e n t i a le a m s fh e l lh a l lo c a tc l pt h e i re i n f o r c i n ga d s ,r a yn dn s u l a t i o nu p p o r ti n g sna dW h e nh eo v e r i n g fi r c u m f e r e n t i a le a m ye i n f o r c i n gau n a v os e a mh a l l er o u n dl u s hn dx a m i n e dr i o re l d i nhe i n fi nl a c e .

N oo n g i t u d i n a lo i n t sh a l l el l o w e di t h i nh eo w n c o m era a o

p l a c eh e r er o p e ri s u a ln s p e c t i o n fh ee l d sm p o s s i b l e

T h ei n i m u mi z e fi l l e te l de r v i n g st r e n g t he lon t e

1 / 4n c h .

S k i r t .e r t i c a le s s e l sh a l l er o v i d e di t hs k i rh i ch aao ud i a m e t e rq u a l oh eu t s i d ei a m e t e r fh eu p p o r t e de s sT it h i c k n e s so rs k i r th a l l e/ 4n c h .

S k i r t sh a l l er o v i d e di t hm i n i m u m fw o- i n ce no lo cha so s s i b l e8 0e g r e e sp a r t .

S k i r t sf e e t ni a m e t e rn de s sh a l la v en ec c e sp e n ’ i na rd i a m e t e rk i r t sh a l la v ew o8 - i n c h. D .c c e s sp e n i n ge i n f o

B a s eings s h a l l ee s i g n e do r nl l o w a b l ee a r i n gr e s s u rc o n c6 p

A n c h o r b es e dh e r ee q u i r ena av e s s e le i g h tx c e e d s 0e e t .h eu m b e r fn c h oo lh ai m uo f ;m i n i m u m fi sr e f e r r e d .

S a d d l e sh a l l ee l d e d oh ee s s e l ,x c e p th ep e c i f i c ar d bs h i p p e do o s e .a d d l e s o eh i p p e do o s eh a l li t t et he sm a r k e do ri e l dn s t a l l a t i o n .h eh o pr a w i n gh a le ae t an sc o n c e r n i n gh i s .



197

Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)

Whentemperatureexpansionwillc a u s eo r eh a n/n ch a nt ib e t w e e nh ea d d l e s ,s l i d ee a r i n gl a t eh a l ls e dh e es u p p o r t e d yo n c r e t ea d d l e s/ 4n c hh i c k ,o r r o s i o nt h eo n c r e t ea d d l eh a l l ee l d e d oh eh e l li tc o r r o s i o nl a t eh a l l er o v i d e di t h1 / 4n c he n

s e a l a n tf t e rh ee s s e la se e nr e s s u r ee s t e d .9 .p e n i n g s fi n c h e sn dm a l l e rh a l l e0 0 0

c o u p l i n g .

O p e n i n g s- 1 / 2n c h e sn da r g e rh a l l el a n g e d .

10.

F l a n g e sh a l lo n f o r m ot a n d a r dN S I 1. 5 - 1 9 7 3 .

F l a n g ea c e sh a l l e so l l o w s :

Raised face. . . . . . . . b e l o wa t i n g0 0 bN S I

p l a ti n c i

a c o n t i n ueh o ll u g il

f o r g et euh

Raised face. . . . . . . . r a t i n g0 0 bN S I ,i p ei zi n c hm

Ring type joint. . . . . . r a t i n g0 0 bN S I ,i p ei zi n c ha

R i n gy p eo i n t .. . . . a b o v ea t i n g0 0 bN S I .

F l a n g e - b o l t - h o l e sh a l lt r a d d l eh er i n c i p a le n t e r l i n e st he s sps h a l l el u s hi t hn s i d e fe s s e lh e ns e d sr a i nw h eo ctt h e r eo u l d en t e r f e r e n c ei t he s s e ln t e r n a l s .n t e r n ad go p e nb eo u n d e d om i n i m u ma d i u s f/ 8n c h r or a d i uq uo n e -tp i p ea l lh i c k n e s sh e n t se s sh a n/ 4n c h .

W h e nh en s i d ei a m e t e r fh eo z z l ee c kn dhe l d ie lw e l d i n gi t t i n gi f f e r y/ 1 6n c h ro r e ,h ea r tm a l li a mt a p e r e d tr a t i o: 4 .

O p e n i n g sh a l l ee i n f o r c e do re wn do l d , se l oo r r oo n

T h el a t es e do re i n f o r c i n ga dh a l l eh ea m eo m p o s i t i ot etf o rh eh e l l re a d oh i c h t so n n e c t e d .

R e i n f o r c i n ga d sh a l l er o v i d e di t h1 / 4n c ha p p ee l l - too9 0 °f fh eo n g i t u d i n a lx i s fe s s e l .

T h ei n i m u mu t s i d ei a m e t e r fh ee i n f o r c i n gah a l4 i n co u t s i d ei a m e t e r fh ep e n i n g ’ se c k .

W h e no v e r sr e o er o v i d e do rp e n i n g sc c o r d i n ghu r c h aet i o n ,a n u f a c t u r e rh a l lu r n i s hh ee q u i r e da s k e t snt u dh ehbu s e do re s t i n gh ee s s e l .

M a n w a yo v e r sh a l l er o v i d e di t ha v i t s .

C o u p l i n gh r e a d su s t el e a nn dr e er o me f e c t sf t en s t a l l a t

I n t e r n a l s .r a y sh a l l eu r n i s h e d yr a ya b r i c a t o rnn s t avm a n u f a c t u r e r .r a yu p p o r ti n g sn do w n c o m e ro l t i na rh af u ra n dn s t a l l e d ye s s e la n u f a c t u r e r .h er a ya b r i c a t o rh au bos h o pe t a i l s ,n c l u d i n gn s t a l l a t i o nn s t r u c t i o n sn da c k i ni sp u r ca p p r o v a ln dr a n s m i t t a l oe s s e la b r i c a t o r .

T r a y sh a l l ee s i g n e do ru n i f o r mi v eo a d fst he iws e t t i n g ,l t i b h e v e r sr e a t e r ,n do rc o n c e n t r a t e di vo a2 5

A th ee s i g no a d i n gh ea x i m u me f l e c t i o n fr a y sh a lox c

u p o0 - f o o ti a m e t e r1 / 8n c h

l a r g e rh a n0 - f o o ti a m e t e r3 / 1i n c h



198

Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)

T h ei n i m u mh i c k n e s s fn t e r n a ll a t e w o r k sn du p p o ri nh lt h a n/ 4n c h .

I n t e r n a la r b o nt e e li p i n gh a l l et a n d a r de i g h t .

I n t e r n a ll a n g e sh a l l eN S I5 0 - l bl i p - o ny p e ra b r i c a t er l a

C a r b o nt e e ln t e r n a ll a n g e sh a l l ea s t e n e di ta r bt eq u am a c h i n eo l t sn dq u a r eu t sa c k - w e l d e d ohl a n g ea v o o

R e m o v a b l en t e r n a l sh a l l ea d e ne c t i o n sh i car e m oht h ea n w a y s .

R e m o v a b l en t e r n a l sh a l lo t er o v i d e di t ho r r o s i o nl l o w a npc o n n e c t e d ou m pu c t i o n ,v o r t e xr e a k e rh a l lr o v i d e d

1 1 .p p u r t e n a n c e s .e s s e l sr o v i d e di t ha n w a y s ,i q u ie vo n trv a l v e s 2e e tb o v er a d e ,h a l l eq u i p p e di t ha g ea d d el a

L a d d e rn dl a t f o r mu g sh a l l eh o p - w e l d e d ohe s s e lh ee r er e q u i r en s u l a t i o n ,a b r i c a t o rh a l lu r n i s hn dn s t a l lu p p oi ne i nr i n g sa yl s o et i l i z e d nu p p o r t i n gn s u l a t i o n .

I n s u l a t i o nu p p o r ti n g sh a l l e/ 2n c he s si d th ahh ii n s u l a t i o nn dp a c e d 2o o t - 1 / 2n c hl e a rt a r t i n gh oa n git o pi n gh a l l eo n t i n u o u s l ye l d e d oh ee a d ;lt h ei na tb yl - i n c ho n gi l l e te l d n2 - i n c he n t e r s .ho t t oei n sv e r t i c a le s s e lh a l l eq u i p p e di t h/ 2 - i n c hq u a r eu te l di ht oh eu t s i d e fh ee a d np p r o x i m a t e l y2 - i n c hq u a re n t e

1 2 .a b r i c a t i o no l e r a n c e sh a l lo tx c e e dh ei m i t sn d i c a t et ha e go na g eT O .

D .N S P E C T I O N

1 .u r c h a s e re s e r v e sh ei g h t on s p e c th ee s s e lni mu r ia b r ia s s u r eh a th ee s s e la t e r i a l sn dh eo r k m a n s h i pra c c o r d

s p e c i f i c a t i o n .

2 .h ep p r o v a l fn yo r k yh eu r c h a s e r ’ se p r e s e n t a t i v ene lav e s s e lh a l lo te l i e v eh ea n u f a c t u r e r fn ye s p o n s i b i l i t yoa r rtp r o v i s i o n s fh i sp e c i f i c a t i o n .

E .

1, Radiographicexaminationshall be performedwhenrequiredby the ASMECodor whendeterminedby the economicsof design.

2. The completedvesselshallbe providedwith a nameplatesecurelyattachedto thevesselby welding.

3. If the vesselis post-weldheat-treated,no weldingis permittedafter stressrelievin

4. Removableinternalsshallbe installedafterstressrelieving.5. The location of all vesselcomponentsopenings,seams,internals,etc.,of the vesse

shall be indicated on the shop drawingsby the distanceto a commonreferencline. Thereferencel i n eh a l l ee r m a n e n t l ya r k e dhh e l

6 .h eydrostatic test pressures h a l l ea i n t a i n e dod e q u aipa t h o r o u g hn s p e c t i o n , nn ya s eo te s sh a n 0i n u t e s

7 .e s s e l sh a l lo t ea i n t e dn l e s sp e c i f i c a l l yt a t e dr d e



, .

199

Specification for the Design and Fabrication Pressure V e s s ec o n t i n

F .R E P A R A T I O NO RH I P M E N T

1 .f t e ri n a ly d r o s t a t i ce s t ,e s s e lh a l l er i e dn dl e a n eh o r o u gno u t s i d e oe m o v er e a s e ,o o s ec a l e ,u s tn di r t .

2 .l li n i s h e du r f a c e sh i c hr eo tr o t e c t e d yl i n dl a n g eh ac or u s tr e v e n t a t i v e .

3 .l ll a n g e dp e n i n g sh i c hr eo tr o v i d e di t ho v e rh a er o ts u i t a b l et e e ll a t e s .

4 .h r e a d e dp e n i n g sh a l l el u g g e d .

5 .o rn t e r n a la r t s ,u i t a b l eu p p o r t sh a l l er o v i d e da v oa m us h i p m e n t .

6 .o l t sn du t sh a l l eo a t e di t ha t e r p r o o fu b r i c a n t .

7 .e s s e l sh a l l el e a r l yd e n t i f i e d ya i n t i n gh er d ent u mac o n s p i c u o u so c a t i o n nh ee s s e l .

8 .m a l la r t sh i c hr e o eh i p p e do o s eh a l l ea g g eb o x a

w i t hh er d e rn dt e mu m b e r fh ee s s e l .

9 .e s s e la b r i c a t o rh a l la k el le c e s s a r yr e c a u t i o n so a d ib l ob r a c i n gh ee s s e ln du r n i s h i n gl le c e s s a r ya t e r i a lr e v ea m a

G .I N A LE P O R T S

1 .e f o r eh ee s s e l se a d yo rh i p m e n th ea n u f a c t u r e rh au r nu rc o p i e s re p r o d u c i b l er a n s p a r e n c ya c h fh eo l l o w i n ge p o r t

a .a n u f a c t u r e r ’ sa t ae p o r t .

b .h o pr a w i n g sh o w i n gh ee s s e ln di m e n s i o n sau i l t

c .h o t o s t a t i co p i e s fe c o r d i n gh a r t sh o w i n gr e s s u r eu r iy d r o s

d .h o t o s t a t i co p i e s fe c o r d i n gh a r t sh o w i n ge m p e r a t u ru ro sh e a tr e a t m e n t .

e .u b b i n g fa m el a t e .

H .U A R A N T E E

M a n u f a c t u r e ru a r a n t e e sh a th ee s s e lu l f i l l sl lo n d i t i o ns t atS p e c i f i c a t i o nn dh a t t sr e er o ma u l t ne s i g n ,o r k m a n s ha

S h o u l dn ye f e c te v e l o pu r i n gh ei r s te a r fp e r a t i o n ,ha n u f a ct oa k el le c e s s a r yl t e r a t i o n s ,e p a i r sn de p l a c e m e n t sr ec h a r



200

V F T

T h ei m e n s i o n a lo l e r a n c e s nh i sa b l eu n l e s st h e r w i so tap r a c t i c ei d e l yo l l o w e d ys e r sn da n u f a c t u r e r sr e s s ue s s

A l lo l e r a n c e sr en c h e s ,n l e s st h e r w i s en d i c a t e d .

T o l e r a n c e so ti s t e d nh i sa b l eh a l l ee l di t h i np r a c t i ci m

Q b & a : R : : : : ; e ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ : ’c .i s t a n c e ohe f e r e ni. .

d .e v i a t i o ni r c u m f e r e n t i a l l ye a sat the joint of structure . . . . . . .

@ ~ ~a n w a y

t 1

D i s t a n c ee t w e e nwd j a cl 1

e .i s t a n c er o mha cf l ac e n t e r l i n e fa n w ar e f e r iv e s s e lu p p o r tu go t ts a dc e n t e r l i n e fe s s e lh i c h eapplicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1

*

d f .e v i a t i o ni r c u m f e r e n t i a l l ye a s. . . .

7o nh eu t e ru r f a cv e s s. . . t 1, .

. fg .r o j e c t i o n ;h o r t e si s t a nro u t s i d eu r f a c ee s st haof manway . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/2

h .e v i a t i o nr o mo r i z o n t ae r t

Q l

o rh en t e n d e do s i t i oa ndirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1°

i .e v i a t i o n fo lo l ea ne direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1

e N o z z l e ,o u p l i n gh i c hr obc o n n e c t e d oi p i n g .

T h eo l e r a n c e soa n w ah- - -a p p l i e d .

N o z z l e ,o u p l i n gh i c hrbc o n n e c t e d oi p i n g .

D i s t a n c er o mha cf l ac e n t e r l i n e fp e n i nr e f e r iv e s s e lu p p o r tu go t t os a dc e n t e r l i n e fe s s e lh i c h eapplicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1

f .e v i a t i o ni r c u m f e r e n t i a l l ye a so nh eu t e ru r f a cv e s s. . . ? 1

g .r o j e c t i o n ;h o r t e s ti s t a nro u t s i d eu r f a c ee s s et haof opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1/4



201

VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES(continued)

@ @

‘ + - - I - Tt

N o z z l e s ,c o n t i n u e d )

h .e v i a t i o nr o mo r i z o n t a l ,e r t it h en t e n d e do s i t i o nndirection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/

i .e v i a t i o n fo l to l ea ndirection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1

N o z z l e s ,o u p l i n g ss e doe v ea gl e v e lo n t r o l ,t c .

D i s t a n c ee t w e e ne n t e r l i nopenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1

S a d d l e

k .i s t a n c ee n t e r l i n eo l t h o lreference line . . ., . . . . . . . . . ~ 1

k .i s t a n c ee n t e r l i n eo l t h o l

centerline of shell . . . . . . . . . . I 11 .i s t a n c ee t w e e no l t h o l eb a

p l a t e re t w e e no l t h o l es l otwo saddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k 1

m .r a n s v e r s ei l t fa sl a t. . . . k 1

n .

&hell

o.

P .

T r a y

r .

p

L o n g i t u d i n a li l ta sl a. . . ~ 1

Deviation from verticality for vesselsof up to 30 ft overall length . . . . . ~ 1/2

for vesselsof over 30 ft overalllength ~ 1/8per 10 ft.max. 1-1/2

Vesselsfor internal pressure. The differencebetween the maximum and minimum insidediameters at any cross section shall not exceedone percent of the nominal diameter at thecross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 170

Deviation from nominal inside diameteras determined by strapping . . . . . ~ 1/32

p

O u t fo u n d n e s so dG - 8

E x t e r n a lr e s s u r e .eo dG -

F o r m e de a d s ,o dG - 8

installation

O u t fe v e l nn yi r e c t i o. . . . t 1p F

TraySupport

r. Out of level in any direction . . . . . ~ 1/32p F



202

V E S S E LA B R I C A T I O NO L E R A N C E S

( c o n t i n u e d )

T r a yu p p o r tc o n t i n u e d )

Bv

s .i s t a n c ee t w e e nd j a c er

E } + *

supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1

t. Distance to reference line . . . . . .? 1

s. Distance to seal pan . . . . . . . . . f 1

w

v .i s t a n c e oo w n c o m eu p p. . ~ 1w

w .i l to rn yi d tu p p oi. ~ 1

x W e i rl a t e

/

I *

x. Out of level . . , . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1

Y. Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1/8

*z .i s t a n c e on s i de s sa. . t 1



203

A P Ip e c i f i c a t i o no r

SHOP WELDEDTANKSS u m m a r y fa j o re q u i r e m e n t s fP I .t a n d a r dZ Fe n td i t 9

S C O P E

specification covers material, design, and construction requirements forvertical,cylindrical,aboveground,shopwelded, steel productiontanks in nominalcapacitiesof 90 to 500 bbl. (in standardsizesup to maximumdiameterof 15ft.,

6 in.) for oil fieldservice.A

B

RD

E H

JQ9

M A T E R I A L

Plates shall conform to the following ASTM StandardsA36, A283 C or D, and A285 C.

MINIMUMPLATETHICKNESSShelland deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: 1/4 in. Sump: 3/8 in,

CONSTRUCTIONThe bottom of the tank shallbe flat or conical; the lattermay be skirted or unskirted. Fig.A, B, C. The deckshallbe conical. The slopeof the bottom and deckcone= 1:12

WELDINGBottom, shell and deckplatejoints shallbe double-weldedbutt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. Thebottom and the deck shall be attached to the shell bydouble-weldedbutt joint or 3/16 in. fillet welds, bothinsideand outside.Fig.E through K.

OPENINGSTanks shall be furnished with 24 in. x 36 in. extendedneckcleanout. APIStd. 12F Fig.3.4

TESTINGTanks in diameters up to and including 10 ft. shall be

tested to 3 psi. air pressure; tanksin diameterslargerthan10ft. shallbe tested to 1-1/2psi.air pressure.

PAINTINGOnecoat primer.

N o m i n a lC a p a c i t y ,

b b l .

9 01 0 01 5 0

2 0 02 1 02 5 03 0 04 0 0

5 0 05 0 07 5 0

T o l e r a n c e

W o r k i n gC a p a c i t y ,

b b l .

7 27 9

1 2 9

1 6 62 0 02 2 42 6 63 6 6

4 6 64 7 97 4 6—

O u t s iD i a m e t e

f t n

7 - 19- 69- 6

1 21 01 11 21 2

1 2 -1 5 -1 5 -* 1 n

H e if

18

1

101112

212

2 3



204

WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGEAPI. S t a n d a r d5 0 ,i g h t hd i t i o n9 8

APPENDIX A — OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS(Summav of major requirements)

SCOPEThis appendix provides rules for relatively small capacity field-erectedtankswhich the stressedcomponents are limited to a maximum of 1Ainch nominthickness, including any corrosion allowance stated by the purchaser.

MATERIALSThe most commonly used plate materials o t p b t sA 2 C A 2 C A 3 A 516-55, A 516-60The plate materials shall be limited to 4 inch thickness

WELDED JOINTSThe type of joints at various locations shall be:

Vertical Joints in ShellButt joints with complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by doble welding or by other means which will obtain the same quality of joint.

Horizontal Joints in ShellComplete penetration and complete fusion butt weld.

Bottom PlatesSingle-weldedfull-fillet lap joint or single-weldedbutt joint with backing stri

Roof PlatesSingle-weldedfull-fillet lap joint. Roof plates shall be welded to the top angof the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only.

Shell to Bottom Plate JointContinuous filletweld laid on each sideof the shellplate. The sizeof eachweshall be the thickness of the thinner plate.

The bottom plates shall project at least 1inch width beyond the outside edgethe weld attaching the bottom to shell plate.

INSPECTION

Butt WeldsInspection for quality of welds shall be made by the radiographic method.agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, the spot radiography maydeleted.

Fillet WeldsInspection of fillet welds shall be made by visual inspection.



,.. 205

W S T SAPI. Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988

TESTING

Bottom Welds

1, Air pressureor vacuum shall be appliedusing soapsuds,linseedoil, or othersuitablematerialfor detectionof leaks,or2. After attachment of at least the lowest shell course water shall be pumped.underneaththe bottomanda headof6 inchesof liquidshallbemaintainedinsideatemporarydam.

Tank Shell1. The tank shall be filled with water, or2. Painting all joints on the insidewith highly penetrating oil, and examiningoutside for leakage3, Applying vacuum

APPENDICES OF API STANDARD 650

Appendix A — Optional Design Basis for Small TanksAppendix B — FoundationsAppendix C — Floating RoofsAppendix E — SeismicDesign of Storage TanksAppendix F — Design for Small Internal PressureAppendix H — Internal Floating RoofsAppendix J — Shop-Assembled Storage TanksAppendix K —Example of the application of variable design point procedure

to Determine Shell-Plate ThicknessesAppendix M — Tanks Operating at Elevated TemperaturesAppendix N — Use of Unidentified MaterialsAppendix O — Under-Bottom Connections



WELDED STEEL TANKS, API. Std. 650 — APPENDIx A

FORMULAS

NOTATION G = specific

=H =

D = t = minimum required plateft. thickness, in.

E = joint efficiency,0.85 R = radius of curvature ofwhen spot radiographed roof, ft.0.70when not radio- 6 = angle of cone elementsgraphed with the horizontal, deg.

(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G

@

t =(E) (21,000)

) + C.A.

but in no caseless than the following:

Meandiameterof Plate

tank, ft thickness,in.

~.-lSmallerthan50. .., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . %50 to 120, excl.. . . . . . . ... ., ... , ., ~120 to 200, incl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., ;

S H E L Lver 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

= 4 0 0 ~ i nbut not less than 3~6in,

* ~m:umt . ,,*in

SELF-SUPPORTING Maximum@ = 37 deg. 9:12 slopeCONEROOF Minimum6 = 9 deg. 28 min. 2:12slope

~,

r= R/200 but not less than ~lGin.

Maximumt= 1Ain,

D R= radius of curvature of roof, in feet.SELF-SUPPORTING MinimumR = 0.8D (unless otherwisespecifiedby the

D O M EN D

M R 1

T c ro h on gs q

T

i n c h e s ,l u sh er o s s - s e c t i o n a lr e at hr o o fl a t e si t h i nd i s t a n c ei mh eh i c

e s ,e a s u r e dr o mh e i ro s te m o to ia t

m e n t oh eo pn g l e ,h a l li n i m u

F o re l f - S u p p o r t i n g oe l f - S u p p oC o n eo o f s :o mnm b r o

~2 DR

T O PI N G,000 d 1,500

BOTTOMAll b o t t o ml a t e sh a l la v em i n i m uo m ih

n e s s f/ 4n .



207

WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGEAPL Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988

APPENDIX J – SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS(Summary of major requirements)

SCOPE

This appendix provides design and fabrication specifications for verticalstorage tanks of such sizeas to permit complete shop assemblyand deliverytothe installation site in one piece. Storage tanks designedon this basis are not toexceed20 feet in diameter within the scope of API Standard 650.

MATERIALSThe most commonlyused plate materials of those permitted by this standard:A 36, A 283 C, A 285 C, A 516-55,A 516-60

WELDED JOINTSAs describedin Appendix A (seepreceding page) with the followingmodifica-tions:

Lap-weldedjoints in bottoms are not permissibleAll shell joints shall be full penetration butt-welded without the use of backupbars.

Top angles shall not be required for flanged roof tanks.Joints in bottom plates shall be full penetration butt welded.Flat bottoms shall be attached to the shell by continuous fillet weld laid oneach side of the shell plate.

BOTTOMDESIGNAll bottom plate shall have a minimum thickness of ?4 inch.Bottoms may be flat or flat-flanged.Flat bottoms shall project at least 1 inch beyond the outside diameter of the

weldattaching the bottom to shell.

SHELL DESIGNShell plate thickness shall be designed with the formula:(for notations seeAppendix A on preceding page)

(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G) + ~ ~t =

(E) (21,000) “ “,but in no case shall the nominal thickness less than:

N o m i n a la n ki a m e t e ro m i n a ll a t eh i c k n e s( f e e t )i n c h e s )

up to 10.5, incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/16Over 10.5.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ /4

ROOF DESIGNRoofs shall be self supporting cone or dome and umbrella roofs.SeeAppendixA for design formulas.

TESTINGApply 2 to 3 pounds per square inch internal air pressure.

I





Summary of hiajorRequirements of

PIPING COD ES

(continuation from facing page)

NOTATION NOTES

A=1. The minimumthicknessfw the pipe

an additional thickness,in inchesto compcn sclcctcd. cunsidcringmanufacturer’s

satefor materialremovedin threading,groov- minus tolerance,shallnot be lessthaning etc., and to provide for mechanical t,n, The minus tolerancefur seam-strength,corrosionanderosion, lesssteelpipeis 12.5%of thenurninalFor cast iron pipe the following valuesof A pipe witl thickness.

shallapply: 2. Wheresteelpipe is threadedand used

Centrifugallycast . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 in. for steam service at pressureabove

Staticallycast . . . . . , . . . . . . 0.18 in. 250 psi, or for water serviceabove

c= the sum in inchesof the mechanicaldlow-100 psiwith watel temperatureabove

ancesithreador groovedepth)pluscorrosion220 F the pipe shallbe seamlesslav-

anderosionallowance, :ing the minimum ultimate tensile

d = insidediameter of the pipe in corrodedcon-strcngth of 4tt,0(XI psi and weight

dition, inchesat least equrd to Sch 80 of ANSIB36.JO, (Code ANS1 B31.1, Paris.

)&D. =outsidediametcfof pipe,inches

104.1.2 Cl)

~ = efficiency factor of weldedjoint in pipe(see 3. Pipingsystemsinstalledin openease-

applicablecode)For seamlesspipeE = 1.0 ments, which are accesibleto the

~ = for cast iron pipe castingquality factor Fgeneralpublic o: to individualsother‘than the owner of the pipingsystem

shallbeusedin placeof E or his employee or agent, shall be

P= internal designpressure,or maximum allow- designedin accordancewith USAS

ableworkingpressure,psig B31.8. (Code USAS B31.02, Para.

S = maximum allowable stressin materiistdue to2011

internal pressureat the designtemperature, 4. When not specificallyrequired by SI

psig. gasusing processor equipment, the

t = thicknessof pipe requiredfor pressure,nches maximum working pressurefor pip-

tm = minimum thicknessof pipe in inchesrequireding systemsinstalled in buildingsin-

fer pressureand to

compensatefor materitiltendedfor humanuseandoccupancy

removedfor threading,grooving,etc., Jndtu shallnot exceediO psig. (CodeUSAS

providefor mechanicalstrength,corrosionst~dB31.2, Para201.2.1)

erosion. 5. Everypi~ingsystcm,regardlessof an-

V&Y = coefficientsas tabulatedbelowticipatcd smviccconditionsshalllurvca designpressureof at least }0 psig

between the temperaturesof minus

20 F and 250 F, (Ct,idcUSASB31.2,Values of y & Y Para.201.2. 2,b.)

900‘ I I soTemperature and

6. Where the minimum wall thicknesss‘wd

1: belowin excessof 0.10 of the nominaldia-

9s0 1000 toso I boo above

I:rrrilic Steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0,7 0.7 0.7meter, the piping systemshall meet

Austsnitic Stmek 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7the rcquirem$nts of USAS B31.3.

h (CodeUSASB31,2, Para.203)

Note: For intermediateemperatureshevaluesmaybeintcr- 7. pip witht equaltoor,greaterthanY6, orpcdated.Fornonferrousmaterialsandcastron,yequals PISEgreaterthan0.385, requiresspecial0.4. consideration,rskingntoaccountdesign

I For pipe with a f)o/ftn ratio lessthari 6, Ihe valueof y and materialfactorssuch as theoryof

fur ferritic andaustcnilicsteelsdesignedfor temperatures failure, fatigue, and thermalstresrses.of ~900F d bCkrWdlti[] be tukcliiSS:

J’ “

(CodeB31.3, Para.304.1.2,b.)

8. pi~ ~nds s]M]I meet the flattening

limitationsof IheapplicableCode.



210

S u m m a r y fa j o re q u i r e m e n t s

P I P I N GO D E S

pertainingtoPIPEW A L LH I C K N E S SN DL L O W A B L ER E S S U

C O D ES C O P E F O R M U L

A N S I3 1 . 4 - 1 9 9 2L I Q U I DE T R O L E U Mnternal Pressure

TRANSPORTATION PIPING SYSTEM t“=t+A

T h i so d er e s c r i b e si n i m u me -q u i r e m e n t so rh ee s i g n ,a t e r i a l s ,2s ,w h ec o n s t r u c t i o n ,s s e m b l y ,n s p e c t i o n ,n d~ .t e s t i n g fi p i n gr a n s p o r t i n gi q u i de t -

p p l i c a b ll l o w at

r o l e u mu c h sr u d ei l ,o n d e n s a t e ,s ic c o r d ai o

n a t u r a la s o l i n e ,a t u r a la si q u i d s ,i q u e -02.3.1 a, b, c, or d. For pipe

f i e de t r o l e u ma s ,n di q u i de t r o l e u ma t e r i a lS T5 Ba 1

p r o d u c t se t w e e nr o d u c e r s ’e a s ea c i f i -, S G 25,200 psi. at –20 F to

t i e s ,a n ka r m s ,a t u r a la sr o c e s s i n g 5

p l a n t s ,e f i n e r i e s ,t a t i o n s ,e r m i n a l s ,n d= p r e s s u re s iah i c

o t h e re l i v e r yn de c e i v i n go i n t s .h es eo t,

A N S I3 1 . 5 - 1 9 9 2 n t e r n a lr e s s u rR E F R I G E R A T I O NI P I N Gm =t+c c

ThisCodeprescribesmateriats,design, fabrication, assembly,erec- ; = z~) ‘r t = 2(s + -

t i o n ,

p = - , w h e

S = m a x i m ul l o w at mp a r a g r a p h s . t e r i aui n t er e

advised thatp i pa t e r i aS5 B a

p i p i n g nh e i re s p e c t i v eu r i s d i c t i o n s .A 1 0S s 1 5 , s1 FT h i so d eh a l l wp p l yo : 0( a )n ye l f - c o n t a i n e d rn i ty s t e m su b j e c t o

t h et = p r e s s u re s iah i c

o t h e ra t i o n a l l yc h eS eo t,

( b )a t e r E x t e r n a lr e s s u r

( c )i p i n ge s i g n e do rx t e r n a l h er e s s u re s ih i c k nsp r e s s u r eo tx c e e d i n g 5s i1 0 3& )e g a r d l e s se t e r m i n e da c c o r d ao fi z e . P a r a .0 4 . 1 . 3

A N S I3 1 . 8 - 1 9 9 2G A SR A N S M I S S I O NN D

D I S T R I B U T I O NI P I N GY S T E M S

T h i so d eo v e r sh ee s i g n ,a b r i c a -I n t e r n a lr e s s u rt i o n ,n s t a l l a t i o n ,n s p e c t i o n ,e s t i n g ,n dt h ea f e t ys p e c t s fp e r a t i o nn da i n -x F x E x T, wheret e n a n c e fa sr a n s m i s s i o nn di s t r i b u -t i o ny s t e m s ,n c l u d i n ga si p e l i n e s ,a s= s p e c i f i ei n i mit rc o m p r e s s o rt a t i o n s ,a se t e r i n gn ds i

r e g u l a t i n gt a t i o n s ,a sa i n s ,n de r v i c e oi pa t e r iS5 Bl i n e s p oh eu t l e t fh eu s t o m e r ’ s n1 0S = 3 5 ,m e t e re ts s e m b l y .s on c l u d e di t h -C = n o m i n aah i c ki nh ec o p e fh i se c t i o nr ea st o r a g e( S eo t e2 3 4 5e q u i p m e n t fh el o s e di p ey p ea bn c a t e d ro r g e dr o mi p e ra b r i c a t e df r o mi p en di t t i n g s ,n da st o r a g el i n e s .



211

S u m m a r y fa j o re q u i r e m e n t s

P I P I N GO D E S

C o n t i n u a t i o nr o ma c i n ga g e

N O T A T I O N

A=

c =

d =

f ) &. =

h - =

s u m fl l o w a n c e ,n c h e so r

t h r e a d i n gn dr o o v i n g se -q u i r e dn d e ro d e ,a r a0 .4 . 2 ,o r r o s i o n se q u i r e du n d e ro d e ,a r a .0 2 . 4 . 1 ,a n dn c r e a s e na l lh i c k n e s si fs e d sr o t e c t i v ee a s u r eu n d e ro d e ,a r a .0 2 . 1 .

f o rn t e r n a lr e s s u r e ,h eu mo fl l o w a n c e s nn c h e st h r e a dn dr o o v ee p t h ,m a n u f a c t u r e r s ’i n u so l e r -a n c e ,l u so r r o s i o nn dr o -s i o nl l o w a n c e .

f o rx t e r n a lr e s s u r e ,h es u m nn c h e s fo r r o s i o na n dr o s i o nl l o w a n c e s ,l u sm a n u f a c t u r e r s ’i n u so l e r -a n c e .

i n s i d ei a m e t e r fi p e ,i n c h e s

o u t s i d ei a m e t e r fi p e ,i n c h e s

L o n g i t u d i n a lo i n ta c t o ro b t a i n e dr o mo d e ,a b l e8 4 1 . 1 2 .o re a m l e s si p e ,E = 1 . 0

V a l u e s fe s i g na c t o r

F

P &Pi =

s

tt

t“

tl =

i n t e r n a le s i g nr e s s u r e ,s i g

as describedat the formulas,and i np p l i c a b l eo d e ,s i .

a se s c r i b e d th eo r m u l a s ,i n c h e s

n o m i n a la l lh i c k n e s sa t i s -f y i n ge q u i r e m e n t so rr e s -s u r en dl l o w a n c e s ,u to tl e s sh a nh eo m i n a la l lt h i c k n e s si s t e d no d e ,T a b l e0 4 . 1 . 1 ,n c h e s

m i n i m u me q u i r e dh i c k n e s si nn c l w sa t i s f y i n ge q u i r e -m e n t so re s i g nr e s s u r en d

m e c h i i l l i c a l ,o r r o se r o s i o ni l l u w a n c

T = T e m p e r a t u r ee r a ta cf o rt e ei p

T e m p e r a t u r eD e g r e e sa h r e n h ea c

Y=

N O T E S

2 5 0o e s.3 0 00 .3 5 00 .4 0 0

F 0 .

N o t e :n t e r p o l anm e d i a t ea l u

c o e f f i c i e n toa t e rd i c a t e d :

F ou c t i lo n f e rt e r i a l se r r i tt e eut e n i t i ct e e l= 0 .

I { ) /r a n4 -

Y ‘ d +dD

f ou c t i lt e r i a

F or i t t la t e r iy = 0.0

1 . ne l e c t i o ni pha n u f a cm i n u so l e r a n ch at ac o n s i d e r a t i o n .hi no l ef o re a m l e s st e ei p1 2t h eo m i n a la lh i c k n ehe r a n c ea s el hp

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

fication is not available.

Pipe b e n d sh a le hl a tl i m i t a t i o n shp p l i c ao

C l a s s i f i c a t i o nL o c a t i oCB 3. 8 ,a r a4 1 . 0ol ad e s c r i b e db a s ior e s c rt y p e so n s t r u c t i o n

L i m i t a t i o ni pe saC o d e3 8t i r4 1 .

L e a s to m i n aa lh i c k nB 3 18 ,a b l4 1 . 1 4

T h eo r m u l a sne g u l a t i o n sx te dr o mm e r i c aa t i ot aC o d eo rr e s s u ri p iim i s s i o nhu b l i s h ehm eS o c i e t ye c h a n i c f ln g i n e





213

R TU N D E RY D R O S T A T I CR E S S U R E

F l a t - w a l l e da n k su e oh e i re c h a n i c a l l yi s a d v a n t a g e o u sh a prsh y d r o s t a t i cr e s s u r en l y .h eu a n t i t y fa t e r i a le q u i r e doe c t a n g ua

h i g h e rh a no ry l i n d r i c a le s s e l s fh ea m ea p a c i t y .o w e v e r ,o m e t i mp pt i o n fe c t a n g u l a ra n k s sr e f e r a b l ee c a u s e fh e i ra s ya b r i c a t i onu t i l i z a t i o n fp a c e .

M A X I M U MI Z E

U n s t i f f e n e da n k sa y eo ta r g e rh a n 0u .t .n da n k si tt i f f e n i nf e e ta p a c i t y .

F o ra r g e ra n k s ,h es e ft a yo d s sd v i s a b l eo rc o n o m i ce a s o n s

R A T I O FI D E S

I fl li d e sr eq u a l ,h ee n g t h fn ei d e := @ ; w h e r e= v o l u

P r e f e r a b l ea t i o :o n g e ri d e :. 5 ;h o r t e ri d e( ) . 6 6 7

D E S I G N

T h eo r m u l a s nh eo l l o w i n ga g e sr ea s e d na x i m u ml l o w ae f l

L = t # ,h e r e .e n o t e sh eh i c k n e s s fi d e - p l a t e .

V a l u e s fa n d / 3

Ratio,~ or; 0.25 0.2$6 0.333 0.4 0.5 0.667(lmstant,~ - 0.024 0.031 0.041 0.056 0.080 0.116Constant,cr 0.00027 0.00046 0.00083 0.0016 0.0035 0.0083

Ratio,~ or? 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Constant,/3 0.16 0.26 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.49Constant,a 0.022 0.043 0.060 0.070 0.078 0.086 0.091

h e i g h t fa n k= l e n g t h fa n k= m a x i m u mi s t a n ce t wu p

W E L D I N G FL A T ED G E S

Somepreferable weldedjoints of plate edges:

LLT h et i f f e n i n g sa y et t a c h e d oh ea n ka l lw e l d i n gn da y el a c e dn s i d e ru t s i d e .

B I B L I O G R A P H YO t h e re s i g ne t h o d sr ef f e r e d nh eo l l o w i n ga p e r s :

V o j t a s z a k , .. :t r e s sn de f l e c t i o n fe c t a n g u l a r3

e i t h e r yn t e r m i t t e nc o n t

K



214

RECTANGUI.AR TANKS

UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING

NOTATION= factordependingon ratiooflengthandheightoftank,H/L(SeeTable)

2 = modulusofelasticity,psi.;30,000,000orcarbonsteelG = spectlcgravityofliquid

H= heightof tank, inI =1 = maximumdistancebetweensupports,inchesL = length of tank, richesR = reactionwithsubscriptsindicatingthe location,lb./in.s = stressvalueofplate,psi.as tabulatedinCode,TablesUCS-23t = required plate thickness,inchest. =

t~ =

t* = thicknessof bottom, inchesw = loadperunit of length lb./in.

Y = deflectionof plate, inches

REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS

,.Dl_ ‘

‘=’-/

B T h i c k n e s s ,m au s lb o t t o ml a ttn t iu rs u p p o r t e d .

T h i c k n e s s ,s h a li n c r ec o r r o s i v ee r v i c e

M a x i m u me f l e c t i op l a

6 ] ~

a 0 . 0H

H=

S T I F F E N I N GR A

0.036 Gl% R, = 0.3ww=

2 Rz = 0.7W~

-

Minimumrequiredmomentof inertiafortop-edgestiffening:

w H

I= W2Eta

~

B O T T OL AW H E NU P P O R T EB E

“ = *

M a x i m u mp a c i ns u p pa

I Bg i v e nh i c k n e sb o t t

4 I1 ~

1‘ 1 . ” 4 ’



215

R E C T A N G U L A R A N K S

E X A M P L E S

D E S I G NA T A

C a p a c i t y fh ea n k :0 0a l l o n8 0u .t .p p r o x i m a t e l yC o n t e n t :a t e r ;= 1

T h ei d e fc u b e - s h a p e da n ko rh ee s i g n e da p a c i t y := 4 .P r e f e r r e dr o p o r t i o n fi d e s :

L = 4.31 x 1.5 = 6.47 ft. = 78 inchesH = 4 . 3 1. 6 6 72 . 8 7t .3 4n c h e sW i d t h fh ea n k. 3 1t .5 2n c h e s

s = 1 3 7 5 0 ,s i n g A8 5m a t e r i a lC o r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e :/ 1i n .

HIL = 34178 = 0.43; /3= 0.063

R E Q U I R E DL A T EH I C K N E S S

10.063X134x 10.036 x 1t = 78 = 0.18in

+0.0625 corr. allow = 1/4in.

S T I F F E N I N GR A M E

0.036 X 1 X 342 = R20.808 lbiin Ri = 0.3 x 20.808 = 6.24 lb/inw.

2 2 = 0.6 X 20.808 = 14.57 lb/in

6.24 X 784= 0.214 in4

~min= 192 x 3Q000,000 x 0.l~T5

1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4)satisfactoryfor stiffeningat the top of the tank

B O T T O ML A T EH E NU P P O R T E D YE A M Si fu m b e r fe a m s4 ;= 2 6n c h e s

lb=

L 2 5 4 k 4 =“ 1 ’ 6n

O rs i n gh el a t eh i c k n e s s. 1 8 7 5 sa l c u l a t e db o v eha x is p a c i n go ru p p o r t s :

IB=1=4x0187’m “



216

RECTANGULAR TANKS

WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS

N O T A T I O N

P = F a c t o re p e n d i n gn r a t i o fe n g t hn deight,lf/1(SeeTableon page 213)

E= m o d u l u s fl a s t i c i t y ,s i .If = heightoftankinchesI = momentof inertia,inq

= specificgravityof liquid?= themaximumdistancebetweens[iffcnings

on thelongeror shortersideof [hct a n k ,n c h e s .L = l e n g t h fa n k ,n c h e ss = s t r e s sa l u e fl a t e ,s i .t = r e q u i r e dl a t eh i c k n e s s ,n c h e s aa c t u a ll a th i c k n en

9 .9 -

“ ; ’ ~ l ” : : l l

1

L


t = ’ r

L O A D S ,b / i n

~ =. 0 3 6 G H 2, = 0.3W Rz = 007W2

—...


R e q u i r e de c t i o no d u l u s fe r t i c a lt i f f e n i n

0 . 0 6 4 2 . 0 . 0 3 6H31z=

s

M i n i m u me q u i r e do m e n t f

Iti~ = ‘1 ‘4192 E t.



217

R E C T A N G U L A RA N K S

W I T HE R T I C A LT I F F E N I N G S

E X A M P L E S

D E S I G NA T A

E = 30,000,000 psi

L = 78 i nontent:WaterH= 34 in G=l

B = 52 i n

s = 13570psi1 = 26 in

HI = : = 1.31: /3= 0.22


0.22 X 34 X 0.036 X 1 = o ~15 int = 26 X 1 3 7 5 0

+0.0625 corr. a l l o w3/16 i n


0.0642 X 0,036 X 1 X 343 x 26z = = 0,172 in3

13750

2 x 2 x 3/16(.19 in3)satisfactoryfor verticalstiffening

0.036x 1X342 =2081b,in ~1

w= 2 . = 0.3 x 20.8 = 6.24

I = 6.24 X 784X X =



218

RECTANGULAR TANKS

Under Hydrostatic Pressure

WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS

NOTATION

E = modulusof elasticity,psi.;30,000,000tor carbon steelG= SpeCifiCravityof liquid

H= heightoftank,inI = momentofinertia,in.4L = l e n g t h fa n k , i n c h e s

P = pressureofliquid,psi.R = r e a c t i o ni t hu b s c r i p t sn d i c a t i n gh ex t i o n ,b . / i ns = stressvalueofplate,psi.t = requiredplatethickness,nchest. =

L

S P A C I N G FS T I F F E N I N G SHI = 0.6H H2 = 0.4H

= 0.30.036 GH

T H I C K N E S S 1 s—

w = 0.036 GH2L O A Db . / i n . 2

R1 = 0.06 w Rz = 0.3 W Rz = 0.64 w

M r m o if t s

11= RI L4

O FN E R T I AO R 9 2taS T I F F E N I N G

M i n i m u me q u i r e do m e ni n e

f o rn t e r m e d i a t et i f f e n i n

1 2z L’=—

192 E to



219

R EW I NS

E

DESIGNDATADesigned Capacity= 1,000gallon = 134cu. ft. (approx.)Content: waters = 13750psi.,usingSA285 C materialCorrosion allowance = 1/16in.

The side ofacube-shaped tank forthe designed capacity: 3~~= 5.12ft.Preferred proportion of sides:width = 0.667 x 5.12 = 3.41 ft; a p p r o x . 2n c h e sL = 1.500X 5.12 = 7.68ft; approx. 92 inchesH= 5.12ft; approx. 60 inches

For h 6 i n . ,s r

SPACING OF STIFFENINGS:

H1 = 0 . 6=36 i n .z = 0.4H = 24 in.

REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS:

t = 0.3 x 600.036 X 1 X 60 = o 2X ~

13,750. .

+ 0.0625 corr. allow = 5/16 in.

LOADS:

w= 0.036 X 1 X 602 = ~ ~ ~b,k2

.

RI = 0.06 w = 3 . 8 9b / i n lz = 0.3 w= 19.44 lb/in

MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STIFFENINGS:

11 =3 . 8 99 2 4

1 9 230,000,000 x 0.25= 0.4690 in4

12 =19.44x 924

192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 = 0“967‘4



220

T I EO DU P - P O R T

F O RE C T A N G U L A RA N K S

U n d e ry d r o s t a t i cr e s s u r e

T ov o i dh es e fe a v yt i f f e n i n g s ,h ei d e s fa r ga n kas u pm o s tc o n o m i c a l l y yi eo d s .

N O T A T I O N S

A= R e q u i r e dr o s se c t i o n a lr e a f

t i eo d ,q .n .a = h o r i z o n t a li t c h ,n .b = v e r t i c a li t c h ,n .G =p e c i f i cr a v i t y fi q u i dP= p r e s s u r e fi q u i d ,b .s =t r e s sa l u e fo da t e r i a l ,s i .4 + ‘

= r e q u i r e dl a t eh i c k n e s s ,n .; Ps t r e s sa l u e fl a t ea t e r i a l ,s i

*

R E Q U I R E DP L A T Ehen a- b t = 0.7~

VT H I C K N E S S P

L O A D N

T I EO DP=ab 0.036 Gh

R E Q U I R E DR O S SS E C T I O N A LR E A A =

O FI EO D

E X A M P L E

D E S I G NA T A

L e n g t h = 3 0t . ,i d t h = lf t . ,e i g h t = lf t .

a = 6 0n .hl = 60 inb = 6 0n .G= 1 hz = 120inS = 20,000 psi.S = 2 0 , 0 0 0s i . 15’

Sp= 20,000 psi

0 . 0 3 61 x 120t = 0.7 x 60

20,000

= 0.625 = 5/8 in. plateP *a b 0 . 0 3 6 G h 26 0 x 6 0 x 0 . 0 3 6 x 1 2 0 =5 , 5 5 2b .

A Z1 5 , 5 5 20 . 7 7 8q .n .1 $o d s

20,000

PI = ab0.036Gh1 = 60x60x0.036x60= 7,776 lb.

Al = 7,776 = om389Sq.in. = 3/4 # rods20,000



l I.

C

Vesselsor parts of vesselssubject to thinningby corrosion,erosionor mechanicalabrasion shall have provisionmade for the desired life of the vesselby suitableincrease in the thickness of the material over that determined by the designformulas,or by usingsomeother suitablemethodfor protection(code LJC-25bi).

The tie doesnot prescribethe magnitudeof corrosionallowanceexceptforvesselswitha requiredminimumthicknessof lessthan 0.25in. that are to be usedin steam,wateror compressedair seMce, shallbe providedwithcorrosionallowanceof not lessthan one-sixthof the requiredminimumthickness.The sumof the requiredminimumthicknessand corrosionallowanceneed not exceed1/4in. This requirementdoesnotapply to vessel parts designedwith no x-rayexaminationor seamlessvessel parts

designedwith0.85jointefficienq. (CodeUCS-25).

Forothervesselswhentherateofcorrosionispredictable,thedesiredlifeofthevesselwilldeterminethecorrosionallowanceand if theeffectof thecorrosionis indetermi-nate, thejudgmentof thedesigner.Acorrosionrateof 5 roilsperyear(1/16in. = 12years) is usuallysatisfactoryfor vesselsand piping.

The desired life time of a vessel is an economicalquestion. Majorvesselsareusually designedfor longer (15-20 years) operating life time, whileminorvesselsfor shorter time (8-10 years).

Thecorrosionallowanceneednot be the samethicknessfor allparts of thevesselifdifferentratesof attackare expectedfor thevariousparts (CodeUG-25c).

Thereare severaldifferentmethodsformeasuringcorrosion.Thesimplestwayis theuseof teltaleholes (CodeUG-25e) or corrosiongauges.

Vesselssubjectto corrosionshallbe suppliedwithdrain-opening(CodeUG-25f).

All pressurevesselssubject to iintemalcorrosion,erosion,or mechanicalabrasionshallbe providedwith inspectionopening(CodeUG-46).

Toeliminatecorrosion,corrosionresistantmaterialsareusedas liningonly,or fortheentirethicknessof thevesselwall.

Therulesof liningareoutlinedin theCodeinPartUCL,ApendixFandPar.UG-26.

The vessel can be protectedagainst mechanicalabrasionby plate pads whichareweldedor fastenedby othermeansto the exposedarea of the vessel.

In vesselswherecorrosionoccurs,all gaps andnarrowpocketsshallbe avoidedbyjoining partsto thevesselwallwith continuousweld.

Internalheadsmaybe subject to corrosion,erosionor abrasionon both sides.



222

SELECTIONOF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS

T h ea b u l a rn f o r m a t i o n nh eo l l o w i n ga g e s st t e m p

a

a

Footnotes have been generously used to explain and further clarify information ctained in this table. It is most important that these notes be carefully read when usthe table.

In rating materials, the letter “A” has been used to indicate materials which

generally recognized as satisfactory for use under the conditions given. The letter “signifiesmaterials which are somewhat less desirable but which may be used where a lrate of corrosion is permissible or where cost considerations justify the use of aresistant material. Materials rated under the letter “C” may be satisfactory under certconditions. Caution should be exercised in the use of materials in this classificatunless specific information is available on the corroding medium and previous experiejustifies their use for the service intended. The letter “X” has been used to indicmaterials generally recognized as not acceptable for the service.

Information on metals has been obtained from the International Nickel Compathe Dow Chemical Company, the Crane Company, the Haynes-Stellite Compa

“Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys” by McKay & Worthington, “Metals aAlloys Data Book” by Samuel L. White, “Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering” a“The Chemical Engineers’Handbook,” Third Edition by McGraw-Hill.

-

aH o w e v e r ,o m er a d eru c c e s s f

a

a cper and

a

a n dl e c t r i c a lo n d u c t i v i t y .

—

)



223

by anyi sh e m i c a l l yt a b l eo 6 170F but, being a plastic, it is not recommended

unless confined a

* Sources of D a t a :- A r m s t r o n g- D -E - & J - P .

S - U -

”

—



224

C h e m i c a l

C R O M

Resistance Ratings: A n Good;F G F

C a u t i o n : oo ts eable c = C a u t i od e p ec o n

w i t h o u te a d i n go o t n o t e sn de x t .= N oe c o m m e n d

v ~ v:o

~ &7 + + * ; ;

~z : “ Ew ~ ~ 35 m E

b - : i : ~ 2c w ~ ~ : “ :g ; & g g ;

& 2 ‘ 3G : z 2 z $ ~ $ 3 $

4 c e t i cc i d ,r u d e............................ c c F c F A c c c c c c A AP u r e ..................................................... x c F c F A F A A F A c A AV a p o r s....................... ........... .......... -c F c F c c c c c x c A A1 5 0b / s q . i n .4 C ) O * F . . . . . . . . ... ......... x - x x F c - c c - A c A A

4 c e t i cn h y d r i d e . . . . . .. ............ ........ c F F A ,A A A A F A A A Aa c e t o n e . . . . . . . ................ ............ ............ A A A A A A A A A A A A A Aa c e t y l e n e . . . . . ..........................................A x A A A - A A A A A A4 1 u m i n u mh l o r i d e....................... ... x c c x c c c c c x c x A A2

.... .................... x F F A c c c c F A A A A A4 1 u n l s . . . . . . . . .............................................. x F F A F F c - c A A c A -4 ~ n ~ s r i aa s ,r y . ............................ F A A A A A - A A A A A A

............................ ........... ........... F x x A x c c A c A A A A -i m m o n i u mh l o r i d e........................ F x x A x c A c A c c c A &immonium hydroxide ................. ...... A x x A x A c A : : ; A A A

........................... F x x x x A - - - A A.................... c c c A c c : ~ ; : : :

.............................. F c c A c F.............. ............... A x x - x x - - A A A A A

... ....... ............. – - - - - - - - A A A A A A.................................... - - - - - - A - - c c - F

h y d- - x x x A - - A A – A -..................................... - - - A x - - - A A A A - -

......................................................... c - A - A A A A A A A A - A.............................. c – - – A c A A A A A A A A

t e n z c n c ,2 e n z o l . . . . . . . ........................... A A A A A A A A A A A A A Al e n z i n e ,e t r o l e u mt h e r ,a p h t h aA A A A A A A A A A A A AI I a c ku l f a t ei q u o r....................... .... A - F F x - A A A A A - A -I o r i cc i d .............................................. x A A c c A - - c A A A A A

.......................................... x c c - c x c c c x x x c A

2. 12S0 maximum.All Perrentj;

70”.5.

TO 122”. 14. Hasleiloy

a

hf 18. Sqo

—



-

C R O G( S E EH E M I C A L S NP P O S I T EA G E

R e s i s t a n c ea t i n g s :a m e sa c i n ga g

* S e eext a tr o n t

48~0 —

—

200”F.26. UPto 176”F.27. 10~0

;

—

U n s a t i s f a c t o r yo

R o o me m p e r a t u r1 5 8o rc r e a s e s

—

I



226

C R O M

A F G

c = C a u t i od e p ec o nw i t h o u te a d i n go o t n o t e sn de x t .G N oe c o m m e n d

u ~20 t

C h e m i c a lzw‘

% + * * pG ~ ~ E

( K~ ~ : s ~ s : ~ ~ g1 .m m E mc ~ E z ~ j $ g ; g : g ;

& 2 6 3 G < z : z $ $ 2 u s

Butane......._..............-....---.--+---.o-..,A A - - A

B u t y ll c o h o l ,u t a n o l . . . . . . . ... ... A ,A A A A x i : t i : ;C a l c ~ u mh l o r i d e........... ............ F F F x F c A A A c c c A~ a l c m my p o c h l o r i t e............... C c F x c c c c c c F c c x= a r b o l i cc i d ,h e n o l................ A l oF A c A , ,A A c A c A

F A A A A A A A A A A A A......... ............... .. ...... c A A x - A A A A A A A A

...... ... .. c c F F c F A A A c A c A AZ h & o : ~ n e ,r y .... ............... ........ A A A A A x A A x x

........ ........... .... .....................x x c F c x x x x x c x xZ h r o m i cc i d ............... ................ c x x A x c c c c c c x c A~ i t r i ccid..-..--.~..-..-._.-....-----x A A A c F F A A A A A A AZ t h e r s . . . . . . . . ... ....... ......................... c A A A A A A A A A A A AZ t h y l e n el y c o l - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . ,A A A A A A A A A A A A‘erric chloride . ...................... .... x x x x x x x x x x c x x I‘ e r r i cu l f a t e............... ............... x x x A x F , ,c x A A A A Af o r m a l d e h y d e. . . .. . - - ........ . F i tA — A c A A A c c c A A‘ o r m i cc i d .. .................. ........... . x A A - c x F F F A A c A A: r e o n ,r y....... .. ........ ... ............. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A‘ u r f u r a l................................ .. ......A A c - - A A A A A A A A A;asoline, sour-----------------------------x x A x A A A c A A A A AR e f i n e d................... .... ...... .. .... A A A A A A A A A A A A A

; l y c e r i n ,l y c e r o l........... .... .. .... A , ,A A A A A A A A A A A AH y d r o c h l o r i cc i d , lO ” F . . . - . . . .c c c c x c c F x x x A A$ y d r o f l u o r i cc i d ,o l d ,6 5 % .x x F x x c c A x x x F A> 6 5 %x x c x x c – A x x x F

x x x x x x x x A x x xx x x x x x c c A x x x cA A A A A A A A A A A A A A

N o t e so n t i n u e d np p o s i t ea g e DO

A l lrcents;709.f o

1>.1 6 . to o m

H if

n

9 .

—



C R O G(SEE C H E M I C A L S NP P O S I T EA G E


A s b e s t o s isce l l oWoven

—

n23

rFAA

kAAxF

E

:AAAAAxxxxAFFxccF

C o m p . ,

R u b b e rn

~

>

~

2

~zQJ

.-

z

:ccAA

:x

1

:A

:A

x

:AAA

ExxxA 1 1iee tex t h er o n ta g e f

O .lloyJ

–—

RubberB o n d e d1 -I

PI PI F DI C c P

c c cc c cc c cc c c$ $ :

c c cA A Ac c c

? t >A A AA A AA A A- - -- - —- — -

z t zA A

— - -. - -- - -- - -- - -

: h e s e :

— .

a



- - -

C R O M

R e s i s t a n c ea t i n gA = ( l On F

C a u t i o n : oo ts ea b l ec C a u t i od e p ec o

w i t h o u te a d i n go o t n o t e sn de x t .E N oe c o m m e n d

wz

g

~ u

C h e m i c a lzg

b7 * + m y

zm ~ . ~E- g~ 5 ; ; ; : :

C eE gT

c ~ E z Q ‘ ~ j g g g ;

i 2 G 5 8 - 4s z $ $ c G

H y d r o g e ne r o x i d e . . - . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . ,c F c c c c c c A A c AH y c i ; : g e nu l f i d e ,r y2 0 ) ....... A x x – x A c A c c A A A

-----------------------------------------------x x - x A c c c c A A AL a c q u e r ss o l v e n t s ).................. c c c A c A A A A A A A AL a c t i cc i d ....................... ............. x A A – c F c c c c A A AL u b r i c a t i n gi l s ,e f i n e d............ A A A A A A A A A A A A AM a g n e s i u mh l o r i d e................... F F F x F F A , , ,c c Ak f a g n e s i u my d r o x i d e... .......... A c c - x x A A A A A A -M a g n e s i u mu l f a t e............... ..... c A – - A c A A A A A - Atiercury......-.......................-..-......., x x - x x A – A A A – –~ a t u r a la s . .......... ..................... A c c A c x A A A A A A A{ i t r i cc i d ,r u d e............... ....... . x x x x x A nc x A . A A

D i l u t e d..................................... x x x x x A mc x A A A AC o n c e n t r a t e d.......................... x x x x x A , ,x x A A A A

3 1 e i cc i d ................................... ... c A A , ,c .l ,A A A A A A) x a l i cc i d ..................................... c A A x c c F A A c F c A? a l m i t i cc i d .............. ............... c c A2a c CZ1A A A A A A A A

? e t r o l e u m1 l s :S O O ° F - c r u d e . .c c A c A c A c c F - A‘ h o s p h o r i cc e d ............ .............. c c C 2 4C 2 4c c c c F A A‘ o t a s s i u my d r o x i d e................ c x x x x x A A c c - -‘ o t a s s i u mu l f a t e........................ c A - A A A A A A F F – –P r o p a n e............... .............. ........ A A A A A A A A A A A A AS e w a g eg a s )........................... .. c x ; : : A c A c A A - -; o d as h ,s o d i u ma r b o n a t e ) . .F c A A A A A A AS o d i u mi s u l f a t e . . . . . ................... x F F A F c – – – A A A AS o d i u mh l o r i d e... ....... ... ....... ... F F F A c c A. A,, A,, c c c As o d i u my a n i d e. . .. _ . .. . _ _ _...... A x x x x x c – c c –s o d i u my d r o x i d e..................... A c F F c x A A A A A A ;$ o d i u my p o c h l o r i t e . . ..... .......... x c F x c x c c c c c c F

N o t e so n t i n u e d np p o s i t ea g eO.

f

Pre$encej water temperature.

8. H If SVO

,



-



-— 8070.

?3.

; 320”.19.

–

g a s

3 3 .R o o me r n p e r a t ~ r1 S 8o rc r e a ~ e ~i ~

—

I



230

C h e m i c a l

C R O M

R e s i s t a n c ea t i n g sD G oD FC a u t i o n : oo ts ea b l e= C a u t i od e p ec o nw i t h o u te a d i n go o t n o t e sn de x t .x c N oe c o m m e n d

uN v $s u L

z ;o:

‘ wY + w v g &%G w . ~ m t - :

- 0~u aL : : : ~ : ~2 4 &

K Tz: ‘ $g zc ~ ~ : u w w w

2 E z Q Q e :& 2 2 5 v : # i 2 s 2 $ c &

; o d i u mitrate ...................... A A A A A A A , , ,A A A c

i o d i t l me r o x i d e..................... c c - - - A A - A A -; o d i u mu l f ae . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. A A A A t 7A A Z z zA A ~ ;; o d i u mU Ii d e ......................... A c c A c x c A A A Aiodium th iosulfate, “ h y p e ” . .Z 9c A c c – – - A A A A .itearic acicl...... ...................... F A A A c , ,l lA A A A A~ulfur.........................................., A A F - c A A A A c c c A A,ulfur dioxide, dry.................., A A A A A A A A A c A c A Au l f u ri o x i d e ,e t . ................ x F F A A c x F x c A c A .u l f u r i cc i d ,1 0 % ,o l d ...... x c c A c x c c F c A x A AH o t . ........................................ x x x A x x x x c x x x A A1 0 - 7 5 % ,o l d ........................ x x x A x x c c c c c c A AH o t . ....................................... x x x A x x x x F x x – A A7 5 - 9 5 % ,o l d ....................... A c c A c x – - A F A c A AH o t . ........................................ A – x A - x x x c x c x A –F u m i n g................................ A – – A c A , ,

u l f u r o u sc i d ........................ XF F A F F c E ; e

~ A‘ a r t a r i cc i d ............................ X c – A – A c c A – A *‘ o l u e n e _ . . . . . . ............................ A A A A A A A A A A Ar i c h l o r o e t h y l e n e ,r y . ......... A A A F A AA A c AW e t . ..................................... X F F – c cu r p e n t i n e . . . . . .......................... C c c A C Ai i i iJ a t e r ,r e s ht a p ,o i l e rf e e d ,t a , )............................... A A A A A xA A A A? a t e r ,e aa t e r................... c A -A Cc A c Ai h i s k e yn di n e s................. X c c - AA A A Ai n ch l o r i d e........................... X x x A x x– c Ainc sulfate ............................... C c c – – – A F A A

N o t e so n t i n u e d np p o s i t ea g e

All Percenls;7 0 8 .Gas;

bf S

—



231



A s b e s t o s u b b e ri s c e l l a n

C o m p . ,o v e n.n - R u b b e ru b b e rca J~ B o n d e dr i c t i o n e d> . . ~ >

; : z : ~ %L m *

l . .; ~ ~ m u . :o u ~ w g

s c ~ ~ ~2 & ~ “ ~ Q -

~ & ~ ~ ~ ~ : s$

2 & Q :

g g : ~ ~ ; w ~ z v ~ a Q ~ &

w m z m ~ z 7 7; $ o + :

s & u w - - Q - ~Q A & ; 2

: g ~ : : $ ; ~ : ~ 0 + z ~

$ = “ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z * g ~ ~ 2~ * 0 g g

I *J J u P P P P P 1 - ’A u u u u D c c A A P

c A c A A A A A A c A c A - c - A A A A AA – c - – - – - - c F c A – c - c A x x A

A - A A A A A A A A A A A – A A A A A F AA – A – – – – – – A A A A – A – A A x x A. 4A A A A A A A A A A A – . A A A F AA - A c c c x x x c A A c – c A X3 1 Fa] A A A

A – A - – - – – – F A F F A F - A c A A -A – – c c c – – – c c c c - c - F c F x A

- — - - — —F i i i i i x i i i z x i : x A A A x x AF A A c c c c x c A F A A – A – F A x x Ax A F x x x x x x c c c A - : ~ ; ; ; $ :

~ ;: : % % : : $ : : : 2 : c x x F x x Ax A c x x x x x x x x x c - x - x F x x Ax A x x x x x x x x x x x - x – x x x x Ax A A A A A A A A c F c c - A - F A x x A

‘ A – – A A A A A A c A c c – A – A A A F AA – A c c c x x x x x A x A x x x c A A Ac c c c x x x x x c x x x x x x A A A

1: : - - - - - - – . — —A – A c c c x x x c ? i 2 t t ~ t 5 ~ A A

~A – A A A A A A A A A A A c A A A A F A A~A – A A A A A A A A A A A c A A A A F F A~A – A c c c x x x A A A A x A - A A Ax A c A A A A A A c A c A - c - A A F x Ax A A A A A A A A A A A A - A - F F A

* S e ee x t the f r o n ta g e fh e s ea b l e s .

2 0 .—

– b o i l t30”. 32.—

i n c r e a s e ~h ena r t;

UJ e ij



232

F C

THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CA}) ACITIES OF THE SHOPWHICH HAVE TO BE KNOWN B YH EE S S E LE S I G N E R .HO L U MAEENLEFT OPEN AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOKACCORDING TO THE FACILITIES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED.

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUMWIDTH in. THICKNESS i nIAMETE; R i

ROLLINGPLATES

TENSILETRENGTHOFPLATE p s i .

NOTE:

FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER

STRENGTH THE THICKNESS

OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE

MUST BE REDUCED INDIRECT PROPORTION TOTHE HIGHER STRENGTH

MAXIMUM MINIMUMSIZE DIAMETER in

3

LEGIN

QLEGOUT

MINIMUM MINIMUM

SIZE DIAMETER in

.%

LEGIN

Q

LEGOUT

MAXIMUM MINIMUMSIZE DIAMETER in

ROLLING BEAMS

MAXIMUM MINIMUMSIZE DIAMETER i

ROLLING CHANNELSQ

FLANGESIN

QFLANGES

OUT

MAXIMUM MINIMUMSIZE

ROLLING FLAT BARDIAMETElln

QON

EDGE

R O L L I N GN G L E S



233

F C

NOMINALSCHEDULE

MINIMUMPIPE S1zi? RADIUS in.

BENDINGPIPES

PLATE MiNiMUM PLATE MINiMUM

THiCK~ESSn. iNSiDE THICKNESS nNSiDERADIUS in. RADiUS

BENDINGPLATESWITHPRESSBRAKE

PLATE MAXiMUM PLATE MAXiMUM

DIAMETER“ri-ilCKNEssn. ::AHMoELTHiCKNESSn. OFHOLEn

PUNCHINGHOLES

vliNiMUMNSiDEDiAMETER3E’VESSELAccessible FOR inches

iNSIDEWELDING

TYPES OF WELDINGSAVAILABLE

FURNACES FOR STRESS WIDTH ft. HEIGHT ft. LENGTH ft

RELIEViNG MAX. TEMPERATURE F.

A

I



234—

P I P EN DU B EE N D I N G

I ne n d i n gp i p e ru b e ,h eu t e ra r t fh ee nt r e t c h

s e c t i o no m p r e s s e d ,n d sh ee s u l t fp p o s i t enn e q ut r e sp

o rube

practice

bending

when a

member

tends to flatten or collapse. To prevent such distortion, the common

is to support the wall of the pipe or tube in some manner during the

operation. This support may be in the form of a filling material, or,

bending machine or fixture is used, an internal mandrel or ball-shaped

may support the inner wall when required.

MINIMUM R4DIUS: The safe minimum radius for a given

and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the

possible, for example, to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller

diameter, material,

p i ab

r a d h

standard weight. As a generalrule, wrought iron or steel pipeof standardweigh

may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominalpipe dia-

meter. The minimumradius for standardweightpipe should,as a rule, be three

and one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however,that

the minimumradiusmayvary considerably,dependingupon the method of bend-

ing. Extra heavy pipemay be bent to radii varyingfrom two and one-halftimes

the diameterfor smallersizesto three and one-halfto four times the diameterfor

largersizes.

d

R

( 3 f i od )

S t a n d a r di p e

d

R

( 2 %o 4d)

E x t re a vi

MINIMUMR4DIUS

*FromMachinery’sHandbook, Industrial Press, Inc. - New York



23

PIPE ENGAGEMENTLENGTHOF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT

I Nominal I Dimension [ Nominal I DimensionPipe A Pipe ASize inches Size inches

I1/8

I1/4

I3-1/2

I1-1/16

II 1/4 I 3/8 I 4 I 1-1/8 II 3/8 I 3/8 I 5 I } I

I 1/2 I 1/2 I 6 I 1-5/16 I

I 3/4 I 9/16 I 8 I 1-7/16 I

I 1 I 11/16 I 10 I 1 -II 1-1/4 I I 12 I 1-3/4 I

I 1-1/2 I 11/16 II 2 I 3/4 I

I 2-1/2 I 15/16 I

D I M E N S I O N S OO TL L O WO RA R I A T I O NI NA P P I N G RH R E A D I N G

DRILLSIZESFORPIPETAPS

Nominal Tap Nominal TapPipe Drill Pipe DrillSize Sizein. Size Sizein.

1 / 81 / 3 2 2 - 3

1/4 7/16 2-1/2 2-9/16

3/8 19/32 3 3-3/16b

I 1/2 23/32 3-1/2 3-11/16

3/4 15/16 4 4-3/16

1 1-5/32 5 5-5/16

1-1/4 1-1/2 6 6-5/16

1-1/2 1-23/32

-



236

BENDALLOWANCES

For 900 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel

Metal Bend Allowance Inches With Inside Radius (r) in.Thickness

(t) in. 1/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 1/2

0.032 0.059 0.066 0.079 0.093 0.146 0.2540.050 0.087 0.101 0.114 0.129 0.168 0.2760.062 0.105 0.118 0.132 0.145 0.183 0.2900.078 0.128 0.142 0.155 0.169 0.202 0.3100.090 0.146 0.160 0.173 0.187 0.217 0.3240.125 0.198 0.211 0.224 0.243 0.260 0.3670.188 0.289 0.302 0.316 0.329 0.383 0.4430.250 0.382 0.395 0.409 0.424 0.476 0.5190.313 0.474 0.488 0.501 0.515 0.569 0.6760.375 0.566 0.580 0.593 0.607 0.661 0.7680.437 0.658 0.672 ~ 0.685 0.699 0.752 0.8600.500 0.750 0.764 0.777 0.791 0.845 0.952

r&I ‘1

4

=a+b+c– w=a+b+c+d– w=a+b+c+d+e–

ben~~l~o~~n~e (2 x end allowance) (3x bend allowance) (4x bend allowance)

Note: w = developed width (length) of blank, t = metal thickness,r = inside radius of bend.

EXAMPLE: Carbon steel bar bent at two places.The required length of a 1/4 in. thick bar bent to 90 degrees with 1/4 in inside

radius as shown above when the sum of dimensions a, b and c equals 12 inches, is12 -(2x 0.476)= 11.048 inches

MINIMUMRADIUS FOR COLD BENDING:The minimum permissible inside radius of cold bending of metals when bend lines

are transverse to direction of the final rolling, varies in terms of the thickness,t from 1-1/2 t up to 6 t depending on thickness and ductility of material.

When bend lines are parallel to the direction of the final rolling the above valuesmay have to be approximately doubled.

—



237

LENGTH OF STUD BOLTSFOR FLANGES *

1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point.

(1.5 times thread pitch)

2. Plus tolerance offlg. thk’s.

Sizes 18in. &smaller 0.12in.Sizes20 in. andlarger O.19 in.

3. Minus tolerance ofstud length

Forlengths upto 12’’incl. O.O6in.For lengths over 12“ to 18” incl. 0.12 in.For lengths over 18” 0.25 in.

4. Rounding.offto the next larger 0.25 in. increment.

5. Gasket thickness for raised face, M & F and T & G flanges 0.12 in. For ringtype joint see table page 346 and take half of the dimensions shown, sincein dimension “A” only half of the gasket thickness is included.

*Extracted from American National Standard :

ANSI B16.5 - 1973 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.

1



238

P V D

IN THE PRACTICE THERE A R EE V E R A LI F F E R E N TA YD E TP R E S S U R EE S S E L SB YA K I N GH ER A W I N G SL W A YTM E T H O D ,O N S I D E R A B L EI M EA N EA V E DN DL SHO S S I BE R R O R SR EE S S .H EE C O M M E N D E DE T H O DHO L L ORP R A C T I C A LN DE N E R A L L YC C E P T E D .

HORIZONTALVESSELS4

f3nd View 1- Ref.line

w

ELEVATION

Saddle

MIS~~~~~SEOUS GENERALSP~~EC~~CA-

1 TITLELOCK~

L

END VIEW

A. Select the scale so that aopenings, seams, etc., cabe shown without makinthe picture overcrowdor confusing.

B. Show right-end viewnecessary only for claritbecause of numerous connections, etc., on headsIn this case lt is not necessary to show on botviews the connections etcin shell.

C. Show the saddles separately, If showing them on thend viewwould overcrowthe picture. On elevatloshow only a simple i

ure of saddle and hcenterlines.

D. Locate davit.

E. Locate name plate.

F. Locate seams, after everth.mg 1sm place on elevtion. The seams have tclear nozzles, lugs an

saddles.G. Show on the elevation an

end view a simple lcturFf opemngs, internas, etc

lf a se arate detad has tte ma e for these.

H. Dimensioning on the elvation drawing. All loctlons shall be. shown wittaded chmenslons measued from the reference linThe distance from ref. lin~odbeshown for one sadd

Y

The other sadd

sha 1. be located showinthe dimension between th;-w$~~ bolt holes of th

I. Two symbolic bolt hol

$~aytdy tlgn%~le~~t~straddling the parallel linwith the principal centelines of vessel.



239

P R E S S U R EE S S E LE T A I L I N Gc o n t .

A. Select the scale so tVERTICAL VESSELS

+ ‘ - E*r i e n t a t i o nl e v a t i o n a s e

G e n e r a lM I S C E L L A N E O U SE T A I L Sp e c i f i -

c a t i o n s

[TII le Block

b

m S 3

Em

. .

@ : ---u

ORIENTATION PLAN

B.

c.

D.

E

F

G.

openings, trays, seams,etc., can be shown with-out making the pictureovercrowded or confusing.

If the vessel diameter iunproportionally small tothe length, draw the widthof the vessel in a l as c a lh a p nf o le t a i

T hr i e n t a tn at oi e wus c h e

i n f o r m a t i ob oc a t i on o z z lt

S h o hr i e n t

degrees: 00, 900, 1800,

2700 and use it in thesame position on all otherorientations.



240—

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)

Nozzle on 00

Top or ~ottom ~—+

,

1~1800

( J O

1800

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

It is not necessary to showinternals on vesselorienta

tion if their position iclear from detail drawingor otherwise.

Draw separate orientationfor showing different internals, lugs, etc. if thereis not space enough toshow everything on one

For vessels with conicasections, show 2 orientations if necessary, one fothe upper section, one fothe lower section.

Two, symbolic bolt holesshown in flanges makclear that the holes arstraddling the lines paralle

with the principal center

lines of vessel.

If there is a sloping traypartition plate, coil, etcin the vessel,showin theorientation the directioof slope.

(JO

27oo ..

w

t

1 8 owestPoint ofPlate “D

ORIENTATIONS



2

PREFERRED LOCATIONSOf VesselComponents and Appurtenances

I I

r-.

I

1

.,

&

I

%’

+

IH

3_u N.

. + .

v A

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

Anchor bolts straddle principal centerlines ofvessel.

Skirt access openings above base minimum toclear anchor lugs, maximum 3’-0”.

Skirt vent holes as high as possible.

Name plate above manway or liquid level con-trol, or level gauge. If there is no manway,

5’-0” above base.

Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uni-form, “E” dimension is equal .207 times the

overall length of vessel.

Manway 3’-0” above top of platform - floorplate.

Insulation ring must clear girth seam and shallbe cut out to clear nozzles, etc.

Insulation ring spacing 8 - 12 feet” (approx.length of metal jacket sheet).

Girth seams shall clear trays, nozzles, lugs.

Long seams to clear nozzles, lugs, tray down-comers. Do not locate long seamsbehind down-comers. Seams shall be located so that visualinspection can be made with all internals inplace. Longitudinal seams to be staggered1 8 0 0 fo s s i b l e .

Ladderand platformrelation.

Davit and hinge to be located as the manwayi sost accessible, or right hand side.

Ladder rung level with top of platform floorplate. The height of first rung above basevaries,minimum 6“, maximum 1’-6”.



242

COMMON ERRO RSin detailing pressure vessels

A.

1.

2.

B.

c.

D.

E.

Interferences

Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can occur:When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. Thepracticeof not showingopeningsetc. on the elevationin their true positionmayincreasethe probabilityofthis mistake.

The tail dimensionsor the distancesbetween openingson the orientationdo not show interference,but it is disregarded,that the nozzles,lugsetc.havecertain extension. Thusit can take place that:

a .

b .

c .

d .e .

f .

3 .

Skirt accessopening does not clear the anchor lugs.Ladder luginterferes with nozzles.The reinforcing pads of two nozzles overlap each other.

Reinforcing pad covers seam.Vessel-davit interferes with nozzles. This can be overlooked especially ithe manufacturer does not furnish the vessel-davititself, but the lugsonly.Lugs,open%gs, etc. are on the vesselseam.There is no room on perimeter of the skirt for the required number ofanchor lugs.

Particular care should be taken when ladder, platform, vesseldavit etc., areshown on separate drawings, or more than one orientations are used.

Changes.

Certain changes are necessary on the drawing which are earned out on the elevation. but not shown on the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it iadvisableto askthe question: “Whatdoesit affect’?”

For example:

Thechangeof materialaffects: Billof materialScheduleof openingsGeneralspecificationLegend

Thechangeof locationaffects: OrientationElevationLocationof internals

Locationof other components.

ShowingO.D.(outside diameter)insteadof I.D.(insidediameter)or

Dimensionsshownerroneously:l’4Yinsteadf 10”2~0’insteadof 20’etc.

Overlookinghe requirementof specialmaterial

reverse



2

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)

\

D E S I G NA X .A XH Y

W O R K I N G .& C T

P R E S S U R ES I G .

T E M P E R A T U R EF .

a .

zL I M I T E D Y

o

z W I N DR E S S .B S / S Q .T .O R R O S I O NL L O WN

u ‘c S E I S M I CO E FI C IN T

A D I O G R A P H I CE x A M I N A T I O N

8E R E C T I O NS H I P P I N G )O N G I T U D I N A LO IW E I G H TS S .E F F I C I E N C Y

W E I G H TU L LP O S TE L DE AW /A T E RB S . R E A T M E N T1 1 0 0

O P E R A T I N GE I G H TB S .

5 A

T Y P

T H K . T H

F L A N G E S K I T

~ N O Z Z L EE C KB A S E

E* B O L T I N G A N C H .O Laz c o u pI N G S A D D L E S

.WF

G A S K E T

P A I N T

t

I

A P P R O X .V E S S E L S S H I P P I N GR E Q U IE D : W E I G H TB S

1

.

.

m

-



m

I



Detailingopeningsas shownon the oppositepagewithdataexemplifiedin the scheduleofopeningsbelow, eliminatesthe necessity of detailing every single opening on the shop

drawing.

Y

c-1 2 “0 & ?~ f .– - - - – — 29Z” MIN. v - yg- Nw. -

A/-f /lvLET 3 “0 0 ’ . .( I Y .( H A343 — — 8 “ MlIv. // /~ yd” M//u.-

M-l /%llvw/ly /8’ 3 0 0 = . . H&” S* 53-49 24*X~2“ S/l 5 ~ 5 - 7 00 ” “&/.

M D M a b cSEnVICE SIZE RATING TYPE BORE O

R WE L O SI ZE

1 L

E L E O F G S



246

TRANSPORTATIONOFVESSELS

1.

2.

Shipping capabilities and limitations.

TRANSPORTATION B TRUCK.

The maximum size of loads which maybe carried without special permits

a. weight approximately 40.000 Ibs.

b. width of load 8 ft., Oin.

c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., Oin.)

d. length of load 40 ft., Oin.

Truck shipments over 12 ft., Oin. width require escort. It increases considera-bly the costs of transportation.

TRANSPORTATION BY R41LROAD.

Maximum dimensions of load which may be carried without special routing.

a. width of load 10 ft., Oin.

b. height above bed of car 10 ft., Oin.

With special routing, loads up to 14 ft., O in. width and 14 ft., O in. heightmay be handled.



247

PO FT E E LU R F A C E S

P U R P O S ET h ea i nu r p o s e fa i n t i n g sh er e s e r v a t i o n fs t e e lu r f a c eha e

t h eo r r o s i o n. , yr e v e n t i n gh eo n t a c t fo r r o s i v eg e n t sr ohe s su r

2 . , yu s tn h i b i t i v e ,l e c t r o - c h e m i c a lr o p e r t i e s fh ea i n ta t e r i a l

T h ea i n t su s t eu i t a b l e oe s i s th ef f e c t s fh en v i r o n m e n te m

a b r a s i o nn dc t i o n fh e m i c a l s .

S U R F A C ER E P A R A T I O N

T h er i m a r ye q u i s i t eo rs u c c e s s f u la i n to b sh ee m o v a li lc au

g r e a s e ,i ln do r e i g na t t e r .i l lc a l e sh el u i s h - g r a y ,h i ca yi r x

w h i c ho r m s nt r u c t u r a lt e e lu b s e q u e n t oh eo to l l i n gp e r a t i ot

s c a l e sn t a c tn dd h e r e si g h t l y oh ee t a l , tr o v i d e sr o t e c t i ot ht

e v e r ,u e oh eo l l i n gn di s h i n g fl a t e s ,o m p l e t e l yn t a ci lc as ee n c o u n t e r e d nr a c t i c e .

I fi l lc a l e so ta d l yr a c k e d ,s h o pr i m e ri l li v eo n gi fm in v i r o n

p r o v i d e dh a th eo o s ei l lc a l e ,u s t ,i l ,r e a s e ,t c .r ee m o v e d .

E C O N O M I CO N S I D E R A T I O N S

T h ee l e c t i o n fa i n tn du r f a c er e p a r a t i o ne y o n dh ee c h n i c as p en a t

a p r o b l e m fc o n o m i c s .

T h eo s t fa i n t so r m a l l y5 - 3 0 % re s s fh eo s t fa i n t i ns t r u c t

a d v a n t a g e fs i n gi g hu a l i t ya i n t sp p a r e n t .i x t ye r c e nm ote x p e n s e fp a i n to bi e s nh eu r f a c er e p a r a t i o nn dho sp r e p a r

d i f f e r e n te g r e e s sa r y i n g np r o p o r t i o n ft o0 - 1 2 .ox a m ps a n d b l a s t i n g sb o u t0 - 1 2i m e si g h e rh a nh a t fh ea n di rr u s h i

o fu ~ f a c er e p a r a t i o nh o u l d ea l a n c e dg a i n s th en c r e a s e di ft he s s

S E L E C T I O N FA I N TY S T E M ST h ea b l e s nh eo l l o w i n ga g e se r v e su i d e s oe l e c thr o pa i n ya n ds t i m a t eh ee q u i r e du a n t i t y fa i n to ra r i o u se r v i co n d i t i o

t a b u l a t e dh e r ea v ee e na k e nr o mh et e e lt r u c t u r e sa i n t i no u n cp e

t i o n sn de c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

C o n s i d e r i n gh ee v e r a la r i a b l e s fa i n t i n gr o b l e m s ,d v i s a br e q

a s s i s t a n c e fa i n ta n u f a c t u r e r s .

S P E C I A LO N D I T I O N S

A B R A S I O NW h e nh ea i n t i n gu s te s i s tb r a s i o n ,h eo o dd h e s i o nho a t ip a r t i

i m p o r t a n t .o ra x i m u md h e s i o n ,l a s tl e a n i n g sh ee snl si c ks af a c t o r y .r e t r e a t m e n t su c h so th o s p h a t e ra s hr i m e rrx c e l lt

and rougheningthe surface.

Urethane coatings,epoxies and vinyl paints have very good abrasion resistance.rich coating,and phenolicpaints are also good. Oleoresinouspaintsmay developgreaterresistanceby incorporationof sandreinforcement.

Z

m



248

H I G HE M P E R A T U R E

B e l o we m p e r a t u r e s f0 0 - 6 0 0 ° F ob t a i ng o o du r f a c eoo a t ih

t r e a t m e n t sa t i s f a c t o r y .b o v e0 0 - 6 0 0 ° Fblast cleaned surface is desirable.

Recommended Paints:

u po 2 0 0 -5 0

2 0 0 -0 0

3 0 0 -0 0

3 0 0 -5 07 0 0 -0 0

8 0 0 - 1 2 0 0

C O R R O S I V EH E M I C A L S

Oil base paints limited periodAn alkyd or phenolic vehicleSpeciallymodified alkyds

Colored siliconesInorganic zinc coatings above 550 FBlack or Aluminum siliconesAluminum silicones up to 1600-1800 FSilicone ceramic coatings

See tables I and V for the selection of paint systems.

THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF PAINTTheoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1 mil (0.001 incthick coat when it is wet.

The dry thickness is determined by the solid (non volatile) content of the paint, whic

can be found in the specification on the label, or in the supplier’s literature.

If the content of solids by volume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry covera(spreading rate) theoretically will be 1600x .60-= 960 square feet. -

THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BYVOLUME$%

% %

1 5

2

3 &

4 70 15 71 6

5

6 Black Alkyd Paint 3Varnish Paint 103 Black Phenolic Paint 5

8 Aluminum Vinyl Paint 14 104 White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, 47 - 59 White

70 106 Black

In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized at 10percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) may decrease th

actual coverage to 40-60$Z0,r even more.

.



- .

P A I N T I N G

T A B L E ,A I N TY S T E M S

zSystem

co

Paint and Dry Thickness, Mi]s

Number.- E-

:?= ;= See Table IV

s C ~ 1St 2nd 3rd ::h, & :;::.Ps ~ 0:

WL+ @Coat Coat Coat

ness

i 104 104

(:?7) (I.3) (12 Not 14 104 104

Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drip- (1’.;) 5.0pings and Other extremely corrosive con- or Req’d 104ditions are Q present (1‘7) (i .3) (1

3 I I

( I

I I

(

I

Steel surfaces exposed to the weather, (lc5) ( IC5) 5.0

high humidity, infrequent immersion in 6 Not 104 104fresh or salt water or to mild chemical (1?) (1.5) (1a or R I

( ( I .5) (18 E I

( I

Steel s exposed to alternate im-mersion. high humidity and condensation 5, 6, I , 2, 5, or 6 5. or 6 I03 5, 6or to the weather or moderately severe 8, or 3, or ( 1.5) ( I .5) ( I or 103chemical atmospheres or immersed in 4 *fresh water

Immersion in salt water or in many chem-ical s c severe G 9 9weather exposure or chemical atmos- (1G5) 5.5pheres

Fresh water immersion, condensation,4.02 very severe weather or chemical atmos- 10 Not H H H

pheres Req’d (lHs) 6.0

Complete or alternate immersion in salt 6water, high humidity, condensation, and or 3 9 8exposure to the weather 8 ** ( 1 5) 4,0

404 Condensation, or very severe weather ex- 6 Notposure, or chemical atmospheres or 8 Req’d (192) 9 9 9 4.5

4,05 Condensation, severe weather, mild chem- 6 3]cal atmospheres or 8 ** (1:5) F F 4,0

I3 (1% G G G (2.0) 7.0

Steel vessels t s 6p f w f w 3 (1?) G G

w 6;r G6.03 8 3 (1.5) G G L K 6.25

Dry, non corrosive environment, inside n o m i n a lof b t w ct ing Req’d (1

Longtime protection in sheltered or in- 1and8.01 accessible places, short term or temporary Not M ,/

2 orR ( )p in corrosive environments

3(wet)

Corrosive or chemical atmospheres, but9.0 I should not be used in contact with oils, 6

Not 12Req‘d 63 63

solvents, or other agents

10.01 Underground and underwater steeJ struc- ~ Nottures R ( ) ) )

U u d

1c e r

60

p w or for high tempera- Req’d (1 -18) (25) (8 5) 35ture

*Four coats are recommended in severe exposures **The dry film thickness of the washcoat 0.3-0.5 roils.



250

T A B L E ,A I N TY S T E M Sc o n t i n u e d )

G ; P a i nnh i c koils{stem o.- E- See Table IVImber Uz=Ob ;=sPc- gbl

: 1 2nd 3rdPs ,Zg coat Coat

?J&~Coat & :: t ;;:-

Fresh or sea water immersion, tidal andsplash zone exposure, condensation, bur- 6

INot

ial in soil and exposure of brine, crude oil, :; Req’d (’l:) (’l:)

sewageand alkalies, chemical fumes, mistsHigh humidity or marine atmospheric ex- Zinc-rich coatings comprise a number ofposures, fresh water immersion. With different commercial types such as:

I~,oo proper topcoating in brackish and sea- chlorinated rubber, styrene, epoxies,water immersion and exposure to chemi- polyesters, vinyls, urethanes, silicones,cal acid and

I Epoxy Paint Systemsubject to chemical exposure such as acidand alkali.

T A B L EI I ,R E T R E A T M E N TP E C I F I C A T I C I N S

R e f e r e n c e

t o i t l en du r p o s ep e c i

T a b l e N u

1 W E T T I N GI LR E A T M E N T S S P-6Saturation of the surface layer of rusty andscaled steel with wetting oil that is compatiblewith the priming paint, thus improving the adhes-ion and performance of the paint system to be

applied.2 C O L DH O S P H A T EU R F A C ER E A T M E N TS

C o n v e r t i n gh eu r f a c ef steel to insoluble saltsof phosphoric acid for the purpose of inhibitingcorrosion and improving the adhesion and per-formance of paints to be applied.

3 BASICZINCCHROMATE-VINYLBUTYRAL

WASHCOAT(Wash Primer) SSPC-PT3-6Pretreatment which reacts with the metal and atthe same time forms a protective vinyl film whichcontains an inhibitive pigment to help prevent

rusting.4 HOT PHOSPHATE SURFACE TREATMENT SSPC-PT4-6

Converting the surface of steel to a heavy crysta-llinelayex of insoluble salts of phosporic acid forthe purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improvingthe adhesion and performance of paints to beapplied.



2 .

P A I N T I N G

T A B L E IS U R F A C ER E P A R A T I O N~ ~ l F I C A T I O N S

% e f e r e n c e

t o i t l en du r p o s e p e c i f i c

T a b l eN u m

1 S O L V E N TL E A N I N G S 1-63

Removalof oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and con-taminantswith solvents,emulsions,cleaningcom-pounds,or steam.

2 HANDTOOLCLEANING SSPC-SP2-63Removalof loose mill scale,looserust, and loosepaint by hand brushing,handsanding,handscrap-ing,hand chippingor other hand impact tools,orby combinationof thesemethods.

3 POWERTOOLCLEANING SSPC-SP3-63Removalof loose mill scale,looserust, and loosepaint with power wire brushes, power impacttools, power grinders,power sanders,or by com-binationof these methods.

4 FLAMECLEANINGOF NEWSTEEL SSPC-SP443Removal of scale, rust and other detrimentalforeign matter by high-velocityoxyacetyleneflames,followedby wirebrushing.

5 WHITEMETALBLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP5-63Removalof all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint orforeignmatter by the use of sand,grit or shot toobtaina gray-wh~te,uniformmetalliccolor surface.

6 COMMERCIALLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP6-63Removalof mill scale, rust, rust-scale,paint or

foreign matter completelyexcept for slight sha-dows, streaks, or discolorationscaused by rust,stain, mill scaleoxidesor slight,tight residuesof

7paint or coatingthat may remain.BRUSH-OFFBLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP7-63Removalof all except tightly adheringresiduesof mill scale, rust and paint by the impact ofabrasives. (Sand, grit or shot)

8 PICKLING SSPC-SP8-63Completeremovalof allmill scale,rust, andrust-scaleby chemicalreaction, or by electrolysis,orby both. The surface shall be free of unreacted

or harmfulacid, alkali,or smut.10 NEAR-WHITEBLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP10453TRemovalof nearly all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasives(sand,grit, shot). Very light shadows,veryslightstreaks, or slight discolorationscaused by ruststain,millscaleoxides,or slight,tight residuesofpaint or coatingmayremain.

I



252 .

P A I N T I N G

T A B L EW ,A I N T S

: fr e n c e

t o a t e r i a l N u m

~ a b l e

1 Red Lead and Raw Linseed Oil Primer 1-64TN0. 12 Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and

Alkyd Primer 2-64 No. 2

3 Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated LinseedOilPrimer 344TN0. 3 m

4 E x t e n d e de de a d ,a wn do d i e di n s e e di

P r i m e r 4 - 6 4 :

5 Z i n cu s t ,i n kx i d e ,n dh e n o l i ca r n i s ha i n-64T No. 5 +

6 R e de a d ,r o nx i d e ,n dh e n o l i ca r n i s ha i n- 6 4 <

8 A l u m i n u mi n y la i n t 8-64 No. 8 :

9 W h i t eo ro l o r e d )i n y la i n t9-64 No. 9 ~

1 1e dr o nx i d e ,i n ch r o m a t e ,a wi n s e e diand Alkyd Primer 11-64TN0. 11 :

12 Cold Applied Asphalt Mastic (Extra Thick Film) 12-64 No. 12 ~

13 Red or Brown One-Coat Shop Paint 13-64 No. 13 m

14 Red Lead, Iron Oxide & Linseed Oil Primer 14454TNo. 14 “

15 Steel Joist Shop Paint 15%8TN0. 15 &

16 CoalTar Epoxy-Polyamide Black (or Dark Red) Paint 16-68TN0. 16 ~

102 Black Alkyd Paint 102%4 No. 102103 BlackPhenolic Paint 103-64TNO. 103104 White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Types I, II, III, IV 10444 No. 104106 Black Vinyl Paint 106-64 No. 106107 Red Lead, Iron Oxide and Alkyd Intermediate Paint 10744TNO. 107

.— Paint; Red-Lead Base, Ready-Mixed

A Type I red lead-raw and bodied linseed oil TT-P-86C ;ZB Type II red lead, iron oxide, mixed pigment- z.~

alkyd-linseedoil TT-P-86C ~zc Type 111red lead alkyd TT-P-86C 32D Primer; Paint; Zinc Chromate, alkyd Type TT-P-645 z~E Paint; Zinc Yellow-Iron Oxide Base, Ready ~

Mixed, Type II-yellow, alkyd MIL-P-15929B ~F Paint; Outside, White, Vinyl, Alkyd Type MIL-P-16738B ~G Primer; Vinyl-Red Lead Type MIL-P-15929B ~H Vinyl Resin Paint VR-3 a

LgI Paint; Antifouling, Vinyl Type MIL-P-15931A I

J Paints; Boottopping, Vinyl-Alkyd, Bright Red *

Undercoat and Indian Red Finish Coat MAP44 +X

K Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 11 (Vinyl-Alkyd) MIL-E-1593513 .5L Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 27 (Vinyl-Alkyd) MIL-E-15936B ~M Compounds; Rust Preventive 52-MA602a ~N CoalTar Enamel and Primers MIL-P-15147C jo CoalTar BaseCoating MIL-C-18480A ~P Coating, Bituminous Emulsion MIL<-15203c



2

P AN TN C

T A B L E ,H E M I C A LE S I S T A N C E FO A T I N GA T E R I

Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3Acetic acid, 10% . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4A c e t i cc i d ,l a c i a l. . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4Alcohol, amyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 3A l c o h o lu t y l ,o r m a l .. 1. 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 3Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

A l c o h o l ,s o p r o p y l. . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1A l c o h o l ,e t h y l .. . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11A l u m i n u mh l o r i d e .. . . 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 1 3A l u m i n u mu l p h a t e .. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 2Ammonia, liquid . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 3A m m o n i u mh l o r i d e .. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 2Ammonium hydroxide . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 3A m m o n i u mi t r a t e .. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 2A m m o n i u mu l p h a t e .. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 2Mdline. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 2 4 44 2 4Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4Boric acid . , . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 31C a l c i u mh l o r i d e. . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2

C a l c i u my d r o x i d e .. . . 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2C a l c i u my p o c h l o r i t e. . 1 2 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 21C a r b o ni s u l p h i d e. . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4C a r b o ne t r a c h l o r i d e .. . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4Chlorine gas . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4C h l o r o b e n z e n e .. . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4C h r o m i cc i d ,0 %. . . . 2 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 4C h r o m i cc i d ,0 %. . . . 2 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 4Citric acid. . ; . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2C o p p e ru l p h a t e .. . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Diethyl ether. . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11Ferric chloride. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3

Ferric sulphate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2F o r m a l d e h y d e ,0 %. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 3F o r m i cc i d ,0 % .. . . , 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 3F o r m i cc i d ,o n e .. . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 3Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 4Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1H y d r o c h l o r i cc i d ,0 % .1 1 1 1 1. 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3H y d r o c h l o r i cc i d ,0 % .1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3H y d r o c h l o r i cc i d ,o n e .1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3H y d r o f l u o r i cc i d ,0 %. 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 21H y d r o f l u o r i cc i d ,0 %. 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 3



P A I N T I N G

T A B L E ,H E M I C A LE S I S T A N C E FO A T I N GA T E R(continued)

H y d r o f l u o r i cc i d ,5 %. 1H y d r o g e ne r o x i d e ,% .1H y d r o g e ne r i o x i d e ,0 % .H y d r o g e nu l p h i d e. . . . 1H y p o c h o l o r o u sc i d. . . 1Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . .4L u b r i c a t i n gi l .. . . . . . 4M a g n e s i u mu l p h a t e. . . 1M e t h y lt h y le t o n e. . . 1Mineral oil . . . . . . . . . .4Nitric acid, 5%. . . . . . . . 1Nitric acid, 10% . . . . . . 2N i t r i cc i d ,0 % .. . . . . 2N i t r i cc i d ,o n e .. . . . . 3N i t r o b e n z e n e .. . . . . . . 4Oleic acid . . . . . . . .. ..3Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . 1Phenol, 15-25% . . . . . . .Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . .P h o s p h o r i cc i d ,0 %. . 1P h o s p h o r i cc i d ,0 %. . 1P h o s p h o r i cc i d ,o n e .. 1Potassium alum . . . . . . . 1P o t a s s i u my d r o x i d e ,0 %P o t a s s i u my d r o x i d e ,5 %P o t a s s i u me r m a n g a n a t e2P o t a s s i u mu l p h a t e .. . . 1Sea water . . . . . . . . . . . 1Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . 1. S o d i u mi s u l p h a t e. . . . 1S o d i u ma r b o n a t e .. . . . 1S o d i u mh l o r i d e .. . . . . 1S o d i u my d r o x i d e ,0 % .1S o d i u my d r o x i d e ,0 %1S o d i u my d r o x i d e ,0 %1

S o d i u my p o c h l o r i t e .. . 1Sodium nitrate. . . . . . . . 1S o d i u mu l p h a t e .. . . . . 1S o d i u mu l p h i t e .. . . . . 1S u l p h u ri o x i d e .. . . . . 1S u l p h u r i cc i d ,0 %. .1S u l p h u r i cc i d ,0 %. . . 1S u l p h u r i cc i d ,0 %. . . 1S u l p h u r i cc i d ,o n e. . . 2Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4T r i c h l o r o e t h y l e n e. . . . 4

212

:44114

;2

:31

111122211111

;22

21111111

11111111211

;

:2

;31111111111111111

11111111

2 24 44 4

:3

:1111

:4

:1111

111

:4311114

:44

41111111111

i2

;1111122331111

111122211112

;22

31111111111

;2

:1111122331111

11

1122211112

;22

31111111111

3 23 13 22 14 12 12 12 14 42 14 14 24 24 23 . 33 22

33

324

32

;

:

;44

42222333334

1

11

111

;111111111

1111111

;

:

2121111141

:22321

11

111

;111111

111

1111111

;

:

23323442343344442

33

32223211221122

32222233

:4

2332

:42343344442

33

32223211221

122

32222233344

2

:1

1221121

:2321

11

111

;111111111

111111111

:

3442444

2343

:44424433

3233421224

;33

42222233344

N

m

vc

8

m

.



255

CHECKL F I

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

CodesandAddenda..............................................................................

Drawings:a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

9

‘“All info& detailsrequiredbyQCManual shownon drawing. . . .

Headscorrectlyidentified..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---.All metalcorrectly identified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------Nameplate facsimiliestampedcorrectly:MAWP,MDMTandRT.............................................. ..................Approvalby fabricator(on drawing)..............................................Revisionsormetalsubstitutionshownandapproved. . . . . . . . . . .

Bill ofMaterial:

a )

b )

c )d )

e )

Allmaterial identifiedas SAor SB ----------------- . . . . . . .RequirementsofUCS 79 (d) specifiedwereapplicable. . . . . . . . .

Requiredmaterialtest reports specified ..ti.-....=. ----- . . . . .Shoporder,serialnumber,and/orjob numbershown. . . . . . . . . .

Materialrevisionorsubstitu~on approvedandshownwhenapplicable... ... . ....... ... ....~..~--.-..”.””.....~.”-””

Calculations:

9

Dimensionsusedmatchdrawing ....................................................

Correctstressvaluesandjoint efficiencies(S &E) used.. . . . . . .

Correctformula&dimensions used for heads ----------------Do nozzleneckscomplywithUG-45? -..--..-..---.-.=. . . . .Requiredreinforcementcalculationsavailablefor all openings. . .

Specialflangeorstructural loadingcalculationsavailable . . . . . .

IdentificationwithS/Oor S/Nandapprovedby fabricator. . . . . .

Externaldesignpressurecorrect-templatecalculations&template available. .... ... .... . .. ... ... .. ... ... .... .. ...MAWP&MDMT matchesdrawingand specifications.MDMTcorrect formaterials used(UCS-66,UHA-51). . . . . . . . .

P Oa Is job n s ( a ......................................b) C~rrectspecification(SAor SB) used ............................................c) USC 79(d) & UG 81 requirements specified as applicable ............

d) Material Test Reports requested .......................................... . . .e) Immaterial ordered identical to Bill of Materialor drawing requirements? ...............................................................

Welding:al Are correct WPS(s) shown ondrawin~s? ................. ””””..”...””””.”.”””.”b> Are complete weld-details for all welds shown on drawing? .........c) Are copies of WPS(s) available to shop

d=

s u p e r v i s o ror instruction? ..............................................................E



256

CHECKLISTFORINSPECTORS(corztinuec/)1 I

d)

e)f)

g)

h)

i)

Isa Welder’sLogandQualificationDirectorykeptup-to-dateandavailable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AreWPS,PQR,& WPQformscorrectandsigned?......................Areweldersproperlyqualifiedfor thickness,position,pipediameterandweldingwithno backing(whenrequired)?...............

Is sub-arcflux,electrodesand shieldinggas(es)usedtsameas specifiedonapplicableWPS?...........................................Do weld sizes(fillet& butt weldreinforcement)complywithdrawingand Coderequirements?...............................Is welderidentificationstampedor recordedper

QC Al

QCManualand./orCode requirements?.......................................... I

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

o

3)

h)

i)

7. Non-DestructiveExamination& Calibration:AreSNT-TC-lAcmalificationrecordswithcurrentvisualexaminationavail~blefor all RT techniciansused? ....................... .Do filmreadersheetsor checkoff recoid~sbo.wfilm.intemretationby a SNT’-~CLeve1I or II examiner.or interpreter?..................................................................................

Are the requirednumberof filmshots in the properlocationsfor thejoint efficiencyandweldersused(UW-11,12,& 52)? ........................................................................Is an acceptablePT and/orMT procedureandpersonnelqualifiedandcertifiedin accordancewithSec.VIII,Appendix6 or 8 available?.............................................................Is the PTmaterialbeingused the sameasspecifiedinthePT procedure?........................................................Do all radiographscomplywithidentification,density,penetrameter,and acceptancerequirementsof Sect.VIII andV? ........................................................................For 1331.1fabrication,is a visualexaminationprocedureand certifiedpersonnelavailable? ................................. ,

Aretestedgasesmarkedor identifiedandcalibratedas statedin QCManual? ................................................Isa calibratedgage sizeperUG-102availablefor demovessel?.............................................................................. I I

ABBREVIATIONS:AI Authorized Inspector

MAWP Maximum Allowable Working PressureMDMT Maximum Design Metal Temperature$; Quality Control

Radiographic Examinations/N Serial NumberSlo Shop OrderWl?s Welding Procedure Specification



257

PART II.

GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS

1. GeometricalFormulas........................................................................... 258

2. GeometricalProblemsandConstmction....... .. . - . . . ...68

3. Solutionof RightTriangles .................................................................. 270

4. OptimumVesselSize............................................................................ 272

5. Flat RingsMadeof Sectors .................................................................. 274

6.

7.

8.

9.

Fustrumof ConcentricCone................................................................. 276

Fustrumof EccentricCone ................................................................... 278

Bent andMiteredPipes ........................................................................ 280

Intersections..........................................................................................281

10. Drop at the Intersection of Vessel and Nozzle ..................................... 291

11. Table for Locating pointS0n2:l Ellipsodial Heads ............................ 293

12. Length of Arcs ...................................................................................... 297

13. Circumferences and Areas of Circles ................................................... 300

1 4 .p p u r t e n a n c e s........................................................................... 312



258

G E O M E T R I C A LO R M U L A S

( S e ex a m p l e s nh ea c i n ga g e

l ’ %

S Q U A R E

A =r e a

A = a2

b ~= 1 . 4 1 4 a

. = ;

a = 0 , 7 0 7 1o r= -

b

B

R E C T A N G L E

A =r e a

A =x b

b d = ~ ~

a = - r= $

b = - 2A

or b = —a

bP A R A L L E L O G R A M

A =r e a

D J

A =x b

o= A

aT

= Ab y

A

R I G H T - A N G L E DR I A N G L E

c A =r e a. ~ ~ ’

o 900axb b ‘I/==

,6, A=, ~=

a2 +b2

A C U T EN G L E DR I A N G L E

[ A

A =r e ab

h .

w ; : \

sO B T U S EN G L E DR I A N G L E

*

A =r e a

b x h* A = ~

“ w: ~ s ( : s ; ; ~ : : s - b ’’ s - c )s





260



R I G H TR I A N G L EI T H4 5N G L

[ ~

A = A r e a

h Aa 2= —2

b = l e 4 1 4 a

a h = 0 . 7 0 7 1a = 1 . 4 1 4 h

E Q U I L A T E R A LR I A N G L E

m

A =r e a6 e

a x hA =

&h = 0.866 a a = 1.155 h

uT R A P E Z O I D

D : (

A =r e a

- c a + )

w ‘= 2

R E G U L A RE X A G O N

@

A =r e a

A R=a d i u s fi r c u m s c r i b e di r c l

= R a d i u s fn s c r i b e di r c l ef 2 0i =. 5 9 8 z2 . 5 9 8 z3 . 4 6

R = a = 1.155 rr = 0 . 8 6 6= 0 . 8 6 6a = R = 1,155 r

R E G U L A RC T A G O N

A =r e aR =a d i u s fi r c u m s c r i b e di r c lr = R a d i u s fn s c r i b e di r c l eA =. 8 2 8 z2 . 8 2 8 z3 . 3 1R =. 3 0 7= 1 . 0 8 2r = 1 . 2 0 7= 0 . 9 2 4

a = 0 . 7 6 5= 0 . 8 2 8

@ J

R E G U L A RO L Y G O N

A =r e a= N u m b e rs i dr ’

a = “= ~go” – a

,(3 ~r



261

EXAMPLES

(See Formulas on the Facing Page)

RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45° ANGLES

Given: Side a = 8 in.

Find: a2 82 64Area A=~ =7 = ~= 32sq.-in.

Side b = 1.414a = =

h = 0 . 7 0 7 1= 0 . 7 0 7 18 = 5 . 6 5 6 8n

E Q U I L A T E R A LR I A N G L E


F i n d := 0 . 8 6 6a = 0 . 8 6 68 = 6 . 9 2 8n

a x hArea A = ~

8 X6 . 9 2 85 5 . 4 2 42

— = 2 7 . 7 1q . - i2

T R A P E Z O I D

Given: Side a = 4 in., b = 8 in., and heidt h = 6 in.

F i n d :a + )

Area A = z= ( 4 + 8 ) X= 3 6 q

2.- .

R E G U L A RE X A G O N

Given: Side a = 4k.

F i n d :rea A = 2 . 5 9 8a 22.598 x 4 24 1 . 5 6 8- i n

r = 0 . 8 6 6a = 0.866 x 4 = 3.464 in.

R = a = 1.155 r = 1.155x3.464=4 in.

REGULAR OCTAGON

Given: R= 6 in., radius of circumscribed circle

Find: Area A = 2.828 R2 = 2.828 x 62 = 101.81 sq.-in.

Side a = 0.765 R = 0.765 x 6 = 4.59 in.

REGULAR POLYGON

Given: Number of sides n = 5, side a = 9.125 in.Radius of circumscribed circle, R = 7.750

Find:r=m=-v= 625ino

nraArea A = ~ =

5 X6.25 X9.1252.

= 142.58 sq.-in.



262



@

C I R C L E

A =r e ai r c u m f e r e n c ed

A= r2 x ~ = rz x 3.1416 z x

d x= d x. 1 4 1 6

L e n g t h fr co rn g I e= 0 . 0 0 8 7x a

v

C I R C U L A RE C T O RA =r e a= A r c= A n

A =‘ 2X &

a<

r x a x 3 . 1 4 1 6a =

1 8 05 7 . 2 9 6a=— . 2A

rr

Y

Q

C I R C U L A RE G M E N T

A =r e a =n g l e= C o

A =r e a fe c t o ri n u sr et r i a n:

< c = 2r x sin aT

a

w

E L L I P S E

A =r e a= P e r i m e t e r

+* A =x a x b3 . 1 4 1 6a x b— .

A np p r o x i m a t eo r m u l aoe t i e t

P = 3 . 1 4 1 6 { 2a zb z

x

Q 4

E L L I P S EL o c a t i n go i n t s nl l i p s e

a~ L — =

+b cR a t i o fi n o rx im a jx

— . —

x = az - ( 2C x y2 )

u

mY = c —

D

0 d ~ ( w

D 0

0N = the required number of holes (diam, d) of

which total area equals area of circle diam. D.



2

EXAMPLES

(See Formulas on the Facing Page)

CIRCLEGiven: Radius r = 6 in.

A = r2x ~ = =

A = = 12ZX0.7S5Q =

C = d x = x =if a = 60°

= d x a x x =

CIRCULARSECTORGiven: Radius T = 6 in., =

Area A = r2 ~ x ~ = 62 x ~ x ~ = 18.85 Sq. h.

a = r x x = 6 x x =

a = x a = x =r 6

C I R C U L A RE G M E N T

Radius r = 6 in., a =

A=

ar2 x ~ x — . x X ~ =

A =

Chord c = 2r x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x 0.7071 = 8.485 in.

E L L I P S E

Half axis, a = 8 in. and b = 3 in.

Area A = ~ x a x b = 3.1416 x 8 x 3 = 75.398 in.

P = + ) = + ) =@ =

E L L I P S EG i v e n :x i s= 8 in. and b = 4 in., then C = ~ = ~ = 2, x = 6 in.

~ = ~ - ~c 2 2 2

. .

- ( ) ( 2 2 x ) ‘ 6

EH m %i @holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?

N= (’/d)2 = (6/0.25)2= 242= 576 holes=

Area of 6 in. @pipe= 28,274 in.2

Area of 576 H in. #holes= 28,276 in.2





~ 1

C U B E

b V = V o l u m e

i – v=3

S Q U A R ER I S M

II V = V o l u m e

— —

I L . *; : : ’’ - : C= &

P R I S M

m T h i so r m u l aa n ep p l i e do nh ae u: : ; y e =r e a o f e n d s ” r f a c e

wi fi se r p e n d i c u l a r onu r f a c

%

C Y L I N D E R

v =olume S = A r e ay l i n d r iu r

. — .. .

+ “ :; : ; : : : ” : =7 8d 2 x

C O N Eq

%

v =olume S = A r e ao n i cu r f

(. — . . 1 4 1 6r 2h.

L

v =1 . 0 4 7r x h

h d “ d

S = 3.1416 rc = 1.5708 dc

~ %

F R U S T U M FO N E

‘ - iv =olume S = A r e ao n i cu r f0 ’ i

v =.2618 h ( D2 + Dd + dz ) a = R–r c . ~

hP

s = 1.5708 C( D + d )



265

E X A M P L E

( S e eo r m u l a s nh ea c i n ga g e

C U B E


F i n d :o l u m e= a ~8 35 1 2u . - i n .

Side a = G =i n

S Q U A R ER I S M

Given: Side a = 8 in., b =6in., and c ‘4 in.

F i n d :olume V = a x b x c = 8 x 6 x 4 = 192 cu.-in.

v 1 9 2 9a = - ==

b x cx 4i n . ;= 5

8 x6 i

c. ~1 9 2— = 4 i n .

a x bx 6

P R I S M

G i v e n :n du r f a c e= 1 2q . - i n . ,n d= 8 in.

F i n d :olume V = h x A = 8 x 12 = 96 cu.-in.

C Y L I N D E R

G i v e n := 6 in., and h = 12 in.

F i n d :o l u m e= 3 . 1 4 1 6r 2h = 3 . 1 4 1 66 21 1 3 5 7u .

A r e a fy l i n d r i c a lu r f a c e := 3 . 1 4 1 6d x h =

= 3 . 1 4 1 61 21 24 5 2 . 3 8 9q . - i n .

C O N E

G i v e n := 6 in., and h = 12 in.

F i n d :o l u m e= 1 . 0 4 7 2r 2h = 10 4 7 26 z x h4 5 2 .u . -

c = ~ ‘ ~6 +4 4{ = =3 . 4 1n

A r e a fo n i c a lu r f a c e := 3 . 1 4 1 6x c =

= 3 . 1 4 1 66 x 1 3 . 4 1 62 5 2 . 8 8 7q . - i n

F R U S T U M FO N E

G i v e n :i a m e t e r= 2 4n . ,n d= 1 2n . ,= 1 0 . 3 7n

F i n d :olume V = 0 . 2 6 1 8( D 2D dd 2 )0 . 2 6 1 81 0 . 3 7 52 4 22 41 1 2 22 7 3u

Surface S = 1 . 5 7 0 8( D + d ) =. 5 7 0 81 2 42

6 7 8 . 5 8 6q . - i n .



266

GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS(See examples on the facing page)

See tables for volume and surface of cylindrical shell, spher-

ical, elliptical and flanged and dished heads beginning

on page



267

E X A M P L E S

( S e eo r m u l a s nh ea c i n ga g e

SPHERE

Given: Radius r = 6 in.Find: VolumeV = 4.1888 r3 = 4.1888X216 = 904.78CU.-hi.

or v= 0.5236 d3 = 0.5236x 1728= 904.78 cu.-in.

Area A =4Tr2 = 4 x 3.1416x 62 = 452.4 sq.-in.or A= T d2 = 3.1416 x 122= 452.4 sq. in.

S P H E R I C A LE G M E N T

G i v e n :a d i u s= 6 in. and m = 3 in.

F i n d :o l u m e= 3 . 1 4 1 6m zr -=

= 3 . 1 4 1 63 26 - ; )1 4 1 . 3 7u . - i n .

A r e a =r x r x m2 X 3.1416 X 6 X 3 = 1 1 3 .q . -

S P H E R I C A LO N E

G i v e n :a d i u s= 6 in., Cl = 8 in., C2 = 11.625 in., and h = 3 in.

(

3 X 82 + 3 X11.6252Find: Volume V = O.5236X3X ~ + 32

)= 248.74 cu. in.

4

Area A = 6 . 2 8 3 26 X3 = 1 1 3 . 1 0q . - i n .

T O R U S

G i v e n :adius R = 6 in. and r = 2 in.

F i n d :o l u m e= 1 9 . 7 3 9x r z1 9 . 7 3 96 X 22 = 473.7 Cu.-in.

A r e a= 3 9 . 4 7 8 r3 9 . 4 7 86 x 2 = 4 7 3 .q . - i



268

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

AJ x

&

zLOCATINGPOINTSON A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE. . y =- = Sin. X= 3 in.

x =q~’ ~indY == =~

= %= 4 in.q. D

,@

L E N G T HF P L A T EOY L I N D

= E X A M P L E

.+ ~ ~ : =e n g t h o fn s i d ei a m e t2 4

tp l a t eh i c k n e s sf p l a1 i

d i a m e t e r2 5 x1 8

T OI N D T H E R A D ; U S O F AI R C U

‘ e ~ : ~~ ~ ~ : ~ ; ’ : : i nq o TO FIND THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARC

When the Radius, R, and Chord, C are known,strike an arc from point A and from point Bwith the given length of the Radius. The inter-secting point, O of the two arcs is the center ofthe circular arc.

y .d~

I

q o T OI N DH EE N T E RC I R C U

P I w h e nh eh o r d , ,ni m e n s i oa n

y ‘ t r ia rr o mo i na nr oob o t hi d e s fh er c .o n n e chn t e r sp o i n t si t ht r a i g h ti n e shn t e r s eo fh et r a i g h ti n e s ,i he n tt ia r c .

# k

~ = 241W ; Y=R-A48A4

FJ CONSTRUCTIONOF A CIRCULAR ARC

The Radius is known, but because of its extremec J length it is impossible to draw the arc with a com-

. Apass. Determine the length of Chord and Dimen-sion M. Draw at the center of the Chord a perpen-

z~ M dicular line. Measureon this line Dimension M.Connect points a n Di s ei a

DB Dn de a s u r e/ 4i m e n s i oe r p e n d iR e p e a t i n gh i sr o c e d u r et he q u eca c y ,w i l l e ta c hi s e c t i ot i mev o r t i c e s fh er i a n g l e sr ho itc u l a rr c .



- .

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS





971A

F r u s t u mf E C C E N T R I CO N

E X A M P L E

Given: M e a ni a m e t e rt the large end, D = 36 in.

4.

C “Segmentsof Circles for = 1

t h e

A the Bottom At The Top

Factor c times Factor c timesmean radius = mean radius =

Chords, Cl C2. . . Chords, Cl C2 etc.

S 1,2... ft.-in. in s:, 2. . .in. ft.-in. ,300 c1 = 9.317“ S1 = 6’-0 ~ c1 = 6.212“ s; = 4’-0 %6Q0 Cz= 18.000’ Sz = 6’-2 Yle C2= 12.000” s; = 4’-1 yz~oo C3= 2S.4S2” s3 = 6’-4 ~ C3= 16.968” S; = 4’-2 IMG

1200 C4= 31.176“ S4= 6’-67/lG C4= 20.784“ S: = 4’-4 ‘/fj

1500 C5= 34.776* Ss = 6’-7 I946 C5= 23.184“ S: = 4’-5 Yl(j

‘6 = HZ + & G G’. sl~‘*G=- = 4’-511/lG



272

O PS

T ou i l dv e s s e lf a c e r t a i na p a c i t yi t hhe minimum material, the correct r

l e n g t h oi a m e t e rh a l l ee t e r m i n e d .

T h ep t i m u ma t i o fe n g t h oh ei a m e t e ra n eo u n ho l l or o

( T h er e s s u r e si m i t e d o0 0 0s in dl l i p s o i d a le a d srs s u m e

F=~ , where P= Design pressure, psi.CSE c= C o r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e ,n

S = S t r e s sa l u e fa t e r i a l ,s i

E = J o i n tf f i c i e n c y

E n t e rh a r t na c i n ga g e th ee f ta n di d e th ee s i r ea p a ct e

M o v eo r i z o n t a l l y oh ei n ee p r e s e n t i n gh ea l u e f

F r o mh en t e r s e c t i o no v ee r t i c a l l yn de a dh ea l u e)

The length of vessel = ~ , where V = Volume of vessel, cu. ft.n DD =nside diameter of vessel, ft.

EXAMPLE

Design D a t a :P= 100 p s i ,= 1 , 0 0 0u .t . ,= 1 6 , 0 0 0s i . ,= 0 . 8= 0 .

F i n dh ep t i m u mi a m e t e rn de n g t h

F = 100 = 0 . 1 2 5n . - l0 . 0 6 2 51 6 , 0 0 0 X. 8

F r o mh a r t= 5.6 ft., s a yft. 6 in.

Length = 4 x 1,000

3.14 x 5.52 = 42.1, say 42 ft. 1 in.

*FROM:

“Gulf Publishing Company, Houston. permissio

—



273

50,000 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I II 1

40,000I I I 1 I I I I I I I

\ , , 1 , , , , , , , ,

20,000I , , , , , , ,

100,00080.0006

I 08.b.UUUk , 1 [ , , , , , , %~ fz~ t i w 1+ I 1 I M5.000 I I

I I I i f 14.000 I iI 1[I I I.- 1I12.000 I i 1 I I t.

I 1 I 1.+[ Ii I 1 1 I

1 I [ [ Ir 1 1 r , I I

3.000

I,000

400300

200

10080

605040

30

20

10.1

CHART

2 3 4 8 910

VESSELDIAMETER,D FT.

FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM VESSEL SIZE( S e ea c i n ga g eo rx p l a n a t i o n )



274

FLAT RINGS MADEOF SECTORS

Making flat rings for base, stiffeners etc.,L 1

dividing the ring into a number of secto

Q

less plate will be required.

ONE Since the sectors shall be welded to eadPIECE other, the weMing will be increased

increasing the number of sectors.

The cost of the weMing must be balanc

o+

E

against the savingin plate cost.

The chart on facing page shows the toplate area required when a ring is to

R

2SECTORS divided into sectors. This area is express

as a percentage of the square that is needto cut out the ring in one piece. The figur

0,866 D

u

at the left of this page show the widththe required plate using different number

~3 sectors.

SECTORS D z Outsidediameterofriu.d = Insidediameterofring.

0,707 D

m

DETERMINATK)N OF THE REQUIREDPLATE SIZE

~4

SECTORS 1. Determine D/d and D2 (the area of squaplate would be required for the ring mad

0,500 D

of one piece)

n2. R e a dr o mh a rf a ca p

e6

c e n t a g ehe q u i r

r i n gi v i d e dn the s iu

nS E C T O R Ss e c t o r s

0 , 3 8 3 3. Determinethe requiredareaof plate

D

4. Divide the area by the r e q u

*p l a t e sh o wt het

- 8o b t a i nh ee n g tt hl a

S E C T O R S~ 5 .d dl l o w a n c em ai n f

c u t t i n ge t w e ee c t ot e

T H EE Q U I R E DI D T H fh el a t e

O FL A T EO RI N G SM A D E FE C T O R S

S e ex a m p l ea c ia



L 13

FLAT RINGS MADEOF SECTORS (cont.)

100 -

90%LL 80

w

o@~ 70

u$ 60

&q 50

CA$ do

&* 30CIa+~ 20 — — .L.

& ~ l.110 ~

o2 3 4 5 6 7 a

EXAMPLENUMBEROF SECTORS

Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. O.D., 120 in. I.D. ring made of6 sectors

1. Did= 1.4; D2 = 28,224 sq. in.

2. From chart (above) the required area of plate is 50% of the area that wouldbe required for the ring made of one piece.

3. Area required 28.224x 0.50= 14,112 sq. in.

4. Divide this area by the required width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5X 168 = 84 14,112/84 = 167.9 inches, the length of plate.

5. Add allowance for flame cut.

~ 1

=ma

169 “



- - -

F r u s t u mf C O N C E N T R I CO N

G i v e n :

D =e ai a m e tt a

DI = M e ai a m e tt m

H =e i g ht hr u s

D e t e r m i n ehe q u i rl a

T he q u i rl

= D- DIb—

D2

an c1 = + , rl = —2

e - .r 1s R c

C o n i c a la n ko o f

P = x 3

/

T he q u il



277

F r u s t u mf C O N C E N T R I CO N E

Made from two or more Plates

t - %

,

-bI

DElevation

l’%

G i v e n :

D =e a ni a m e t et ha

D, = M e a ni a m e t et hm

H =e i g h thr u s

n = N u m b e rl a ts e c

D e t e r m i n eh ee q u i r el aD – D l

b —2

tan W = *

c = ~ b 2H

rl = D 1 / 2

. &c +e

s m t i

2 =D X Z X 5 7 . 2

2 R

x =x s i+ %

Y =x t a+ 1

e x s i

e x c o

W i d t h fh ee q u i r el aR 1L e n g t h fh ee q u i r el a

t h er u s t u ma dr o m

2 P l a t e s2 X+ Z

Reauired Plate



F r u s t u mf E C C E N T R I CO N

Determination of the Required Plate by Layout and by Calculation

Side viewof cone

1. Draw the side view and half of th

bottom view of the cone.Divide into equal parts the base

and the top circle.Draw arcs from points z’, 3’, 4’,

etc. with the center 1’.

F r oho i es t r i kr cie nS t a r t i nrp oa 1( m a r k em e a spo ho t ti rt ca nn t e r s‘

2#

4O

of the top circle.

o

A

C A L C U L A T I O N

T oi n dh eu r v a t u r et hl ac a l cthe O

Bonly (marked S3)

If the bottom circle divided into 12 equal spaces,

C3 . 2 R x sin 45°

S3 =~H2 + C;

W h e r edenoted the mean radius of the basecircle.

See example.

Fig. B





BENT AND MITERED PIPE



2

IC

,/ k\ ./ 1.~

r *G1

[ r.—. Cl

\ \ \ \C2

\ \

‘F}

:17 - ----

16 ‘–—;

:b

-w

‘Y”

h ,2==1 ,( a q - a ~ )o s0 °

1 2( a aa 2 )o s0 °t c .

& P

When t h en t e r s e c t i nl anp e r p e n d i c u l a rt hxtc y l i n d e r ,hn t e r s e c tae l l i p s e .

C O N S T R U C T I O NT HNS E C T I N GL L I P SD i v i d ehi r c u m f e r e ntc y l i n d e rn tq u aa ra nl e m e n ta ci v i soT h ea j o rx it hl l itl o n g e s ti s t a n ce t w ens e c t i n go i n tn hi nt h ei a m e t e rhy l i np o i n t shl l i p ad em i n e d ys i nhh otc y l i n d e rp a c ep r o j es h o w na l c u l a t ie xp l i f i e de l o wi the

m a y ea iul o p ir a al e s ,o w n - c o m e r st hn e s s fhl a tn he qc l e a r a n c eh a ll st ac o n s i d e r a t i o n .

D E V E L O P M E N TT h ee n g t h ,i e q utc u m f e r e n c ehy l i n dit h i si n en tha u me q u a la r t shi r c u m f et h ey l i n d e r .r ae l et h r o u g ha ci v i s ie r p e n dt oh i si n ee t e r m ieo fa c hl e m e ns h ob c

c u l a t i o n .o n n e c tp o i n t shl e m e not a i n e dh et r e t c h e d - oiti n t e r s e c t i o nn au sc u t t i n gua t t e roi ii n g ,t c .

E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o nf length ofe l e m e n t s .

T h ei r c u m f e r e n c et hy li si v i d e dn te q ua r

T h en g l es e c t i2 2d e g r e e s .

T h en g l ehn t e r s e clt oh ex i hy l i n4d e g r e e s .c 1r x cos 22-1 /2°

c, = r x cos 45°

c%= r x sin 22-1 /2°h

a l=s i n0s i



282

I Co fq u a li a m e t e r si t hn g l e fn t e r s e c t i o n0

I

I I

1

— .

1I

‘/4O Fd

T H EI N E FN T E R S E C T I O

D i v i d eh ei r c u m f e r e n c et y l

i n t oq u a la r tnr ae l e

e a c hi v i s i o no i n thn t e r

p o i n t s fh el e m e n te t e r ml

o fn t e r s e c t i o n .

D E V E L O P M E N TA T T E

D r a wt r a i g h ti ne q ue nt

c i r c u m f e r e n c e hy l i n d ei

l i n e sn t oh ea mu m be q

a sh ei r c u m f e r e n c et y lD r a w nl e m e n th r o uai

p e r p e n d i c u l a rh e si ne t

t h ee n g t ha cl e m ep r o j

o ra l c u l a t i o n .S ex a m pe l

c o n n e c t i n gh no it l et h et r e t c h e duurve of the intersectioncan be developed.

EXAMPLEforcalculationof lengthof elements

If the circumferenceof cylindersis divided

into 16equalparts a = 22-1/2°

c1 = r sin a

C’2= r sin 2 a

C3 = r c o s

c4 = r



-

I Co fn e q u a li a m e t e r si t hn g l e fn t e r s e c t i o n0

Iinder into as many equal parts as necessaryfor the desired accuracy. Draw an elementat each division point. Project distancesc1, C2 etc. to the circumference of thelarger cylinder and draw elements at eachpoints. The intersecting points of theelements of the large and small cylinderdetermine the curve of intersection.

D E V E L O P M E N TA T T E RD r a ws t r a i g h ti nf e q ue nt

c i r c u m f e r e n c e fhy l i n d e ri v

l i n eo rh em a l ly l i n d enn u m b e r fq u a la r thi r c u m f e

o fh em a l ly l i n d e r .r ae l e

t h r o u g ha c hi v i s i o ne r p e n d i c utl i n e .e t e r m i n ehe n g tt hl e m

b yr o j e c t i o n ra l c u l a t i o nSx ab e l o w ) . yo n n e c t i n gh no

t h el e m e n t sh et r e t c h euu rt

i n t e r s e c t i o na ne v e l o p e d

T h eu r v a t u r eho lt a

c y l i n d e r se t e r m i n e dt he n

e l e m e n t s1 , 2t cp a c i nhd i sc e s , ,e t c . ,h i cr he n

a r c s nh ea r t i a li et ha ry1 der.

E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o n fe n g t h fl e m e n t s .

D i v i d i n gh ei r c u m f e r e n c e fh ey l i n d e r ,@ - c 21 ,i n t o 2q u a la r t s , 3 0 °

1 ,@ += r sin 30° C2 = r cos 300 C3 = r 14= Rc1



284

I Cw i t ho nn t e r s e c t i n gx e

a . b . C . d

I\

rI

— . .+ +- – ;; 1 - - - , - *-* ‘

, .I

I 1’I I I

Lk

T H EI N EN T E R S E CD i v i d ehi r c u m f e r etb r a n c hy l i n d eb o ia sa n yq u aa rn e cf o rh en t e n d ec c u ra nl e m e n ta ci v i oT h eo i n t si n t e r s e ctc o r r e s p o n d i n gl e m ee t e

t h ei n en t e r s e c t iD E V E L O P M E N TP A T TD r a ws t r a i g hi ne q et oh ei r c u m f e r e n ct rc y l i n d e rni v ii nn u m b e rq u aa rtc u m f e r e n c e .r ae l et h r o u g ha ci v i s ie r p e nt oh ei n ee t e r meo fh el e m e n tp r o j ec a l c u l a t i o n ,S ex a meB yo n n e c t i n gh note l e m e n t sht r e t c hu

t h en t e r s e c t i o nad e v e

T h eu r v a t u r et hom a i ny l i n d ed e t e r mtl e n g t hl e m e n 1e ti n gh e mi s t a n cb c ew h i c hr he n ga rtm a i ny l i n d es el e v a t

E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o nl e n ge l e

D i v i d i n ghi r c u m f e r et

c y l i n d e rn te q ua r= 3

c, = r sin 30° /1 = { R 2C

C2= r cos 30° 12=~ R2-(r + C1)—

1 4R2- (r - C1)2

16 = R



285

I A C

I

B3

2

1%

/ 2

34

I w

T H EI N EN T E R S E C T ID i v i d eh ei r c u m f e r e nt

c y l i n d e ro ti e nm a n yq u a la r tn e c e st h ee s i r e dc c u r a cre l e m e n ta ci v i soD r a wi r c l e sl air a d i u s lr 2t chii n

s e c t i o n nhl ad e t e rb yh eo i n t sn t e r s e c te l e m e n t sn ho r r e s p oc i r c l e s .r o j e c th e so ite l e v a t i o n .hn t e r s e c too fh er o j e c t o r snl e m ed e t e r m i n ehi ni n t e r s e

o nh el e v a t i o n .ht r eo u tu r v a t u r ehotc o n e s oe t e r m i ntl e n g t h fr c2 3tr a n s

e dr o mh el ai ec a l c ua sx e m p l i f i e de l o whp ao fr c s2 ,3t cao b t a

a sh o w nac a l c u l( S e ex a m p l ee l o w

D E V E L O P M E N TP A T TD r a ws t r a i g h ti nl e n qt oh ei r c u m f e r e n c et y

d e rn di v i di n an u m b e rq u aa rtc u m f e r e n c e .r ae l et h r o u g ha ci v i s iop e n d i c u l a rhi ne t e rt h ee n g t hhl e m epj e c t i o n ra l c u l a t ieof 1~, 1 * ,t c . ( S ex a m pe l

E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o ne n ge l e m

C6 = r sin a

r a d i u s ,h t a

‘ =w= ‘tc



286

I A S

>

R

IA

r ,1 a a

K - - -l-—. —. -—.—. .—. a

I1 “ I -3

s1 . \

%

I

,

“ Iw

‘E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o nf length ofe l e m e n t s .

C a l c u l a t eh ei s t a n c e s ,l ,2 ,t c .x l si v e n ; 2x~ + r x sin a , etc. ,

B2

THE LINE OF INTERSECTIONDivide the diameter of the cylinder into equaspaces. The horizontal planes through thdivision points cut elements from the cylindeand circles from the sphere. The intersectionof the elements with the corresponding circleare points on the curvature of intersection.

D E V E L O P M E N T HY L ID r a ws t r a i g h ti ne q ue tc i r c u m f e r e n c e hy l i n i it oh ea m eu m b ep a rt yT h ep a c i n ghi v i s io idm i n e d yh ee n g ta rt yD r a w nl e m e n th r o uai vp e r p e n d i c u l a r hi ne t el e n g t h fh el e m e n tp r o j ebc a l c u l a t i o nhe n g t1 e

P i p e n: 1l l i p s o i d a leT h ee n t e ro r t i ot hea pm a t e l ys p h e r i c a le g m eaw h i c h sq u a l.i m hi a mth e a d .h e nhi pw i tl i0t i m e sh ei a m e t e rt he

i n t e r s e c t i o nne v e l o p m et yc a n eo u n dhb oe s c r

P i p e nl a n g e dni s heS i m i l a ra yhe n t eo r tt hw i t h i nh en u c k l e sa s p h e rer a d i u s fh i c hq ut a td i s h .



287

T Pconnecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes

A A

A

A-

D E V E L O P M E N TD i v i d eh ei r c ln tq ua

d r a w nl e m e ne ai v

p o i n t .

F i n dh ee n g te al et r i a n g u l a t i o nc a l c u l a te l e m e n t sr hy p o t e nt

t r i a n g l e snide of which is

A - 1- 2 ’ ,- 3t cn t

s i d e sh ee i g ht hr a np i e c e .

B e g i nh ee v e l o p m e nt

1 - Sn dr a whi gr i a n-

w h o s ea s ee q uh a

s i d e Dnh o sy p o t e

f o u n d yr i a n g u l a t i oc a lt i o n .i n dho i n2 3 e

T h ee n g t h- 2- 3e t

b ea k e nq u at hot

d i v i s i o n sh oi r ct h

small enough for the desired accur-acy. Strike an arc with 1 as centerand the chord of divisions as radius.With A as center and A-2 as radiusdraw arc at 2. The intersection ofthese arcs give the point 2. Thepoints 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be

Found in”a similar manner.

E X A M P L E

f o ra l c u l a t i o ne n ge l e

c = r x cos a d = r x sin a

L E N G T HL E M E N

I nh eb o v ee s c r i ba n

b eo u n dhe v e l o p m er

s i t i o ni e c e sh e n

one end is square2. one or both sides of the rec-

tangle are equal to thediameter of the circle

3. the circular and rectangularplanes are eccentric

4. the circular and rectangularplanes are not parallel



288

T Pconnecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes

1

@

2 2 D E V E L O P M E N T

D i v i d ehi r c ln q ua3 3 d r a wl e m e ne ai

: - + - A

p o i n t .4 -

F i n dh ee n g te al e3 3 t r i a n g u l a t i o nb c a l c u l a

e l e m e n t sr hy p o t et2 2

1 t r i a n g l e sne side of which is

A - 1- 2 ’- 3t

s i d e she i gt r a n

p i e c e .

B e g i nhe v e l o p m et

1 - Sn dr ahi gr i a -w h o s ea se q uh

s i d e Dnh oy p o t

f o u n dr i a n g u l a t ic at i o n .i nho i n2 3 e

T h ee n g t h- 2-e

b ea k e nq u at hot

d i v i s i o n sh oi rt

small enough for the desired accur-acy. Strike an arc with 1 as centerand the chord of divisions as radius.With A as center and A-2 as radiusdraw arc at 2. The intersection ofthese arcs give the point 2. Thepoints 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be

found in a similar manner.

E X A M P L Ef o ra l c u l a t i o nl e n ge l e

c = r x cos a d = r x sin a

e = ~ (d )(a

In the above described manner canbe found the development for tran-sition pieces when:

1. one end is square2. one or both sides of the rec-

tangle are equal to thediameter of the circle

3. the circular and rectangularplanes are eccentric

4. the circular and rectangularplanes are not parallel



289

D C I E P

o

T h ee s te t h o do ri v i s i o nc i r cn q

I

p a r t s s oi n dh ee n g t hhh o ra p a

+ c m e a s u r eh i se n g t hi t hh ei v i d et hi r

f e r e n c e .h ee n g t h fh eh o r d= d i a m

c i r c l ec ,h e r ei sf a c t oa b u l ae

E X A M P L E :

I t se q u i r e d oi v i d e2 0n c hi a m e t e ri r c l en t oe q u a lp a c e s

c f o rs p a c e sr o mh ea b l e :. 3 8 2 6 8

C = D i a m e t e r0 . 3 8 2 6 82 00 . 3 8 2 6 87 . 6 5 3 6n c h e s

T oi n dh ee n g t h fh o r d so rn ye s i r e du m b e r fp a c eoh ot

t a b l e :

C = D i a m e t e rs i n8 0

n u m b e r fp a c e s

E X A M P L E :

I t se q u i r e d oi v i d e1 0 0n c hi a m e t e ri r c l en t o2 0q u aa r t

C = 100 x sin1 8 0

— =0 0s i n °0 ’ =0 00 . 0 2 62 .n c1 2 0

No. of No. ofSpaces c

No.c c c

1 0.00000 26 0,12054 51 0.06153 76 0,041322 1.00000 27 0,11609 0.06038 0.040793 0,86603 28 0.11196 % 0,05924 ;: 0,040274 0.70711 29 0,10812 54 0.05814 79 0,03976

5 0,58779 30 0“10453 55 0.05709 80 0.039260.50000 31 0.10117 56 0.05607 81;

0.038780.43388 32 0.09802 57 0.05509 82 0,03830

8 0.38268 33 0.09506 58 0.05414 83 0.03784

9 0.34202 34 0.09227 59 0,05322 84 0.037390 . 3 0 9 0 2 5. 0 8 9 6 4 0. 0 5 2 3 4. 0

1 1. 2 8 1 7 3 60 8 7 1 6 1. 0 5 1 4 81 2

0 . 00 . 2 5 8 8 2 70 8 4 8 1 2. 0 5 0 6 50 . 0

1 3. 2 3 9 3 2 8. 0 8 2 5 8 3. ) 4 9 8 50 , 01 4. 2 2 2 5 2 9. 9 8 0 4 7 4.04907 89 0.0352915 0.20791 40 0.07846 65 0,04831 90 0.0349016 0.19509 41 0.07655 66 0.04758 91 0.03452

170.18375 0.07473 67 0.04687 92 0.0341418 0.17365 :: 0.07300 68 0,04618 93 0.03377

19 0.16460 44 0.07134 69 0.04551 0.0334120 0.15643 45 0.06976 70 0.04487 % 0.03306

0,14904 46 0.06824 71 0.04423 96;;

0.032720.14232 47 0,06679 72 0.04362 97 0,03238

23 0.13617 48 0.06540 73 0.04302 98 0.0320524 0.13053 49 0.06407 74 0.04244 0.0317325 0.12533 50 0,06279 75 0.04188 1:: 0 . 0



290

e

De[

T.

i456-189

10111213

141516171819

—

m SEGMENTSOFCIRCLESFORR4DIUS= 1

Length of arc, height of segment,length of chord,

I P / l\ and area of segmentfor anglesfrom 1 to 180 degrees

W Jndradi”s1 .or other radii, multiply the values

of 1, h and c in the table by the given radius r, andthe values for areas, by r2, the square of the radius.

1

0 . 0 1 72

933

0

9

0

23

i

0

0

00

3

0

0

0

3

3

0

0

3

3

3

0

0

0o

0000

00

000

0

0.7150.73?0

0

000

00

0

0

000

00

011

I

h

0.000o0,ooo10

00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0000

0

1

c

m0

0

00

0

0

I

0

00

0

0

0I

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

0

00

0

0000

00

000.667

1

7A

1

0

0

0 ;

0

0

00 ~

0 I

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

0

0

0

0

000

00

0

0000

0

0

0

0

0

00

0

00

0

000

00

0

00

1

0Deg

T

626364656667686970717?737475767778798081828384858687888990

919293949596979899

100

102103104105106107108109110111

II

1

m1,0821.1001.1171.1341,1521.1691.1871.X34[~q~

I.2391.2571.2741,291I.3091.3?61.3441.3611.3791.396I.4141.4311.4491.4661.4831

11

1

1

11

11

1

1

111

1

1,7631.7801,7981,8151,8331.8501.8671.8851.9021.9201.9371.9551.9721.9902.0072.0252.0422.0592.0772.094

h

I

c

3-F

;,

1

111

11

1

111

1

A

0

0

0

00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

000

00

01

I

0

0

00

0

000

0

00

00

0

0

000

0

0

0

000

0

0000

0

00

0

0

00

0

0

I

eDeg

121 2.11?122 2.129123 2.147124 2.164I15 2.18?

126 2.199127 2.217]28 ~,?34129 2,:5]

2

22

I 2

I 2

222

2

22

2

2

22

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

222

22

222

162 2.827163 2.845164 2.862165 2.880166 2.897167 2.915168 2.932169 2.950170 2.967171 2.984172 3.002173 3.019174 3.037175 3.054176 3.072177 3.089178 3.107179 3.124180 3.142

h c

T

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 10 1

0 1&6~54

i

I

1

[

Area

mentA

0



291

Ziii4D R O P TH EN T E R S E C T I O N

dO FH E L LN DO Z Z L E

( D i m e n s i o n e dn c h e s )

~

N (

2 %

M I N A I

3 3 %

E

4 5

T8

1.0000 1.8125

0.8125 1.5000

0.6875 1.2.500

0.6250 1.1250

1 %Y2

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625—.0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

2

0.4375

0.3750

0.3125

0.3125

0.2500

0.2500

0.1875

0.1875

0.1875

0,1875

0.12SC

o.1250

0.I 25a

O.

O.125C

0.12 SC

O.125C

O.125C

0.062S

0.062

0.3750

0.3750

0.3125

+

0.1250 0.2500

0.1250 0.2500

0.12.50 0.2500

0.1250 0.1875

0.062:

0.062 :

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062$

0.0625—.0.062:

0.062$

0.062$

0.0625

0.062$

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0. 12s0 0.1875

0.1875

0.12s0 0.1875

0.1250 0.1875

0.0625 0.1250

0.0625 0.1250

0.0625 0.1250

0.0625 0.1250

0.0625 0.1250

96

102

108

114

120

126

132

138

144

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625

0.0625



292

I I I I

I i I dl I D R O P TH EN T E R S E C T I O N

O FH E L LN DO Z Z L

( D i m e n s i o n ,n c h e s

S h e l l

i a ; .

N (

1 6

8.000

4.8750—4.0000

3.4375

3.0625

2.7500

2.5000

2.3125

2.1250’

2.0000

1.8750

1.7500

1.6875

1.56751

1.1875I

1.1875

1.0625

1.0000

0.8750

0.8125

0.7500

0.6875——

0.6875

0.6250

0.6250

0.5625

0.5625

0.5000

0.5000

0.4375

0.4375

M I N A

1 8

9 . 0 0 0 0

P I P E

20

—

1.0625

.5000

.0625

[.7500

2 30

4-.1250 7.000

3.1875 4.1250

2.6250 3.3750

[

[

[

[

2.3125 2.8750

2.0625 2 5000

1.8125 2.2500

1.6875 2.0625

5.6250

4.6875

4.0625

3.6250

D.000o

.1.0000

7.1875 12.0000

6.0625 8.0000

5.3125 6.8125

4.8125 6.0000

4.3750 5.4375

4.0625 4.8125

3.7500 4.5625

3.5000 4.2500

3.3125 4.0000

3.1250 3.7500

2.6875 3.1875

2.3125 2.8125

2.1250 2.5000

1.8750 2.2500

3.0000

L0625

[.0000

).9375

).8750

).81 25

).7500

).7500

).6875 +

1.8750

5.00000.4375

9.0000

8.1250

7.3125

6.7500

6.3125

5.2500

4.5625

4.0000

3.6250

36

38

40

42

0.875 1.0625

0.7500 0.9375

0.6875 0.8125

0.6250 0.7500

1.7500 2.0625

1.5625 1.8750

1.4375 1.7500

1.3750 1.8750

1.2500 1.5000

1.1875 1.4375

1.1250 1.3750

1.0625 1.2500

1.0000 1.1875

0.9375 1.1250

0.9375 1.1250

0.8750 1.0625

0.8750 1.0000

1. 1.4375

1.3125

1.1875

1.1250

2.4375

2.2500

2.0625

1.937.5

96

102

108

114

120

126

132

138

144

0.312

0.312

0.250(

0.250(

0.250(

0.250(

0.250(

0.182 +

0.4375 0.500(

0.37s0 0.500(

0.3750 0.437$

0.1875 0.437:

0.1875 0.4375

0.3125 0.375(

0.3125 0.375C

0.3125 0.375C

0.875C

0.812 :

0.750C

0.6875

0.6875

0.625C

0.625C

0.5625

1.0000

0.9375

0.8750

0.8125

0.8125

0.7500

0.7500

1.8125

1.6875

1.5625

1.5000

1.4375

1.3750

1.3125

1.2500

1.1875

2.375(

2.250(

2. 125C

2.000C

1.8125

1.750[

1.625C

1.5625.3125 0.312 :.1 82 0.5625 0.6875

I



293

TABLEFORLOCATINGPOINTS

ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS

tFrom thesetablesthe dimension

~y canbe found if the diameter,D and dimensionx areknown,

~Ient ‘i n eR = t h ea d i u se a d

7567890,1,2

,3,4is—

T

723456789

11

1213141516—

Y

72345(—

7.2284

7.07106.87386.63326.344265.5901

5.09904.5

3.74162.69250

~=32

Y

789 ~[0 ~[1[2[3

,4.5,6,7—

T

T2345

6789

101112

1314151617

18—

7.74597.57.21116.87386.48076.02085.4772

4.821842.87220

‘=36

Y

8.98618.94428.87418.77498.6458

8.48528.29158.06227.79427.48337 . 1

6.7082

6.22495.65684.97494.12312.9580

0

3 = 12

Y

2.95802.82842.59802.23601.6583

0

) = 0

r2345

6—

—

z -- i -2345

6789

10

T

T234

56789

x

723456789

10

Y4.97494.89894.76974.58254.3301

43.570732.17940

)= 22

D= 26

Y

T234

56789

10111213—

T

Y23456789

1011121314—

x

72

L’

6.48076.42266.32456.1846

65.76625.47725.12344.69044.15333.46412.50

)=28

Y

6.98216.92826.83746.70826.53836.32456.0621

5.74455.36194.89894.33013.60552.59800

)=30

Y

D = 14

I

Y1 3.46412 3.35413 3.16224 2.87225 2.44946 1.802770

D= 16

Y5.47725.40835.29155.1234

4.89894.60974.24263.77493.16222 . 2 9 1 20

7.98437.93727.85817.74597.59937.41627.19376.92826.61436.2455.8094

543.87292.78380

) = 34Y

- i -T23456

78—

Y3.96863.87293.70813.46413.12252.6457

1.93640

) = 1 8

=24

Y

5.97915.91605.8094

5.65685.45435.19614.87344.47213.96863.31662.3979

TY

1 4.47212 4.38783 4.24264 4.03115 3.74166 3.35417 2.82848 2.0615

D =38

T

x Y9.4868

2 9.44723 9.3808

8.48528.44098.36668.26138.12407.9529 -J1 9.2870

5 9.1651

7.48337.43307.3484

91 0 I l l



294

TABLEFOR LOCATINGPOINTS

ON2:1ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)

T78

910111213141516171819

x

123456789

1011121314151617

181920

T

=38

9.01388.83178.6168

8.36668.07777.74597.36546.92826.42265.83095.12344.24263.04130

=40Y

9.98749.94989.88689.79799.68249.53939.36759.16518.9302

8.66028.351687.59937.14146.614365.2678

4.35893.12250

=42x Y,

-L10.4881

2 10.45233 10.39234 10.30785 10.1986 10.06237 9.8994

89

101 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2021

xT

23456789

10

111213141516171819202122

2324

T

1

2345

9.70829.48689.23308.9442

8.61688.24627.82627.34846.80076.16445.40834.47213.20150

=48

Y11.989611.958311.905911.832211.736711.61911.478211.313711.124310.9087

10.665410.392310.08719.74679.36758.94428.47057.93727.33146.63325.80944.7958

3.42780

= 54

Y

13.490713.462913.416413.35113.2665

6789

1011121314151617181920

21222324252627

1

x

T2

3456789

10

1121314151617181920212223

13.162413.038412.893912.7279

12.539912.328812.093411.832211.543411.22510.874310.488110.06239.59169.0691

8.48527.82647.07106.18465.09903.64000

=60

Y14.991714.9666

14.924814.866114.790214.696914.58614.456814.309114.1421

13.955313.747713.518513.266512.990412.688612.359212

11.180310.712110.1989.6306

24252627

282930

1x

12345

6789

1011121314151617

18192021222324

;;27282930313233

12

98.29157.48336.5383

5.38513.84050

‘66

Y

16.492416.469716.431716.378316.3095

16.22516.124516.007815.874515.724215.556315.370415.165814.941614.696914.430914.1421

13.829313.490713.124412.727912.29841 1 . 8 311.324810.770310.16129.48688.73217.87406.87385.65584.03110

= 7

Y

17.993117.9722

-7456

789

1011121314151617

181920212223242526272829

30313233343536—

Y

-i-23456789

10~

17.93717.88817.82517.748

17.65617.54917.42817.29117.13916.97016.78516.58316.36316.12415.866

15.58815.28814.96614.62014.24713.84713.41612.95112.44911.90511.31310.665

9.9499.1518.2467.1935.9164.2130

=78

Y19.49319.47419.44219.39719.33919.26719.18319.08518.97318.84818.708



295

D=78

121314

1516171819202122232425

2627282930313233343536373839

1x

-i-23

456789

10111213141516

18.55418.384818.20031817.783417.549917.298817.029416.740716.431716.101215.74815.370414.9666

14.534414.071213.573913.038412.459911.832211.146710.39239.55248.60237.56.16444.38740

=84

Y

20.99420.976220.9464

220.850720.784620.706320.615520.512220.396120.26720.124619.968719.79919.61519.4165

F

1819202122232425262728293031

3233343536373839404142

x

T234

:789

10111213141516171819

TABLEFORLOCATINGPOINTS

ON2:1ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)

19.202918.973718.728318.466218.186517.888517.571317.233716.874516.492416.085715.652515.190514.696914.1686

13.601512.990412.328811.608210.81679.93738.94427.79426.40314.55520

=90v

22.494422.477822.449922.41092 2 . 3 6 0 7

2 2 . 2 9 9 1

2222222222222

72122232425262728293031323334

3536373839404142434445

x

723456

789

10111213141516171819

20.155619.899719.627819.339119.032918.708318.36441817.613917.204716.770516.309515.819315.297114.7394

14.142113.512.806212.05211.22510.30789.27368.07776.63324.71690

=96Y

23.994823.979223.953123.91652 3 . 8 6 9 4

2 3 . 8 1 1 8

23. 743423.664323.574423.473423.361323.237923.10322.956522.79822.627422.444422.248622.0397

T2122232425262728293031323334

3536373839404142434445464748

7

Y

-i-23

456

789

10111213141516

21.817421.581221.330721.065420.784620.487820.174219.843119.493619.124618.73518.323517.888517.428416.9411

16.424115.874515,288914.662913.991113.266512.4811.61910.66549.59168.35166.85564.87340

= 108

Y

26.995426.981526.958326.925826.88426.832826.772226.702126.622426.53326.433926.324926.2059

26.076825.937425.7876

71819202122232425262728293031

32333435363738394041424344454647484

5051525354

-x

7234567

25.627125.455825.273525.079924.874724.657724.428524.186823.932223.664323.382723.086822.776122.449922.1077

21.748621.371720.976220.560920.124F19.66619.183318.674818.138417.571316.970616.332515.652514.924814.142113.294712.369311.346810.1988.8741

7.28015.17200

= 120Y

29.995829.983329.962529.933329.895729.849629.7951



296

TABLE FOR LOCATINGPOINTS

ON 2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS (Cont.)

T

910

111213141516171819202122

2324252627282930313233

3435363738394041

42434445

4647484950515253&

12029.732129.660629.5804

29.491529.393929.287429.171929.047428.913728.770628.618228.456128.284328.102527.9106

27.708327.495527.271827.03726.790926.53326.263125.980825.685625.377225.0549

24.718424.3672423.616723.216422,79822.360721.903221.424320.922520.396119.8431

19.261418.64811817.313316.583115.803514.966614.062413.0767

r5 10.989656 10.770357 9.367558 7.6811

59 5454360 0

D= 132—xT234567

89

101112131415161718

1920212223242526

;;2930

313233343536373839

Y

32.996232.984832.965932.939332.905232.863432.8139

32.756732.691732.61932.538432.4532.353532.24932.136432.015631.886531.74931.60331.448431.28531.112730.931430.740930.54130.331530.112329.883129.643729.3939

29.133328.861728.578828.284327.977727.658627.326726.981526.6224

z414243

444546474849505152535455

5657585960616263646566

7Y

T234567

89

101112131415161718

26.248825.860225.455825.035

24.596724.140223.664323.167922.649522.107721.540720.946420.322419.66618.973718.2414

17.464216.635815.74814.790213.747712.599611.31379.83618.06225.72270

= 144Y-

35.996535.986135.968735.944435.913135.874835.8295

35.777135.717635.651135.577435.496535.408335.312935.210135.099934.982134.8569

Y202122

2324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445

46474849505152535 4

55657

5859606162636465

J@

34.723934.583234.434734.2783

34.113833.941133.760233.570833.372933.166232.950732.726132.492332.24931.996131.7333

31.460331.176930.882830.577830.261429.933329.593129.240428.874728.495628.1025

27.694827.271826.832826.377125.903725.411624.899824.36723.8118222.627421.9943

21.330720:633719.899719.124618.30317.428416.492415.483914.3875

L7 13.1814

6869 10.283570 8.4261

71 5.979172 0

N O

T u r

o a e l l i

h ei

i n so u

i a t r

e l l i

T a r

c ut

o p p o

i n l

a

d a

t ha

a

a p p l it l o

p o i

t he

r i c

d e t e r

c u r

( e s p ei t

o h e

w a le



297

LENGTH OF ARCS

1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shellsby measuringthe length of arcs.

2. The length of arcs are computed for the most commonly used pipe-sizesand vesseldiameters.

3. The length of arcs for any diameters and any degrees, not shown in thetable, can be obtained easily using the values givenfor diam. 1 or degree 1.

4. All dimensionsare in inches.

EXAMPLES

A. w 3P

6

O.D. = 3 0 ”

N o z z l eo c a t e d ?0 °

/ F r o ma b l eh ee n g t h

2 7 V4 9 @ ’ r c7 . 8 4 3 8n

1 8 ( Y

B .

@

C P6 V. D .3 0 ”

N o z z l eo c a t e d6 0 °

T h er c o ee a s u r e dr oh.

2 7 PY 9 0 @l o s e s te n t e r l i n e

T h eo z z l es @0 °r oh 0

~ .h ee n g t h fh i sr c. 8 4 n

I s & ’

c .3m’

4

I . D .3 0 ”a l lh i c k n e s s =/ 8h

O . D .3 04 ”

) N o z z l eo c a t e d ?0 °

2 7 Wd 9 Wr o ma b l ee n g t h0 r o

d i a .= 0 . 2 6 1 8 00 . 2 6 1 8 03 0 . 78 . 0 5

1 8 @

D .22%0

&

O.D. = 3 0 ”

N o z z l eo c a t e d2 2 ? 4 °

F r o ma b l ee n g t hr

2 7 ( Y{

9 0 ’ J0 ”. D .i p e =) . 2 6 1 8 00 . 2 6 1 8 02 2 .5 .

1 8 W



298

L E N G T H FR C S

D E G R E E S

D i a m .5 1 0 5 3

1 0 . 0 0 8 7 3. 0 4 3 6 3. 0 8 7 2 7. 1 3 0 9 0. 1 7 4 5. 2 1.

1 0 . 0 1 1 4 8. 0 6 2 5. 1 2 5 0. 1 8 7 S. 2 1 8. 2

1Y2

: 2zw& 3z

a

~ 5

z 60z 8

w

w~

~

Amxa

8

$

&az~

n



- ,

L E N G T H FR C S

D E G R E E S

D i a m . 5 0 5 08 7

1 0 . 3 0 5 4 3. 3 4 9 0 7. 3 9 2 7 0. 7 8 5 4 0. 5 7 0 8 0.35619 3.14159

1 0.4063 0.4688 0.5313 1.0313 2.0625 3.0938 4.1250

1Y2 0.5938 0.6563 0.7500 1.5000 3.0000 4.4688 5.9688

wN 2 0.7188 0.8438 0.9375 1.8750 3.7188 5.5938 7.4688G 2% 0.8750 1.0000 1.1250 2.2500 4.5313 6.7813 9.0313m& 3 1.0625 1.2188 1.3750 2.7500 5.5000 8.2500 11.0000

z 3% 1.2188 1.4003 1.5625 3.1563 6.2813 9.4375 12.5625d 44

1.3750 1.5625 1.7813 3.5313 7.0625 10.5938 14.1250

g 5 1.6875 1.9375 2.1875 4.3750 8.7500 13.0938 17.4688

z 6 2.0313 2.3125 2.5938 5.2188 10.4063 15.6250 20.8125

$? 8 2.6250 3.0938 3.3750 6.7813 13.5625 20.3125 27.0938

10 3.2813 3.7500 4.2188 8.4375 16.8750 25.3438 33.7813

12 3.9063 4.4375 5.0000 10.0000 20.0313 30.0313 40.0625

12 3.6563 4.1875 4.7188 9.4375 18.8438 29.2813 37.0625

14 4.2813 4.8750 5.5000 11.0000 22.0000 33.0000 43.9688

16 4.8750 5.5938 6.2813 12.5625 25.1250 37.6875 50.2500

18 5.5000 6.2813 7.0313 14.1250 28.2813 42.4063 56.5625

20 6.0938 6.9688 7.8438 15.7188 31.4063 47.1250 62.8438

22 6.7188 7.6875 8.6563 17.2813 34.5625 51.8438 69.1250

24 7.3438 8.3750 9.4375 18.8438 37.6875 56.5625 75.4063

26 7.9375 9.0625 10.2188 20.4063 40.8438 61.2500 81.6875

28 8.5625 9.7813 11.0000 22.0000 43.9688 65.9688 87.9688

30 9.1563 10.4688 11.7813 23.5625 47.1250 70.6875 94.2500

32 9.7813 11.1563 12.5625 25.1250 50.2500 75.4063 100.5313

34 10.3750 11.8750 13.3438 26.7188 53.4060 80.1250 106.8125

m 36 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 28.2813 56.5625 84.8125 113.0938

: 3811.5938 13.2500 14.9375 29.8438 59.6875

89.5313119.3750

u 12.2188 13.9688 15.7188~ ;:

31.4063 62.8438 94.2500 125.6563

12.8438 14.6563 16.5000 33.0000A ‘

65.9688 98.9688 131.9375

a 48 14.6563 16.7500 18.8438 37.6875 75.4063 113.0938LLl

150.7813

g 5416.5000 18.8438 21.2188 42.4063 84.8125 127.2500 169.6563

60 18.3125 20.9375 23.5625 47.1250 94.2500 141.3750 188.5000

5 66 20.1563 23.0313 25.9065 51.8438 103.6875 155.5000 207.3458—-..—* 22.0000 25.1250 28.2813 56.5625 113.0938 169.6S63m

226.1875

+ 78 23.8125 27.2188 30.6250 61.2500 122.5313 183.7813 245.0313

E :;25.6563 29.3125 3 3 . 0 0 0 05 . 9 6 8 83 1 . 9 3 7 59 7 . 96

4 2 7 . 5 0 0 01 . 4 0 6 35 . 2 4 3 80 . 6 8 7 54 1 . 3 7 5 01 2 . 08

s 9 69 . 3 1 2 53 . 5 0 0 07 . 6 8 7 55 . 4 0 6 35 0 . 7 8 1 32 6 . 10

1 0 21 . 1 5 6 35 . 5 9 3 80 . 1 2 5 00 . 1 2 5 06 0 . 2 1 8 84 0 . 321 0 83 . 0 0 0 07 . 6 8 7 52 . 4 0 6 34 . 8 1 2 56 9 . 6 5 6 35 4 . 43

1 1 44 . 8 1 2 59 . 7 8 1 39 . 7 8 1 39 . 5 3 1 37 9 . 0 6 2 56 8 . 55

1 2 06 . 6 5 6 31 . 8 7 5 07 . 1 2 5 04 . 2 5 0 08 8 . 5 0 0 08 2 . 77

1 2 68 . 5 0 0 03 . 9 6 8 89 . 4 6 8 88 . 9 6 8 89 7 . 9 0 6 39 6 . 89

1 3 20 . 3 1 2 56 . 0 6 2 51 . 8 4 3 80 3 . 6 5 6 30 7 . 3 4 3 81 1 . 01

1 3 82 . 1 5 6 38 . 1 5 6 34 . 1 8 7 50 8 . 3 7 5 01 6 . 7 8 1 32 5 . 13

1 4 43 . 9 6 8 80 . 2 5 0 06 . 5 6 2 51 3 . 0 9 3 82 6 . 1 8 7 53 9 . 25



300

C IA C

D i a .I Circum.I

Area Circum.

6.2832

6.4795

6.67596.8722

7.06867.2649

7.4613

7.6576

7.85408.0503

8.2467

8.44308.6394

8.8357

9.0321

9.2284

9.4248

9.62119.8175

10.014

10.210

10.407

10.603

10.79910.996

11.192

11.388

11.58511.781

11.97712.174

12.370

Area

3.1416

3.3410

3.54663.7583

3.9761

4.20Q0

4.4301

4.6664

4.90875.1572

5.4119

5.67275.93966.2126

6.4918

6.7771

Circum.

16.297

16.493

16.69016.886

17.082

17.279

17.475

17.67117.868

18.064

18.261

18.457

18.653

18.850

19.242

19.63520.028

20.420

20.813

21.206

21.598

21.991

22.384

22.776

23.169

23.562

23.95524.347

24.740

25.133

25.525

25.91826.31126.704

27.096

27.489

27.882

28.27428.667

29.060

29.45229.845

30.238

30.631

31.023——

31,416

31.80932.201

Area

. 0 4 9 0 9c Q o 1 9

. 0 9 8 1 80 0 0 7 7

. 1 4 7 2 60 0 1 7 3

. 1 9 6 3 50 0 3 0 7

. 2 9 4 3 20 0 6 9 0

. 3 9 2 7 00 1 2 2 7

. 4 9 0 8 70 1 9 1 7

. 5 8 % 50 2 7 6 1

. 6 8 7 2 20 3 7 5 8

. 7 8 5 4 00 4 9 0 9

. 8 8 3 5 70 6 2 1 3

. 9 8 1 7 50 7 6 7 01 . 0 7 9 90 9 2 8 11 . 1 7 8 11 1 0 4 51 . 2 7 6 31 2 9 6 2

1 . 3 7 4 41 5 0 3 31 . 4 7 2 61 7 2 5 7

1 . 5 7 0 81 9 6 3 51 . 6 6 9 02 2 1 6 61 . 7 6 7 12 4 8 5 01 . 8 6 5 32 7 6 8 81 . 9 6 3 53 0 6 8 02 . 0 6 1 73 3 8 2 42 . 1 5 9 83 7 1 2 22 . 2 5 8 04 0 5 7 4

2 . 3 5 6 24 4 1 7 92 . 4 5 4 44 7 9 3 7

2 . 5 5 2 55 1 8 4 92 . 6 5 0 75 5 9 1 42 . 7 4 8 96 0 1 3 22 . 8 4 7 16 4 5 0 42 . 9 4 5 26 9 0 2 93 . 0 4 3 47 3 7 0 8

. —3 . 1 4 1 67 8 5 43 . 3 3 7 98 8 6 63 . 5 3 4 39 9 4 03 . 7 3 0 6. 1 0 7 53 . 9 2 7 0. 2 2 7 24 . 1 2 3 3. 3 5 3 04 . 3 1 9 7. 4 8 4 9

4 . 5 1 6 0. 6 2 3 04 . 7 1 2 4. 7 6 7 14 . 9 0 8 7. 9 1 7 55 . 1 0 5 1. 0 7 3 95 . 3 0 1 4. 2 3 6 55 . 4 9 7 8. 4 0 5 35 . 6 9 4 1. 5 8 0 25 . 8 9 0 5. 7 6 1 26 . 0 8 6 8. 9 4 8 3

21.135

21.648

22.166

22.691

23.22123.758

24.301

24.850

25.406

25.967

26.53527.109

27.688

28.274

29.465

30.68031.919

33.183

34.472

35.785

37.122

3A

1 2 . 5 6 61 2 . 7 6 31 2 . 9 5 91 3 . 1 5 51 3 . 3 S 21 3 . 5 4 81 3 . 7 4 41 3 . 9 4 11 4 . 1 3 71 4 . 3 3 4

1 4 . 5 3 01 4 . 7 2 61 4 . 9 2 31 5 . 1 1 91 5 . 3 1 51 5 . 5 1 2

12.566

12.96213.36413.772

14.186

14.607

15.03315.466

15.90416.349

16.80017.25717.728

18.19u

18.66519.147

?x%

15.708

15.$0416.101

—



301

C IA C (

D i a .i r c u m .r e ai a .i r c u m .r e ai ai r c

o . ~3 2 . 5 9 48 4 . 5 4 15 1 . 0 5 10 7 . 3 96 9 . 8% 3 2 . 9 8 76 . 5 9 05 1 . 4 4 41 0 . 6 06 9 . 8

% 3 3 . 3 7 98 . 6 6 45 1 . 8 3 61 3 . 8 2

$ ’0 . 93 A3 . 7 7 2. 7 6 35 2 . 2 2 91 7 . 0 87 0 . 9% 3 4 . 1 6 52 . 8 8 65 2 . 6 2 22 0 . 3 S% 7 1 . 0

% 5 3 . 0 1 42 3 . 6 57 1 . 01 1 .4 . 5 5 85 . 0 3 3 Y 7 1 . 1

% 3 4 . 9 5 07 . 2 0 57 .3 . 4 0 72 6 . 9 8

% 3 5 . 3 4 39 . 4 0 25 3 . 8 0 03 0 . 3 332 . 1

% 3 5 . 7 3 60 1 . 6 25 4 . 1 9 23 3 . 7 17 2 . 2

% 3 6 . 1 2 80 3 . 8 7 A4 . 5 8 53 7 . 1 07 3 . 2% 3 6 . 5 2 10 6 . 1 45 4 . 9 7 84 0 . 5 37 3 . 23 A6 . 9 1 40 8 , 4 35 5 . 3 7 14 3 . 9 8% 7 3 . 3~ 87 . 3 0 61 0 . 7 55 5 . 7 6 34 7 . 4 57 4 . 3

~ 86 . 1 5 65 0 . 9 57 4 . 41 2 .7 . 6 9 91 3 . 1 0 % 7 5 . 4

%3 8 . 0 9 21 5 . 4 78 .6 . 5 4 95 4 . 4 7

% 3 8 . 4 8 51 7 . 8 65 6 . 9 4 15 8 . 0 245 . 5

% 3 8 . 8 7 72 0 . 2 87 . 3 3 46 1 . 5 97 5 . 5% 3 9 . 2 7 02 2 . 7 25 7 . 7 2 76 5 . 1 8? 7 6 . 6~ 89 . 6 6 32 5 . 1 95 8 . 1 1 96 8 . 8 09 7 6 . 6

% 4 0 . 0 5 52 7 . 6 85 8 . 5 1 27 2 . 4 5? 7 6 .7

7 80 . 4 4 83 0 . 1 9 48 . 9 0 57 6 . 1 2% 7 7 . 7— % 5 9 . 2 9 87 9 . 8 1? 7 7 . 8

1 3 .0 . 8 4 13 2 . 7 3 ~ 7 8 . 8; 4 1 . 2 3 33 5 . 3 09 .9 . 6 9 08 3 . 5 3

4 1 . 6 2 63 7 . 8 96 0 . 0 8 38 7 . 2 758 . 9

% 4 2 . 0 1 94 0 . 5 06 0 . 4 7 69 1 . 0 4~ 7 8 . 9

% 4 2 . 4 1 24 3 . 1 46 0 . 8 6 89 4 . 8 39 . 0

% 4 2 . 8 0 44 5 . 8 06 1 . 2 6 19 8 . 6 5~ 7 9 . 0s ~3 . 1 9 74 8 . 4 91 . 6 5 40 2 . 4 98 0 . 1

% 4 3 . 5 9 05 1 . 2 06 2 . 0 4 60 6 . 3 58 0 51% 6 2 . 4 3 91 0 . 2 4% 8 0 . 2

1 4 .3 . 9 8 25 3 . 9 4 ~ 8 1 . 2~ 4 4 . 3 7 55 6 . 7 00 .2 . 8 3 21 4 . 1 6

x 4 4 . 7 6 85 9 . 4 86 3 . 2 2 51 8 . 1 061 . 3% 4 5 . 1 6 06 2 . 3 06 3 . 6 1 72 2 . 0 6% 8 2 . 3% 4 5 . 5 5 36 5 . 1 36 4 . 0 1 02 6 . 0 5x 8 2 . 4~ 4 5 . 9 4 66 7 . 9 96 4 . 4 0 33 0 . 0 68 2 . 84? 46 . 3 3 87 0 . 8 7 84 . 7 9 53 4 . 1 0Y 8 3 . 5

% 4 6 . 7 3 17 3 . 7 86 5 . 1 8 83 8 . 1 6% 8 3 . 5

& 6 S . 5 8 14 2 , 2 50 4 . 61 5 .7 . 1 2 47 6 . 7 1 % 8 4 . 6

% 4 7 . 5 1 77 9 . 6 71 .5 . 9 7 34 6 . 3 6

% 4 7 . 9 0 98 2 . 6 56 6 . 3 6 65 0 . 5 074 . 7

% 4 8 . 3 0 28 5 . 6 66 6 . 7 5 95 4 . 6 4 5% 8 5 . 7~ 4 8 . 6 9 58 8 . 6 96 7 . 1 5 25 8 . 8 48 5 . 8

% 4 9 . 0 8 79 1 . 7 5 27 . 5 4 46 3 . 0 5/6 . 8% 4 9 . 4 8 09 4 . 8 36 7 . 9 3 76 7 . 2 8; 8 6 .7 89 . 8 7 39 7 . 9 3 A3 . 3 3 07 1 . 5 46 . 9

~ 6 8 . 7 2 27 5 . 8 38 7 . 01 6 .0 . 2 6 50 1 . 0 6 % 8 7 . 1

% 5 0 . 6 5 80 4 . 2 22 .9 . 1 1 58 0 . 1 34



2

2 RA C

Area

615.75

621,26626.80

632.36

637.94

643.55

649.18

654.84

660.52666.23

671.96

677.71

683.49

689.30

695.13

700.98

706.86

712.76

718.69

724.64

730.62736.62

742.64

748.69

754.77

760.87

766.99

773.14

779.31

785.51791.73

797.98

804.25810.54816.86

823.21

8 2 9 . 5 8

ki r c u m .

1 0 6 . 8 1 4

1 0 7 . 2 0 71 0 7 . 6 0 01 0 7 . 9 9 21 0 8 . 3 8 51 0 8 . 7 7 81 0 9 . 1 7 01 0 9 . 5 6 3

Area

125.664

126.0s6126.449126.842

127.23s

127.627

128.020

128.413

128.805

129.198

129.591

129.983130.376

130,769

131.161

131.554

~

%%

%

1320.3

1328.3

1336.4

1344.51352.71360.8

1369.0

1377,2

1075.21082.51089.81097.11104.51111.81119.21126.7

135.088

135.481

135.874

136.267

136.659

137.052

137.445137.837

139.801140.194140.586140.979

1 5

119.381119.773120.166

120.559

1 1 6 4 . 2

141.372

141.764

142.157142.550

142.942143.335

143.728144.121

122.522

122.915

123.308123.700

124.093124.486

124.878125.271



303

C IA C

D i a .i r c u m .

1 4 4 . 5 1 3

1 4 4 . 9 0 61 4 5 , 2 9 91 4 5 . 6 9 11 4 6 . 0 8 41 4 6 . 4 J 71 4 6 . 8 6 91 4 7 . 2 6 2

Area

1661.9

1670.91680.0

1689.1

1698.2

1707.4

1716.5

1725.7

1734.91744.2

1753.51762.7

1772.1

1781.4

1790.81800.1

Circum. Area Area

2642.1

2653,52664.9

2676.4

2687.8

2699.3

2710.9

2722.4

163.363

163.756164.148

164.541

164.934

165.326

165.719

166.112

2123.7

2133.92144.2

2154.5

2164.8

2175.1

2185.4

2195.8

2206.2

2216.6

2227.0

2237.5

2248.0

2258.5

2269.12279.6

2290.2

2300.82311.5

2322.1

2332.8

2343.523S4.3

236S.0

2375.82386.6

2397.52m8.3

2419.2

243J1.1

2441.1

2452.0

182.212

182.605182.998

183.390

183.783184.176

184.569184.961

2734.0

2745.6

2757.2

2768.8

2780.5

2792.2

2803.92815.7

2827.4

2839.2

2851.0

2862.9

2874.8

2886.6

2898.6

2910.5

2922.5

2934.5

2946.52958.5

2970.6

2982.7

2994.8

3(X)6.9

147.655148.048

148.440

148.833

149.226

149.618

150.011150.404

166.504

166.897

167.290

167.683

168.075

168.468

168.861169.253

1 5 8 . 6 5 0

169.646

170.039

170.431

170.824

171.217

171.609

172.002

172.395

60.

?’4?%%%?4%

172.788

173.180

173.573173.966

174.358

174.751

175.144

175.536

1 7 7 . 5 0 0177.893

178.285

178.678

2463.0

2474.02485.0

2496.1

2507.2

2518.3

2529.4

2540.6

2551.8

2563.0

2574.22585.4

2596.72608.02619.4

2630.7

1 % .

160,221

160.614

161.007161.399161.792

162.185162.577

162.970

2042.8

2052.8

2062.92073.0

2083.1

2093.2

2103.3

2113.5

—



w14

H RA C

‘

X

i%%%

%X

%%

%%

%x~

%%%%

;

%

;

%

%X

%%%%

%

%X

%~

%%

Area Dia. Circum.

238.761

239.154239.546

239.939240.332

240.725

241.117

241.510

201.062

201.455201.847

202.240

202.633

203.025

203.418

203.811

204.204

204.596

204.989

205.382

205.774

206.167

206.5&l206.952

3421.2

3434.2

3447.23460.2

3473.23486.3

3499.43512.5

245.044

245.437

245.830246.222

246.615

247.008

247.400

247.793

210.487

210.879

211.272211.665

212.058

212.450

212.843

213.236

248.M6

248.579

248.971249.364

249.757250.149

250.542

250.935

251.327251.720

252.113

252.506

252.898

253.291

253.684

254.076

254.469

254.862

255.254255.647

256.040256.433

256.825

257.218



305

C IA C

Dia. Circum.I

Area—.—

82. 257.611 5281.0;~ 258.003 5 2 9 7 . 1

x 2 5 9 . 3 9 63 1 3 . 3~ ~2 5 8 . 7 8 93 2 9 , 4% 2 5 9 . 1 8 13 4 5 . 6% 2 5 9 . 5 7 43 6 1 . 8% 2 5 9 . 9 6 73 7 8 . 1% 2 6 0 . 3 5 93 9 4 . 3

— — ~ — —8 3 .6 0 . 7 5 25 4 1 0 . 6

% 2 6 1 . 1 4 55 4 1 6 . 9x 2 6 1 . s 3 84 4 3 . 3% 2 6 1 . 9 3 04 5 9 . 6% 2 6 2 . 3 2 34 7 6 . 0% 2 6 2 . 7 1 64 9 2 . 4% 2 6 3 . 1 0 85 0 8 . 8% 2 6 3 . 5 0 15 2 5 . 3

— — — —8 4 .6 3 . 8 9 45 4 1 . 8

Y 86 4 . 2 8 65 5 8 . 3% 2 6 4 . 6 7 95 7 4 . 8% 2 6 5 . 0 7 25 9 1 . 4% 2 6 5 . 4 6 56 0 7 . 9% 2 6 5 . 8 5 76 2 4 . 5% 2 6 6 . 2 5 06 4 1 . 2% ’6 6 . 6 4 36 5 7 . 8

8 5 .6 7 . 0 3 56 7 4 . 5% 2 6 7 . 4 2 86 9 1 . 2% 2 6 7 . 8 2 17 0 7 . 9% 2 6 8 . 2 1 37 2 4 . 7

% 2 6 8 . 6 0 67 4 1 . 5% 2 6 8 . 9 9 97 5 8 . 33 A6 9 . 3 9 27 7 5 . 1Y s6 9 . 7 8 47 9 1 . 9

. — —86. 270.177 5808.8

% 270.570 5825.7

% 270.962 5842.6

% 271.355 5859.6

% 271.748 5876.5

5A 272.140 5893.5

3% 272.533 5910.6

% 272.926 5927.6

87. 273.319 5944.7

~8 273.711 5961.8

% 274.104 5978.9

% 274.497 5996.0

% 274.889 6013.2

5A 275.282 6030.4

3% 275.675 6047.6

% 276.067 6064.9

Dia. Circum.——

88. 276.460$; 276.853

~ 277.246277.638

$ 278.031

% 278.424~ 278.816

279.209

89. 279.602

Y8 279.994

% 280.387

280.780~ 281.173

% 281.565

3A 281.958

% 282.351

90. 282.743

% 283.136

% 283.529

% 283.921~ 284.314

% 284.707

285.100

% 285.492

91. 285.885

% 286.278~ 286.670

?’6 287.063

% 287.456% 287.848

3A 288.241

% 288.634

92. 289.027

% 289.419~ 289.812

?’4 2?0.205~ 290.597

5% 290.990

% 291.383

% 291.775

93. 292.168

% 292.561

% 292.954

% 293.346

% 293.739

294.132

$% 294.524

% 294.917

6082.1

6099.4

6116.76134.1

6151.4

6168.8

6186.2

6203.7

6221.1

6238.6

6256.1

6273.7

6291.2

6308.8

6326.4

6344.1

6361.7

6379.4

6397.1

6414.9

6432.6

6450.4

6468.2

6486,0———

6503.9

6521.8

6539.7

6557.6

6575.56593.56611.5

6629.6

6647.6

6665.7

6683.8

6701.9

6720.1

6738.2

6756.4

6774.7

Dia. Circum. Arc

94. 295.310 6939,8

B 295.702 6958.2

% 296.09s 6976.7% 296.488 6995.3

ti 296.881 7013.8

5A 297.273 7032.4

3A 297.666 7051.0

% 298.059 7069.6——.

95. 298.451 7088.2>,; 298.844 7106.9

x 299.237 7125.6$6 299.629 7144.3

300.022 7163.0

% 300.415 7181.8

% 300.807 7200.6

%

x

%%%~

~

%

%%%

B 3 0 8 . 25 6? 08.661 7581.5

% 309.054 7600.8

% 309.447 7620.1

% 309.840 7639.5

% 310.232 7658.9

% 310.625 7678.3

99. 311.018 7697.7

% 311.410 7717.1

% 311.803 7736.6

3/8 312.196 7756.1

% 312.588 7775.6

% 312.981 7795.2~ 313.374 7814.8

% 313.767 7834.4



306

C IA C f

A

1 0 0 .1 4 . 1 68 5 40 6 .3 3 . 0 18 2 51 25 1

% 3 1 4 . 5 58 7 33 3 3 . 4 08 4 53 5 2

x 3 1 4 . 9 58 9 33 3 3 . 8 08 6 63 5 2% 3 1 5 . 3 49 1 33 4 . 1 98 8 73 5 3% 3 1 5 . 7 39 3 33 3 4 . 5 89 0 83 5 3% 3 1 6 . 1 29 5 23 3 4 . 9 79 2 93 5 33 A1 6 . 5 29 7 23 3 5 . 3 79 5 03 5 4

% 3 1 6 . 9 19 9 23 3 5 . 7 69 7 13 5 4

1 0 1 .1 7 . 3 00 1 20 7 .3 6 . 1 59 9 21 35 5% 3 1 7 . 6 90 3 2 83 6 . 5 40 1 43 5 5% 3 1 8 . 0 90 5 23 3 6 . 9 40 3 53 5 5% 3 1 8 . 4 80 7 1 83 7 . 3 30 5 63 5 6

% 3 1 8 . 8 70 9 13 3 7 . 7 20 7 73 5 6% 3 1 9 . 2 71 1 13 3 8 . 1 20 9 83 5 6% 3 1 9 . 6 61 3 13 3 8 . 5 11 1 93 5 7~

3 2 0 . 0 51 5 1 83 8 . 9 01 4 03 5 7

1 0 2 .2 0 . 4 41 7 10 8 .3 9 . 2 91 6 11 45 8% 3 2 0 . 8 41 9 13 3 9 . 6 91 8 35 8X 3 2 1 . 2 32 1 13 4 0 . 0 82 0 43 5 83 A2 1 . 6 22 3 13 4 0 . 4 72 2 53 5 9? 42 2 . 0 12 5 23 4 0 . 8 62 4 63 5 9% 3 2 2 . 4 12 7 23 4 1 . 2 62 6 83 &3 A2 2 . 8 02 9 2 ~4 1 . 6 52 8 93 6 0~ 82 3 . 1 93 1 2 84 2 . 0 43 1 03 6 0

1 0 3 .2 3 . 5 93 3 20 9 .4 2 . 4 33 3 11 56 1% 3 2 3 . 9 83 5 23 4 2 . 8 33 5 33 6 1% 3 2 4 . 3 73 7 23 4 3 . 2 23 7 43 6 2% 3 2 4 . 7 63 9 3’ i4 3 . 6 13 9 63 6 2; 3 2 5 . 1 64 1 3M 3 4 4 . 0 14 1 73 6 2

3 2 5 . 5 54 3 4 A4 4 . 4 04 3 93 6 33 A2 5 . 9 44 5 4 A3 4 4 . 7 94 6 03 6 3~ 3 2 6 . 3 34 7 4 4/ 3 4 5 . 1 84 8 1% 3 6 4

1 0 4 .2 6 . 7 34 9 51 0 .4 5 . 5 85 0 31 66 4% 3 2 7 . 1 25 1 53 4 5 . 9 75 2 5% 3 6 4% 3 2 7 . 5 15 3 6 44 6 . 3 65 4 6X 3 6 5% 3 2 7 . 9 15 5 63 4 6 . 7 55 6 8% 3 6 5% 3 2 8 . 3 05 7 73 4 7 . 1 55 8 93 6 6% 3 2 8 . 6 95 9 7 ~4 7 . 5 46 1 1~ 3 6 63 A2 9 . 0 86 1 83 4 7 . 9 33 3% 3 6% 3 2 9 . 4 86 3 8 84 8 . 3 35 5~ 3 6 7

— —

1 0 5 .2 9 . 8 7 —6 5 91 1 .4 8 . 7 27 71 76 7% 3 3 0 . 2 66 7 93 4 9 . 1 19 83 6% 3 3 0 . 6 57 0 03 4 9 . 5 07 2 03 6 8~ 3 3 1 . 0 57 2 13 4 9 . 9 07 4 23 6 8x 3 3 1 . 4 47 4 13 5 0 . 2 97 6 43 6 9

% 3 3 1 . 8 37 6 23 5 0 . 6 87 8 63 6 9% 3 3 2 . 2 27 8 33 5 1 . 0 78 0 83 6 9

~ 83 2 . 6 28 0 4 85 1 . 4 78 3 03 7 0,

I



%%

%

%x

%

%

%%%%%%%

g

X%%%x%

~

x 384.06%%%

%

%%

%% I

%

%

-

C IA C (continued)

—

; 1 3% ,9 0 . 3 42125 409.19 133243A 390.74 12150 %%

409.59 13350391.13 12174 ?-’6

%

409.98 13375391.52 12199 >~

3A

410.37 13401391.92 12223 3A 410.76 13426

~8 392.31 12248 % 411.16 13452

125. 392.70 12272 131. 411.55 13478% 393.09 12297 %%

411.94 13504393.49 12321 X 412.34 13529

g 393.88 12346 412.73%

13555394.27 12370 E 413.12 13581

~ 394.66 12395 % 413.51 13607

% 395.06 12419 ~ 413.91 13633?’4 395.45 12444 % 414.30 13659

126. 395.84 12469 132. 414.69 13685

% 3%.23 12494 % 415.08 13711~ 3%.63 12518 X 415.48 13737M 397.02 12543 % 415.87 13763~ 397.41 12568 % 416.26 13789~ 397.81 12593 ~ 416.66 13815g 398.20 12618 x 417.05 13841

% 398.59 12643 % 417.44 13867

127. 398.98 12668 133. 417.83 13893

~ 399.38 12693 % 418.23 13919

399.77 12718 X 418.62 13946% 400.16 12743 % 419.01 13972

% 400.55 12768 % 419.40 13999

% 400.95 12793 % 419.80 14025

% 401.34 12818 x 420.19 14051

% 401.73 12843 ?’4 420.58 14077

128. 402.13 12868 134.g

420.97 14103402.52 12893 ~ 421.37 14130

% 402.91 12919X 421.76 14156

% 403.30 12944 % 422.15 14183

% 403.70 12970 % 422.55 14209

% 404.09 12995 % 422.94 14236

% 404.48 13020 % 423.33 14262

% 404.87 13045 % 423.72 14288

129. 405.27 13070 135. 424.12 14314

% 405.66 130% ; 424.51 14341

X 406.05 13121 424.90 14367

Y8 406.44 13147 % 423.29 14394

S -.~ 13172 % 425.69 14420

% 407.23 13198 % 426.08 14447

3A 407.62 13223 % 426.47 14473% 408.02 13248 % 426.87 14500



308

C IA C (

Dia. I Circurn. I Area——

136. 427.26 14527

% 427.65 14553

x 428.04 14580% 428.44 14607

% 428.83 14633

% 429.22 14660

% 429.61 14687

% 430.01 14714

137. I 430.40

%%

%

%%

%

436.68

437.08

437.47

437.86438.25

438.65

439.04

439.43

1517515203

15230

1525815285

15313

15340

15367

140. 439.82

% 440.22

% 440.61y; 441.00

% 441.40

% 441.79

% 442.18

% 442.57

41. 442.97

% 443.36

g 443.75

/8 444.14

% 444.54

% 444.93

% 445.32

x 445.72

1539415422

15449

15477

15504

15532

1555915587

1561515642

15670

1569715725

1575315781

15809

1

Area

142. 446.11 15837?~ 446.50 15865

x 446.89 15893?~ 447.29 15921

?4 447.68 15949

96 448.07 159773A 448.46 16005

448.86 16033

143. 449.25 16061

% 449.64 16089

x 450.03 16117

450.43 16145

E 450.82 16173

% 451.21 16201

% 451.61 16229

% 452.00 16258

144. 452.39 16286

% 452.78 16314

x 453.18 16342

% 453.57 16371

% 453.% 16399~ 454.35 16428~ 454.75 16456

x 455.14 16485——

145. 455.53 16513

% 455.93 16542

% 456.32 16570

% 456.71 16599% 457.10 16627

% 457.50 16656

457.89 16684

% 458.28 16713

146. 458.67 16742

% 459.07 16770

% 459.46 16799

% 459.85 16827x 460.24 16856

~ 460.64 16885

3A 461.03 16914

B 461.42 16943

147. 461.82 16972

% 462.21 17000

% 462.6Q 17029

3A 462.99 17058

N 463.39 17087

% 463.78 17116

% 464.17 17145

% 464.56 17174

I.

%

X

%%

X%%%%

%

;

%17790

~

%

474.38

474.77

475.17

475.56475.95

476.35

476.74477.13

17908

17938

17%7

1799718026

1805618086

18116

477.52477.92

478.31

478.70479.09479.49479.88480.27

480.67481.06

481.45.

481.84482.24482.634S3.02

483.41

181461817518205

11826518295

18325

18355

18385

18415’

184461847618507

1853718567

18597



309

C IA C (

?Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area

1s4. 483.81 i8627 16Q. 502.&5 20106 166. 521.51 21642

s I 484.20 18658 >8 503.05 20138 B 521.90 21675;~

484.59 18688 X 503.44 20169 % 522.29 2170738 484.99 18719 % 503.83 20201 ?4 522.68 21740

% 485.38 18749 Y2 504.23 20232 % 523.08 21772

% 485.77 1&3779 % 504.62 20264 % 523.47 21805

% 4S6.16 18809 % 505.01 20295 % 523.86 21838

% 486.56 18839 ~8 505.41 20327 % 524.26 21871——

155. 486.95 18869 161. 505.80 20358 167. 524.65 21904

% 487.34 18900 % 506.19 20390 ~8 525.04 21937

% 497.73 18930 x 506.58 20421 X 525.43 21969$8 488.13 18%1 % 506.98 20453 pa 525.83 22002

% 488.52 18991 % 507.37 20484 ~ 526.22 22035

96 488.91 19022 % 507.76 20516 % 526.61 22068

3A 489.30 19052 % 508.15 20548 3A 527.00 22101

Xl489.70 19083

%508.55 20580

~8527.40 22134

156. 4S0.09 19113 162. 508.94 20612 168. 527.79 22167>~

490.48 19144 ~ 509.33 20644 % 528.18 22200

x 490.88 19174 x 509.73 20675 x 528.57 22233

3A 491.27 19205 3A 510.12 20707 % 528.97 22266

; 491.66 19235 % 510.51 20739 % 529.36 22299

492.05 19266 ~8 510.90 20771 % 529.75 22332

% 492.45 19297 3A 511.30 20803 3A 530.15 22366

% 492.84 19328 ~8 511.69 20835 ~8 530.54 22399

157. 493.23 19359 163. 512.08 20867 169. 530.93 22432

~ 493.62 19390 ; 512.47 20899

494.02B 531.32 22465

19421 512.87 20931 x 531.72 22499

96 494.41 19452 % 513.26 20964 3A 532.11 22532

Y2 494.80 19483 % 513.65 20996 ~ 532.50 22566% 495.20 19514 % 514.04 21028 % 532.89 22599

% 495.59 19545 % 514.44 21060 x 533.29 22632

B 495.98 19576 Y8 514.83 21092 % 533.68 22665——

158. 4%.37 19607 164. 515.22 21124 170. 534.07 22698

% 496.77 1%38 % 515.62 21157 ~ 534.47 22731

% 497.16 19669 ~ 516.01 21189 534.86 22765y~ 497.55 19701 ?$ 516.40 21222 % 535.25 22798

% 497.94 19732 % S16.79 21254 % 535.64 22832

% 498.34 19763 % 517.19 21287 % 536.04 22865

% 498.73 19794 % 517.58 21319 % 536.43 22899

% 499.12 19825 x 517.97 21351 78 536.82 22932

159. 499.51 19856 165. 518.36 21383 171. 537.21 22966% 499.91 19887 % 518.76 21416 g 537.61 22999

x 500.9 19919 % 519.15 21448 x 538.00 23033

3/8 500.69 19950 ?’6 519.54 21481 y~ 538.39 23066

% 501.09 19982 % 519.94 21513 % 538.78 23100

% 501,48 20013 % 520.33 21546 % 539.18 23133

3A M1.87 20044 3A 520.72 21578 % 539.57 23167

% S2.26 20075 % 521.11 21610 5 539.% 23201.

I



,

~

~

%%

%x%;

%%

%%%%%%%

g

x

%%~

%

% 5 5 3 . 3 14 3 6 3

%%%%%%

%x

%%%

C IA C ( c o n

Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area

178. 559.21 24885 184. 578.05 26590

% 559.60 24920g

578.45 26626% 559.99 24955 x 578.84 26663

% 560.38 24990 3A 579.23 26699~ 560.78 2%25 % 579.63 26736

% 561.17 25060 % 580.02 26772~ 561.56 25095 % 580.41 26808

~8 561.95 25130 % 580.80 26844

179. 562.35 25165 185. 581.20 26880

~ 562.74 25200 ?’6 581.59 26916

563.13 25236 x 581.98 26953

% 563.53 25271 % 582.37 26989

g 563.92 25307 % 582.77 27026

564.31 25342 % 583.16 27062

% 564.70 25377 % 583.55 27099

% 565.10 25412 ~8 583.95 27135

180. 565.49 25447 186. 584.34 27172

565.88 25482 B 584.73 27208

E 566.27 25518 x 585.12 27245

% S6.67 25553 % 585.52 27281

Y2 567.06 25589 % 585.91 27318

% 567.45 25624 ~ 586.30 27354

% 567.84 25660 x 586.59 27391

~8 568.24 25695 ~8 587.09 27428

181. 568.63 25730 187. 587.48 27465

% 569.02 25765 ~ 587.87 27501

x 569.42 25801 % 588.27 27538

% 569.81 25836 3A 588.66 27574S 570.20 25872 % 589.05 27611

% 570.59 25908 % 589.44 27648

% 570.99 25944 3A 589.84 27685

~8 571.38 25980 % 590.23 27722——

182. 571.77 26016 188. 590.62 27759

; 572.16 264351 ; 591.01 27796

572.56 26087 591.41 278333A 572.95 26122 3A 591.80 27870

% 573.34 26158 % 592.19 279Q7~ 573.74 26194 % 592.58 27944

% 574.13 26230 % 592.98 27981

% 574.52 26266 % 593.37 28018

183. 574.91 26302 189. 593.76 28055

% 575.31 26338 % 594.16 28092

x 575.70 26374 % 594.55 28130

% 576.09 26410 % 594.94 28167~ 576.48 26446 % 595.33 28205

% 576.88 26482 % 5U5.73 28242

% 577.27 26518 x 5%.12 28279

Y8 577.66 26554 ~8 5%.51 28316

II



311

C IA C (

?Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area

190. 5%.90 26353 196. 615.75 30172 202. 634.60 320471,//8 597.29 28390 % 616.15 30210 ~8 635.00 32086Id 597.68 28428 x 616.54 30249 % 63S.40 3212636 598.08 28465 % 616.93 30287 >8 635.79 32166il 598.47 28503 ~ 617.32 30326 % 636.18 32206;: 598.86 28540 % 617.72 30364 % 636.S7 32246

% 599.25 28578 ~ 618.11 30403 % 636.97 32286

% 599.64 28615 ?’4 618.50 30442 B 637.36 32326

191. 600.04 28652 197. 618.89 30481 203. 637.74 32366

~ 600.44 28689 % 619.29 30519 ?“6 638.15 32405

600.83 28727 g 619.68 30558 % 638.54 32445

601.22 28764 620.08 305% 58 638.93 32485

% 601.62 28802 Z? 620.47 30635 % 639.32 32525

>4 602.01 28839 % 620.86 30674 % 639.72 32565

% 602.40 28877 x 621.25 30713 % 640.11 326435~8 602.79 28915 vu 621.64 30752 ~ 640.50 32645

192. 603.19 28953 198. 622.04 30791 2W. 640.88 32685

% 603.58 28990 % 622.44 30830 % 641.28 32725

x 603.97 29028 % 622.83 30869 x 641.67 32766:.4 604.36 29065 3/8 623.22 30908 642.07 32806

% 604.76 29103 % 623.62 30947

;642.46 32846

% 605.15 29141 % 624.Oi 30986 % 642.85 32886

% 605.54 29179 x 624.40 31025 % 643.24 32926

~8 605.94 29217 % 624.79 31064 % 643.63 32966

193. 606.33 29255 199. 625.18 31103 205. 644.03 33006

% 606.72 29293 % 625.58 31142 ; 644.43 33046

%607.11 29331

% 625.97 31181644.82

330873A 607.51 29369 3/8 626.36 31220 3/8 645.21 33127

% 607.90 29407 %>5 626.76 31263 645.61 33168

% 608.29 29445 % 627.15 31299 % ~.~ 33208

% 608.58 29483 3A 627.54 31338 % 646.39 33249

% 609.08 29521 ~8 627.94 31377 % 646.78 33289

194. 609.47 29559 2W. 628.32 31416 2@5. 647.17 33329

% 609.86 29597 g 628.72 31455 % 647.57 33369

% 61026 2%36 X 629.11 31495 x 647.96 33410

3A 610.65 2%74 629.51 31534 >s 648.35 33450S 611.05 29713 2 629.S(3 31574 ti 648.75 33491

% 611.43 29751 % 630.29 31613 % 649.14 33531

% 611.83 29789 % 630.58 31653 % 649.53 33572

78 612.29 29827

~8631.08 31692 ~8 649.93 33613

195. 612.61 29865 201. 631.46 31731 207. 650.31 33654

% 613.00 29903 % 631.86 31770 650.71 33694

% 613.40 29942 x 632.26 31810 z 651.10 33735

% 613.79 29980 ?5 632.65 31849 % 651.50 33775

M 614.18 30019 % 633.05 31889 % 651.89 33816

% 614.57 30057 % 633.43 31928 % 652.28 33857

% 614.97 30096 % 633.83 31%8 % 652.57 33898

7/8 615.36 30134 ~8 634.29 32007 y8 653.07 33939



312

D

3..

C F

I II.— .—.

t

\ Y

s

I

H O f i lO N T A LP E N I N G O RE R T I C A LP E N

N O T E S : .l l m a t e r i a la r b o nt e e l2 .l le l d s/ 8 ”o n t i n u o u si l e te l d3 .h ea v i ta se e ne s t e dg a i n s tx c e s s i v ee f l e c t i o4 .s i n ga v i te s so o m se q u i r e dh a ni t hh si n5 .o rr e q u e n t l ys e dp e n i n g ,a v i t sr e f e r r e dinge

STIFFENER I l I >



313

FIXED STAIR

AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS

F i x e dt a i r si l l er o v i d e dh e r ep e r a t i o n se c e s s i t a t ee g u l a rr a v ee t w ee v

F i x e dt a i r w a y sh a l l ee s i g n e d oa r r yl o a d fi v ei m e sh eo r m ai vo an t i c i

b u te v e re s sh a n oa r r ym o v i n go n c e n t r a t e do a d f, 0 0 0o u n d s

M i n i m u mi d t h : 2n c h e s

A n g l e ft a i r w a yi s e oh eo r i z o n t a l : 0e g r e e s .

R a i l i n g sh a I l er o v i d e d nh ep e ni d e s fl lx p o s e dt a i r w a y s .a n d r ah

p r o v i d e d n te a s tn c ei d e fl o s e dt a i r w a y s ,r e f e r a b l y nhi g hi de s c e n

E a c hr e a dn do s i n gh a l l ee a s o n a b l yl i p - r e s i s t a n t .

S t a i r sa v i n gr e a d s fe s sh a ni n e - i n c hi d t hh o u l da v ep e ni s e r sp er a t y

t r e a d sr ee s i r a b l eo ru t s i d et a i r s .

S e ei g u r eo ri n i m u mi m e n s i o n s .o l t s iB o l to l e s1 6 0

A l lu r r sn dh a r pd g e sh a l l ee m o v e d .

D i m e n s i o n s fi s e sR )n dr e a du n sT )a b u l a t e de l o w :

K - -A n g l e oi s er e a du n

H o r i z o n t a l i nn c h e e ~i nn c h e a )

3 0 °

7



HINGE

+iii’’”k-bN O T E

F i tu g sn di n oh a ti n so o s ew h e no v e r so l t e dp .e l du g st ol a n g e si t hu l le n e t r a t i o ne l d .

T h es e fa v i tr e f e r r e d oi n g e ,s p e c i a l l yf o rr e q u e n t l ys e dp e n i n g s ,

A = ~ R 2( R / a ) 2

B = ~ R 2( R / 2 +/ 1 6t

c = R + 2 4 – A

D = R + 2’/2 – B

R s R a d i u s fl a n g er = t i m e si a m - e t e r fo l e

D i a m e t e r fo l eP i ni a m e t e r1I 1 6n .

T H I C K N E S S ,O FU G S

ICl

L U G - AE L D EB L L

D .

I

L U G - BE L D EF L

AND DIAMETER OF PINS

R A T I N GI 1 5 0 #

I300*

3 / 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ / / 1

F L G .IAM. 12 1 4 6 8 0 41 2 2

3 / 4/ 41 1 1 3 / /1 1 1 1

R A T I N GI 900*

I I

I



- .“

LADDER

S I D ET E PT H R O U GT

2 7n. min.3 0n. max.

2 n. min.30 in. max.

m

SIDE R[note

uin

N O T E S

1 .a g e so te q u i r e dh e r eh ee n g t h fl i m b se el e b orl e v e l .

2 .o r i z o n t a l l yf f s e ta n d i n gl a t f o r mh a l l er o v i d e de av ef oc l i m b i n ge n g t h .h e r ea f e t ye v i c e sr es e d ,e s tl a t f o r mh ap r oa ta x i m u mn t e r w a l l s f5 0e e t .

3 .l la t e r i a l :t e e lo n f o r m i n g oS T M3 64 .n s t e a d fh eb o v ep e c i f i e dt r u c t u r a lh a p e snt h et r u c t t

e q u i v a l e n tt r e n g t ha y es e d . ov o i da m a g e su r i nh i p pg a li n g ,t r u c t u r a ln g l e sr ei d e l ys e do ri d ea i lne r t i ce m btc a g e .

5 .h ee c o m m e n d e di n i m u mi z e fi d ea i l sn d e ro r m at m o s p hot i o n1 / 23 / 8n .l a ta r ,l t h o u g hx 1 / 4a r sr er e q u e n t lsp r a

6 .l lu r r sn dh a r pd g e sh a l l ee m o v e d .7 .r o t e c t i v eo a t i n g :n eh o po a tr i m e rn dn ei e lo ap a ih

g a l v a n i z i n g .



316

M I S T E X T R A C T O R

M i s tx t r a c t o r s ye p a r a t i n gi s t ,n d e s i r a b l ei q u i d sr oa p ot ei q

e t c .m p r o v eh ee r f o r m a n c e fa r i o u sr o c e s sq u i p m e n t s .h a n

t u r e dr o me t a l rl a s t i ce s hn dv a i l a b l e nne q u i ri h

Q e t ‘ m4

d - C

d - A B

T Y P E S FI S TX T R A C T O R S

\ I

D E T A I LA D E TC

S U P P O R T FI S TX T R A C T O R S

U s eI 1 2 . 5eam support in center of mist extractor, when the diameter is greaterthan 6 ft.

SPECIFICATION

THICKNESSOF PAD ~>,6>

THICKNESSOF WIREWIRE

.011“ .011“

MESH MATERIALOF WIRE TYPE 304 S.S. TYPE 304 S.S.

DENSITY lb./Cu. ft. 9.0 5.0

PRESSURE DROP 0.5” TO 1“ WATERGAGEMATERIALCARBONSTEEL

BEARING BAR 1“x3/16“ lx3/16°

G R I DR O S SA R 4qi

B E A R I N GA RP A C I N G- 9 / 1 -

C R O S SA RP A C I N G

W E I G H Tb . / s q .t . .

W I D T H FN EE C T I O N 2



’317

NAME PLATE

Pressure vessels built in aemrdanee with the requirements of the Code maybestampedwiththeofficialsymbol ”U”todenoteTheAmerican SocietyofMechaniealEngineers’standard.

Pressurevessels stampedwith theCode-symbolshallbemarkedwith the following:1. manufacturer’same;preeededwiththewords:“eertifledby”;

maximumallowableworkingpressure,(MAWP)psiat temperature,°F;minimumdesignmetaltemperatureat pressure,psi;(MDMT)manufacturer’serialnumbeq(S/N)“yearbuiltAbbreviationsmaybe usedasshowninparenthesis.

2. theappropriateabbreviationsndicatinghe typeofccmstruction,exvice,etc.astabulated:Wheninspectedbya user’sinspector USERArcorgaswelded wLethalseMce LUnfiiedsteamboiler UBDirectfting DFFullyradiographedandUW-ll(a) (5)notapplied RT 1JointsA&D fullyradiographed;UW-1l(a) (5)(b)applied RT2Spotradiographed RT3WhenRT1,RT2orRT3are notapplicable RT4Postweldheattreated HTPartofthevesselpostweldheattreated PHTNonstationa~PressureVessels NPV

1.S y m b o lUM”s h a l l es e dh e nh ee s s e l sx e m p t e dr o mn s p e c t i o nC o d e- l ( k )

2 ,o re s s e l sa d ef 5 % ,Y 0n dY 0i c k e lt e e l s ,h es e fa m e p l a t e s sa n d a t o r yoh eh i c k neMi n . ;a m e[ a t e sr er e f e r r e d nl lh i c k n e s s e s .o d eL T - 15 ( c )

— -

[

N A M EL A T

E X A M P L

( T h ee s s e lan s p e c tu s

inspector,arcwelded,usedin lethals e r v i c e ,

usedon skirts, supports,etc., it shallbe marked: “Duplicate”.Letteringsizes h a l l eo te s sh a n/ 3 2n .i g h .h eo d e - s y m b o lne r iu m

s h a l l et a m p e d ,h et h e ra t aa y et a m p e d ,t c h e d ,a s tm p r e s s e

Commonlyu s e da t e r i a lo ra m el a t e. 3 2n .t a i n l e s st e e l) na r bt eT h ea m el a t eh a l l ee a le l d e d on i n s u l a t e de s s e l ro u n t e db r a ctv e s s e l sn s u l a t e d ,n do c a t e d no m ep l a c e ;e a ra n w a y si q e

c o n t r o l ,e v e la g e ,b o u tf tb o v er o u n dt c .

USER C E R T I F I E D Y

ml OMEGA TANK CO.MAWP250 650°FMDMT 650°F at 250 psi

S/N-19560b 1996

W - L T

H T



318

PLATFO RM

Conforms

P l a t f o r m sh a l l ea b r i c a t e d ne c t i o n s

i fe c e s s a r yu i t a b l eo rh i p p i n gn d

f i e l dr e c t i o n .

P l a t f o r m sa b r i c a t e d ne c t i o n sh a l l

b eh o pi t t e d ,a r k e dn dn o c k e d

d o w no rh i p p i n g .

A l li e l do n n e c t i o n sr e o eo l t e d .

M a n u f a c t u r e rh a l lu r n i s h0 %x t r a

b o l t s fa c hi z e so rp a r e .

A l lu r r sn dh a r pd g e sh a l l ee -

m o v e d .

P a i n t :n eh o po a tr i m e r ,x c e p t

w a l k i n gu r f a c e s .

M a x .p a c i n g fu p p o r t sf t .

M a x .p a c i n g fa n d r a i lo s t sf t .

D r i l ln e/ 1# d r a i no l e nh e c k e r e d

p l a t eo ra c h 0q .t .r e a fl o o r .

B o l t s/ 2

B o l to l e s/ 1 6

7

3 f . 6 an. max.

t

.30 an,min.

jA%’&l/4

IFiANORAl L POST

ANGLE 2x2x3/8

MI DRAILBAR 2.1/4

S E C T I O– A-

4Clearance

I

$CHECKERED PLATE

-— -——. —r—— ——-

1/4 BENT PLATE

---+FCHANNEL 6x8.2

A L T E R N A T I VU P P



SKIRT OPENINGS

1/4 IN CONTINUOUS

FILLET WELO

/ INSIOE ANO

VENT HOLES

PIPE

OPENING

u

I ne m i c ey d r o c a r b oo t

c o m b u s t i b l ei q u ig a

s k i r t sh a l lr o v i di i

m u m fwi n ce o

c a t e d si go s s i be g

a p a r t .he no lh l

h e a dn s u l a t i o n .ol e

u s e do u p l i n gi p

ACCESSOPENINGS

The shape of openings maybe circular o ny other shapes.Circular openings are usedmost frequently with pipe o bentplate sleeves. The projection ofsleeve equals t hhickness offireproofing minimum 2 inches.The projection of sleeves shall beincreased when necessary for rein-

forcing the s k i rnder certain load-ing conditions.

D i a m e t e rD1 6 -n c

PIPEOPENiNGS

The shape of pipe openings cir-cular with a diameter of 1 inch lar-

ger than the diameter of flange.Sleeves should be provided a fora c c e s spenings.

T Y P E S FK I R TC C E S S E S



320

VORTEX BREAKER

T h eu r p o s e fo r t e xr e a k e r s s ol i m i n a t ehn d e s i r a bo r tl i q u i d s .

C r o s sn dl a t - p l a t ea f f l e sr er e q u e n t l ys e di t hw i d tt win o z z l ei a m e t e r .

F o rh i g he g r e e ff f e c t i v e n e s sn d e re v e r ew i r l i n go n d i t i oit h ea f f l eh o u l d eo u ri m e sh eo z z l ei a m e t e r .he i gb ous h o u l d eb o u ta l fh eo z z l ei a m e t e ru ta ye v e r an c hr e ql a r g e rl e a r a n c eo rt h e re a s o n s .

q

. ,

. -.— —

- -. -

. —

2D

tl

+

F--i

%

3I -

62 3

.————. — ——

— . .— —

V O R T E X I N G FI Q U I D $

2D

tl

+

F L A TN DR O S SL A T EA F F L E S

M a t e r i a l :/ 4a r b o nt e e ll a t e rr a t i n gi t h

O = D I A M E TP

GRATING’

I11 I

II

>u

r r i 1

I

G R A T I NA F

x 1 - 1 /a r s

R e f e r e n c e : . .a t t e r s o nV o r t e x i n ga n er e v e n t e dhJ o u r n a l ,u g u s t ,9 6 9 .



321

PART III.

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS

1. Table ofProperties ofPipes, Tubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

2. Dimensions............................................................................................ 334of Heads, Flanges, Long Welding Necks, Welding Fittings,ScrewedCouplings.

3. Weight..----ti ------------- ------------------------- ----- 374of Shells and Heads, Pipes and Fittings, Flanges,Openings,Packingand Insulation,Plates,CircularPlates,Bolts.

5, AreaofSurfaces ofShells andHeads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

6. ConversionTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426DecimalsofanInch, Decimalsofa FooCMetricSystem,Inchesto Millimeters,Millimetersto Inches, Square Feetto Square

Meters, SquareMeters to SquareFeet, Poundsto Kilograms,Kilograms to Pounds, U.S. Gallon to Liters, Liters to U.S.Gallons,PoundsperSquareInches toKilogramperCentimeter,KilogramperCentimetertoPoundsperSquareInch,DegreestoRadius,Minutesand Secondsto Decimalsofa Degree,Centi-





323

P R O P E R T I E S FI P Ec o n ’.

SNom-inalpipesize

V e i g h tiesigmion

Outsidtdiam.in.

2.375

2.375

9.375

2.3759,375

2.375

2.875

2.8752.875

2.875

2.875

2.875

Insidediam.in.

Wallthick-nessin.

Weighiperfoot

“lb.

) u t su r f a) e tq f t

Insidesurfacper ft.Sq. ft.

Trans-verseareasq. in.

;

k a

t

Stain-lesssteels

.188

.218

.250

.312

.343.436

4.380

5.022

5.673

6.8837.450

9.029

1.363

1.279

1.196

1.041.767

.769

.622

.622

.622

.622

.622

.622

.5237

.5074

.4920

.4581

.442$

,3929

“

i

. . .

2‘

80s,,,... . .. . .

. . .X-stg.

...

..,

: X - s t g

1 0 s

4 0 s

8 0 S

. . .

. . .

2.6352:469

2,441

2.323

. 1 2 0

.203

.217

,276

.375

.552

3 . 5 35 . 7 96 , 1 6

7 . 6 6

13.69

2 . 3 62 . 0 72 . 0 2

1 . 8 31 . 5 31 . 0 6

.753

.753

.753

.753

.753

.753

.6900

.6462

.6381

.6095

.5564

.4627

5.453

4.7884.680

4.238

3.547

2.464

40 80

160

. . .

21

1

. . .

40s

.

S............

3.5003.500

3.500

3.500

3.500

3.500

3.5003.500

3.500

3.500

3.500

3.500

3.500

.853

.851

.940

.819

.802

.790

.785

.765

.761

.753

.704

.687

.601

.120,125.148

,188.2)6.241

254.289.300

.312

.406

.438

.600

4.334.52

5.30

6.65

7.57

8.39

8.80

9.910.25

0.64

3.424.32

8.58

3.623.60

3.52

3.34

3.20

3.10

3.06

2.912.86

2.812.46

2.341.80

. 9

. 9

. 9 1

. 9

. 9

. 9

. 9

. 9

. 9

. 9 1

. 9 1

. 9 1

. 9 1

8.3468.300

8.100

7.700

7.393

7.155

7.050

6.700

6.605

6.492

5.6735.407

4.155

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .40,.

. .

“80

. . .

;60. . .

. . . ., . .

std.’

....

..,< - s t g .

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

X - s t g .

3

1 0 s

.

. . .

. . .

4 0 s

8 0 S

. . .

. , .

. . .

3.760

3.744

3.732

3.7043.624

3.548

3.438

3.364

3.312

3.062

2128

. 1 2 0.97

5.38

5.58

6.267,71

9.11

11.17

I2.51

13.42

I

4.81

4.78

4.754.66

4.48

4.28

4.02

3.85

3.73

3,19

2.53

1.047I.047

I.047I.047I.047

I.047

1.047

1,047

1.047

I.047

1,047

.984

.981

.978

.971

.950

.929

.900

.880

.867

.802

.716

1.115

1.111

:

1.105

1.093

1.082

1

13.7510.32

9.89

9.28

8,89

8.62

7.37

5.84

. . .

. . .

, . .. . .

4 0

8 0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

31

F

.

. . .

4

4

4

4

4

.1?8

.134

,142

,165

.188

5.61

5.99

6.26

6.61

7.64

8.56

6.18

6.14

6.1 i

6.06

5.99

5.80

. . .

. . .

. . .

.

. . . . . .

4



324


Schedule No.Nom-inalpipesize

;tain-essteels

)utsidtliam-rt.

4.500~,:()()

4.500

4.500

4,500

4,500

4.500

4,500

4,500

4.500

4.500

4.500

4.500

,l

in.

w a l lw t~ater]er ft.

lUrliice

)er

[;

Tranversareasq.

‘arboralloj

eels

4.090

4026

4.000

3.958

3.938

3.900

3.876

3826

3750

3.624

3.500

3.438

3.152

.205

.’237

,250

,271

.281

.300

.312

.337

.375

.438

.500

.531

.674

939

10.79

1135

12.24

12.67

13.42

14.00

14,98

16.52

19.30

21.36

2260

27.54

5.71

5.51

5.45

5.35

5.27

5.19

5.12

4.98

4,78

1 1 13.

12,

12.

12.

12,

11.

11.

11.

11.

10,

9.

9.

7.

40

.

80

120

160

. . .

40s

,.,

80S

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

4I

5.563

5.563

5.563

5.563

5.563

5.563

5.563

5.563

6.625

6.6256.625

6.625

6.625

6.(525

6.695

6.625

6.625

6.625

6.625

6625

6.695

6.625

8,625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

5.295

5.047

4.859

4,813

4,688

4.563

4.313

4.063

.134

.258

.352

.375

.437

.500

.625

.750

7.770

14.62

19.59

20.78

23.95

27.10

32.96

38.55

1.456

1,456

1.456

1,456

1.456

1.456

1.456

1.456

1.386

1.321

1.272

1.260

1.227

1.195

1,129

1.064

1 0 s40s

80S

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1 0 s

. . .

.

.

. . .

4 0 s

8 0 S

. .

. . .

1 0 s

. . .

. . .

. . .

. , .

, . .

9.54

8,66

8.06

7.87

7.47

7.08

6,32

5.62

22.0

20.0

18.

18.

17.

16.3

14,

12.

. . .40

.

80

120

160

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

40

. . .

80

120

150

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

5

6

8

6.357

6.2876.265

6.24?

6.187

6.125

6.011

6.065

5.875

5.761

5.625

.134

.169

.180

.188

.219

.250

.277

.280

.375

.432

.500

.562

,718

.864

9.29

11.5612.50

12.93

15.02

17.02

18.86

18.97

25.10

28.57

32.79

36.40

45.30

53.16

13.40

14.26

14.91

16.90

18.30

19.64

13.70

13.4513.38

13.31

13.05

12.80

12.55

12.51

11.75

11.29

10.85

10.30

9.15

8.14

I.735

I.735I.735

I.735

I.735

I.735

1.735

I.735

I.735

I.735

I.735

I.735

I.135

1.735

1.660

1.6501.640

1,639

1.620

1.606

1.591

1.587

1.540

1.510

1.475

1.470

1.359

1. 280

2.180

2.178

2.175

2.161

2.152

2.148

31.7

31.30.

30.

30.

29.5

28.

28.

27.

26.

24.

23.

21.

18.

. . .

. . ,

std.

X-stg.

Xx-stg

.., .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

.,.

54.

54.

54.

53.

53.

52.

.148

.158

.165

.188

.203

.219

23.6

23.6

23.5

23.2

23.1

22.9

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26




Schedule No.

Nominal

pipe

size

Weightdesignation

;tain -essteels

. .

.,.

40s

. . .

,,.

.

. . .

80S

. .

,..

. . .

. . .

. . .

10s

.,.

. .

. .

. .

,..

,..

40s

80S

. .

.,.

.,,

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

10s

,,.

. . .

)utsidliam- l

:nsi deiiam.in.

thick-nessin.

Weightperfoot

lb.

01waterper ft.pipe It

Outs idiurface>er ft.;q. ft.

Insidesurface)er ft.iq. ft.

Iarboni alloyteels

Trans-versemea$q.

8.625

8.6258.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8,625

8,625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

8.625

.238

.250.277

.322

.344

.352

.375

.406

.469

.500

.593

,6~5

.718

.812

.875

.906

22.7

22.522.2

21.6

21.4

21.3

21.1

20.8

20.1

19.8

18,8

18,5

17.6

16.7

16.1

15.8

36.9

36.7

36.5

36.2

35.9

35.3

35.0

34.4

34.1

33.7

32.3

31.9

31.1

29.5

29.1

27.9

26.1

25.3

24.6

52.9

52.0

51.7

51,5

51.3

2.26

2.262.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.26

2,26

2.26

2.26

52.2

51.851,2

50.0

49.5

49.3

48.7

47.9

46.4

45.6

43.5

42.7

40.6

38.5

37.1

36.4

85.3

84.5

84.0

83.4

8?,6

81.6

80.7

79.3

78.9

77.9

74.7

73,7

71.8

68.1

67.2

64.5

60.1

58,4

56.7

120.6

119.9

119.1

118.5

118.0

2 0

. . .

.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.

. . .

. , .

. , .

. . . .

. . .

. . .

8

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 , 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0 7 5 0

0 . 7 5 0

0.420

0.374

0.344

0.310

0.250

0,192

0.136

0.054

0.020

9.960

9.750

9

.165

.188

.203

.219

,250

.279

.307

.348

.365

.395

.500

.531

.593

.718

.750

.843

I,000

1,063

1.125

.180

.203

.219

.238

.256

18.65

21.12

22.86

24.60

28.03

31,20

34,24

38.66

40.48

43.68

54.74

57.98

64.40

77,00

80,10

89.20

04.20

09.90

i 6.00

24.16

27.2

29.3

31.8

33.4

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.8 I

2.81

2.81

2,81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

2.81

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

2.73

2.72

2.71

2.70

2.68

2.66

2.65

2.64

2.62

2.61

2.55

2.54

2,50

2.44

2.42

2.37

2.29

2.26

2.22

3.24

3.23

3.22

3,22

3.12

. . .

, . ,

, . ,

. . ,

. . .

. . .

. . . .

,

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

1 2



326


Weightiesignelion

. . . .

.

.

. . . .

. . . .

Iu

S~hel

~isrbOrallo)

eels

t No.

tNominalpipesize

Outsidtjiam-n.

12.750

1 2.750

12.750

12.750

I 2.750

12,750

12.750

12.750

I 2.750

12.750

12.750

12.150

12.750

12.750

12.750

12.750

12.750

I~

1

1 2 . 1 C

12.090

12.062

I2.000

11.938

11.874

11 750

11.626

11.500

11.376

11.064

11.000

10.750

10.500

10.313

10.126

w a l lthi~ k-nessin.

.279

. 3 0 0

. 3 3 0

. 3 4 4

. 3 7 5

. 4 0 6

. 4 3 8

. 5 0 0

. 5 6 2

. 6 2 5

. 6 8 7

. 8 4 3

. 8 7 5

1 . 0 0 0

1 . 1 2 5

1 . 2 1 9

1 . 3 1 2

~t’eghtperroot

lb:

Mt.01v

)u

rranerseIreaq. i

37,2

40.0

43.8

45.5

49.6

53.6

57.5

65.4

73.2

80.9

88.6

108.0

110.9

125.5

140.0

150.1

161.0

50.7

50,5

49.7

49.7

48.9

48.5

48.2

46.9

46.0

44.9

44.0

41.6

41.1

39.3

37.5

36.3

34.9

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.34

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.673.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

33 .

3

3

3

9

2

116

116

114

114

113

111

111

108

106

103

40s

.,.

80S

. .

.,,

. . .

.

. . .

1 2CONT.]

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I4.000

I

I

I

I

I1 4 . 0 0 0

14,000

14.000

14.000

14.000

14.000

t 3.624

I 3,560

13.524

13.500

13.375

I 3.250

I 3.188

1 3 . 1 2 4

1 3 . 0 6 2

1 3 . 0 0 0

1 2 . 8 1 4

1 2 . 7 5 0

1 2 . 6 8 81 2 . 5 0 0

1 2 . 1 2 5

1 1 . 8 1 4

1 1 . 5 0 0

1 1 . 3 1 3

1 1 . 1 8 8

.188

.220

.238

.250

.312

.375

.406

.438

. 4 6 9

. 5 0 0

. 5 9 3

. 6 2 5

. 6 5 6

. 7 5 0

, 9 3 7

1 . 0 9 3

1 . 2 5 0

1 . 3 4 4

1 . 4 0 6

28

32

35

37

46

55

58

63

6

7

8

8

91 0

1 3

1 5 1

1 7 1

1 8

I W

53.4

53.0

52.5

52.1

50.8

59.7

59.5

58.5

55.9

55.3

54.751.2

50.0

47.5

45.0

43.5

42.6

I

I

, . .

1 0

.

.

.

, . .

, .

. . .

. . .

. . . .

Std.

X-stg.

. . . .

1





328


Schedule No.

~utsidi, Inside. per water surface surface verse

alloy ‘less tion in. in. ness foot per ft. per ft. per ft.:eels s

1 0. . . . . .

. . . ,

.

. . . . . .

. . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

.

.

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. .

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . 6

. . . . . 2 4 . 0 0 03 . 3 7 63 1 2 98 6 ..

2 04 . 0 0 03 , 2 5 03 7 5 58 3 ..

. ,4 . 0 0 03 . 1 2 54 3 71 08 1 ..

X . s t g ., .4 . 0 0 03 . 0 0 05 0 02 581.0

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . . . ,

. . . . . . . .

I



329


1utsideurfa~eer ft.q. ft.

6.28

6 .6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .

6 .6 .

7 .

7 .

7 .

7 .

7 .

7 .

SWeightiesignalion

. .

. . . .

. . . .

n s i d ei a m .

a l lt

Veight)er‘Ootb.

wt.ofv

ft.tipe lb

nu

‘a

a

tain-

ss

eels

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

2 4 . 0 0 0

2 4 . 0 0 0

2 4 . 0 0 0

k ? 4 . 0 0 0

1 . 8 1 241.4

134.4130.9

127.0

5,33

5.205.14

5.06

6.68

6.64

6.61

6.58

6.54

6.51

6.48

6.45

6.41

——

7.69

7.66

7.62

7.59

7.56

7.53

1 2 0

140

160

2 I

i

6 . 0 0 0

2 6 . 0 0 0

2 6 . 0 0 0

2 6 . 0 0 0

2 6 . 0 0 0

2 6 . 0 0 C

2 6 . 0 0 C

2 6 . 0 0 02 6 . 0 0 0

3 0 . 0 0 C

3 0 . 0 0 C

3 0 . 0 0 (

3 0 . 0 0 (

3 0 . 0 0 (3 0 . 0 0 (

136

153

169

186

. . . .

. . . .

. , .

. . . .

. . . .

, . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. .

.

. , .

. , .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. .

, . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1 0

. . .

677.8

672.0

666.2

660.5

654.8

649.2

)9.376

9.250

19.125

99

119

138

158

177

196



w

A

I

l-mm

q

I

N

-

0

q0

-

N

m

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

O

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

u

q

q

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

, ,,

—

I

a

—





332

PROPERTIES OF STEEL TUBING

Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft.K’all

\E x w r n a l Metal Area

O Do fh i c k -nlernal S u r f a c eu r f a c eh e o r e [ i c A DTransverseTubing ness Area Per Ft. Per Ft. W Tubing ODConstant Metal Area)I I L L Ft. L I c ID

.I

.1518 .604

I

I

]

. 0 6 04477 .229 I .1977 .522 .755 6987/8 .055

I.159 .1536.4596 .2291 .2003 .482 .765 717 1.144 .1417

7/8 .050 .4717 .2291 .2029 .441 .775 736 1.129 .1296

1 .150 .3848 .2618 .1833 1.362 .700 600 1.429 .40061 .135 .4185 .2618 .1911 1.247 .730 653 1.370 .36691 .125 .4418 .2618 .1964 1.168 .750 689 1.333 .34361 .110 .4778 .2618 .2042 1.046 .780 745 1.282 .30761 .105 .4902 .2618 .2068 1.004 .790 764 1.266 .29521 .095 .5153 .2618 .2121 .918 .810 804 1.235 .2701

I .085 .5411 .2618 .2: 73 .831 .830 844 1.205 .24431 .075 .5675 .2618 .2225 .741 .850 885 1.176 .21791 .065 .5945 .2618 .2278 .649 .870 927 1.149 .19091 .060 .6082 .2618 .23(M .602 .880 949 r. 136 .17721 .055 .6221 .2618 .2330 .555 .890 970 1.124 .16331 .050 .6362 .2618 .2356 .507 .900 992 1.1[ 1 .1492

Liquid velocityin feet/second : pounds per tube per hour

C x s g l

S gravity F = C o u r t e s y E A TX C H A NN S T

I I



333

PROPERTIES OF TUBING

W w W ME I (

T l S S L L L vBWG ness ,Area per C S T C — V

I L L Inches C“ ID ,

I I I

i8 [ 12 01 6 46 3 61 0 0 87 0 57 3 86 4 73 8 g./8 [2 I0 91 3 0, 1 6 3 61 0 6 66 5 56 8 5601 ,4o7 2 0./8 13 , 0 9 51 4 8 61 6 3 61 1 3 95 8 66 1 35 3 84 3 3./8 14 . 0 8 31 6 5 51 6 3 6~ f 3 25 2 45 4 84 8 04 5 5./8 1 50 7 ~1 8 1 71 6 3 62 5 94 6 44 8 54 2 54 8 3. 2[.1 8 60 6 51 9 2 4. 1 6 3 61 2 9 64 2 44 4 33 8 94 9 0.263 I 144/8 [7 . 0 5 82 ( 3 3 5. 1 6 3 61 3 3 33 8 34 0 03 5 15 0 1.i8 18 , 0 4 92 1 8. 1 6 3 61 5 8 03 2 93 4 43 0 15 2 4./8 19 . 0 4 22 2 9 9I6 3 61 4 1 62 8 52 9 82 6 25 4 51 8 20 . 0 3 52 4 1 91 6 3 61 4 5 3~ 4 02 5 12 2 15 5 7. 3 ~ ~0 2 82 5 4 31 6 3 64 9 01 9 52 0 41 7 95 6 9.—/4 1 01 3 41 8 2 51 9 6 3~ 6 29 6 1. 0 0 58 8 24 8 8./4 1 1~ o2 ( 3 4 3. 1 9 6 31 3 3 58 8 09 2 08 0 75 1 1./4 12 . 1 0 9~ ~ 2 3. 1 9 6 31 3 9 38 1 38 5. 7 4 65 3 4./4 13 . 0 9 52 4 6 31 9 6 31 4 6 67 2 47 5 86 6 55 6 8. 3/4 [4 , 0 8 32 6 7 9. 1 9 6 35 2 96 4 46 7 45 9. 5 8 1./4 15 . 0 7 ~2 8 8 41 9 6 3[ 5 8 75 6 85 9 45 2 16 4 35.— — — —/ 4 16 I ./4 17

I‘;: 19l/4 20 I1/4 22 .

/8 108

~/8 12)/8 137/8 147/8 15 I

7/8 16 — —7/8 177/8 [8 I .777 740 .7/8 197’/8 20 17/8 22

1 , . . 1 1 1 1 .

1 , . , . 1 1 1

I .

1 .

, . 1 1 1 1 I[ . . . I 1[ . 0 8 35 4 6 32 6 1 82 1 8 38 8 6

1 .. 9 2 78 1 38 3 5

L 1 50 7 25 7 5 51 .

. 2 6 [ 82 ~ 4 17 7 88 1 47 1 48 5 9.— — —

1 16 .065 .5945 . 2 6 1 82 2 7 87 0 87 4 06 4 98 7 2.[[ [ 70 5 86 1 3 82 6 1 82 3 1 46 3 66 6 55 8 48 8 5.

i [ 80 4 96 3 9 02 6 1 82 3 6 15 4 25 6 74 9 89 0 9I [ 90 4 26 5 9 02 6 1 8 1 ., 2 3 9 84 6 84 9 04 3 09 I0I 20 .035 . 6 7 9 3

1 .. 2 6 1 82 4 3 53 9 34 1. 3 6 19 30 .

1 ~ 10 2 86 9 9 92 6 1 82 4 7 3 1 73 3 12 9 19 40. 0— —W o m — . c

‘ v f =p s w f

C x s g l 9 A 1

S g w F z7 A 7

7 A 1

C o u r t e s y fE A TX C H A N G EN S T I T U T EP 3 0 4t a i n l e st e1 .

I



334

H

F o re s s e l s fm a l ln de d i u mi a m e t e r sl l i p s o i d a le a drs o

c o m m o n l y ,h i l ea r g ei a m e t e re s s e l sr es u a l l yu i l ti t he m i s p h e r i cf l a n g e dn di s h e de a d s .

H e a d sa y e fe a m l e s s re l d e do n s t r u c t i o n .

S T R A I G H TL A N G E

F o r m e de a d su t t - w e l d e d oh eh e l le e do ta v et r a i g h tl a n ghh e a d so th i c k e rh a nh eh e l lc c o r d i n g oh eo d ea r .G - 33 3i nr a c t i c ee a d sx c e p te m i s p h e r i c a lr es e di t ht r a i g h tl a n g e sT h es u a le n g t h ft r a i g h tl a n g e s :i n c h e so rl l i p s o i d a l ,1 /n c hf l a n g e dn di s h e dn di n c h e so re m i s p h e r i c a le a d s .

F o r m e de a d sh i c k e rh a nh eh e l ln du t t - w e l d e d oh a la vt r a. —f l a n g e .

Onthe following pages the data of the mostcommonlyusedheadsare listed.

Thedimensionsof flangedanddishedheadsmeetthe requirementsofASMECode.

W E I G H T FE A D Se ea b l e se g i n n i n g na g e7 4

V O L U M E FE A D Se ea w 1 6

SURFACE OF HEADS See page 425



335

DIIU EN SIONS OF HEADS

nS Y M B O L SS E DHA B L

i n s i d ei a m e t e r fe m i s p h e r i c al l ih e a d s ,u t s i d ei a m e t e rA S l a

d i s h e de a d s .

i n s i d ee p t h fi s h& D h e a

= i n s i d ea d i u si sA S l ad i s h e de a d ss ef o r m un to rx t e r n a lr e s s u r e .

f a c t o rs e d no r m u l a son t e rr e

~ ~ d ~n u c k l el i u sS Ml a nd i.

w a l lh i c k n e s s ,o m i n a li n i m

A L L1 M E N S 1 O N SI N C H

D=

h =

L(R)

M=

r =

t =

H E M I S P H E R I C A L

E L L I P S O I D A L

D

A S M EL A N G E D &I S H E D

L ( R )

r

h

M

L ( R )r

h

M

L ( R )

;

ML(R)rh

ML(R)rhM

L(R)rhM

WALLTHICKNESS

D

14

16

18

3 / 8

1 2

1 . 1 2 5

2 . 6 2 5

1 . 5 6

%

1 2

1 . 5 0 0

2.750

1 2

1 . 8 7 5

2 . 9 3 8

1 . 3 9

3A 1

1 51 . 1 2 5

2 . 7 5 0

1 . 6 5

151.5002.8751.54

141.8753.1881.44

1 42 . 2 5 0

3 . 3 7 5

1 . 3 6

1 82 . 6 2 5

3 . 6 2 5

1.41182.6,254.063

1.41

1 81 . 1 2 5

2 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 5

1 8

1 . 2 5 0

3 . 5 0 0

1 . 6 92 1

1 . 3 7 5

3 . 6 8 81 . 7 2

2 4

1 . 5 0 0

3 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 5

1 61 . 5 0 0

1.56

1 51 . 8 7 5

3 . 5 6 3

1 . 4 6

1 52 . 2 5 03 . 7 5 0

1 . 3 9

1 8

2 . 2 5 0

3 . 8 7 5

1 . 4 6

1

3 . 0 0

4 . 2 5

1 . 3

1 8

1 . 5 0 0

3 . 5 6 3

1 . 6 2

1 8

1 . 8 7 5

3 . 7 5 0

1 . 5 22 0

1 . 8 7 54 . 0 0 01 . 5 6

2 4

1 . 8 7 54 . 0 0 0

1 . 6 5

20

T3 .

4 .1 .

24 24

3 .4 .

1 .

2 0

1 . 5 0 0

3 . 8 1 31 . 6 5

2 4

1 . 5 0 0

3 . 8 1 31 . 7 5

2 0

2 . 2 5 04 . 1 8 8

1 . 5 0

2 4

2 . 2 5 04 . 1 8 8

1 . 5 8

2 0

2 . 6 2 5

4 . 3 1 31 . 4 4

2

3 . 0 0

4 . 5 01 . 3

22

24

2 4

2 . 6 2 54 . 3 7 5

1 . 5 0

2

3 . 0 04 . 5 6

1 . 4



336

D I M E N S I O N S FEADS

A L LI M E N S I O N S NN C H E S

D

W A L LH I C K N E S S

~

m1 . 6 2 54 . 5 0 01 , 7 2

2 6

1 . 7 5 04 . 8 1 31 . 7 2

3 01 . 8 7 54 . 8 7 51 . 7 5

3 02 . 0 0 05 . 5 6 3

1 . 7 2

Y 2

T1 . 6 2 54 . 4 3 81 . 7 2

2 6

1 . 7 5 04 . 7 5 01 . 7 2

%

2 42 . 6 2 54 . 8 7 51 . 5 0

242.6255.3751 . 5 0

l%

23 . 35 . 11 . 4

23 . 35 . 61 . 4

l;~

23 .5 .1 .

23 .5 .1 .

i

45

12461

34 251

5/8241.8754.50C1.65

3A2 42 . 2 5 04 . 6 8 8

1 . 5 6

1L(R)

;M

23 , 0 05 . 0 01 . 4

23 . 0 05 . 5 61 . 4

26

L(R)rhM

2 6

1 . 8 7 54 . 7 5 01 . 6 9

2 6

2 . 2 5 04 . 9 3 81 . 6 0

3 02 . 2 5 05 . 0 0 01 . 6 5

3 02 . 2 5 05 . 5 0 0

1 . 6 5

28

L (R)

:M

301.8754.813

30

4 , 8 1 31 . 7 5

30 302.625 3.0005.125 5.3751 . 6 0. 5

3 02 . 6 2 5. 0 05 . 6 2 5. 8 1

1 . 6 0. 53 02 . 6 2 5. 0 06 . 1 8 8. 3 11 . 6 0. 5

3 62 . 6 2 5. 0 05 . 9 3 8. 1 21 . 6 9. 6

3 62 . 6 2 5. 0 06 . 4 3 8. 5 6

1 . 6 9. 63 62 , 6 2 5. 0 07 . 0 0 0. 1 21 . 6 9. 6

4 0

2 . 6 2 57 , 0 0 0. 1 21 . 7 2. 6

4 23 . 0 0 0. 0 08 . 5 6 3. 5 0

1 . 6 9. 64 83 . 2 5 0. 2 59 . 5 0 0. 3 71 . 7 2. 7

5 43 . 6 2 5. 6 2

1 0 . 5 6 30 . 5 0 01 . 7 2. 7

33 . 35 . 51 . 5

33 . 36 . 0

1 . 533 . 36 . 41 . 5

33 .5 .1 .

33 .6 .

1 .33 .6 .1 .

30

L ( R )rh

M

302.0005.500

1.72

302.0005.375

1.72

346

1

32

L ( R )

;M

3 42 . 1 2 55 . 5 6 31 . 7 5

72 . 2 5 05 . 9 3 81 . 7 5

3 62 . 3 7 56 . 5 0 0

1 . 7 2

3 42 . 1 2 55 . 5 0 01 . 7 5

F2 . 2 5 05 . 8 7 51 . 7 5

3 02 . 1 2 56 . 0 0 01 . 6 9

3 02 . 2 5 06 . 0 6 31 . 6 5

304.1256.8131

34

L ( R )rhM

Erh

MErhM

3 62 . 2 5 05 . 8 1 31.75

3 62 . 2 5 05 . 7 5 01 . 7 5

33 . 36 . 31 . 5

33 .6 .1 .

3461

347

13471

36

3 62 . 3 7 56 . 4 3 8

1 . 7 24 02 . 5 0 06 . 5 6 31 . 6 9

4 02 . 6 2 57 . 1 2 51 . 7 2

3 62 . 3 7 56 . 3 7 5

1 . 7 2

3 62 . 3 7 56 . 3 7 5

1 . 7 2

33 . 36 . 7

1 . 633 . 37 . 31 . 5

33 .6 .

1 .33 .7 .1 .

38

4 02 . 5 0 06 . 6 2 51 . 6 9

z ? i -2 . 6 2 57 . 1 8 81 . 7 2

3 62 . 5 0 06 . 9 3 81 . 6 9

3 62 . 5 0 07 . 0 0 01 . 6 9

40

L ( R )rhM

2.6257.0631.72

2,6257.0001.72

3

3.3757.1251.56423.3758.625

1.62483.3759.4381.69

543.6250.4381.72

33 .8 .1 .

43 .8 .

1 .43 .9 .1 .

53 ., 0 .1 .

::1258.1251.48

42

L ( R )rh

M

4 23 . 0 0 08 . 0 0 0

1 . 6 95 43 . 2 5 08 . 9 3 81 . 7 7

4 23 , 0 0 08 , 7 5 0

1 . 6 9

4 23 . 0 0 08 . 6 8 8

1 . 6 9

4 23 . 0 0 08 . 6 2 5

1 . 6 94 83 . 2 5 09 . 6 2 51 . 7 2

5 43 . 6 2 50 . 6 2 51 . 7 2

449

14491

5401

48

L ( R )rhM

4 83 . 2 5 09 . 7 5 01 . 7 2

6 03 . 6 2 59 . 8 7 51 . 7 7

4 83 . 2 5 09 . 7 5 01 . 7 2

5 43 . 6 2 50 . 6 8 81 . 7 2

54

L ( R )rhM

6 03 . 6 2 5i0 . 0 0 01 . 7 7

6



33

D I MNS IONS OF HEADSA L LI M E N S 1 O N S NN C H E S

D I A ME T E RD

WALLTHICKNESS

l% 17%

3 05 . 2 5 0

6 . 9 3 81 . 3 4

3 05 . 2 5 07 . 3 7 51 . 3 4

2 21A 3

L(R)rh

ML(R)rhM

26

-

28

304.5006.1251.39

304.8756.3751.36

L ( R )rhM

30

3 00

1(R)

r

hM

4.500

6.5631 . 3 9

4 . 8 7 5

6 . 7 5 01 . 3 6

32

3 0 04 . 5 0 0. 8 7 57 . 0 0 0. 1 8 81 . 3 9. 3 6

3 6 64 . 5 0 0. 8 7 56 . 8 7 5. 0 6 31 . 4 6. 4 4

3 6 64 . 5 0 0. 8 7 5

7 . 3 1 3. 5 0 01 . 4 6. 4 4

3 6 64 . 5 0 0. 8 7 57 . 8 1 3. 0 0 01 . 4 6. 4 4

3 6 64 . 5 0 0. 8 7 5

8.313 8.4381.46 1.44

42 424.500 4.875

9.188 9.2501.52 1.48

48 484.500 4.8759.875 10.0631.56 1.54

34

3 6 65 . 2 5 0. 6 2 57 . 3 1 3. 5 0 01 . 4 1. 3 9

3 6 65 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

7 . 8 1 3. 8 7 51 . 4 1. 3 9

3 6 65 . 2 5 0. 6 2 58 . 1 2 5. 3 1 31 . 4 1. 3 9

3 6 65 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

8 . 6 2 5. 8 1 31 . 4 1. 3 9

4 2 25 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

9 . 4 3 8. 5 6 31 . 4 6. 4 4

4 8 85 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

1 0 . 1 8 80 . 3 7 51 . 5 0. 4 8

5 4 45 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

1 1 . 0 0 01 . 1 8 81 . 5 4. 5 2

36

+3 6

+

6 . 0 0 0

8 . 0 6 31 . 3 6

3 66 . 0 0 08 . 5 0 01 . 3 6

38

40

3 66 . 0 0 0

8 , 9 3 81 . 3 6

4 26 . 0 0 0. 7 5

9 . 7 5 00 . 1 21 . 4 1. 3

4 86 . 0 0 0. 7 5

[ 0 . 5 6 30 . 8 71 . 4 6. 4

5 46 . 0 0 0. 7 5

[1 . 3 1 31 . 6 81 . 5 0. 4

42

47 . 5

1 0 . 51 .

47 . 5

1 1 . 21 .

57 . 5

1 2 . 01 .

48

48 .

1 1 .1 .

5

5921

5 44 . 5 0 0

1 0 . 6 8 81 . 6 2

5 44 . 8 7 5

1 0 . 8 7 51 . 5 8

58 .

1 2 .1 .

6



338

D I M E N S I O N S FE A D S

I N C H E S

DIAMETER

D

66

72

78


I6

4

1

1

6

4

1

17

4

1

1

75

1

18

5

1

18

5

1

19

6

1

19

6

1

11

6

111

7

2

11

7

2

1

1

82

1

9“66 6

4 . 0 0 0

1 1 . 0 0 0

1 . 7 7

7 2

4 . 3 7 5

1 2 . 0 0 0

1 . 7 77 8

4 . 7 5 0

1 3 . 0 0 0

1 . 7 78 4

5 . 1 2 5

1 4 . 0 0 0

1 . 7 79 0

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 1 2 5

1 . 7 79 6

5 . 8 7 5

. 6 . 1 2 5

1 . 7 79 6

6 . 1 2 5

1 7 . 9 3 8

1 . 7 51 0 2

6 . 5 0 0

8 . 9 3 8

1 . 7 5

%6 6

4 . 0 0 (

1 0 . 9 3 [

1 . 7 7

7 2

4 . 3 7 5

1 1 . 9 3 8

1 . 7 77 2

4 . 7 5 0

1 3 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 28 4

5 . 1 2 5

1 3 . 9 3 8

1 . 7 78 4

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 29 0

5 . 8 7 5

1 6 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 1 2 5

1 7 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 51 0 2

6 . 5 0 0

1 8 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 51 0 8

6 . 8 7 5

1 9 . 8 7 51 . 7 51 1 4

7 , 2 5 0

2 0 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 51 2 0

7 . 6 2 5

2 1 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 5

16

4 . 0

1 1 . 4

1 .

6

4 . 3

1 2 . 4

1 .7

4 . 7

1 3 . 4

1 .

6 04 . 0 0 C

1 17 5 C

1 . 7 2

7 2

4 . 3 7 5

1 1 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 77 2

4 . 7 5 0

1 3 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 2

8 4

5 . 1 2 5

1 3 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 78 4

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 29 0

5 . 8 7 5

1 6 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 1 2 5

1 7 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 51 0 2

6 . 5 0 0

1 8 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 51 0 8

6 . 8 7 51 9 . 8 1 31 . 7 51 1 4

7 . 2 5 0

2 0 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 51 2 0

7 . 6 2 5

2 1 . 8 1 31 . 7 5

1 2 6

8 . 0 0 0

2 2 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 5

3A6 0

4 . 0 0 C

1 16 2 :

1 . 7 2

7 2

4 . 3 7 5

1 1 . 8 7 5

1 . 7 77 2

4 . 7 5 0

1 3 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 2

%604.000

1 1 . 5 6 3

1 . 7 2

6 6

4 . 3 7 5

1 2 . 6 2 5

1 . 7 27 2

4 . 7 5 0

1 3 . 5 6 3

1 . 7 2

16

4 . 0 0

1 1 . 5 0

1 . 7

6

4 . 3 7

1 2 . 5 0

1 . 77

4 . 7 5

1 3 . 5 0

1 . 7

11A6

4 .

1 1 .

1 ,

6

4 .

1 2 .

1 .7

4 .

1 3 .

1 .

7

5 .

1 4

1 .8

5 .

1 5 .

1 .9

5 .

1 6 .

1 .9

6 .

1 8 .

1 .9

6 .

1 9 .

1 .1

6 .1 9 .1 .1

7 .

2 1 .

1 .1

7 .

2 1 .

1 .

1

8 .2 3 .

1 .

L ( R ]rhM

L ( R )

;M

L (R)

:M

L ( R )rh

M

8 4

5 . 1 2 5

1 3 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 78 4

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 29 0

5 . 8 7 5

1 6 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 1 2 5

1 7 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 51 0 2

6 . 5 0 0

1 8 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 5T m r -

6 . 8 7 51 9 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 5

7.25020.750

1.751 2 0

7 . 6 2 5

2 1 . 7 5 01 . 7 5

- m -

8 . 0 0 02 2 . 8 1 3

1 . 7 5

8 4

5 . 1 2 5

1 3 . 7 5 0

1 . 7 78 4

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 6 2 5

1 . 7 29 0

5 . 8 7 5

1 6 . 6 2 5

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 1 2 5

1 7 . 6 2 5

1 . 7 51 0 2

6 . 5 0 0

1 8 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 51 0 8

6 . 8 7 51 9 . 6 8 51 . 7 51 1 4

7 . 2 5 0

2 0 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 51 2 0

7 . 6 2 5

2 1 . 6 8 81 . 7 5

1 2 0

8 . 0 0 02 3 . 6 8 8

1 . 7 2

8

5 . 1 2

1 3 . 6 8

1 . 78

5 . 5 0

1 5 . 5 6

1 . 79

5 . 8 7

1 6 . 5 6

1 . 79

6 . 1 2

1 7 . 5 6

1 . 71 0

6 . 5 0

1 8 . 5 6

1 . 71 0

6 . 8 71 9 . 6 21 . 71 1

7.25020.625

1.751207.625

21.6251.751208.000 i

23.5631.72

7

5 . 1

1 4 . 4

1 .8

5 . 5

1 5 . 5

1 .9

5 . 8

1 6 . 5

1 .9

6 . 1

1 8 . 5

1 .9

6 . 5

1 9 . 4

1 .r

6 . 8

1 9 . 51 .1 0

7.25021.500

1.721207.625

21.5631.751208.000

23.5001.72

84

90

L ( R )

:M

96

102

108

114

1

L

r

h

M

L (R)rhM

126

L ( R )

;M

132



339

DIMENSIONS OF HEADSA L LI M E N S 1 O N S NN C H E S

WALLTHICKNESS

D l604.500

1 1 . 5 0 0

1 . 6 56 6

4 . 5 0 0

1 2 . 3 1 3

1 . 7 2

7 2

4 . 7 5

1 3 . 2 5 0

1 . 7 27 8

5 . 1 2 5

1 4 . 2 5 0

1 . 7 28 4

5 . 5 0 0

1 5 . 2 5 0

1 . 7 2

8 4

5 . 8 7 5

1 7 . 2 5 0

1 . 6 99 0

6 . 1 2 5

1 8 . 1 2 5

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 5 0 0

1 9 . 2 5 0

1 . 7 21 0 8

6 . 8 7 5

1 9 . 3 1 3

1 . 7 51 0 8

7 . 2 5 C2 1 . 3 1 3

1 . 7 21 1 4

7 . 6 2 :

2 2 . 2 5 (1 . 7 2

1 2 0

8 . 0 0 C2 3 . 3 1 3

1 . 7 2

1 1

604.875[1 . 6 8 8

1 . 6 2664.875

12.5001.69724.875[3.2501.72785.125

14.188

1.72845.500

15.1881.72845,875

17.1251.69906.125

18.125

1.72966.500

19.1251.721026.875

20.1251.721087.250

21.2501.721147.625

22.1881.72

1208.000

23.2501.72

m 26

7 . 5

1 2 . 8

1 , 46

7 . 5

1 3 . 5

1 . 57

7 . 5

1 4 . 3

1 . 5~

7 . 5

1 5 . 1

1 . 58

7 . 5

1 6 . 01 .

23A ]608.250

13.125

1.41668.250

13.9381.46728.250

14.7501.48788.250

15.500

1.52848.250

16.3131.54848.250

17.8751.54

F8.250

18.6881.58968.250

19.5001.601028.250

20.3121.621088.250

21.1251.651148.250

21.9381.691208.250

22.7501.72

3Ti r9

1

16

9

1

1

7

9

1

17

9

1

18

9

1

]

8

9

1

19

9

1

19

9

1

11

9

2

11

9

2

11

9

21

*

2 21A6’0 606.000 6.750

12.125 12.438

L (R)rhM

I. 2 5 0. 6 2 5

1 1 . 8 1 32 . 0 0 06

T.58 1.5866 66

5.250 5.62512.625 12.750 t

1 . 5 4.5066 666.000 6.750

12.938 13.250

L ( R )

rhM

7

* +--l’+( R )rhM

L ( R )rh

MErhM

5 . 2 5 0. 6 2 5

1 3 . 4 3 83 . 5 6 3

6.000 6.75013.750 14.0638

84

1 . 6 97 8

1 . 6 57 8

1 . 57 8

5 . 2 5 0

1 4 . 2 5 0

1 . 7 2r

5 , 5 0 0

1 5 . 1 2 5

1 . 7 2

8 4

5 . 8 7 5

1 7 . 0 6 3

5 . 6 2 5

1 4 . 3 7 5

1 . 6 98 4

5 . 6 2 5

1 5 . 1 8 8

1 . 7 2

8 4

5 . 8 7 5

1 7 . 0 0 0

6.000 6.75014.500 14.875

1.65 1 . 68 4

6 . 0 0 0. 7 5

1 5 . 3 1 35 . 6 2

1 . 6 9. 6

8 4

6 . 0 0 0. 7 5

1 7 . 0 6 37 . 3 1

90

96

L ( R )

:M

mrh

ML ( R )rhM

mrhM

8

7 . 5

1 7 . 6

1 .9

7 .

1 8 . 3

1 .9

7 . 5

1 9 . 1

1 ,1 0

7 . 5

2 0 . 0

1 .1 0

7 . 5

2 0 . 8

1 .1 1

7 . 62 1 . 61 .

1 2

8 . 0

2 2 . 7

1 .

*

1 . 6 9. 69 0

I

. 1 2 5. 1 2 5

1 8 . 0 6 38 . 0 0 0

. 1 2 5. 7 5

1 7 . 9 3 88 . 1 202

1 . 7 29 6

6 . 5 0 0

1 8 . 9 3 8

1 . 696

t

1 . 7 2. 7 296 96

6 . 5 0 0. 5 0 0

1 9 . 0 6 39 . 0 0 0

6 . 7 5

1 8 . 9 308

T. 7 2. 7 2

1 0 20 2

6 . 8 7 5. 8 7 52 0 . 0 6 30 . 0 0 0

1 . 7 2. 61 0 20

I. 8 7 5. 8 71 9 . 9 3 89 . 8 1

14

*~ R )rh

M

ErhM

L ( R )rhM

-L. 2 5 0. 2 5 C

2 1 . 1 8 81 . 0 6 3

1 . 7 2. 7 21 1 41 4I

. 2 5 0. 2 5

2 0 . 9 3 80 . 8 120

+1. 6 2 5. 6 2 5

2 2 . 1 2 52 . 0 6 3

7 . 6 2 5. 6 2

2 1 . 9 3 81 . 8 11 . 7 2. 7

1

*

1

1 2 01 29

2

1

8 . 0 0 0. 0 0 0

2 3 . 1 2 53 . 0 6 3

1 . 7 2. 7 2

8 . 0 0 0. 0 02 3 . 0 0 02 . 8 7

1 . 7 2. 7

132



340

DIM EN S1ONS OF HEADSDIMENSIONS IN I N C H E S

11AM WALLTHICKNESStTERD 5/8 % % 1 l% l;~ 13A l%

L ( R )3 23 23 23 23 23 3

1 ;8 . 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7. 3.

2 3 . 9 3 83 . 8 7 53 . 8 1 33 . 7 5 03 . 6 8 83 . 6 23 . 53 .M 1 . 7 5. 7 5. 7 5

. 7 5. 7 5. 7.

.L ( R )3 23 23 23 23 23 3

144 ;8 . 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5. 7.

2 5 . 8 7 55 . 8 1 35 . 7 5 05 . 6 2 55 , 5 6 35 . 5 o5 . 45M 1 . 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7. .

)IAM SEE W A L LH I C K N E S S: ~ E R$ : E1 5 A]3~

,lx 2 ‘ 21 23A 3—

L ( R )3 23 23 23 03 03 3

[38 ;8 . 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7 5. 3 7. 3.

2 3 . 4 3 83 . 3 7 53 . 3 1 33 . 5 o o3 . 3 7 53 . 2 53 . 13 .M 1 . 7 5. 7 5. 7 5. 7 2. 7 2. 7. .

L ( R )3 23 23 23 23 23 3

144 ;8 . 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5 0. 7 5. 7.

2 5 . 2 5 05 . 1 8 85 . 1 2 55 . 0 6 34 . 9 3 84 . 8 14 . 64 .M 1 . 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7 2. 7. .

TOLERANCES

WALLTHICKNESS (APPROXIMATION) *

MINIMUM OTHER TYPES

.EQ’D.THICKNESSHEMISPHERICAL

UP TO 150” I.D. incl. OVER 150” I.D.

To 1“ excl. 0.1875 0.0625 0.12501“ To 2“ “ 0.3750 0.1250 0.12502“ To 3“ “ 0.6250 0.2500 0.2500

3“ To 3.5” “ 0.7500 0.3750 0.37503.5” To 4“ “ 1.1250 0.500 0.50004“ To 4.5” “ 1.5000 0.6250 0.6250

4.5” To 5“ “ 1 . 7 5 0 0. 7 5 0 0. 75>>T. 5 5>> >> 2 . 0 0 0 0. 8 7 5 0. 85 . 5 ”2.0000 1 . 0 0 0 0. 0

* S p e c i f yi n i m u mh i c k n e s si fe q u i r e d )h e nr d e r i n g .

I N S I D EE P T H FI S Hh )

4 8 ”, D .n dn d e rl u s. 5 ”i n u s “

O v e r8 ”. D . o6 ”. D .n c l .l u s. 7 5 ” ,i n u s “v e6. Dl

O U T FO U N D N E S S

W i t h i nh ei m i t se r m i t t e d yh eo d e .



34

FLANGESFLANGE FACING FINISH

In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flanges, studded openings, etcrequire special finish beyond that afforded by turning, grinding or milling.

The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated byStandardANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitivedeviationfrom the nominasurfacehavirigspecifieddepth and width.

Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24to40groovesper inch.Thcutting tool shall have an approximate0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 50microinchapproximateroughness/ANSIB16.5, 6.3.4.1./

The side wall surface of gasket grooveof ring joint flange shall not exceed6microinchroughness. /ANSIB16.5-6.3.4.3./

Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer.

The finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSB46-1.

The center part of blind flanges need not tobe finishedwithin a diameterwhich equal

or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. /ANSI B16.5-6.3.3/

Surface symbol used to designate roughness ~ is placed either on the line indicatinthe surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown below.The numbers: 50and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter “c” the direction of surface pattern“concentric-serrated”.

&“’cED1 J

CONCENTRIC SERRATED FINISH

SYMBOL USED IN PAST PRACTICE



342

r1 l F

dT A N D A R DN S I1 6 . 5

A l li m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s .

M a t e r i a lo s to m m o n l ys e d ,o r g e ds t e e l A8 1 .v a i l a b l el s o nt a i n l e s ss t e e l ,l l o yt e e ln do n - f e r r o u se t a l .T h e/ 1i n .a i s e da c e sn c l u d e d nd i m e n s i o n s ,a n d .T h ee n g t h s ft u do l t s oo tn c l u d et h ee i g h t fr o w n .B o l to l e sr e/ 8n .a r g e rh a no l td i a m e t e r s .F l a n g e so r e d oi m e n s i o n sh o w nn -l e s st h e r w i s ep e c i f i e d .

F l a n g e so ri p ei z e s2 ,6 , 8n d 0

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

WELDING

1

SLIP- ON

a r eo to v e r e d yN S I 1. 5 .

S E EA C I N GA G EO RI M E N S I O N

A N DA T A NO L T I N G . BLIND

E H JG

1561Y211%6

2%62%63?46

3%64%41%6

5%6

bg6

7%6

91%612

14%

15%1819%

2224%Z6~8

Z8Y23 03 2

3

56

7

38%

8‘/9

s%I1

‘

Y1

1

1

1 /1%

1%

1%131Y

11111%

2

1 . 3

1 . 61 . 92 . 3

2 . 83 . 54 . 0

4 . 55 , 56 . 6

8 . 61 0 . 7

1 2 . 71 4 . 01 6 . 01 8 . 0

2 0 . 02 2 . 02 4 . 0

2 6 . 02 8 . 03 0 . 0

3/41

2

3

4

56

810

12141618

202224

262830

5.056.07

7.98

T o e

5,666 . 7 2

8 . 7 21 0 . 8 8

1 2 . 8 81 4 . 1 41 6 . 1 61 8 . 1 8

2 0 . 2 02 2 . 2 22 4 . 2 5

2 6 . 2 52 8 . 2 53 0 . 2 5



343



344

I--’l3 l F

S T A N D A R DN S I1 6 . 5

A l li m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s .M a t e r i a lo s to m m o n l ys e d ,o r g e d

s t e e l A8 1 .v a i l a b l el s o nt a i n l e s ss t e e l ,l l o yt e e ln do n - f e r r o u se t a l .T h e/ 1i n .a i s e da c e sn c l u d e d nd i m e n s i o n s ,a n d .T h ee n g t h s ft u do l t s oo tn c l u d et h ee i g h t fr o w n .B o l to i e sr e/ 8n .a r g e rh a no l td i a m e t e r s .F l a n g e so r e d oi m e n s i o n sh o w nn -l e s st h e r w i s ep e c i f i e d .

F l a n g e so ri p ei z e s2 ,6 , 8n d 0

1 .2 ,

3 ,

4 ,

5 ,

6 ,

7 ,

WELDING

I--’lI

-

a r eo to v e r e d yN S I 1. 5 .


A N DA T A NO L T I N G .

t

BLIND

L e n g t hT h r o u g h

H u b

‘

B

1.09

c D E

1.90

2 . 3

2 . 83 . 54 . 0

4 . 55 . 56 . 6

8 . 61 0 . 7 51 2 . 7 5

1 4 . 0 01 6 . 0 01 8 . 0 0

2 0 . 0 02 2 . 0 02 4 . 0 0

2 6 %2 8 %3 0 A

G H J

1

2

2Y2

33112

4

5

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2224

2628

3 0

1 /2

1~8

2~8

2Y22%

3%6

315A64Y851A

5%

7

8V8

10M

12%

14%

163L19

21

23?48

25%27%

28~8

30M

32Y6

9

15

17~2

20Y2

2325%

28

30~z

33

36

38%40%

43

J

1

1%1%

1

1%

1

2

To be

2

21

2%

2%

3%3%

3%



345

L W N

I I

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

A l l

J

Ma r ea s e d na tm a ja nt u r e r s .o n ge l d i ne c i e

l o n g e rh a ni s t e drv a i l as p

o r d e r .

S E EA C I N GA GOI M E N

Bore

O u t s i d eDiameter ,ength

Bolt

5

1

K M N

444

448

888

88

1

1

ly2

3

5

7

9

93A

101A

11

11Y2

12M

1

1y

2

Z

33 I

456

8

1111

222

223

9



346

4 l F

‘ Td i m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s .M a t e r i a lo s to m m o n l ys e d ,o r g e d.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

s t e e l A0 5 .v a i l a b l el s o nt a i n l e s ss t e e l .l l o yt e e ln do n - f e r r o u se t a l .

ELDING

i n .a i s e da c e so tn c l u d e di ni m e n s i o n s ,a n d .T h ee n g t h s ft u do l t s oo tn c l u d et h ee i g h t fr o w n .B o l to l e sr e/ 8n .a r g e rh a no l td i a m e t e r s .F l a n g e so r e d oi m e n s i o n sh o w nn -l e s st h e r w i s ep e c i f i e d .

F l a n g e so ri p ei z e s2 ,6 , 8n d 0,r eo to v e r e d yN S I 1. 5 .


A N DA T A NO L T I N G .JD i a m e t e ro fua to i n

oW e l d i n g

BLIND

L e n g t hT h r o u g h

H u b

) i a m e to

H ua

OutsideDiameter

ofFlange

JB c D E G H

9

15

1T~z

20 /2

2325~2

28

30%

33

36

38%40%

43

1

1 A

2

33 Y z

456

8

1 . 3 6

1 . 7 01 . 9 52 . 4 4

2 . 9 43 . 5 74 . 0 7

4 . s 75 . 6 66 . 7 2

8 . 7 21 0 . 8 81 2 . 8 8

1 4 . 1 41 6 . 1 . 61 8 . 1 8

2 0 . 2 02 2 . 2 22 4 . 2 5

2 6 . 2 52 8 . 2 53 0 . 2 5

%1

1H6

1 4

1%

1

1%11%611%6

22 %2 %

Z1H62%3Y8

3%631H63%

44%A?/2

7%8?/88%

1 . 3

1 . 61 . 92 . 3

2 . 83 . 54 . 0

4 . 55 . 56 . 6

8 . 61 0 . 7 51 2 . 7 5

1 4 . 0 01 6 . 0 01 8 . 0 0

2 0 . 0 02 2 . 0 02 4 . 0 0

2 6 3 A

28%6

30~6



347



348

6 l F l - El+ A

S T A N D A R DN S I1 6 . 5 J

1 .l li m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s .? .a t e r i a lo s to m m o n l ys e d ,o r g e d

L *

+ . —

s t e e l A0 5 .v a i l a b l el s o nt a i n l e s ss t e e l ,l l o yt e e ln do n - f e r r o u se t a l .

1 / 4n .a i s e da c e so tn c l u d e di ni m e n s i o n s ,a n d .

, _ : _

$ .h ee n g t h s ft u do l t s oo tn c l u d et h ee i g h t fr o w n .

5 .o l to l e sr e/ 8n .a r g e rh a no l td i a m e t e r s .

p k ; + ~

5 .l a n g e so r e d oi m e n s i o n sh o w nn -LIP. ONl e s st h e r w i s ep e c i f i e d .

7 .l a n g e so ri p ei z e s2 ,6 , 8n d 0a r eo to v e r e d yN S I 1. 5 .

9S E EA C I N GA G EO RI M E N S I O N

y E y : 3 y

A N DA T A NO L T I N G . B L I

D i a m e t e ri a m e tD i a m e t e re n g t h fuD ~ ~ ~h

m i n a l fh r o u g h to i nuo o

‘ i p eo r e u bF l a; i z e W e l d i n ga s

A B c D E G H J

‘ / 2 8 8~ 6 88Y2 ‘%3/4 1.09 1

1 z~6 1%6 1.32 z~8 4V8 1

11A 1.70 2 % %. 6

2 1 1;G

3 v$Q 1 9

4 hm 4 6m

: gu

8 ; 3o 62 2

4 2

6 7 38

5

8 4

%



349



350



351



352

r’11 l F

S T A N D A R DN S I1 6 . 5

A l li m e n s i o n sr e nn c h e s .M a t e r i a lo s to m m o n l ys e d ,o r g e d

s t e e l A0 5 .v a i l a b l el s o nt a i n l e s ss t e e l ,l l o yt e e ln do n - f e r r o u se t a l .T h e/ 4n .a i s e da c e so tn c l u d e di ni m e n s i o n s ,a n d .T h ee n g t h s ft u do l t s oo tn c l u d et h ee i g h t fr o w n .B o l to l e sr e/ 8n .a r g e rh a no l td i a m e t e r s .F l a n g e so r e d oi m e n s i o n sh o w nn-

1 .

~ HWELDING

I

l e s st h e r w i s ep e c i f i e d .


A N DA T A NO L T I N G . BLIND

l i a m e t e ro fua to i n

oW e l d i n g

H JB c D E G

1A

1

IM

1 42

2

3

4

5

6

8

1Y2

1%

z~6

2Y2

2%

4%

4%

5%

6%

73?

9

11 /2

14 /2

17%

1g%

21%

23%

25%

3

7

1OY2

1

Y2

‘1

1

1

1%

1Y

15

1%

2%

2Y

31

3Y

4%

4~

51

5%

6Y

7

8

1 . 3 6

1 . 7 0

1 . 9 5

2 . 4 4

2 . 9 4

3 . 5 7

4 . 5 7

5 . 6 6

6 . 7 2

8 . 7 2

1 0 . 8 8

1 2 . 8 8. -

. -

. .

. .

. -

4

1 4

1%

1%

1%

1 %

21/2

2%

3%6

4%

41H6

5~8

6%

7~8--

-.

-.

. .

-.



353

—

K

1?4

1 1 4 b

2

5

1

No.

4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

8

12

12

12

16

16

16

16

16

16

BoltC i r c l e

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

1L W N

d i m e n s i o n sri n c hM a t e r i a lo s to m m o ns o

s t e e l A0 5 .v a i l a bls t as t e e l ,l l o yt e eno n - f e rT h e/ 4n .a i s ea cn on c

J b un c l u dl eT h ee n g t ho l tn on ch e i g h t fr o w nB o l to l e sr / na r hd i a m e t e r s .

D i m e n s i o n s ,( l e n g tw e l ea r ea s e da tm a ja nt u r e r s .o n ge l d i ne c il o n g e rh a ni s t erv a i l as p

o r d e r .

S E EA C I N GA GOI M E N

%

L

9

1

%

M

9

12

Bore

N

1

1 4

2

21/

3

4

5

6

8



?54 .



355



356

R J F

4A P P R O X I M A T EI S T A N C EE T W E EL A N

N o m i n a lP r e s s u r ea t i n gb

P i p e5 0I 3 0 0I 4 0 0I 6 0 0I 9 0I 1 5I 2

S i z e D i s t a n c e ,n c h e s

% % % % % “ ; J

x ? $ , 2

1J<z

1%5/ X2 5/

/

IZ :{2 5//:2

2 5/ <2 %6 3/ % %/32 ~15 %

2% 5/ X2 %6 3/~, x % x32 /16

3 x %

4 ;{2 RI 7/ YE32 :{6 %2 5//1

5 s/ <2 %* %6 3<2 %32 %6 5/ 7/ %2 ;{6 X2 ~S32 /32 5’8 5/ X2 ;<2 ?{6 5/ - 5/

/32 42 /32 X10 ?/ 7[~42 ?42 X631 g? %2 %12 5/ 7//32 %2 ?’(632 3<2 $’614 %

7/ %2 X6 %2 %21216 1/ %2 X2 ?{6 X2a X6 z

18 % J(2 %2 X6 X6 X6 –20 x X2 %2 :’(6 %6 Y822 – % X X2 — —

24 % % x X2 %2 z –

RINGNUMBERS

NominalPipeSize&

‘/2 3A 1 2 2 4

150 . . . R R R R22R25R29I RU ~R3 0 0 , 4 0 0 ,0 0 1R R R R R ]R ~R IR

2 9 0 0 R . . . ]

z z~ 1 5 0 0ii iii Rj6 Rio iii iii R . . . IR&2 5 0 0 31 61 8R R R . . .

N o m i n a li p ei z e 1 1 1— —

1 5 040 R43 R48“R52i i 55_i 9 R64R68 R7~md ” 3 0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0t i s R 4 14 54 95R 5 6 ‘R~ ;

9 0 0 4 14 54 95R 5 6 R. 3 :E z5 0 0 4 44 65 05 45 6 R

2 5 0 0 4 24 7R 5 15R60 ... . ... . .. . . . .18

I



357

A

S’1’UDDING OUTLETS

All

1

SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE(BORE) OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH

B TAR CJMI E Flt2 1.50 3.50 1.38 2.38 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.253/4 1.50 3.88 1.69 2.75 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.251 1.50 4.25 2.00 3.12 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.2511/4 1.50 4.62 2.50 3.50 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.251li2 1.50 5.00 2.88 3.88 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.252 1.75 6.00 3.62 4.75 4 5/?3 11 0.94 1.502 ID 1.75 7.00 4.12 5.50 4 518 11 0.94 1.50

3 1.75 7.50 5.00 6.00 4 5J 3 11 0.94 1.5031/2 1.75 8.50 5.50 7.00 8 518 11 0.94 1.504 1,75 9.00 6.19 7.50 8 5/’8 11 0.94 1.505 2.00 10.00 7.31 8.50 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.756 2.00 11.00 8.50 9.50 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.758 2.00 13.50 10.62 11.75 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.7510 2.25 16.00 12.75 14.25 12 7/8 9 1.31 2.0012 2.25 19.00 15,00 17.00 12 718 9 1.31 2.0014 2.56 21.00 16.25 18.75 12 1 8 1.50 2.3116 2.56 23.50 18.50 21.25 16 1 8 1.50 2.3118 2.75 25.00 21.00 22.75 16 11/8 8 1.69 2.5020 2.75 27.50 23.00 25.00 20 11/8 8 1.69 2.50

3.00 32.00 27.25 29.50 20 11/4 8 1.88 2.75

3SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE

(BORE) OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTHB TAR CJMI E F1/-2 1.50 3.75 1.38 2.62 4 12 13 0.75 1.253/4 1.75 4.62 1.69 3.25 4 5/8 11 0.94 1.501 1.75 4.88 2.00 3.50 4 5111 11 0.94 1.5011/4 1.75 5.25 2.50 3.88 4 5j8 11 0.94 1.5011/2 2.00 6.12 2.88 4.50 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.752 1.75 6.50 3.62 5.00 8 5i8 11 0.94 1.5021/2 2.00 7.50 4.12 5.88 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.753 2.00 8.25 5.00 6.62 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75

3 In 2.00 9.00 5.50 7.25 8 314 10 1.12 1.754 2.00 10.00 6.19 7.88 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.755 2.00 11.00 7.31 9.25 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.756 2.00 12.50 8.50 10.62 12 3/4 10 1.12 1.758 2.25 15.00 10.62 13.00 12 7/8 9 1.31 2.0010 2.56 17.50 12.75 15.25 16 1 8 1.50 2.3112 2.75 20.50 15.00 17.75 16 11/8 8 1.69 2.5014 2.75 23.00 16.25 20.25 20 1V8 8 1.69 2.5016 3.00 25.50 18.50 22.50 20 11/4 8 1.88 2.7518 3.00 28.00 21.00 24.75 24 11/4 8 1.88 2.7520 3.00 30.50 23.00 27.00 24 11/4 8 1.88 2.7524 3.44 36.00 27.25 32.00 24 1In 8 2.25 3.19



358

SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F S T U DT U D S AOLE(BORE) O DIRCLE NO. SIZE T PEPTH DEPTH

B T A R CJMI E Fl r 2.69 3.75 1.38 2.62 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.253/4 1.94 4.62 1.69 3.25 4 5/8 1 0.94 1.501 1.94 4.88 2.00 3.50 4 5B 11 0.94 1.5011/4 1.94 5.25 2.50 3.88 4 5/8 11 0.94 1.501 V 2.19 6.12 2.88 4.50 4 3/4 1.12 1.752 1.94 6.50 3.62 5.00 8 5/8 0.94 1.502 l r 2.19 7.50 4.121 5.88 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.753 2.19 8.25 5.00 6.62 8 3/4 1.12 1.75

3 1 / 2.44 9.00 5.50 7.25 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.004 2.44 10.75 6.19 8.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.005 2.75 13.00 7.31 10.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.316 2.75 14.00 8.50 11.50 12 1 8 1.50 2.318 2.94 16.50 10.62 13.75 12 11/8 8 1.69 2.50

3.19 20.00 12.75 17.00 16 11/4 8 1.88 2.7512 3.19 22.00 15.00 19.25 20 11/4 8 1.88 2.7514 3.44 23.75 16.25 20.75 20 1318 8 2.06 3.0016 3.62 27.00 18.50 23.75 20 11 / 2.25 3.1918 3.88 29.25 21.00 25.75 20 1518 8 2.44 3.4420 3.88 32.00 23.00 28.50 24 1 5 1 82.44 3.44

4.31 37.00 27.25 33.00 24 1718 8 2.81 3.88

9SIZE ~ICK OD ‘F S T U DT U D SOLE

(BORE) O DIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTB TAR CJMI E F1/2 2.19 4.75 1.38 3.25 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.753/4 2.19 5.12 1.69 3.50 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.751 2.44 5.88 2.00 4.00 4 7/8 9 1.31 2.0011/4 2.44 6.25 2.50 4.38 4 7f8 9 1.31 2.0011/2 2.75 7.00 2.88 4.88 4 1 8 1.50 2.312 2.44 8.50 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.0021/2 2.75 9.62 4.12 7.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.313 2.44 9.50 5.00 7.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00

4 2.94 11.50 6.19 9.25 8 11/?3 8 1.69 2.505 3.19 13.75 7.31 11.00 8 11/4 8 1.88 2.756 2.94 15.00 8.50 12.50 12 11/8 8 1.69 2.508 3.44 18.50 10.62 15.50 12 13t8 8 2.06 3.0010 3.44 21.50 12.75 18.50 16 1318 8 2.06 3.0012 3.44 24.00 15.00 21.00 20 13/8 8 2.06 3.0014 3.62 25.25 16.25 22.00 20 1u2 8

24.25 20 827.00 20 8

29.50 20 2 8

35.50 20 2 m 8



359

SIZE ~lcK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE(BORE) OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH

B TAR CJMI E F1/2 2.19 4.75 1.38 3.25 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.753/4 2.19 5.12 1.69 3.50 4 3 4 10 1.12 1.751 2.44 5.88 2.00 4.00 4 7E 9 1.31 2.0011/4 2.44 6.25 2.50 4.38 4 7B 9 1.31 2.0011/2 2.75 7.00 2.88 4.M 4 1 8 1.50 2.312 2.44 8.50 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.002lr2 2.75 9.62 4.12 7.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.313 2.94 10.50 5.00 8.00 8 1Us 8 1.69 2.504 3.19 12.25 6.19 9.50 8 11/4 8 1.88 2.75

5 3.62 14.75 7.31 11.50 8 1V-2 8 2.25 3.196 3.44 15.50 8.50 12.50 12 1318 8 2.06 3.008 3.88 19.00 10.62 15.50 12 1518 8 2.44 3.4410 4.31 23.00 12.75 19.00 12 1718 8 2.81 3.8812 4.56 26.50 15.00 22.50 16 2 8 3.00 4.1214 5.00 29.50 16.25 25.00 16 21/4 8 3.38 4.5616 5.50 32.50 18.50 27.75 16 21/2 8 3.75 5.0618 5.94 36.00 21.00 30.50 16 23/4 8 4.12 5.5020 6.38 38.75 23.00 32.75 16 3 8 4.50 5.94

7.31 46.00 27.25 39.00 16 31/2 8 5.25 6.88

~

SIZE ~IcK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE

(BORE) OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTHB TAR CJMI E Fm 2 . 1 9.25 1.38 3.50 4 3 / 4.3 / 4. 1 9. 5 0. 6 9.75 4 3 / 4.1 2 . 4 4. 2 5. 0 0.25 4 7 1 81 .1 1 / 4. 7 5. 2 5. 5 0.12 4 1 8 1 .

1 l f 2. 9 4.00 2.88 5.75 4 1 1 / 81 .

2 2 . 7 53 6.75 8 1 8 1 .

2 1 L 2. 9 40 . 5 0. 1 2.75 8 1 1 F 31 .

3 3 . 1 92.oo 5.00 9.00 8 1 1 / 41 .

4 3 . 6 24 . 0 0. 1 90.75 8 1 8

5 12.75 8 8

6 1 9 . 0 0. 5 04.50 8 2 8 3 .

8 4 . 5 61 . 7 50 . 6 27.25 12 2 8 3 .1 0. 5 06 . 5 02 . 7 51.25 12 2m 8

24.38 12 2 8

T





361

63/’ [

/ ‘ A

90°L o n za d i u slbow

(n-/— A1

90°LongRadius

Reducin2Elbow–

45°LongRadiusElbow

‘“\ ~

- A-

180°LongRadiusElbow

a,/

90°ShortRadiusElbow

m\,180°ShortRadiusRetun

iCap

WELDING FITTINGSANSI B 16.9

1. All dimensions are in inches.

2, Welding fitting material conforms to SA 234 grade WPB.

3. Sizes 22,26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.

4. F o ra l lh i c k n e s s e se ea g e2 2

5 .i m e n s i o n1applies to standard and X-STG.caps. Di-mension Fzapplies to heavier weight caps.

Nominal I DimensionsPipesize D i a m e t e rB c

0.840 1 %18 1 7 /

3/4

1 . 0 5 01 1.315 1Y2 718 23/]6

1 %. 6 6 07 / 82%

IY2 1 . 9 0 0% 1 1 / 8’ /

2 2 . 3 7 51 3 / 83 /

2 %. 8 7 5 %74 5 3 / 1

3 3.500 4% 2 6%

3% 4,000 5% 2% 7%

4 4.500 6 2% 8%

5 5.563 7% 31t8 1 0 s / 1

6 6 . 6 2 53Y4 12’5/1(

8 8.625 12 5 1 6 5 / I

1 010.750 I 15 I 6fi I 203k

1 12.750 18 7 4 243/8

14 14.000 21 8% 28

1 616.000 ] 24 I 10 \ 32

18 18.000 I 27 IIK 36

20 ~().()~ 30 12% 40

22I

z~.()()()I

33 13YZ 44

24 ~40000 36 15 @

26 26.()()() 39 16 52

30 30.000 45 18’A 60

5

,..

...1

l f

1

2

2 /2

3

3%

4

5

6

8

1

12

14

16

18

20

...,

24

...,

30

E

. .

. . . .1 5

2

z7h6

33116

3‘5/16

4%

5%

6X

7%

93/16

125/16

153/8

1 8 3

21

24

27

30

.,..

36

..,.

45

7

;

1

lfi1%

1%

1 4

1%

1%

2

2%

2%

3

3yz

4

5

6

6%

7

8

9

1

1

10 4

10K

~

,

. . .1

l

l

1

2

2%

3

3

3%

4

5

6

7

7%

8

9

1

1

12

,.,.

,.,.



. . -

1

WELDING FITTINGS

ANSI B 16.9

1. Alldimensionsreininches

2. WeldingfittingmaterialonformstoSA234gradeWPB.

3. Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB16.9.4, Forwallthicknesseseepage322.

Nominal Dimensions

PipeSize Outlet Outside ~

DiameterH J

I y z

1

1 4

1%

2

3

%3/8

3/4

‘/2

1? 4‘/2

2%

1 7 / 8

2%

2%2%2%2%

,840 1 1,675 1 1

1.050 1 1 1 81 1 8.840 1 1

1.315 1% 1?41,050 1% 1?4,840 1% 1%

1.660 17181.315 17181.050 17/8

2ti2 4 “ii “

Reducing Tee

2% 2?42 4 2Y2

2% 2 4

, . .

-

‘ i i

. . ,27

Tee

2% I 2Y2 I . . . . I L— , ,1 %.900 2% 2 3 / 8

J

1% 1.660 2% z ~ 8

1 1.315 2% 2 3 7% 1,050 2 4 1 %

2% 2.875 3 32 2.375 3 2?4 3 h’3%1 41 %1

32%21Y21 %

1 , 9 0 01. 6601,315

3,5002.8752.3751.9001 . 6 6 0

333

3 i / 83 3 / 83 3 / 83 3 / 83 3 / 8

23 3 1 83 %3

2 7 / 82 %

%3 %3 %

‘ 33 3 %3

3% 3% 4.000 3?4 3% . . . .3.500 3% 3 5 1 8

2 ;. 8 7 5 % %2 2 . 3 7 5 % %1 %. 9 0 0 %4

4 . . . .

4 4 4

3.500 4 3 7 / 82 ;. 8 7 51 / 8 %

2 , 3 7 51 / 8 %I i. 9 0 01 1 83 / 8

~ . –

Concentric Reducer

J

h

— .. —

Eccentric Reducer



363

*

WELDING FITTINGS

~

GANSI B 16.9

1. Alldimensionsareninches—. .—. 2 WeldingfittingmaterialonformstoSA234gradeWPB.

3. Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB16.9.

4. Forwallthicknessesseepage322.– (= - 1- F - I— u T u -

1 Nominal DimensionsPipe

Tee Size Outlet Outside ~Diameter

H J

5 5 5.563 4 7 /7. . .4 4.500 4 7 /5

3 %.000 4 7 /53 3,500 4 7 /3

? ~

, ~2 %. 8 7 5T 15

H 2 2 . 3 7 57 /1

– “ + 6 6 . 6 2 55 /s5 5 . 5 6 35 13

J

4 4.500 5 5 1‘ /3 %.000 5 5 /53 3.500 5 s /7

+ G2 %. 8 7 55 /5

8 8 8 . 6 2 5R e d u c i n ge e

76 6 . 6 2 56 5“6 .5 5 . 5 6 36 34 4.500 7 61/8 6

3% 4,000 7 6 6

r

‘71 0 00,750 8% 8% . . . .

8.625 8% 8 7: 6.625 8% 75/8 7

D

5.563 8Y2 7?4 7: 4.500 8 /2 7% 7

12 12 12.750 1 0 . . . .—.—.10 10.750 1 % 88 8.625 10 9 86 6,625 1 5

5 5 . 5 6 30 8Y2 8

Concentric Reducer 14 14 1 4 . 0 0 0I Q2 . 7 5 00 si1 00 . 7 5 00 1

r ‘ 18 8.625 11 9?4 136 6.625 11 9 3

c 1

1 6 66 , 0 0 01 44 . 0 0 0“ i} 22.750 12 ]1518 14

.—.— 1 00.750 12 111/s 14—.—. 8 8.625 12 10% 14

6 6.625 12 101/8 14

18 18 18.000 13% 13 4

Eccentric Reducer 16 16.000 13X 13 “ii”14 14.000 13X 13 15



364

WELDING FITTINGS IANSI B 16.9 ~~

Alldimensionsreininches

+

G

WeldingittingmaterialconformsoSA234gradeWPB. .—.

Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB16.9.

Forwallthicknesseseepage322.

L: :1Dimensions G,)minalPipe

Outlet OutsideTee

Size Diameter GH J

18 12 12.750 13% 125/8 15

10 10.750 13% 1’21/8 15

8 8,625 13M 11% 15

20 20 20.000 15

18 18.000 15 14%

16 16.000 15

14 14.000 1512 12,750 15

1 00 . 7 5 0 5

8 8 . 6 2 5 52 % 0Reducing Tee

22 22 22.000 16 4 16 A ... ,

20 20.000 16?4 16 20

18 18.000 16)4 15% 20

16 16.000 16% 15 20

r ‘1

J14 14.000 16% 15 20

12 12.750 16?4 145/8 .,. .

10 10.750 16% 14[/8 . . . .24 24 24.000 17 17 ,.. ,

22 22,000 17 17 20

D

-—.—.

20 20.000 1 7 7 0

1 88 , 0 0 0 76 4 0

16 16,000 17 16 20 Concentric Reducer14 14.000 17 16 2012 12.750 17 153/8 2010 10.750 17 15]/8 20

r - l30 30 30.000 22 22 . . . .

24 24.000 22 21 24

22 22.000 22 20% 24

20 20.000 22 20 24

b

.—.—

18..—,

18.000 22 19 A . . . .

16 16.000 22 19 . . . .

Eccentric Reducer



365

FACE-TO-FACED1MENS1ONSOF FLANGEDSTEEL

GATE VALVES(WEDGEANDDOUBLEDISC)

&

+.

1-

I 300 I 400 [ 600

D i m . n s i o n ,

1 – –

- . 9 9

–

2 7 2

; 2

$ 3 8 1 1 X 4 4‘ 15 1 8~ 3 % 51 %– 4 1 1g 4 9 1 2 6 72 6

s 5 1 0 5 8 02 7x “6 1 0 %5 %9 % 22 2

8 1 1 %6 53 % 6 05

1 0 3 86 % 1 2 4

1 2—

1 49 X 0 3 40 9

1 4 D 5 02 % 5 64 4

1 6 D 6 35 % 9 80

1 8 D 7 68 % 3 052 6 5— —. .2 0 D 8 91 % 7 4 6

2 4 D 0 58 % 5

p e s1

b

p

150 9 D5 0..——.-—. .

1 1

6 – 9 9

1x i 7 8 1—

2 2

s 8 1 0 %3 X— 2, - — —0 3 8 %“ i %i %4 %1 5 -—a 4 9 %2 %6 X7 %1 8at =1 0 %- 5 %8 % -0 42 > 3 v

m 6 1 16 %9 %2 %2 4 3c — . .— — —- .

a 8 1 27 % –3 %6 k2 9. —1 03 %8 %6 % 033 - .-—1 x. . - -5

1 24 4i % 250 X— 3 3 %. 38% _ —

1 45 Z0 %2 %5 %. 1 . +05 _

1 66 X3 %5 % 69 ? 44 4

1 86 %8 %7 x —- ,– — 883 %.1— —2 0

. ..i 8 %9 7 71 %7 X“ 2 02 ?

2 40 5; Y ~ 4 8 %5 % 41



GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES

&

—<

A

Raised Face

300 400 6 900 15w— 2500

Inshes Dimension2 x A, 2 x

% – – – – x

% — % 9 9

1 — — 1

– – 9 9

– –

2 8 1 2

3 3

1 – – 4

4 5 3 ?

5 1 45 % 8 02 7

6 1 67 %9 % 22 2

8 1 9 % 23 % 6 05 —

1 2

1 40

R i n gy p e

-

NP

N — —3A- 400 ... .

2 x 2 x

Y2 6%6 6%6 Y2 I— 10%

3A — 9 9

87 8% — ‘-—.

8% —_—

1 1 1 2%: + 9 9 l x1. .

l x

. .

9 % %%- — %1 1— —1l i

3

—2 8 X1 %1 %1 44% -..-.—2 % 92 %3 % —3 %2 X6 6

3 — 1 3 44 44 %— .5—4 1 24 %6 %7 ~ A 2 ? i8 —...–

5 l i f i8 %6 %2 2 ~ 4 -2 2

6 1 6 %8 ; ~9 %2 %2 4 3

8 2 02 G3 %6 %2 9 )

1 0 s5 %6 % —1 % 03

1 2 88 %0 ) 43 % 28 ?

1 41 x– – 1 40

’ 1 66 <– –



367

mACE.TO-FACEIMENSIONSFFLANGEDSTEEL ‘.’,1-&.

SWING CHECK VALVES :;;:

R a i s e da c eP r e s s u r eb e rn

Io m i n a l

s u e 5 000 I 400 I 600 S i z e ,0 5

2 8 —

9 9

3 1

13% - – lx 11 11 13%

4 11% 14

5 13 15% – - 2 14X 14% 17%

6 14 17% 19% 22 2% 16%165

8 – 2 61 8

1 04 t i6 % 11 1

1 2 8 0 32 6

6 2 7 .8 2 2

1 05

1 2 4

1 40 9

R i n g

per

I n

% 4 y f ’ — % % — 1. - —3 A - 9 9

1 9 1

6 9 9 1

1 X1 0 % % %1. — —2 . - ~“ “1 1 X1 %1 %1 4

1 2 i5, - 9. . -3 k3 % X6

3 1 03 %4 %4 f i1 5

4 1 24 %6 t i -7 %1 8 1

5 1 3 %i k8 %0 %2 2 —

6 1 4 %i i2 %9 Z 2 34_

‘ 81 % ,. 2 6 %0- ”3 %2 9— — . —1 0 5s ’ %6 % –1 % 03

1 2“ 2 8i Y k0 %3”% - 1 28— . . —— —1 41 %– – 1 40

R e f e r e n c e :a c e - t o - F a c en dn d - t o - E n di m e n s i o n s fe r r o u sa l v eA m e r i c a na t i o n a lt a n d a r dN S I1 6 . 1 0 - 1 9 7 3



‘ l ( w. . -



?69

S F I F

A S A Z

F l a n g e dc r e w e de l lnS p i g oe l do

B u s h i n g + “ w+

C a p + “ )

C r o s s

R e d u c i n g

$ s +, + /‘

S t r a i g h ti z e+ + + $+

C r o s s o v e r

T - D . * . . c [ ( [

E l b o w

9 0 -e g r e er r P r c

T u r n e do w n& ~ M ~

T u r n e d pH w w ~

B a s eL L L

D o u b l er a n c hT T

L o n g R a d i u s ~

R e d u c i n gP P e <

S i d eu t l e t

( O u t l e to w n )T r

( O u t l e t U p ) r r

S i d eu t l e t



- , =

S Y M B O L SO RI P EI T T I N G S

F l a n g e dc r e w e de ln

S p i g oe l o

S t r e e t

J o i n t L

C o n n e c t i n g+ + + + +P i p e

E x p a n s i o n

L a t e r a l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

O r i f i c el a t e- i : l -

R e d u c i n gl a n g ei D -

P l u g s

B t i l ll u gw o

P i p el u g- - t a

R e d u c e r

C o n c e n t r i c- K = = t -* m -

E c c e n t r i c+ &+ -

S l e e v e-t -t-l- +---+ -++---* +--e

~

S t r a i g h ti z eL L L L

( O u t l e tp )* * * - e

( O u t l e to w n )

‘ o u b ’ e s w e e p L “ “ -

R e d u c i n g

L L L A L




S i n g l ew e e p

S i d eu t l e t

( O u t l e to w n )

S i d eu t l e t

( O u t l e tp )

U n i o n

V a l v e sA n g l ea l v e

C h e c k ,l s o

A n g l eh e c k

G a t e ,l s o

A n g l ea t e

( E l e v a t i o n )

B a l la l v e

G a t e ,l s o

A n g l ea t e

( P l a n )G l o b e ,l s o

A n g l el o b e

( E l e v a t i o n )

G l o b e

( P l a n )

A u t o m a t i ca l v e

B y - P a s s

G o v e r n o r -O p e r a t e d

R e d u c i n g

C h e c ka l v e

( S t r a i g h ta y )

C o c k

Flanged

T&

u

S c r e w e d

r i p

B e lnS p i g o

+

W e l o



372


G l o b e

L o c k s h i e l da l v e

P l u ga I v e

Q u i c kp e n i n go ru t t e r f l ya l v e

S a f e t ya l v e

Flanged

S c r e w e d

--mQ-

B e lnS p i g oe l

-

-- 3-

S o

~ ~-

&

-





374

WEIGHTS

1.

2.

3.

4

5

7.

The tables on the following pages show the weights of

different vessel components made of steel.

All weights are calculated with the theoretical weight of

steel: 1 cubic inch= 0.28333 pounds.

To obtain the actual weight of a vessel, add 6’ZOo the total

weight. This wilI cover the overweights of material which

corn-es from the manufacturing tolerances and the weight ofthe weldings.

The weights of shells shown in the tables refer to one lineal

foot of shell-length. The weights tabulated in columns

headed by “1.S.” “0. S.” are the weights of shell when

the given diameter signifies inside or outside diameter.

The weights of the heads include:

A. For ellipsodial heads: 2 inch straight flange or the wall

thickness, whichever is greater.B. For ASME flanged and dished heads: 1?4 inch straight

flange.

c. For hemispherical heads: Oinch straight flange.

T w o p f m b d ms i m c c d w rm aw o p f

s i t t r t t p o LC

A



375

D I A M .

‘ E S S E L

1‘2 ~

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 62 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 41~ o

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4

WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS


S H E L L

1 . s .

3 3

3 8

4 4

4 9

5 4

6 0

6 5

7 07 6

8 1

8 6

9 2

9 7

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 3

1 2 9

1 4 5

1 6 1

1 7 7

1 9 3

2 0 9

2 2 5

2 4 1

2 5 7

2 7 3

2 8 9

3 0 5

3 2 1

3 3 7

3 5 3

3 6 9

3 8 5

3 . s .

3 1

3 6

4 2

4 9

5 2

5 8

6 3

6 87 4

7 9

8 4

9 0

9 5

1 0 0

1 0 6

1 1 1

1 2 7

1 4 3

1 5 9

1 7 5

1 9 1

2 0 7

2 2 3

2 3 9

2 5 5

2 7 1

2 8 7

3 0 3

3 1 9

3 3 5

3 5 1

3 6 7

3 8 3

1/ 4 ”

L L I P

2 2

2 8

3 3

4 1

4 7

5 5

6 2

7 07 8

8 9

1 0 0

1 1 3

1 2 8

1 3 9

1 5 6

1 6 5

2 1 5

2 7 0

3 3 0

3 9 8

4 5 3

5 4 3

6 2 4

7 2 3

8 2 0

9 2 2

1 0 3 1

1 1 5 0

1 2 5 5

1 4 4 5

1 5 9 0

I7 3 0

I8 8 0

H E A D

‘ . & D .

1 4

1 9

2 3

2 8

3 5

4 1

4 7 -

5 56 2

7 0

8 0

8 9

9 8

1 1 0

1 2 0

1 3 1

1 6 8

2 1 0

2 5 7

3 0 9

3 6 5

4 2 1

4 9 2

5 5 6

6 3 7

7 1 0

8 0 1

8 8 3

9 8 4

1 0 7 5

I 1 8 6

1 2 8 6

1 4 0 6

[ E M I S

2 0

2 8

3 6

4 6

5 6

6 8

8 1

9 51 1 0

1 2 6

1 4 3

1 6 1

1 8 0

2 0 1

2 2 2

2 4 5

3 2 0

4 0 4

4 9 8

6 0 2

7 1 7

8 4 0

9 7 4

1 1 1 8

1 2 7 2

1 4 3 5

1 6 0 8

1 7 9 2

1 9 8 5

2 1 8 8

2 4 0 1

2 6 2 4

2 8 5 6

5 /

S H E L L

1 . s .

4 1

4 8

5 4

6 1

6 8

7 4

8 1

8 89 4

1 0 1

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 1

1 2 8

1 3 4

1 4 1

1 6 1

1 8 2

2 0 2

2 2 2

2 4 3

2 6 3

2 8 3

3 0 33 2 4

3 4 4

3 6 4

3 8 5

4 0 54 2 5

4 4 6

4 6 6

4 8 6

D . s

3

4

5

5

6

7

7

89

9

1 0

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 3

1 5

1 7

1 9

2 1

2 3

2 5

2 7

2 9

3 1

3 3

3 5

3 7

3 9

4 1

4 3

4 5

4 8

; L L

2

3

4

5

5

6

7

81 0

1 1

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 7

1 9

2 1

2 8

3 5

4 3

5 2

5 9

6 9

8 0

9 2

1 0

1 1

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 8

1 9

2 1

2 3

H E

‘ .

1

2

2

3

4

5

5

67

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

7

7

8 9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 7

[

2

3

4

5

7

8

1

11

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

45

6

7

8

1

1

1

1

1

22

22

3

3

3



376

W O S & H


D I A M ./ 8 ” 7 /

/ E S S E LS H E L LE A DH E L LE

1 . s .. s .L L I P. & D .E M I S. s .. sL L.

1 2 0 7 3 2 2 82 31 4 8 5 2 8 3 73 5

1 6 6 3 0 5 5 74 6

1 8 4 1 ] 2 0 65 82 0 2 9 0 2 5 56 1

’ 2 29 0 7 2 10 30 507 I1 4 8 5 4 02 21 41 01

2 61 0 60 30 5 24 32 31~ 9 1

2 81 41 12 1 46 63 32 43 02 21 93 70 59 04 23 6

3 23 02 75 42 11 65 14 83 43 83 57 33 44 36 15 9

3 64 64 39 24 77 27 06 23 85 45 11 36 50 37 97 4

4 06 25 93 48 03 68 98 7

4 27 06 75 79 67 09 89 04 89 49 13 15 2

8 22 62

85 41 81 51 51 60 95 45 8

6 04 23 90 88 65 18 275 96 66 66 31 06 30 71 00 1

7 29 08 71 84 70 7 93 83 4

7 81 41 13 63 82 6 56 66 8

8 43 83 56 53 74 6 69 491

9 06 25 91 1 04 21 6 8 22 212

9 68 68 32 6 05 59 1 25 044 1

1 0 21 00 74 1 90 7 51 5 87 876 21 0 83 43 15 8 22 0 24 1 80 608 4

1 1 45 85 57 6 03 3 56 9 43 430 5

1 2 08 27 99 5 04 7 69 8 46 252 7

1 2 60 60 31 7 06 2 42 8 89 185 8

1 3 23 02 74 9 07 7 96 0 81 917 0

1 3 85 47 6: ; ;; ; ;; ; ;; :;; :5 1

1 4 47 9



377

D I A M .

V E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 62 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4

WEIGHT OF SHELLS 8CHEADS


S H E L L

1

6 7

7 8

8 8

9 9

1 1 0

1 2 0

1 3 1

1 4 21 5 2

1 6 3

1 7 4

1 8 4

1 9 5

2 0 6

2 1 7

2 2 7

2 5 9

2 9 1

3 2 3

3 5 5

3 8 7

4 1 9

4 5 1

4 8 3

5 1 5

5 4 7

5 7 9

6 1 1

6 4 7

6 7 6

7 0 8

7 4 0

7 7 7

0

6 1

7 2

8 2

9 3

1 0 4

1 1 4

1 2 5

1 3 61 4 6

1 5 7

1 6 8

1 7 8

1 8 9

2 0 0

2 1 1

2 2 1

2 5 3

2 8 5

3 1 7

3 4 9

3 8 1

4 1 3

4 4 5

4 7 ’ 7

5 0 9

5 4 1

5 7 3

6 0 5

6 3 8

6 7 0

7 0 2

7 3 4

7 6 6

1 / 2 ”

E L L H

4 7

5 6

7 0

8 1

9 7

1 1 0

1 2 5

1 4 01 6 1

1 8 2

2 0 6

2 3 0

2 5 6

2 8 3

3 1 3

3 4 3

4 4 2

5 5 3

6 7 7

8 1 3

9 6 2

1 1 2 4

1 2 9 8

1 4 8 4

1 6 8 3

1 8 9 4

2 1 1 9

2 3 5 5

2 5 7 1

2 8 9 0

3 3 4 0

3 4 6 0

3 7 6 0

HEAD

F . & D

3 0

3 8

4 7

5 9

7 0

8 1

9 4

1 1 01 2 5

1 4 0

1 6 1

1 7 8

1 9 6

2 2 0

2 4 0

2 6 1

3 3 7

4 2 1

5 1 4

6 1 7

7 3 0

8 5 2

9 8 3

1 1 2 4

1 2 7 4

1 4 3 3

1 6 0 2

1 7 8 0

1 9 6 8

2 1 6 5

2 3 7 2

2 5 8 8

2 8 1 3

H E M I S

4 3

5 8

7 5

9 4

1 1 5

1 3 9

1 6 5

1 9 32 2 3

2 5 5

2 9 0

3 2 7

3 6 6

4 0 7

4 5 0

4 9 6

6 4 6

8 1 5

1 0 0 5

1 2 1 4

1 4 4 3

1 6 9 2

1 9 6 0

2 2 4 8

2 5 5 7

2 8 8 4

3 2 3 2

3 5 9 9

3 9 8 6

4 3 9 3

4 8 2 0

5 2 6 6

5 7 3 2

S H E L L

1

7 6

8 8

1 0 0

1 1 2

1 2 4

1 3 6

1 4 8

1 6 01 7 2

1 8 4

1 9 6

2 0 8

2 2 0

2 3 2

2 4 4

2 5 6

2 9 2

3 2 8

3 6 4

4 0 0

4 3 6

4 7 2

5 0 8

5 4 4

5 8 0

6 1 7

6 5 3

6 8 9

7 2 5

7 6 1

7 9 7

8 3 3

8 6 9

0

6

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 4

1 51 6

1 7

1 8

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 8

3 2

3 5

3 9

4 2

4 6

5 0

5 3

5 7

6 1

6 4

6 8

7 1

7 5

7 9

8 2

8 6

9 /

E L L

5

6

7

9

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 61 8

2 0

2 3

2 5

2 8

3 1

3 5

3 8

4 9

6 2

7 6

9 1

1 0 8

1 2 6

1 4 6

1 6 6

1 8 9

2 1 3

2 3 8

2 6 5

2 8 9

3 2 3

3 6 6

3 8 9

4 2 4

F.&D

3

4

5

6

7

9

1

11

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

, 1

. 2

. 4

. 6

. 8 0

4

6

9

~1

4

6

8

1

1

1

1

22

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

7

9

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

4

4

4

5

5

3



378

W O S & H

D I A M .

Y E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

1 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 21 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

I4 4


S H E L L

1

8 4

9 7

1 1 1

1 2 4

1 3 7

1 5 1

1 6 4

1 7 7

1 9 1Q ( 3 4

2 1 8

2 3 1

2 4 4

2 5 82 7 1

2 8 4

3 2 4

3 6 4

4 0 4

4 4 4

4 8 4

5 2 4

5 6 4

6 0 4

6 4 4

6 8 57 2 5

7 6 5

8 0 5

8 4 8

8 8 59 - ) 5

9 6 5

0

7 68 9

1 0 3

1 1 6

1 2 9

1 4 3

1 5 6

1 6 9

1 8 3

1 9 6

2 1 0

2 2 3

2 3 6

2 5 0

2 6 3

2 7 6

3 1 6

3 5 6

3 9 6

4 3 6

4 7 6

5 1 6

5 5 6

5 9 6

6 3 6

6 7 77 1 7

7 5 7

7 9 7

8 3 7

8 7 7

9 1 7

9 5 7

5 / 8 ”

I L L I P

5 8

7 0

8 7

1 0 11y

1 3 8

1 6 1

1 8 0

2 0 1

2 2 8

2 5 7

2 8 8

3 2 6

3 5 5

3 9 1

4 2 85 5 2

6 9 1

8 4 6

1 0 1 7

1 2 0 3

1 4 0 51 6 ~ ~

1 8 5 5

2 1 0 4

2 3 6 82 6 4 8

2 9 4 4

3 2 1 3

3 5 7 8

3 9 8 04 3 2 5

4 7 ~ o

H E A D

? . & D .

4 0

5 0

6 1

7 4

8 6

1 0 1

1 2 1

1 3 8

1 5 6

1 7 5

2 0 1

2 2 3

2 4 5

2 7 5

3 0 0

3 2 7

4 2 1

5 2 6

6 4 3

7 7 2

9 1 2

1 0 6 5

1 2 2 9

1 4 0 5

1 5 9 2

1 7 9 12 0 0 3

2 2 2 5

2 4 6 0

2 7 0 6

2 9 6 5

3 2 3 4

3 5 1 6

3 E M 1 S

5 5

7 3

9 5

1 1 9

1 4 6

1 7 6’ 2 0 8

2 4 3

2 8 13 2 2

3 6 5

4 1 1

4 6 0

5 1 2

5 6 6

6 2 3

8 1 1

1 0 2 4

1 2 6 1

1 5 2 3

1 8 1 0

2 1 2 1

2 4 5 8

2 8 1 8

3 2 0 4

3 6 1 44 0 4 9

4 5 0 9

4 9 9 3

5 5 0 2

6 0 3 6

6 5 9 5

7 1 7 8

1

S H E L L

1

9 3

1 0 81~ ~

1 3 7

1 5 2

1 6 6

1 8 1

1 9 6

2 1 12 2 5

2 4 0

2 5 5

2 6 9

2 8 42 9 9

3 1 3

3 5 7

4 0 1

4 4 5

4 8 9

5 3 3

5 7 7

6 2 1

6 6 5

7 1 0

7 5 47 9 8

8 4 2

8 8 6

9 3 0

9 7 4

1 0 1 8

1 0 6 2

0

83 1

9

1 1

1 21 4

1 5

1 7

1 8

~

2 1

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 7

2 8

3 0

3 4

3 9

4 3

4 7

5 2

5 6

6 1

6 5

7 0

7 47 8

8 3

8 7

9 2

9 6

1 0 0

1 0 5

~ L L

6

7

9

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 7

1 9

~ 11 5

2 8

3 1

3 5

3 9

4 3

4 7

6 0

7 6

9 3

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 7

2 0

2 3

2 6 .2 9

3 2

3 5

3 9

4 3

4 7

5 1

H E

‘ .

5

6

8

9

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

5

7

8

1 0

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 7

1 9

2 2

2 4

2 7

2 9

3 2

3 5

3 8

-46

8

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

8

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

34

4

5

6

6

7

7

I



379

W O S & H

D I A M .

~ E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

~ ~

2 4

2 62 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 85 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 41- ) 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4


S H E L L

1I (JZ

1 1 8

1 3 4

1 5 0

1 6 6

1 8 2

1 9 8

2 1 42 3 02 4 6

2 6 2

2 7 8

2 9 4

3 1 0

3 2 6

3 4 2

3 9 04 3 8

4 8 6

5 3 4

5 8 2

6 3 0

6 7 8

7 2 6

7 7 5

8 2 3

8 7 1

9 1 9

9 6 7

1 0 1 5

1 0 6 3

1 1 1 1

1 1 5 9

0

9 0

1 0 6

1 2 2

1 3 8

1 5 4

1 7 0

1 8 6

2 0 22 1 8

2 3 4

2 5 0

2 6 6

2 8 2

2 9 8

3 1 4

3 3 0

3 7 84 2 6

4 7 4

5 2 2

5 7 0

6 1 8

6 6 6

7 1 4

7 6 3

8 1 1

8 5 9

9 0 7

9 5 5

1 0 0 3

1 0 5 1

1 0 9 9

1 1 4 7

3 / 4 ”

; L L I P

7 0

8 8

1 0 41 2 6

1 4 5

1 7 1

1 9 3

2 1 62 4 1

2 7 4

3 0 9

3 4 5

3 9 3

4 2 5

4 6 9

5 1 4

6 6 28 2 9

1 0 1 5

1 2 2 0

1 4 4 3

1 6 8 5

1 9 4 7

2 2 2 6~ 5 ~ 5

2 8 4 2

3 1 7 8

3 5 3 3

3 8 5 64 2 4 3

4 6 5 5

5 0 8 2

5 6 5 0

H E A D

? . & D .

1 0 8

1 2 6

1 4 5

1 6 51 8 7

2 1 6

2 4 1

2 6 7

2 9 4

3 3 0

3 6 1

3 9 3

5 0 56 3 1

7 7 2

9 2 6

1 0 9 5

1 2 7 7

1 4 7 5

1 6 8 5

1 9 1 1

2 1 5 0

2 4 0 32 6 7 1

2 9 5 2

3 2 4 8

3 5 5 8

3 8 8 1

4 2 1 9

i E M I S

6 7

9 0

1 1 6

1 4 5

1 7 7

2 1 3

2 5 2

2 9 53 4 0

3 8 9

4 4 2

4 9 7

5 5 6

6 1 8

6 8 4

7 5 3

9 7 91 2 3 4

1 5 2 0

1 8 3 5

2 1 7 9

2 5 5 4

2 9 5 8

3 3 9 1

3 8 5 5

4 3 4 8

4 8 7 0

5 4 2 2

6 0 0 4

6 6 1 6

7 2 5 7

7 9 2 8

8 6 2 8

1 3 /

S H E L L

1

1 1 1

1 2 8

1 4 6

1 6 3

1 8 0

1 9 8

2 1 5

2 3 32 5 0

2 6 7

2 8 5

3 0 2

3 1 9

3 3 7

3 5 4

3 7 1

4 2 34 7 5

5 2 7

5 7 9

6 3 1

6 8 3

7 3 5

7 8 8

8 4 0

8 9 2

9 4 4

9 9 6

1 0 4 8

1 1 0 0

1 1 5 2

1 2 0 4

1 2 5 6

0

9

1 1

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 12 3

2 5

2 7

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 5

4 04 6

5 1

5 6

6 1

669

721

774

826

878930

9821034

1086

1 1 3

1 1 9

1 2 4

3 L L

7

9

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 8

2 0

2 32 6

3 0

3 3

3 7

4 2

4 7

5 0

5 6

7 29 1

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 8

2 1

2 4

2 7

3 1

3 4

3 8

4 2

4 6

5 0

5 5

6 0

H E

F .

5

6

8

1

1

1

1

14

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

56

8

1 0

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 8

2 0

2 3~ 6

2 8

3 1

3 5

3 8

4 2

4 5

3

7

9

1?

1

I9

2

2

33

4

4

5

6

6

7

8

11

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

45

5

6

7

7

8

9





381

WEIGHT OF SHELLS k HEADS

WALL THICKNESS

1*8 1-1/16“DIAM.

/ESSEL SHELL HEAD SHELL HEAD

1.s. 0.s. ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 1.s. 0.s. ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS

12 139 117 98 76 93 148 124 104 83 10014 160 138 118 93 124 171 147 125 102 132

16 182 160 144 113 159 193 169 153 122 17018 203 181 168 139 198 216 192 178 150 212

~o 224 202 200 162 242 239 215 212 175 259

-)? 246 223 228 187 290 262 238 242 202 31024 267 245 257 214 343 284 260 277 231 366

26289

266 288 242 400 307 283 311 261 42728 310 287 330 273 462 330 306 350 294 49330 331 308 374 313 528 352 328 397 338 563

32 353 330 421 347 598 375 351 448 373 63834 374 351 471 383 673 398 374 500 412 7 7

36 396 372 523 421 752 420 396 562 452 80138 417 393 579 , 460 835 443 419 614 495 890

40 438 415 637 502 923 466 442 677 539 984

42 459 436 698 556 1015 489 465 741 597 1082

48 523 500 897 698 1318 557 533 953 749 140454 587 564 1121 869 1661 625 601 1191 931 1769

60 651 628 1371 1059 2043 693 669 1457 1134 2175

66 715 692 1646 1“268 2465 761 737 1749 1357 2624

72 779 756 1945 1496 2926 829 805 2067 1590 3114

78 844 821 2270 i 743 3427 897 874 2412 1851 3647

84 908 885 2620 2008 3967 965 942 2783 2134 4221

90 972 949 2994 2292 4547 1033 1010 3181 2435 4838

96 1036 1013 3394 2596 5166 1101 1078 3606 2758 5496

102 1100 1077 3819 2917 5825 1169 1146 4057 3099 6197

108 1164 1141 4268 3258 6523 1237 1214 4535 ‘3462 6939

114 1228 1205 4743 3617 7261 1306 1282 5038 3843 7724

120 1292 1269 5175 3996 8039 1374 1350 5498 4246 8550

126 1356 1333 5697 4393 8856 1442 1418 6053 4667 9419

132 1420 1397 6243 4809 9712 1510 1486 6633 5108 10329

138 1484 1461 6815 5243 10609 1578 1554 7241 5571 11282

144 1549 1526 7411 5697 1I544 1646 1623 7874 6053 12276



382

W O S & H


D I A M .- 18 ” 1 - 3

/ E S S E LS H E L LE A DH E L LE

1 . S .. s .L L I P. & D .E M I S. s .. sL L.

1 21 5 83 11 0 00 66 73 11

1 48 25 53 31 04 19 26 4~ 1

1 60 67 96 33 28 11 88 7

1 83 00 38 96 22 64 31 0

Z ( )5 42 72 58 97 66 83 3

~ ~7 85 15 61 73 09 46 7

2 40 ~2 7 59 84 89 01 98 1

2 62 69 93 38 15 44 51 5

2 83 5 02 37 11 52 47 04 9

3 07 44 72 16 29 89 56 4

3 29 87 17 40 07 82 19 07

3 42 29 53 04 26 26 61 6

3 64 61 90 18 45 17 14 3

3 87 04 35 13 04 69 76 8

4 09 46 71 77 60 4 52 29 5

4 21 89 18 53 91 4 94 81 2

4 89 16 30 0 90 04 9 12 4905 46 33 52 6 19 48 7 70 07 3 0

6 03 50 75 4 32 0 93 0 87 646 2

6 60 77 98 5 24 4 67 8 35 229 5

7 27 95 21 8 96 8 43 0 32 993 7

7 85 12 45 5 49 6 08 6 70 0 576 0

% 40 2 39 69 4 7260 4476 1081 1051 3108 2398 4732

9 00 9 50 6 83 6 85 7 91 2 91 5 71 25 57

9 61 6 71 4 08 1 89 2 08 2 72 3 32 00 30

1 0 22 3 92 1 22 9 62 8 25 6 93 0 92 75 341 0 83 1 22 8 48 0 26 6 63 5 63 8 53 50 7

1 1 43 8 43 5 63 3 60 7 01 8 74 6 14 36 3

1 2 04 5 64 2 88 2 24 9 60 6 25 3 75 01 7

1 2 65 2 85 0 04 0 99 4 29 8 26 1 35 87 2

1 3 26 0 05 7 30 2 44 1 00 9 4 76 9 06 64 7

1 3 86 7 26 4 56 6 78 9 91 9 5 67 6 67 30 2

1 4 47 4 47 1 73 3 84 0 83 0 1 08 4 28 18 7



383

D I A M .

J E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

~ 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 85 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 21 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4



S H E L L

11 7 72 0 4

Q 3 0

2 5 7

2 8 4

3 1 1

3 3 7

3 6 4

3 9 1

4 1 7

4 4 4

4 7 1

4 9 7

5 2 4

5 5 1

5 7 8

6 5 87 3 8

8 1 8

8 9 8

9 7 9

1 0 5 9

1 1 3 9

1 2 1 $

1 2 9 9

1 3 7 s1 4 5 5

1 5 3 5

1 6 1

1 7 0 C

1 7 8 (

18 6 (

19 4 (

0

1 4 4

~

5 1 8

5 4 5

6 2 57 0 5

7 8 5

8 6 5

9 4 5

1 0 2 5

1 1 0 5

1 1 8 5

1 2 6 5

1 3 4 61 4 2 6

1 5 0 6

1 5 8 6

1 6 6 6

1 7 4 6

1 8 2 6

1 9 0 6

1 - 1 / 4 ”

] z?

3 7 1

4 1 2

4 6 7

5 2 6

5 8 9

6 6 7

7 2 4

7 9 6

8 7 2

1 1 2 11 4 0 1

1 7 1 4

2 0 5 7

2 4 3 2

2 8 3 7

3 2 7 5

3 7 4 2

4 2 4 2

4 7 7 45 3 3 6

5 9 2 5

6 4 6 5

7 1 2 1

7 8 0 ~

8 5 1

9 2 6 ~

H E A D

: . & D ,

1 0 5

1 2 9

1 5 4

1 8 1J l o

2 4 2

2 8 4

3 2 2

3 6 0

4 0 2

4 4 6

4 9 0

5 5 1

6 0 1

6 5 4

7 1 0

9 0 41 1 0 4

1 3 4 3

1 6 0 6

1 8 9 3

2 2 0 4

2 5 3 7

2 8 9 4

3 2 7 4

3 6 7 84 1 0 6

4 5 5 8

5 0 3 2

5 5 3 0

6 0 5 1

6 5 9 6

7 1 6 5

[ E M I S

1 2 0

1 6 0

2 0 4

2 5 4

3 1 0

3 7 1

4 3 8

5 1 0

5 8 7

6 7 0

7 5 9

8 5 3

9 5 2

1 0 5 7

1 1 6 8

1 2 8 4

1 6 6 52 0 9 5

2 5 7 5

3 i 0 4

3 6 8 3

4 3 1 1

4 9 8 8

5 7 1 5

6 4 9 1

7 3 1 78 1 9 2

9 1 1 (

1 0 0 9 (

1 1 1 :

1 28 (

I 3 3 0 /

1 4 4 8 (

1- 5 / 1

S H E L L

1

1 8 7

11971281

1 3 6 5

1 4 4 91 5 3 3

1 6 1 7

1 7 0 1

1 7 8 6

1 8 7 0

1 9 5 4

2 0 3 8

0

1 5

1 7

2 0

2 3

2 6

~ 9

3 1

3 4

3 7

4 0

4 3

4 5

4 8

5 1

5 4

5 7

6 57 3

8 2

9 0

9 9

1 0 7

1159

1 2 4

1 3 2

1 4 11 4 9

1 5 8

1 6 6

1 7 4

1 8 3

1 9 1

2 0 0

] L L

1 2

1 11 4

1 8

2 1

2 5

2 9

3 4

3 9

4 4

5 05 6

6 2

6 8

7 5

8 2

8 9

9 7

H E

‘ .

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

91 11 4

3 3

1 9

2 3

2 6

3 0

3 4

3 84 3

4 7

5 2

5 8

6 3

6 9

7 5

;

1

1

1

1

1

12

2

3

3

4

5

6

6

78

9

1

1

1

1

1



384


D I A M .

J E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8Z ( )

? ?. -

2 4

2 6

2 83 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 46 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 41~ o

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4


S H E L L

1 . s .

1 9 6~ ~ 5

2 5 5

2 8 4

3 1 3

3 4 33 7 2

4 0 2

4 3 14 6 0

4 9 0

5 1 9

5 4 8

5 7 8

6 0 7

6 3 77 2 5

8 1 39 0 1

9 8 9

1 0 7 8

1 1 6 6

1 2 5 4

1 3 4 2

1 4 3 0

1 5 1 8

1 6 0 6

1 6 9 4

1 7 8 3

1 8 7 1

1 9 5 9

2 0 4 7

2 1 3 5

0 . s .

1 5 6

1 8 5

2 1 5

2 4 4

2 7 3

3 0 3

3 3 23 6 2

3 9 14 2 1

4 5 0

4 7 9

5 0 8

5 3 8

5 6 7

5 9 7

6 8 5

7 7 38 6 1

9 4 9

1 0 3 8

] ]2 6

1 2 1 4

1 3 0 2

1 3 9 0

1 4 7 8

1 5 6 6

1 6 5 4

1 7 4 3

1 8 3 1

1 9 1 9~ 0 0 7

2 0 9 5

1- 3 / 8 ”

: L L I P

1 4 2

1 6 9

2 0 62 3 9

2 8 5

3 2 2

3 6 4

4 0 8

4 6 65 2 7

5 9 3

6 6 2

7 3 4

8 1 2

8 9 2

9 7 7

1 2 5 3

1 5 6 31 9 1 0

2 2 8 9

2 7 0 3

3 1 5 2

3 6 3 5

4 1 5 2

4 7 0 4

5 2 9 1

5 9 1 1

6 5 6 7

7 1 6 2

7 8 8 2

8 6 3 69 4 : 4

1 0 2 4 f

H E A D

‘ . & D .

1 1 9

1 4 8

1 7 6~ 0 6

2 3 9

2 7 5

3 2 3

3 6 4

4 0 84 5 4

5 0 2

5 5 3

6 2 0

6 7 6

7 3 4

7 9 6

1 0 1 2

1 2 3 41 5 0 0

1 7 6 8

2 0 8 3

2 4 2 4

2 7 9 1

3 1 8 4

3 6 0 2

4 0 4 6

4 57

5 0 1 4

5 5 3 5

6 0 8 4

6 6 5 6

7 2 5 6

7 8 8 2

[ E M I S

1 3 5

1 7 82 2 8

2 8 3

3 4 5

4 1 2

4 8 6

5 6 6

6 5 17 4 3

8 4 1

9 4 5

1 0 5 4

1 1 7 0

1 2 9 3

1 4 2 0

1 8 4 1

2 3 1 52 8 4 4

3 4 2 7

4 0 6 5

4 7 5 7

5 5 0 3

6 3 0 3

7 1 5 9

8 0 6 8

9 0 3 2

. 0 0 5 0 1 1 2 2

~2 2 4 9

I3 4 3 0

1 4 6 6 6

I5 9 5 5

1- 7 / 1

S H E L L

1 . s .

2 0 6

2 3 7

2 6 7

2 9 8

3 2 9

3 6 0

3 9 0

4 2 1

4 5 24 8 2

5 1 3

5 4 4

5 7 5

6 0 5

6 3 6

6 6 7

7 5 9

8 5 19 4 3

1 0 3 5

1 1 2 8

1 2 2 0

1 3 1 2

1 4 0 4

1 4 9 6

1 5 8 8

1 6 8 0

1 7 7 2

1 8 6 5

1 9 5 7

~ 0 4 9

2 1 4 1~ ~ 3 3

0 . s

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 5

2 8

3 1

3 4

3 7

4 04 3

4 6

S o

5 3

5 6

5 9

6 2

7 1

8 08 9

9 9

1 0 8

1 1 7

1 2 6

1 3 6

1 4 5

1 5 4

1 6 3j 7 ~

1 8 2

1 9 1

2 0 0

2 0 9

2 1 8

1 5

1 8z ~

2 5

3 0

3 4

3 8

4 3

4 95 5

6 2

699

775

857

941

1 0

1 3

1 62 0

2 4

2 8

3 3

3 8

4 3

4 9

5 5

6 ~

6 8

7 58 ~

9 1

9 8

1 0 7

H E

1

5

5

6

7

7

8

1 0

1 31 5

1 8

2 1

2 5

2 9

3 3

3 7

4 ~

4 7

5 2

5 7

6 3

6 9

7 5

8 2

I

1

11

22

3

4

4

5

6

7

8

91

11

1

1

1

1



385

WEIGHT OF SHELLS tk HEADS


1 - 12 ”D I A M .

‘ E S S E LS H E L L H EE A DH E L L

0 . sE M I S. s .. S .. s .L I P. & D . L L.

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 83 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4

2 1 6

2 4 8

2 8 0

3 1 2

3 4 4

3 7 6

4 0 8

4 4 0

4 7 25 0 4

5 3 6

5 6 8

6 0 0

6 3 3

6 6 5

6 9 7

7 9 3

8 8 9

9 8 5

1 0 8 2

1 1 7 8

1 2 7 4

1 3 7 C

1 4 6 6

1 5 6 ;

1 6 5 ?

1 7 5 4

1 8 5 1

19 4 ;

2 0 4 ;

2 1 3 {

2 2 3

2 3 3 1

1 6 8

2 0 0

2 3 2

2 6 4

2 9 6

3 2 8

3 6 0

3 9 2

4 2 44 5 6

4 8 8

5 2 0

5 5 2

5 8 5

6 1 7

6 4 9

7 4 5

8 4 1

9 3 ’ 7

1 0 3 4

11 3 C

1 2 2 6

1 3 2 2

1 4 1 8

1 5 1 4

1 6 1 C

17 0 {

1 8 0 2

1 8 9 <

1 9 9 :

2 0 9

2 1 8 ’

2 2 8 :

1 6 2

1 9 2

2 3 4

2 7 1

3 2 1

3 6 3

4 0 9

4 5 7

5 2 15 8 9

6 6 1

7 3 8

8 1 7

9 0 3

9 9 1

1 0 8 4

1 3 8 8

1 7 2 9

2 1 1 1

2 5 2 6

2 9 8 0

3 4 7 2

4 0 0 3

4 5 6 9

5 1 7 3

5 8 1 5

6 4 9 6

7 2 1

7 8 6 4

8 6 5 2

9 5 9 (

1 0 3 3 5

1 13 {

1 3 4

1 6 2

1 9 2

2 3 4

2 7 1

3 1 0

3 5 2

3 9 7

4 4 45 0 8

5 6 2

6 1 8

6 7 6

7 3 8

8 0 2

8 8 5

1 1 0 3

1 3 6 8

1 6 3 6

1 9 5 4

2 2 7 2

2 6 4 4

3 0 4 4

3 4 7 2

3 9 3 C

4 4 1 4

4 9 2 8

5 4 6 8

6 0 3 E

6 6 3 6

7 2 6 ;

7 9 1

8 5 9 S

1 5 0

1 9 8

2 5 2

3 1 3

3 8 1

4 5 5

5 3 6

6 2 3

7 1 78 1 7

9 2 4

1 0 3 8

1 1 5 8

1 2 8 5

1 4 1 8

1 5 5 8

2 0 1 8

2 5 3 7

3 1 1 5

3 7 5 3

4 4 4 9

5 2 0 5

6 0 2 1

6 8 9 5

7 8 2 9

8 8 2 3

9 8 7 5

1 0 9 8 7

1 2 1 5 8

1 3 3 8 9

1 4 6 7 8

1 6 0 2 ;

17 4 3 (

2 2 7

2 6 0

2 9 4

3 2 7

3 6 1

3 9 4

4 2 7

4 6 1

4 9 45 2 7

5 6 1

5 9 4

6 2 8

6 6 1

6 9 4

7 2 8

8 2 8

9 2 8

1 0 2 8

1 1 2 9

1 2 2 9

1 3 2 9

1 4 2 0

1 5 2 9

1 6 2 9

1 7 2 S

1 8 2 5

19 3 (

2 0 3 (

2 1 3 (

2 z 3 (

2 3 3 (

2 4 3 (

1 7

2 0

2 4

2 7

3 0

3 4

3 7

4 0

4 44 7

5 0

5 4

5 7

6 0

6 4

6 7

7 7

8 7

9 7

1 0 7

1 1 7

1 2 7

i 3 7

1 4 7

1 5 7

1 6 7

1 7 7

1 8 7

1 9 72 0 7

~1 7

2 2 7

2 3 7

1 7

3635

4 1

4 7

5 4

6 0

6 7

7 5

8 2

9 0

10 0

1 0 7

1 1 7

1

1 7

2 0

2 3

2 7

3 1

3 6

4 0

4 5

5 1

5 6

6 2

6 9

7 5

8 2

8 9

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

78

9

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

1

1

1

1

1

1



386

WEIGHT OF SHELLS tic HEADS IW A L LH I C K N E S S

1 - 5 / 8 ” 1 - 11 6D I A M .

‘ E S S E LH E A DH E L LEH E L L

[ E M I S. s .I L L.0 L L I P

2 3 6

2 7 1

3 0 5

3 4 0

3 7 5

4 1 0

4 4 4

4 7 9

5 1 4

5 4 8

5 8 3

6 1 8

6 5 3

6 8 7

7 2 2

7 5 7

8 6 19 6 5

1 0 6 9

1 1 7 4

1 2 7 8

1 3 8 2

1 4 8 6

1 5 9 0

1 6 9 4

1 7 9 81 9 0 3

2 0 0 7

2 1 1 1

2 2 1 5

2 3 1 9

2 4 2 3

2 5 2 7

1 8 0

2 1 5

2 4 9

2 8 4

3 1 9

3 5 4

3 8 8

4 2 3

4 5 8

4 9 2

5 2 7

5 6 2

5 9 7

6 3 1

6 6 6

7 0 1

8 0 59 0 9

1 0 1 3

1 1 1 7

1 2 2 1

1 3 2 5

1 4 3 0

1 5 3 4

1 6 3 8

1 7 4 21 8 4 6

1 9 5 0

2 0 5 4

2 1 5 9

2 2 6 3

2 3 6 7

2 4 7 1

1 5 3

1 8 6

2 2 0

2 6 5

3 0 4

3 4 8

3 9 3

4 4 3

4 9 5

5 6 4

6 2 3

6 8 5

7 4 8

8 1 7

8 8 6

9 7 8

1 2 1 6

1 5 0 5

1 7 9 7

2 1 4 4

2 4 9 2

2 8 9 7

3 2 9 8

3 7 6 2

4 2 5 7

4 7 8 25 3 3 8

5 9 2 4

6 5 4 1

7 1 9 0

7 8 6 7

8 5 7 6

9 3 1 6

1 6 6

2 1 8

2 7 7

3 4 4

4 1 7

4 9 8

5 8 6

6 8 1

7 8 3

8 9 2

1 0 0 9

1 1 3 2

1 2 6 3

1 4 0 1

1 5 4 6

1 6 9 8

2 1 9 72 7 6 1

3 3 8 8

4 0 8 0

4 8 3 6

5 6 5 7

6 5 4 2

7 4 9 0

8 5 0 4

9 5 8 11 0 7 2 3

1 1 9 2 8

1 3 1 9 8

1 4 5 3 3

1 5 9 3 1

1 7 3 9 4

1 8 9 2 1

2 4 7

2 8 3

3 1 9

3 5 5

3 9 1

4 2 7

4 6 3

4 9 9

5 3 s

5 7 1

6 0 8

6 4 4

6 8 0

7 1 6

7 5 2

7 8 8

8 9 61 0 0 4

1 1 1 2

1 2 2 1

1 3 2 9

1 4 3 7

1 5 4 5

1 6 5 3

1 7 6 1

1 8 6 91 9 7 8

2 0 8 6

2 1 9 4

2 3 0 2

2 4 1 0

2 5 1 8

2 6 2 6

1 8

2 2

2 5

2 9

3 3

3 6

4 0

4 3

4 7

5 7

5 4

5 8

6 1

6 5

6 9

7 2

8 39 4

1 0 5

1 1 5

1 2 6

1 3 7

1 4 8

1 5 9

1 7 0

1 8 01 9 1

2 0 2

2 1 3

2 2 4

2 3 4

2 4 5

2 5 6

1 9

2 3

2 7

3 2

3 7

4 2

4 8

5 3

6 0

6 8

7 7

8 5

9 4

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 51 9

2 4

2 8

39654565

5207

5892

6618‘7388

8198

8 9

9 8

1 0 8

1 1 6

2 7

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

7

7

8

9

1 0

1 21 5

1 8

2 2

2 6

30083 4

3 9

4 4

4 95 5

6 1

6 8

7 4

8 1

8 9

9 7

58846

7

8

91

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 8 4

2 1 7

2 6 3

3 0 4

3 5 9

4 0 5

4 5 5

5 0 9

5 7 8

6 5 3

7 3 2

8 1 5

9 0 3

9 9 7

1 0 9 4

1 1 9 5

1 5 2 71 9 0 0

2 3 1 4

2 7 6 8

3 2 6 4

3799

4 3 7 5

4 9 9 4

5 6 5 0

6 3 4 87 0 8 8

7 8 6 7

8 5 7 5

9 4 3 1

I0 4 5 C

1 1 3 8



387



1 - 3 / 4 ” 1 - /D I A M .

J E S S E LH E A D ‘ H EHELL S H E L L

1 0 L L I P. & D .E M I S0 ‘ .

2 5 7

2 9 4

3 3 2

3 6 9

4 0 7

4 4 4

4 8 1

5 1 9

5 5 6

5 9 3

6 3 1

6 6 8

7 0 6

7 4 3

7 8 0

8 1 8

9 3 01 0 4 2

1 1 5 4

1 2 6 7

1 3 7 9

1 4 9 1

1 6 0 2

1 7 1 5

1 8 2 7

1 9 4 C2 0 5 :

2 1 6 4

2 2 7 (

2 3 8 8

2 5 0 C

2 6 1 2

2 7 J 5

1 9 2

2 2 9

2 6 7

3 0 4

3 4 2

3 7 9

4 1 6

4 5 4

4 9 1

5 2 8

5 6 6

6 0 3

6 4 1

6 7 8

7 1 5

7 5 3

8 6 59 7 7

1 0 8 9

1 2 0 1

1 3 1 3

1 4 2 6

1 5 3 8

1 6 5 0

1 7 6 2

1 8 7 41 9 8 6

2 0 9 9

2 2 1 1

2 3 2 3

2 4 3 5

2 5 4 7

2 6 5 9

2 0 6

2 4 3

2 9 4

3 3 8

3 9 9

4 5 0

5 0 4

5 6 2

6 3 9

7 1 9

8 0 7

8 9 8

9 9 3

1 0 9 4

1 2 0 0

1 3 1 1

1 6 7 02 0 7 4

2 5 2 3

3 0 1 5

3 5 5 2

4 1 3 1

4 7 5 6

5 4 2 1

6 1 3 4

6 8 8 E7 6 8 8

8 5 2 5

9 2 9

0 2 2 C

1 2 5 ;

2 2 0 13 2 5 (

1 7 2

2 1 1

2 4 9

2 9 6

3 2 7

3 7 4

4 3 7

4 9 0

5 4 7

6 0 7

6 7 1

7 3 7

8 2 3

8 9 7

9 7 3

1 0 5 3

1 3 3 21 6 2 0

1 9 6 3

2 3 0 8

2 7 1 5

3 1 1 9

3 5 8 8

4 0 9 1

4 6 2 6

51 5 C5 7 9 6

6 4 3 C

7 0 9 $

7 7 9 7

8 5 3 C

9 2 9 6

1 0 0 9 4

1 8 2

2 3 8

3 0 3

3 7 5

4 5 5

5 4 2

6 3 7

7 4 0

8 5 0

9 6 9

1 0 9 4

1 2 2 8

1 3 6 9

1 5 1 8

1 6 7 5

1 8 3 9

2 3 7 82 9 8 6

3 6 6 4

4 4 1 0

5 2 2 6

6 1 1 1

7 0 6 5

8 0 8 9

9 1 8 1

1 0 3 4 31 1 5 7 4

1 2 8 7 4

1 4 2 4 3

1 5 6 8 1

1 7 1 8 9

1 8 7 6 6

2 0 4 1 1

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

4854

60

66

72

78

84

90

96

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4

2 6 7

3 0 6

3 4 4

3 8 3

4 2 2

4 6 1

4 9 9

5 3 8

5 7 7

6 1 5

6 5 4

6 9 3

7 3 2

7 7 0

8 0 9

8 4 8

9 6 41 0 8 0

1 1 9 6

1 3 1 3

1 4 2 9

1 5 4 5

1 6 6 1

1 7 7 7

1 8 9 3

2 0 12 1 2 6

2 2 4 2

2 3 5 t i

2 4 7 4

2 5 9 (

2 7 0 1

2 8 2 2

1 9

2 3

2 7

3 1

3 5

3 9

4 2

4 6

5 0

5 4

5 8

6 2

6 6

7 0

7 3

7 7

8 91 0 1

1 1 2

1 2 4

1 3 5

1 4 7

1 5 9

1 7 0

1 8 2

1 9 42 0 5

2 1 7

2 2 8

2 4 0

2 5 2

2 6

2 7

2 1

2 5

3 1

3 5

4 2

4 7

5 3

5 9

6 7

7 5

8 4

9 4

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 72 1

2 6

3 1

3 7

4 3

4 9

5 6

6 3

71 67 9

8 8

9 6

[ 0[

I 16 5

1 2 6

1 3 7

1

2

2

3

3

3

4

5

5

6

7

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 31 6

2 0

2 4

2 8

3 2

3 7

4 2

4 7

5 36 0

6 6

7 3

8 0

8 59 6

1 0

1

2

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

23

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

11

1

1

1

1

1

2

,



388

W O S & H

D I A M .

4 E S S E L

12

?1. .

2 4

~ ~

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 85 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 21 0 8

I 1 4

1 2 0

\ 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

I4 4


S H E L L

1 . s .

] 7qo

1840

1

1

0 . s .

2 0 3

2 4 3

2 8 3

3 2 3

3 6 3

4 0 3

4 4 3

4 8 35 2 3

5 6 3

6 0 4

6 4 4

6 8 47 2 4

7 6 4

8 0 4

9 2 41 0 4 4

1 1 6 41 2 8 4

1 4 0 5

1 5 2 5

1 6 4 5

1 7 6 5

1 8 8 5

~ ( ) ( 3 5~1 2 6

2 2 4 6

~ 3 f j ( j

~ 4 g ( j

2 6 0 62 7 2 6

~ 8 4 ( j

i L L I P

2 3 1

2 7 1

3 2 6

3 7 5

4 4 1

4 9 7

5 5 6

6 1 9

7 0 1

7 8 9

8 8 3

9 8 1

1 0 8 6

1 1 9 4

1 3 0 9

1 4 2 9

1 8 1 72 2 5 3

2 7 3 73 2 6 8

3 8 4 6

4 4 7 0

5 1 4 1

5 8 5 8

6 6 ’ . ? 4

7 4 3 68 2 9 59 ~ o

0 0 2 4

1 0 1 7

2 0 5 8

3 1 4 64 ~ . J ( )

H E A D

? . & D .

1 9 1

2 3

2 7 83 2 7

3 6 3

4 1 44 8 2

5 4 0

6 0 2

6 6 8

7 3 6

8 0 8

9 0 2

9 8 1

1 0 6 3

1 1 5 0

1 4 5 21 7 6 2

2 1 3 2

2 5 0 6

2 9 4 4

3 3 8 0

3 8 8 6

4 3 8 3

4 9 5 8

5 5 1 86 2 1 )

6 8 9 0

7 6 0 4

8 3 5 5

9 1 4 0

9 9 6 0

0 8 1 6

i E M I S

I ~)g

2 5 93 : 9

4 0 7

4 9 3

5 8 7

6 8 9

8 0 09 2 9

1 0 4 6

1 1 8 1

1 3 2 5

1 4 7 7

1 6 3 7

1 8 0 5

1 9 8 12 5 6 1

3 2 1 4

3 9 4 1

4 7 4 3

5 6 1 8

6 5 6 8

7 5 9 2

8 6 9 0

9 8 6 2

1 1 1 0 81 2 4 2 9

1 3 8 2 3

1 5 2 9 2

1 6 8 3 4

1 8 4 5 1

2 04 2

2 1 9 0 7

1 -

S H E L L

1 . s .

2 8 8

3 2 9

3 7 14 1 :

4 5 4

4 9 5

5 3 6

5 7 8

6 1 9

6 6 1

7 ( 3 Z

7 4 3

7 8 5

8 2 6

8 6 7

9 0 9

1 0 3 31 1 5 7

1 2 8 2

1 4 0 6

1 5 3 0

1 6 5 4

1 7 7 8

1 9 0 2~ 0 2 7

2 1 5 12 2 7 5

2 3 9 9

2 5 2 32 6 4 7

2 7 7 2

1 8 9 6

3 0 2 0

Z 0

1

1698

11947

20712I95

2319

24432567

269228I6

~940

2 42 8

3 4

3 94 6

5 2

5 8

6 4

7 3

8 2

9 2

1 0 2

1 1 3

1 2 4

1 3 6

1 4 8

1 8 91 3 4

2 8 4

3 3 9

3 9 9

4 6 4

5 3 5

6 0 8

6 8 7

7 7 18 6

9 5 4

0 31 4

~ 4

3 6

4 7

H E

‘ .

2

4015

4552

5123

5 76 47 ~

7 8

8 6

9 4

0 2

1 1

~ob

i

3

2

I [



389

D I A M .

‘ E S S E L

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8J O

2 2

2 4

2 62 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

3 6

3 8

4 0

4 2

4 8

5 4

6 0

6 6

7 2

7 8

8 4

9 0

9 6

1 0 2

1 0 8

1 1 4

1 2 0

1 2 6

1 3 2

1 3 8

1 4 4



S H E L L

2 9 9

3 4 2

3 8 4

4 2 ’ 7

4 7 0

5 1 3

5 5 5

5 9 86 4 1

6 8 3

7 2 6

7 6 9

8 1 2

8 5 4

8 9 7

9 4 0

1 0 6 8

1 1 9 6

1 3 2 5

1 4 5 3

1 5 8 1

1 7 0 9

1 8 3 7

1 9 6 5

2 0 9 4

2 2 2 2

2 3 5 0

2 4 7 8

2 6 0 6

2 7 3 4

2 8 6 3

2 9 9 1

3 1 1 $

2 1 4

2 5 7

2 9 9

3 4 2

3 8 5

4 2 8

4 7 0

5 1 35 5 6

5 9 8

6 4 1

6 8 4

7 2 7

7 6 9

8 1 2

8 5 5

9 8 3

1 1 1 1

1 2 3 9

1 3 6 7

1 4 9 6

1624175218802008

21372265239325212645

277729063034

2 “

H E A D

L L I P

2 5 6

3 0 0

3 6 1

4 1 4

4 8 4

5 4 6

6 1 0

6 7 87 6 7

8 6 2

9 6 3

1 0 6 8

1 1 8 1

1 2 9 8

1 4 2 1

1 5 5 0

1 9 6 8

2 4 3 6

2 9 5 6

3 5 2 6

4 1 4 5

4 8 1 4

5 5 7 3

6 3 0 2

7 1 2 2

7 9 9 2

8 9 1 1

9 8 8 C

1 0 6 9 2

1 1 8 2 4

1 2 8 6 ;

1 4 1 O C

1 5 2 3 1

2 1 0

2 5 9

3 0 7

3 5 8

4 0 0

4 5 6

5 1 4

5 7 66 4 2

7 3 0

8 0 4

8 8 2

9 6 2

10 4 ;

1 1 3 4

1 2 5 (

15 5 (

1 9 0 5

2 2 7 ~

2 7 0 /

3 1 4 (

3 6 4 :

4 1 4

4 7 2 ;

5 2 8 [

5 9 3 ’

6 6 2 ’

7 3 4

8 1 1

8 9 1

9 7 4 :

1 0 6 2 :

1 13 (

[ E M I S

2 1 5

2 8 1

3 5 6

4 3 9

5 3 1

6 3 3

7 4 2

8 6 19 8 8

1 1 2 4

1 2 6 9

1 4 2 3

1 5 . 8 6

1 7 5 7

1 9 3 7

2 1 2 6

2 7 4 5

3 4 4 4

4 2 2 1

5 0 7 6

6 0 1 3

7 0 2 :

8 1 2 7

9 2 9 Z

1 0 5 4 6

1 17 ?

1 3 2 8 ?

1 4 7 7 (

1 6 3 4 5

1 7 9 9 2

1 9 7 1

2 1 5 2 1

2 3 4 0 $

2 1 4

S H E L L

3 4 2

3 9 1

4 3 9

4 8 7

5 3 5

5 8 3

6 3 1

6 7 97 2 7

7 7 5

8 2 3

8 7 1

9 1 9

9 6 7

[ 0 1

1 0 6 3

1 2 0 8

1 3 5 2

1 4 9 6

1 6 4 0

1 7 8 4

1 9 2 9

2 0 7 3

2 2 1 7

2 3 6 1

2 5 0 5

2 6 5 0

2 7 9 4

2 9 3 8

3 0 8 2

3 2 2 6

3 3 7 1

3 5 1 4

2 1

2 8

3 3

3 7

4 2

4 7

5 2

5 76 1

6 6

7 1

7 6

8 1

8 5

9 0

9 5

1 1 0

1 2 4

1 3 8

1 5 3

1 6 7

1 8 2

1 9 6

2 1 0

2 2 5

2 3 9

2 5 4

2 6 8

2 8 3

2 9 7

3 1 1

3 2 6

3 4 0

; L L

3 0

3 5

3 6

4 2

4 9

5 7

6 4

7 28 0

9 0

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 5

1 6

2 1

2 6

3 2

3 8

4 5

5 2

6 0

6 9

7 8

8 7

9 I

[ 0 8

1 1 8

[3 0

1 4 3

15 5

[ 6 9

H E

J .

2

2

3

4

4

5

6

67

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 8

2 1

2 6

3 0

3 6

4 1

4 7

5 3

6 0

6 7

7 5

8 3

9 1

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

[

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

91

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

8

9

1

1

1

15

1

1

2

2

2

2



390

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

I I E L B O WE T U

9 0 °0 °5 8 8L . R .. R .. R. R.

N O MN O M .

P I P EW I G N A ~ O NA L L

S I Z EH K .

TP I P E

1f t .

S T D

X S T G1/2 SCH. 160

XX STG

. 1 0 9

. 1 4 7

. 1 8 7

. 2 9 4

0.9

1 . 1

1 . 3

0.2

0.3 0 .

0 .

0 .

0

0

0

1 . 7

r 1

1 . 1.2 0 . .

1 . 5. 3. .

S T D

X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 1 1 3

. 1 5 4

. 2 1 8

. 3 0 8

1 . 9 0

2 . 4

I 1

I0 . 4. 3

0 . 5

0 . 6. 4

0 . 8. 5

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

0

0

1

1

S T D

X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 1 3 3

. 1 7 9

. 2 5 0

. 3 5 8

1 0

1I

S T D

X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 1 4 0

. 1 9 1

. 2 5 0

. 3 8 2

2 . 3

3 . 0

3 . 8

5 . 2

0 . 6. 4

0 . 9

1 . 0. 7

1 . 4. 9

1 .

1 .

2 .

2 .

0

1

2

2

0 .

0 .

0 .

0 .

1?4 1

1

2 . 7

3 . 6

4 . 9

6 . 4

0 . 9. 6

1 . 2. 8

1 . 4. 2

1 . 9. 0

0 .

6 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

2.0

2.33.0

3.4

S T D

X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 1 4 5

. 2 0 0

. 2 8 1

. 4 0 0

3 . 7. 6. 0. .I STD I .154

2X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 2 1 8

. 3 4 3

. 4 3 6

5 . 0. 2. 5

7 . 5. 3. 2

9 . 0. 5. 3

1 .

1 .

2 .

4 .

6 .

7 .

3.0

4.0

5.0

4

5.C

6.3I I I I

I

IS T D2 0 3

. 2 7 6

. 3 7 5

. 5 5 2

5 . 8

7 . 7

L O . O

1 3 . 7

3 . 3. 1. .

4 . 0. 8. .

5 . 1. 4. 2

7 . 0. 0. 4

4

5

6

9

2 X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT GI I I I I I

LS T D

3 X S T G

S C H .6 0

X XT G

. 2 1 6. 6. 0. 0. 0

. 3 0 00 . 3. 5. 3. 3

. 4 3 84 . 3, 5. 0. 8

. 6 0 08 . 61 . 0. 3. 2

6

8

1 2

1 4

I I



391

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGs

?lPE I

F t .

R E T U

—

1N G N A T I O N

E L B O W

T

1 8L .

ml

1 80 M .

N A L L

r H K .

N O M

P I P E

S I Z E

9 0 °S . R ,

%

L . R

4

S .I

19

1 2

2 2

9 . 1

1 2 . 5

2 2 . 9

6 . 8

8 . 4

1 6 . 0

4 . 5

6 . 0

I 1 . 0

3 .

4 .

8 .

S T D

X S T G

X XT G

. 2 2 6

. 3 1 8

. 6 3 6

1 3

1 6

3 2 .

9

1

1

3

S 1 ’ D

X S T G

S C H . 1 2 0

S C H .6 0

X XT G

.237

.337

.438

.531

.674

1 0 . 8

1 5 . 0

1 9 . 0

2 2 . 5

2 7 . 5

9 . 0

1 3 . 5

1 5 . 6

1 8 . 0

2 0 . 0

6 . 3

8 . 5

1 0 . 4

1 2 . 0

1 3 . 0

4 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

1 0 .

1

1

2

2

2

1 8

2 5

3 1

4 0

4 0

4

S T D

X S T G

S C H . 1 2 0

S C H .6 0

X XT G

1 5 . 5

2 2 . 0

2 7 . 8

3 2 . 0

3 6 . 0

9 . 6

1 4 . 0

1 8 . 6

2 2 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 0

4 4

5 5

6 5

7 2

1 9

2 8

3 7

4 4

4 8

2

2

4

5

4

. 2 5 8

. 3 7 5

. 5 0 0

. 6 2 5

. 7 5 0

1 4 . 6

2 0 . 8

2 7 . 0

3 3 . 0

3 8 . 6

5

1 8 . 0

2 3 . 0

3 0 . 0

3 8 . 04 4 . 0

1 2 .

1 7 .

2 2 .

3 0 .3 2 .

5 0

7 0

9 0

1 2 01 3 0

3 5

4 6

6 0

7 68 7

3

4

6

66

S T D

X S T G

S C H .2 0

S C H .6 0X XT G .

. 2 8 0

. 4 3 2

. 5 6 2

. 7 1 8, 8 6 4

1 9 . 0

2 8 . 6

3 6 . 4

4 5 . 35 3 . 2

2 4 . 5

3 5 . 0

4 5 . 2

5 7 . 06 5 . 0

6

7 3

8 1

9 5

1 1 7

1 4 2

1 6 8

2 0 2

2 2 2

2 3 02 3 6

4 8

5 4

6 8

7 8

100.0

112.0

1 3

1 4

1 61 5

5

5

5

7 C

7

9

11

1

11

. 2 5 0

. 2 7 7

. 3 2 2

. 4 0 6

.500

.593

.718

.812

.906

.875

2 2 . 4

2 4 . 7

2 8 . 6

3 5 . 6

4 3 . 4

5 0 . 9

6 0 . 6

6 7 . 8

7 4 . 7

7 2 . 4

3 6 . 5

4 0 . 9

5 0 . 0

5 8 . 0

7 1 . 0

8 4 . 0

1 0 0 . 8

1 1 1 . 0

1 2 0 . 0

1 1 8 . 0

2 4 . 4

2 7 . 0

3 4 . 0

3 9 . 1

47.5

5 6 . 0

6 6 . 0

7 4 . 0

8 0 . 07 9

1 8 ,

2 0 .

2 3 .

2 9 .

3 5 .

4 2 .

5 0 .

5 5 .

6 2 .6 0 .

SCH. 2 0

S C H . 0

S T D

S C H . 0

X .T G .

S C H .0 0

S C H .2 0

S C H .4 0

S C H .6 0

X XT G .

8

2 8 .

3 . 5 .

4 3

5 3

1 1 4

1 4 3

1 7 7

2 1 5

7

8 1

8

1

S C H . 0

S C H . 0

S T D .

x s ’ r G .

. 2 5 0

, 3 0 7

. 3 6 5

. 5 0 C

2 8 . 0

3 4 . 2

4 0 . 5

5 4 . 7

5 6 . 8

7 1 . 4

8 8 . C

1 0 7 . (

3 8 . 2

4 6 . 8

5 8 . C

7 0 . C

10

( c o n t . )

I



392

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

E L B O WE T UN O M .

N A L L

[ “ H K .

TOM .P I P E

S I Z E

P I P E

1f t .

9 0 °

L . R .

\

9 0 °

S . R .

4 5L . R

4

1 8 0

L . R

m

1 8S .

n

) E S G N A ” I ’ I O N

( c o n t . )

10

S C H . 0

S C H .0 0

S C H .2 0

S C H .4 0

S C H .6 0

. 5 9 2

. 7 1 8

. 8 4 3

1 . 0 0 0

1 . 1 2 5

6 4 . 4

7 7 . 0

8 9 . 2

1 0 4 . 2

1 1 6 . 0

1 3 3

1 5 9

1 8 5

2 1 4

2 6 0

8 8

1 0 6

1 2 3

1 4 3

1 7 4

6

7

9

1 0

1 3

2 6

3 1

3 7

4 2

5 3

1

2

2

2

3

1

1

2

2

2

S C H . 0

S C H . 0

S T D .

S C H . 0

X S T G

S C H . 0

S C H . 0

S C H .0 0

S C H .2 0

S C H .4 0

S C H .6 0

. 2 5 0

. 3 3 0

. 3 7 5

. 4 0 6

. 5 0 0

. 5 6 2

. 6 8 7

. 8 4 3

1 . 0 0 0

1 . 1 2 5

1 . 3 1 2

3 3 . 4

4 3 . 8

4 9 . 6

5 3 . 6

6 5 . 4

7 3 . 2

8 8 . 6

1 0 8 . 0

1 2 5 . 5

1 4 0 . 0

1 6 1 . 0

8 2

1 0 8

1 2 5

1 3 2

1 6 0

1 8 2

2 1 9

2 6 8

3 1 1

3 4 7

4 5 0

5 5

7 2

8 0

8 8

1 0 4

1 2 1

1 4 6

1 7 7

2 0 7

2 3 1

3 0 0

4

5

6

6

8

9

1 0

1 3

1 5

1 7

2 2

1 6

2 1

2 3

2 6

3 2

3 6

4 3

5 3

6 2

6 9

9 1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

4

4

6

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

1

S C H . 0

S C H . 0

S T D .

S C H . 0

X S T G

S C H . 0

SCH. 80

S C H .0 0

S C H .20

S C H .4 0

S C H .6 0

. 2 5 0

3 1 2

. 3 7 5

. 4 3 8

. 5 0 0

. 5 9 3

.750

. 9 3 7

1 . 0 9 3

1 . 2 5 0

1 . 4 0 6

3 7 . 0

4 6 , 0

5 5 . 0

6 3 . 0

7 2 . 0

8 5 . 0

1 0 7 . 0

1 3 1 . 0

1 5 1 . 0

1 7 1 . 0

1 9 0 . 0

1 0 6

1 3 2

1 6 0

1 8 3

2 0 5

2 4 5

310

4 2 5

5 7 2

7 0

8 7

1 0 5

1 2 2

1 4 0

1 6 3

2 0 5

3 8 2

5

6

8

9

1 0

1 2

154

2 1

2 8

2 1

2 6

3 2

3 6

4 0

4 9

6 1

8 5

1 0 9

1

1

2

2

2

3

4

7

1

2

1

2

2

3

369

2

2

1

2

4

S C H . 0

I C H . 0

; C H . 0T D

S C H . 4 0 XT C

I C H . 0

. 2 5 0

. 3 1 2

. 3 7 5

. 5 0 0

. 6 5 6

4 2 . 0

5 2 . 0

6 3 . 0

8 3 . 0

1 0 8 . 0

1 3 9

1 7 2

2 0 6

2 7 6

3 5 5

9 2

1 1 5

1 3 2

1 7 4

2 3 6

6

8

1 0

1 3

1 7

1

2

2

3

4

1

( c o n t . )



393

W O P A F

E L B O WE T UN O M .

N O M . o T

P 1 p EM I G N A T I O NA L Ll : EO ; . .O ; .5 :8 8S I Z E H K .

- 4 f - -

( c o n t . )S C H . 08 4 33 75 00 02 0

S C H . 1 O O. 0 3 16 5

1 S C H . 1 2 0. 2 1 89 3

S C H .4 0. 4 3 82 4

S C H .6 0. 5 9 34 50 94 006 0

S C H . 02 5 0 77 61 83 5

S C H . 03 1 2 91 94 61 3

S T D3 7 5 16 06 72 1

S C H . 04 3 8 20 80 55 1

X S T G5 0 0 34 01 96 9

1S C H . 05 6 20 59 05 99 8

S C H . 07 5 03 89 44 04 8

S C H .0 ’9 3 77 13 42 212

S C H .0 0. 1 5 60 8

S C H .2 0. 3 7 54 4

S C H .4 0. 5 6 27 5

S C H .6 0. 7 8 10 9

S C H . 02 5 0 31 74 40 3

S C H . 0T D3 7 5 92 01 06 4

S C H . 3 0 X S T G5 0 00 52 07 50 3

S C H . 05 9 32 30 63 850

20S C H . 08 1 26 79 05 743

SCH.80 1.031 209 861 573 431 1722 1146 102

S C H .0 0. 2 8 15 6

S C H .2 0. 5 . O C9 7

S C H .4 0. 7 5 04 2

S C H .6 0. 9 6 87 9

. 2 . 5 0 86 27 43 2

. 3 1 2 2

22 . 3 7 5 79 49 8

. 4 3 70 3

. 5 0 01 52 060{ c o n t . )



394

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGSm r ,. -..

R E ’ 1 ’J O M ,

V A L L

[ ’ H K .

L1. DU w

4 5

L . R

4

P I P E

1 F ’ 1 ’0 ”

S . R .

%

1 8

L .

n

1 8

S .

n

IN O M .

P I P E

S I Z E

9 0 °

L . R .

) E S I G N A ’ I I O N

~ c o n t .

22

. 5 6 2

. 6 2 5

. 6 8 8

. 7 5 0

1 2 9

1 4 3

1 5 7

1 7 0

3 1 4

4 6 0

6 0 0

7 0 2

8 4 61 1 8 8

1 4 7 0

2 0 8

2 9 8

3 9 2

4 7 0

5 6 47 8 3

9 7 7

1 5

2 3

3 0

3 5

4 25 9

7 3

4

5

7

9

1 11 5

1 9

6

5

6

9

11

1

S C H . 0

S C H . 0T D

X S T G

S C H . 0

S C H . 0S C H . 0

S C H . 0

S C H .0 0

S C H .2 0

S C H .4 0

S C H .6 0

. 2 5 0

. 3 7 5

. 5 0 0

. 5 6 2

. 6 8 7

. 9 6 8

1 . 2 1 8

1 . 5 3 1

1 . 8 1 2

2 . 0 6 2

2 . 3 4 3

6 3

9 5

1 2 5

1 4 1

1 7 12 3 8

2 9 7

3 6 7

4 2 9

4 8 4

5 4 2

6 2

8 9

1 2

1 4

1 62 3

2 9

2

. 2 5 0

. 3 1 2

. 3 7 5

. 4 3 7

. 5 0 0

. 5 6 2

. 6 2 5

. 6 8 8

6 7

8 41 0 3

1 1 9

1 3 6

1 5 3

1 6 9

1 8 6

7

8

5 5 0

7 2 9

j J 7

3 6

1 1

1 46

6 1 2

7 3 4

9 7 5

306

367

488

1 2

1 4

1 9

1

1

1

. 3 1 2

. 3 7 5

. 5 0 0

99

119

158

930

1235304 6 4

6 1 . 8



395

W O F

150 Ibs, 300 lbs.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

7 .

8 .

1 2 .

1 6 .

V E

1 4

1 7

1 9

2 8

3 6

2 . 0

2 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

S L I PO N

1 . 5

2 . 5

3 . 0

4 . 5

6 . 5

7 . 0

1 0 . 0

1 3 . 0

S L I PO N T U D S

1 . 0

1 . 0

1 . 0

1 . 0

%

1

1%

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

2 . 5

2 . 0

2 . 0

2 . 5

2 . 5

2

3

4

6

7

8

1 2

1 6

2

2

2

3

4

7

7

8 . 0

1 0 . 0

1Y2

2

2%

3

4 . 0

6 . 0

1 0 . 0

1 1 . 5

1 2 . 0

1 6 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

7 . 0

9 . 0

1 . 0

1 . 5

1 . 5

1 . 5

5 . 0

8 . 0

9 . 0

3

4

5

6

2 1

2 7

3 5

5 0

8 1

1

1

2

7

7

8

1

1

3

4

6

1 2 . 0

1 3 . 0

1 8 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 6 . 0

2 0 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 1 . 0

4 7 . 0

5 7 . 0

7 7 . 0

1 0 3

1 5 0

2 1 5

2 2 1

1 3 . 0

1 7 . 0

2 0 . 0

2 6 . 0

4 5 . 0

7 0 . 0

1 1 0

1 3 1

1 7 0

2 0 9

2 7 2

3 3 3

3 . 5

4 . 0

6 . 0

6 . 0

6 . 5

1 5 . 0

1 5 . 0

2 2 . 0

1 6 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 6 . 0

3 5 . 0

5 4 . 0

7 7 . 0

1 1 0

1 6 4

2 0 .

2 5 .

3 4 .

4 5 .

7 0 .

9 9 .

1 4

1 8

2 4

3 0

3 7

4 2

4 5

5 4

8 6

1 0 8

1 5

2 1

2 8

3 4

8

10

1

14

2 8 . 0

3 7 . 0

6 0 . 0

7 7 . 0

4 2 . 0

5 5 . 0

8 5 . 0

1 1 4

18

20

22

93,0

120

155

159

1 4 2

1 5 5

1 7 0

2 2 4

254

278

324

439

470

600

3 1 . 0

4 1 . 0

5 2 . 0

6 9 . 0

220

280

325

433

4 2

4 9

5 7

3

3

4

5

8

1

1

1

24

26

30

2 1 0

2 4 8

3 1 9

260

270

375

4 1 1

4 9 8

6 8 1

7 1 . 0

9 3 . 6

1 1 2 . 0

4 9 0

5 5 2

7 7 9

5 4

6 1

8 5

8 2

8 7

1 1

7

9

1 4

1

2

3

I I



396

W O F

600 lbs.4 l

1 . O N

1 1 . 0

1 4 . 0

S L I PO N

J

S L I PO N

2 . 0

3 . 0

3 . 5

4 . 5

1 . 0

2.0

2.0

2.0

S

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 - 0

6 . 0

h

%

1

l%

2 . 0

3 . 0

3 . 5

4 . 5

3 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

2.0

3.0

4.0

6.0

1

2

2

2

3 . 0

3 . 5

4 . 0

5 . 5

1 1

1 4

l

2

V/ i

3

8 - 0

1 0 . 0

1 5 . 0

2 0 . 0

3 . 5

4 . 5

7 . 5

7 . 7

1 1 . 6

1 2 . 0

1 2 . 5

1 9 . 0

6 . 5

8 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 5 . 0

2 1 . 0

3 3 . 0

6 3 . 0

8 0 . 0

8 .

1 0 .

1 4 .

1 8 .

2 6 .

3 7 .

6 8 .

7 3 .

1 1 2 .

1 8

2 2

3 4

1 7

2 1

2 9

3 8

8

1 0

1 5

2 0

3

4

8

8

6 . 5

8 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 5 . 0

8 . 0

1 0 . 0

1 4 . 0

1 8 . 0

1 7 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 9 . 0

3 8 . 0

3

4

5

6

4 8 . 0

6 7 . 0

9 0 . 0

1 1 5 . 0

29.0

33.0

44.0

61.0

4 8

8 0

1 2

1 5

29.0

41.0

68.0

86.0

139

231

295

378

1

1

1

3

2 1 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 1 . 0

3 9 . 0

6 3 . 0

9 1 . 0

1 2 9

1 9 1

2 5 3

3 1 0

3 7 8

4 6 4

2 6 . 0

3 0 . 0

3 9 . 0

4 9 . 0

8

10

1

14

1 4 0

2 3 0

3 0 1

3 3 6

1 0 0

1 5 5

2 2 6

3 1 0

3 0 . 0

5 2 . 0

6 9 . 0

8 8 . 0

9 7 . 0

1 7 7

2 1 5

2 5 9

2 1

3 2

5 0

4 1

7

9

152

1

2

2

7 8 . 0

1 1 0 . 0

1 6 0

2 3 3

564

6 5

8 4

1 1 0

1 2 5

1 5 2

527

6

8

9

1

1

2

2

294

3 6 0

4 4 5

4 6 5

416

4 8 1

5 6 3

398

5 0 2

6 2 1

6 8 5

114

1 3 9

1 8 0

2 0 5

2 7 4

3 0 7

4 5 3

366

4 7 6

6 1 2

6 4 3

8 7 6

8 9 8

1 1 5 8

481

555

690

7 1

9 7

9 6

1 2 3

1

24

26

30

7 9 9

9 7 0

1 2 3 0

9 3 6

1 1 1 1

1 5 9 6

1

, 4

, 9

J

3

3

5

5 3 9

6 1 6

8 5 9



397

W FLANGES

9 l 1500 lN O M .P I P ES I Z E1

O N G .3 L I N D

4 . 0

6 . 0

9 . 0

1 0 . 0

1 4 . 0

2 5 . 0

3 5 . 0

3 2 . 0

I

5 4 . 0

I8 7 . 0

I

1 1 3

zE Li E C

7 .

7 .

8 .

1 0 .

:

1 5

1 8

2 3

4 4

7 2

8 4

W E L DN E C K

S L I PO NT U D S L

7 . 0

7 . 0

8 . 5

1 0 . 0

1 4 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 6 . 0

2 9 . 0

3 . 2

3 . 3

6 . 0

6 . 0

7 . 5

1 0 . 0

1 4 . 0

2 5 . 0

3 6 . 0

4 8 . 0

4

6

9

1 0

3

3

6

6

6 . 0

6 . 0

7 . 5

1 0 . 0

1 5 . 0

1 8 . 0

2 3 . 0

4 4 . 0

6 5 . 0

7 2 . 0

9 8 . 0

1 4 3

1 9 9

1?4

2

2 ?

3

1 4 . 0

2 5 . 0

3 6 . 0

3 1 . 0

1 4 .

2 4 .

3 6 .

4 8 .

1 4

2 5

3 5

4 8

9

1

1

2

1 9 . 0

1 2 . 5

3

4

5

6

25.0

33.0

40.0

1 1

1 9

2 3

7

1

1

3

6

7

5 3 . 0

8 3 . 0

1 0 8 . 0

1 7 2

2 4 5

3 2 6

3 8 0

5 1 . 0

8 6 . 0

1 1 0 . 0

7 3 . 0

1 3 2 . ( )

1 6 4

6 9 .

1 3 2 .

1 6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

30

3 1 0

3 8 5

6 6 7

5 5 8

1 9 7

2 9 0

4 1 3

4 9 4

6 1 9

8 8 0

1 1 0 7

2 0 9 9

2 2 0 0

3 0 2 5

6 9 . 0

9 5 . 0

1 2 4

1 5 9- —

199

299

361

2 7

4 5

6 9

9 4

3 6

6 1

1 0

1335

1 7

2 1

3

5

7

9

1

1

3

4

1 8 7

2 6 8

3 7 2

570

7

.

670

949

.040

1775

1650

2200

.250

. 6 2

~ 0 5

1300

1 7

2 2

4 5 9

6 4 7

7 9 2

1 4 8 0

1 4 5 0

1 9 9 0

6 8 5

9 2 4

1 1 6 4

2 1 0 7

1 6 5 0

2 2 9 0

3 1 6

2 2

3 0

13 2

1 5 7

2 1 5



398

WEIGHT OF FLANGES

— -

NOM. -

SIZE :

4

3/4

1

1

2 l

. ILL I PO N

E L3 C

L I PO N

7 . 0

9 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 8 . 0

E L DE C Ku D s

3 . 4

3 . 6

6 . 0

9 . 0

1 2 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 7 . 0

3 7 . 0

‘ 6 1

9 8

1 4 5

2 3 2

4 4 5

6 2 2

12 0 . 0

3 0 . 0

3 8 . 0

5 5 . 0

8 5 . 0

2 5 . 0

8 . 0

9 . 0

1 3 . 0

2 0 . 0

1 0 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 8 . 0

2 5 . C

3 9 . C

5 6 . (

8 6 . (

1 3 3

2 2 3

3 4 5

5 3 3

0 2 5

4 6 4

1?4

2

2?4

3

25.C

38.(

55.(

83.(

.27

10

\23

185

925

300

28.0

42.C

52.C

94.(

3

4

5

6

, 8 5

1 0 0

k 5 0

1 4 6

2 4 4

3 7 8

8

IC

1

1

1

20

2:

5 7 6

0 6 8

6 0 8

5 0 0

1 5 0

5 6 0

24

2(

30



399

Manufacturers”Standard Gagefor

S S

This gagesystem replaces U.S. Standard Gagefor Steel Sheets.

It is based on Weight 41.82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness.

In ordering steel sheets, it is advisable to g a

M M

E S S E S S

3 I . I 0 . . I .

4 , . 9 . . 1

5 . . 8 . . 1

6 . . . . I ,7 . . 7 . . .

8 . . 6 . . .

9 I . 6 . ..

.

. 5 , .

..

. 5 . .

.

.

. 4 . .

.

.

. 3 . .

.

.

. 3 . .

. . I

.

2 . .

. . 2

.

. . .. , 2 . .

, .

.

2 . .. .

.

1 . .. .

.

1 , . .

G S

OT

OT

GLb. per

Equivalent Galv. Lbs. Per Lb.E

S S S G

G ;

G

S S

8 1 7 . 0 3 1 2 5. ( ? 4 8 8 2 8, 1 6 8 1 14 .. 5 3 10 19 1 0 2 . 5. 4 0 6 2 50 4 4 4 8 81 5 3 2 22 .. 4 0 60 0 91 02 . 5. 7 8 1 2 50 4 0 1 4 81 3 8 2 30 .. 2 8 10 0 81 12 . 5. 1 5 6 2 50 3 S 8 0 71 2 3 34 18.5 1.15625 .0080295 .0276

12 72.5 4.53125 .031467 .1084 25 16.5 1.03125 .0071615 .024713 62.5 3.90625 .027127 .0934 26 14.5 .90625 .0062934 .0217

14 52.5 3.28125 .022786 .0785 27 13.5 .84375 .0058594 .0202

1.5 47.5 2.96875 .020616 .0710 28 12.5 .78125 .0054253 .0187

16 42.5 2.65625 .018446 .0635 29 11.5 .71875 .0049913 .0172

17 38.5 2.40625 .016710 .0575 30 10.5 .65625 .0045573 .0157

18 34.5 2.15625 .014974 .0516 31 9.5 .59375 .0041233 .0142

19 30.5 1.90625 .013238 .0456 32 9.0 .56250 .0039062 .0134

20 26.5 1.65625 .011502 .0396



400

WEIGHT OF PLATESPounds Per Linear Foot

‘idth

In.

%

‘ / 2

%

1

1 %1 Y 21 %2

2 ? 4

2 ? 42 %3

3 %. 3 %3 %4

4 %4 %4 3 h5

5 %

5 %5 %6

6 %6 ? J 26 %7

7 %7 %7 %8

8 %8 %8 3 A9

9 %9 %9 %

Thickness, Inches

1

.123

4556

789

1

1111

1111

1

112

2222

2222

2223

3333

? %

15<6

% %

. 61 .2 .2 .

3 .4 .4 .5 .

6 .

6 .7 .8 .

8 .9 .

1 01 1

1 11 21 31 3

1 4

1 51 51 6

1 71 81 81 9

2 02 02 12 2

2 22 32 42 4

2 :2 62 7

. 71 .2 .2 .

3 .4 .5 .5 .

6 .7 .8 .8 .

9 .1 01 11 1

1 21 31 41 4

1 5

1 61 71 7

1 81 92 02 0

2 12 22 32 3

2 42 52 62 6

2 72 82 92 9

.123

3456

7789

:1[1

1111

1

111

1222

~222

2222

2333

. 1 6

. 3 2

. 4 8

. 6 4

. 8 0

. 9 61 . 1 21 . 2 8

1 . 4 3

1 . 5 91 . 7 51 . 9 1

2 . 0 72 . 2 32 . 3 92 . 5 5

2 . 7 12 . 8 73 . 0 33 . 1 9

3 . 3 5

3 . 5 13 . 6 73 . 8 3

3 . 9 84 . 1 44 . 3 04 . 4 6

4 . 6 24 . 7 84 . 9 45 . 1 0

5 . 2 65 . 4 25 . 5 85 . 7 4

5 . 9 C6 . 0 66 . 2 26 . 3 8

. 2 1

. 4 3

. 6 4

. 8 5

1 . 0 61 . 2 81 . 4 91 . 7 0

1 . 9 1

2 . 1 32 . 3 42 . 5 5

2 . 7 62 . 9 83 . 1 93 . 4 0

3 . 6 13 . 8 34 . 0 44 . 2 5

4 . 4 6

4 . 6 84 . 8 95 . 1 0

5 . 3 15 . 5 35 . 7 45 . 9 5

6 . 1 66 . 3 86 . 5 96 . 8 0

7 . 0 17 . 2 37 . 4 47 . 6 5

7 . 8 68 . 0 88 . 2 $

8 . 5 (

. 2 7

. 5 3

. 8 01 . 0 6

1 . 3 31 . 5 91 . 8 62 . 1 3

2 . 3 9

2 . 6 62 . 9 23 . 1 9

3 ; 4 53 . 7 23 . 9 84 . 2 5

4 . 5 24 . 7 85 . 0 55 . 3 1

5 . 5 8

5 . 8 46 . 1 16 . 3 8

6 . 6 46 . 9 17 . 1 17 . 4 4

7 . 7 (7 . 9 18 . 2 2

8 . 5 (

8 . 7 ;9 . 0 :9 . 3 (9 - 5 (

9 . 8 :1 0 . 11 0 . 41 0 . 6

. 3 2

. 6 4

. 9 61 . 2 8

1 . 5 91 . 9 12 . 2 32 . 5 5

2 . 8 7

3 . 1 93 . 5 13 . 8 3

4 . 1 44 . 4 64 . 7 85 . 1 0

5 . 4 25 . 7 46 . 0 66 . 3 8

6 . 6 9

7 . 0 17 . 3 37 . 6 5

7 . 9 78 . 2 98 . 6 18 . 9 3

9 . 2 49 . 5 69 . 9 8. 0 . 2

, 0 . 51 0 . 81 1 . 21 1 . 5

1 1 . 81 2 . 11 2 . 41 2 . 8

. 3 7

. 7 41 . 1 21 . 4 9

1 . 8 62 . 2 32 . 6 02 . 9 8

3 . 3 5

3 . 7 24 . 0 94 . 4 6

4 . 8 35 . 2 15 . 5 85 . 9 5

6 . 3 26 . 6 97 . 0 77 . 4 4

7 . 8 1

8 . 1 88 . 5 58 . 9 3

9 . 3 09 . 6 7

1 0 . 01 0 . 4

1 0 . 81 1 . 21 1 . 51 1 . 9

1 2 . 31 2 . 61 3 . 01 3 . 4

1 3 . 81 4 . 11 4 . 51 4 . 9

. 4 3

. 8 51 . 2 81 . 7 0

2 . 1 32 . 5 52 . 9 83 . 4 0

3 . 8 3

4 . 2 54 . 6 85 . 1 0

5 . 5 35 . 9 56 . 3 86 . 8 0

7 . 2 37 . 6 58 . 0 88 . 5 0

8 . 9 3

9 . 3 59 . 7 8

1 0 . 2

1 0 . 61 1 . 11 1 . 51 1 . 9

1 2 . 31 2 . 81 3 . 21 3 . 6

1 4 . 01 4 . 51 4 . 91 5 . 3

1 5 . 71 6 . 21 6 . 61 7 . 0

. 4 8

. 9 61 . 4 31 . 9 1

2 . 3 92 . 8 73 . 3 53 . 8 3

4 . 3 0

4 . 7 85 . 2 65 . 7 4

6 . 2 2 16 , 6 97 . 1 77 . 6 5

8 . 1 38 . 6 19 . 0 89 . 5 6

1 0 . 0

1 0 . 51 1 . 01 1 . 5

1 2 . 01 2 . 41 2 . 91 3 . 4

[ 3 . 91 4 . 31 4 . 81 5 . 3

1 5 . 81 6 . 31 6 . 71 7 . 2

1 7 . 71 8 . 21 8 . 71 9 . 1

. 5 31 . 0 61 . 5 92 . 1 3

2 . 6 63 . 1 93 . 7 24 . 2 5

4 . 7 8

5 . 3 15 . 8 46 . 3 8

6 . 9 17 . 4 47 . 9 78 . 5 0

9 . 0 39 . 5 6

1 0 . 11 0 . 6

1 1 . 2

1 1 . 71 2 . 21 2 . 8

1 3 . 31 3 . 81 4 . 31 4 . 9

1 5 . 41 5 . 91 6 . 51 7 . 0

1 7 . 51 8 . 11 8 . 61 9 . 1

1 9 . 72 0 . 22 0 . 72 1 , 3

. 51 . 1 71 . 7 52 . 3 4

2 . 9 23 . 5 14 . 0 94 . 6 8

5 . 2 6

5 . 8 46 . 4 37 . 0 1

7 . 6 08 . 1 88 . 7 79 . 3

9 . 91 0 . 51 1 . 11 1 . 7

1 2 . 3

1 2 . 91 3 . 41 4 . 0

1 4 . 61 5 . 21 5 . 81 6 . 4

1 7 . 01 7 . 51 8 . 11 8 - 7

1 9 . 31 9 . 92 0 . 52 1 . 0

2 1 . 62 2 . 22 2 . 82 3 . 4

~

I I



401

‘idth

In.

1 1

1 1 %1 1 Y 21 1 %1 2

1 2 ? ” 21 31 3 %1 4

1 4 %1 51 5 %1 6

1 6 Y 21 71 7 %1 8

1 8 Y 21 91 9 %

2 1

2 2

2 2 %2 32 3 ? / z2 4

2 52 62 72 8

2 93 03 13 2

WEIGHT OF PLATESPounds Per Linear Foot

6 . 5 36 . 6 96 . 8 57 . 0 1

7 . 1 77 . 3 37 . 4 97 . 6 5

7 . 9 78 . 2 98 . 6 18 . 9 3

3 . 2 49 . 5 69 . 8 8

1 0 . 2

1 0 . 51 0 . 81 1 . 21 1 . 5

1 1 . 81 2 . 11 2 . 41 2 . 8

1 3 . 11 3 . 41 3 . 71 4 . 0

1 4 . 31 4 . 71 5 . 01 5 . 3

1 5 . 91 6 . 61 7 . 21 7 . 9

1 8 . 51 9 . 11 9 . 82 0 . 4

8 . 7 18 . 9 39 . 1 49 . 3 5

9 . 5 69 . 7 89 . 9 9

1 0 . 2

1 0 . 61 1 . 11 1 . 51 1 . 9

1 2 . 31 2 . 81 3 . 21 3 . 6

1 4 . 01 4 . 51 4 . 91 5 . 3

1 5 . 71 6 . 21 6 . 61 7 . 0

1 7 . 41 7 . 91 8 . 31 8 . 7

1 9 . 11 9 . 62 0 . 02 0 . 4

2 1 . 32 2 . 12 3 . 02 3 . 8

2 4 . 72 5 . 52 6 . 42 7 . 2

5/6

. 0 . 9

. 1 . 2, 1 . 4 1 . 7

[ 2 . 01 2 . 21 2 . 51 2 . 8

1 3 . 3[ 3 . 81 4 . 31 4 . 9

1 5 . 41 5 . 91 6 . 51 7 . 0

1 7 . 51 8 . 11 8 . 61 9 . 1

1 9 . 72 0 . 22 0 . 72 1 . 3

2 1 . 82 2 . 32 2 . 82 3 . 4

2 3 . 92 4 . 42 5 . 02 5 . 5

2 6 . 62 7 . 62 8 . 72 9 . 8

3 0 . 83 1 . $3 2 . $

3 4 . (

%

1 3 . 11 3 . 41 3 . 71 4 . 0

1 4 . 31 4 . 71 5 . 01 5 . 3

1 5 . 91 6 . 61 7 . 21 7 . 9

1 8 . 51 9 . 11 9 . 82 0 . 4

2 1 . 02 1 . 72 2 . 32 3 . 0

2 3 . 62 4 . 22 4 . 92 5 . 5

2 6 . 12 6 . 82 7 . 42 8 . 1

2 8 . 72 9 . 33 0 . 03 0 . 6

3 1 . 93 3 . 23 4 . 43 5 . 7

3 7 . C3 8 . 33 9 . 54 0 . 8

1 5 . 31 5 . 61 6 . 01 6 . 4

1 6 . 71 7 . 11 7 . 51 7 . 9

1 8 . 61 9 . 32 0 . 12 0 . 8

2 1 . 62 2 . 32 3 . 12 3 . 8

2 4 . 52 5 . 32 6 . 02 6 . 8

2 7 . 52 8 . 32 9 . 02 9 . 8

3 0 . 53 1 . 23 2 . C3 2 . 7

3 3 . 53 4 . 13 5 . C3 5 . 7

3 7 . 23 8 . 74 0 . 24 1 . 7

4 3 . 14 4 . t4 6 . 14 7 . (

1 7 . 41 7 . 91 8 . 31 8 . 7

1 9 . 11 9 . 62 0 . 02 0 . 4

2 1 . 32 2 . 12 3 . 02 3 . 8

2 4 . 72 5 . 52 6 . 42 7 . 2

2 8 . 12 8 . 92 9 . 83 0 . 6

3 1 . 53 2 . 33 3 . 23 4 . 0

3 4 . 93 5 . 73 6 . 63 7 . 4

3 8 . 33 9 . 14 0 . 04 0 . 8

4 2 . 54 4 . 24 5 . 94 7 . 6

4 9 . 35 1 . 05 2 . 75 4 . 4

1 9 , 6~ o .~ o . 6~ 1 . o

~ 1 . 5~ z . o2 2 . 52 3 . ( )

2 3 . 9~ 4 . 92 5 . 8~ & t 3

2 7 . 72 8 . 72 9 . 63 0 . 6

3 1 . 63 2 . 53 3 . 53 4 . 4

3 5 . 43 6 . 33 7 . 33 8 . 3

3 9 . 24 0 . 24 1 . 14 2 . 1

4 3 . (4 4 . (~ . $

4 5 . :

4 7 . 84 9 . 75 1 . 65 3 . 6

5 5 . 55 7 . 45 9 . :

6 1 . :

5

2 1 . 82 2 . 3~ 2 . 82 3 . 4

2 3 . 92 4 . 42 5 . 02 5 . 5

2 6 . 62 7 . 62 8 . 72 9 . 8

3 0 . 83 1 . 93 2 . 93 4 . C

3 5 . 13 6 . 13 7 . 23 8 . 3

3 9 . 34 0 . 44 1 . 44 2 . 5

4 3 . 64 4 X4 5 .4 6 . $

4 7 . $4 8 $4 9 . {

5 1 . (

5 3 . 15 5 . :5 7 . 45 9 .

6 1 . (6 3 . .6 5 . :

6 8 . (

11J6

~ 4 . o~ 4 . 52 5 . 12 5 . 7

2 6 . 32 6 . 92 7 . 52 8 . 1

2 9 . 23 0 . 43 2 . 63 2 . 7

3 3 . 93 5 . 13 6 . 23 7 . 4

3 8 . 63 9 . 74 0 . 94 2 . 1

4 3 . 24 4 . 44 5 . 64 6 . 8

4 7 . 5

4 9 . 15 0 . :

5 1 . 4

5 2 . (5 3 . $5 4 . :

5 6 . 1

5 8 . 46 0 . 86 3 . 16 5 . 5

6 7 . $7 0 . 17 2 . 57 4 . 8

3

~ 7 . 4

Z 8

~ 8 . ’2 9 .3 0 .3 0 .

3 1 .3 3 .3 4 .3 5 .

3 7 .3 8 .3 9 .4 0 .

4 2 .4 3 .4 4 .4 5 .

4 7 .4 8 .4 9 .5 1 .

5 2 .5 3 ,5 4 .5 6 .

5 7 .5 8 .5 9 .6 1 .

6 3 .6 6 .6 8 .7 1 .

7 4 .7 6 .7 9 .8 1 .

2 82 92 93 0

3 13 13 23 3

3 43 53 73 8

4 04 14 24 4

4 54 74 84 9

5 15 25 35 5

5 65 85 96 0

6 26 36 46 6

6 97 17 47 7

8 08 28 58 8

3 03 13 23 2

3 33 43 53 5

3 73 84 04 1

4 34 44 64 7

4 95 05 25 3

5 55 65 85 9

6 16 26 46 5

6 66 86 97 1

7 47 78 08 3

8 68 99 29 5

1

3333

3344

4444

4555

5556

6666

6777

7778

8899

9111

1



402

WEIGHT OF PLATESPounds Per Linear Poot

{idth

In.

3 33 43 53 6

3 73 83 94 0

4 14 24 34 4

4 54 64 74 8

4 95 05 15 2

5 3

5 45 55 6

5 75 85 96 0

6 16 26 36 4

%6 76 8

6 97 07 17 2

2 1 . 02 1 . 72 2 . 32 3 . 0

2 3 . 62 4 . 22 4 . 92 5 . 5

2 6 . 12 6 . 82 7 . 42 8 . 1

2 8 . 72 9 . 33 0 . C3 0 . 6

3 1 . 22 1 . 93 2 . 53 3 . 2

3 3 . 8

3 4 . 43 5 . 13 5 . 7

3 6 - Z3 7 . (3 7 . 63 g - ~

3 ~ . 53 9 . f

4 0 . 22 0 . t

4 1 . <

4 2 . 14 2 . ;4 3 . <

4 4 . (4 4 . (4 5 . 24 5 .

)

2 8 . 12 8 . 92 9 . 83 0 . 6

3 1 . 53 2 . 33 3 . 23 4 . 0

3 4 . 93 5 . 73 6 . 63 7 . 4

3 8 . 33 9 . 14 0 . 04 0 . 8

4 1 . 74 2 . 54 3 . 44 4 . 2

4 5 . 1

4 5 . 94 6 . 84 7 . 6

4 8 . 54 9 . 35 0 . 25 1 . 0

5 1 . 95 2 . 75 3 . 65 4 . 4

5 5 . 35 6 . 15 7 . 05 7 . 8

5 8 . 75 9 . 56 0 . 46 1 . 2

3 5 . 13 6 . 13 7 . 23 8 . 3

3 9 . 34 0 . 44 1 . 44 2 . 5

4 3 . 6

4 4 . 64 5 . 74 6 . 8

4 7 . 84 8 . 94 9 . 95 1 . 0

5 2 . 15 3 . 15 4 . 25 5 . 3

5 6 . 3

5 7 . 45 8 . 45 9 . 5

6 0 . 66 1 . 66 2 . 76 3 . 8

6 4 . 86 5 . S6 6 . 96 8 . C

6 9 . 17 0 . 17 1 . 27 2 . 2

7 3 . 27 4 . 47 5 . 4

7 6 .

4 2 . 14 3 . 44 4 . 64 5 . 9

4 7 . 24 8 . 54 9 . 75 1 . 0

5 2 . 35 3 . 65 4 . 85 6 . 1

5 7 . 45 8 . 75 9 . 96 1 . 2

6 2 . 56 3 . 86 5 . 06 6 . 3

6 7 . 6

6 8 . 97 0 . 17 1 . 4

7 2 . 77 4 . C7 5 . 27 6 . 5

7 7 . 87 9 . 18 0 . 38 1 . 6

8 2 . $

8 4 . 28 5 . 48 6 . ;

8 8 . (8 9 . 29 0 . 4

9 1 . $

T Inches

7 4 6 ?

4 9 . 16 . 15 0 . 67 . 85 2 . 19 . 55 3 . 61 . 2

5 5 . 02 . 95 6 . 54 . 65 8 . 06 . 35 9 . 58 . 0

6 1 . 09 . 7

6 2 . 51 . 46 4 . 03 . 16 5 . 54 . 8

6 6 . 96 . 56 8 . 48 . 26 9 . 99 . 97 1 . 41 . 6

7 2 . 93 . 3 ,7 4 . 45 . 07 5 . 96 . 7 ’7 7 . 48 . 4 ’

7 8 . 80 . 1

8 0 . 31 . 88 1 . 83 . 58 3 . 35 . 2

8 4 . 86 . 98 6 . 38 . 68 7 . 80 089.3 102

90.7 1 0 49 2 . 20 59 3 . 70 79 5 . 20 9

9 6 . 71 19 8 . 21 29 9 . 71 4

1 0 11 6

1 0 31 71 0 41 9l c K2 11 0 72 2

‘

6 3 . 16 5 . 06 6 . 96 8 . 9

7 0 . 87 2 . 77 4 . 67 6 . 5

7 8 . 4

8 0 . 38 2 . 28 4 . 2

8 6 . 18 8 . 08 9 , 99 1 . 8

9 3 . 79 5 . 69 7 . 59 9 . 5

1 0 1

1 0 31 0 51 0 7

1 0 91 1 11 1 3115

117119121122

124126128

7 2 . 37 4 . 47 6 . 5

7 8 . 68 0 . 88 2 . 5

8 5 . C

8 7 . 18 9 . $

9 1 . 49 3 . 5

9 5 . 69 7 . 89 9 . 5

. 0 2

, 0 4, 0 61 ~I 1 1

1 1 3

1 1 51 1 71 1 9

1 2 11 2 31 2 5128

1 3 01 3 21 3 41 3 6

1 3 81 4 01 4 21 4 5

1 4 71 4 91 5 11 5 3

11/6

7 7 .7 9 .8 1 .8 4 .

8 6 .8 8 .9 1 .9 3 .

9 5 .9 8 .

1 0 11 0 3

1 0 51 0 81 1 01 1 2

1 1 51 1 71 1 91 2 2

1 2 4

1 2 61 2 91 3 1

1 3 31 3 61 3 8140

1 4 31 4 51 4 71 5 0

1 5 21 5 41 5 71 5 9

1 6 11 6 41 6 61 6 8

8 4 .8 6 .8 9 .9 1 .

9 4 .9 6 .9 9 .

1 0

1 01 01 11 1

1 11 11 21 2

1 21 21 31 3

1 3

1 31 41 4

1 41 41 5153

156158161163

166168171173

1 71 71 81 8

166

1 61 71 71 7

1 81 81 81 8

1 91 91 91 9

%

9 811[

1111

1111

1111

1111

1

111

111179

182185187190

193196199202

205208211214

1111

1111

1111

1111

1111

1

111

111191

194198201204

207210214217

220223226230

1

1111

1111

1111

1111

1111

1

111

11220

20212121

22222223

23222

I



403”

WEIGHTS OF PLATESPounds Per Linear Foot

7 37 47 57 6

7 77 87 98 0

8 1

8 28 38 4

8 58 68 78 8

8 9

; :9 2

9 3; ;9 6

9 81 0 01 0 21 0 4

1 0 61 0 81 1 01 1 2

1 1 41 1 61 1 81 2 0

1 2 21 2 41 2 61 2 8

T

%

2 12 22 22 2

2 22 32 32 3

2 4

2 42 42 5

2 52 52 52 6

2 62 62 72 7

2 72 82 82 8

2 92 93 03 0

3 13 23 23 3

3 33 43 53 5

3 63 63 73 8

%6

233236239242

245249252255

258

261265268

271274277281

284287290293

2%300303306

312319325332

338344351357

363370376383

389395402408

7546

7 7 . 67 8 . 67 9 . 78 0 . 8

8 1 . 88 2 . 98 3 . 98 5 . 0

8 6 . 1

8 7 . 18 8 . 28 9 . 3

9 0 . 39 1 . 49 2 . 49 3 . 5

9 4 . 69 5 . 69 6 . 79 7 . 8

9 8 . 89 9 . 91 0 11 0 2

1 0 4

; E1 1 1

1 1 31 1 51 1 71 1 9

1 2 11 2 31 2 51 2 8

1 3 01 3 21 3 41 3 6

1

1 5 51 5 71 5 91 6 2

1 6 41 6 61 6 81 7 0

1 7 2

1 7 41 7 61 7 9

1 8 11 8 31 8 51 8 7

1 8 91 9 11 9 31 9 6

1 9 82 0 02 0 22 0 4

2 0 82 1 32 1 72 2 1

2 2 52 3 02 3 42 3 8

2 4 22 4 72 5 12 5 5

2 5 92 6 42 6 82 7 2

1 7 11 7 31 7 51 7 8

1 8 01 8 21 8 51 8 7

1 8 9

1 9 21 9 41 9 6

1 9 92 0 12 0 32 0 6

2 0 82 1 02 1 32 1 5

2 1 72 2 02 2 22 2 4

2 2 92 3 42 3 82 4 3

2 4 82 5 32 5 72 6 2

2 6 72 7 12 7 62 8 1

2 8 52 9 02 9 52 9 9

1 81 81 91 9

1 91 92 02 0

2 0

2 02 12 1

2 12 12 22 2

2 22 32 32 3

2 32 42 42 4

2 52 52 62 6

2 72 72 82 8

2 92 93 03 0

3 13 13 23 2

2 02 02 02 1

2 12 12 12 2

2 2

2 22 22 3

2 32 32 42 4

2 42 42 52 5

2 52 62 62 6

2 72 72 82 8

2 92 93 03 0

3 13 23 23 3

3 33 43 43 5

4 6 . 54 7 . 24 7 . 84 8 . 5

4 9 . 14 9 . 75 0 . 45 1 . 0

5 1 . 6

5 2 . 35 2 . 95 3 . 6

5 4 . 25 4 . 85 5 . 55 6 . 1

5 6 . 75 7 . 4

6 2 . 16 2 . 96 3 . 86 4 . 6

6 5 . 56 6 . 36 7 . 26 8 . 0

6 8 . 9

6 9 . 77 0 . 67 1 . 4

7 2 . 37 3 . 17 4 . 07 4 . 8

7 5 . 77 6 . 57 7 . 47 8 . 2

7 9 . 17 9 . 98 0 . 88 1 . 6

8 3 . 38 5 . 08 6 . 78 8 . 4

9 0 . 19 1 . 89 3 . 59 5 . 2

9 6 . 99 8 . 6[ 0 01 0 2

1 ( M1 0 51 0 71 0 9

9 3 . 19 4 . 49 5 . 69 6 . 9

9 8 . 29 9 . 5

1 0 11 0 2

1 0 3

1 0 51 0 61 0 7

1 0 81 1 01 1 11 1 2

1 1 41 1 51 1 61 1 7

1 1 91 2 01 2 11 2 2

1 2 51 2 81 3 01 3 3

1 3 51 3 81 4 01 4 3

1 4 51 4 81 5 11 5 3

1 5 61 5 81 6 11 6 3

1 0 91 1 01 1 21 1 3

1 1 51 1 61 1 81 1 9

1 2 1

1 2 21 2 41 2 5

1 2 61 2 81 2 91 3 1

1 3 21 3 41 3 51 3 7

1 3 81 4 01 4 11 4 3

1 4 61 4 91 5 21 5 5

1 5 81 6 11 6 41 6 7

1 7 01 7 31 7 61 7 9

1 8 21 8 51 8 71 9 0

1 2 41 2 61 2 81 2 9

1 3 11 3 31 3 41 3 6

1 3 8

1 3 91 4 11 4 3

1 4 51 4 61 4 81 5 0

1 5 11 5 31 5 51 5 6

1 5 81 6 01 6 21 6 3

1 6 71 7 01 7 31 7 7

1 8 01 8 41 8 71 9 0

1 9 41 9 72 0 12 0 4

2 0 72 1 12 1 42 1 8

1 4 01 4 21 4 31 4 5

1 4 71 4 91 5 11 5 3

1 5 5

1 5 71 5 91 6 1

1 6 31 6 51 6 61 6 8

1 7 01 7 21 7 41 7 6

1 7 81 8 01 8 21 8 4

1 8 71 9 11 9 51 9 9

2 0 32 0 72 1 02 1 4

2 1 82 2 22 2 62 3 0

2 3 32 3 72 4 12 4 5

2222

2222

2

222

2222

3333

3333

333

3

3333

3344

4444

I I



404

W C P

ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

:

CIIA

1.00

3/16-

.261

.315 A

.056

.087

.125

.170

.223

.282

.348,421

1/ 1 6

. 0 7 0

. 1 0 9

. 1 5 6

. 2 1 3

%6 m T.223.348.501.681

?48-.139.217.313.426

‘1/1618

T116 1%

.097

-

.08:

.130

.188

.256

.125

.196

.282

.383

.153

.239

.344

.468

11 11 1

1 12 22 22 2

3 33 33 44 .

4 55 55 66 6

m .668.845

1.0431.262

,723.915

1.1301,367

.8W1.1261.3911.683

z2.3502.7263.129

3.5604.0194.5065.020

5.5636.1336.7317.356

.556

.704

.8691.052

.612

.774

.9561.157

1 . 0 0 1. 1 2 6. 8 8 1. 0 2 8. 1 7 5. 3 2 21 . 0 2 2. 1 9 2. 3 6 3. 5 3 31 . 1 7 3. 3 6 9. 5 6 4. 7 6 0

1 . 3 3 5. 5 5 8. 7 8 0. 0 0 31 . 5 0 7. 7 5 8, 0 0 9. 2 6 11 . 6 9 0. 9 7 1. 2 5 3. 5 3 41 . 8 8 3. 1 9 6. 5 1 0. 8 2 4

2 . 0 8 6. 4 3 4. 7 8 1. 1 2 92 . 3 0 + 3. 6 8 3. 0 6 6. 4 5 02 . 5 2 4. 9 4 5. 3 6 5. 7 8 62 . 7 5 9. 2 1 8. 6 7 8. 1 3 8

1.2521.4691.7041.956

1112

1122

1.6271.9102.2152.542

.375

.441

.511

.587

.626

.734.852.978

4.004,254.504,75

.668.754.845.941

.890 .0051.1261.255

1111

2.2252.5122.8163.138

3.4773.8334,2074.598

2233

3445

2.6703.0143.3793.765

4.1724.6005.0485.517

2.8933.2653.6614.079

4,5204,9835.4695.977

1.7381.9162.1032.299

2.5032.9383.4073.911

5.005.255.505.75

6.006.507007.50

1111

1122

1111

2223

30.0330.4232.5932,9035.2535.4838.01

38.1540.8840.9343.8543.8046.9346.7750.11

49.8453.4053.0056.7956.2660<2859.6263.88

63.0767.5866.6371.3970.2875.3074.0379.31

77.8783.4381.8187.6685.8591.9989,9996.42

3 3 4 43 4 4 54 4 5 64 5 6 7

5.0065.8756.8147.822

8.90010.04

11.2612.55

5.5076.4637.4968.605

;.;?

i2,39[3.80

;89

1111

6.5087.6388.85810.16

[1.5713.0614.6416.31

8.0109<401

~;.:

14.2416.0718.0220.08

5.340 6.230 7.120 8.0106.028 7.033 8.038 9.043

6.758 7.885 9.011 10.137.530 8.785 1 1

8.008.50

9.009.50

10.0010.50i 1.0011.50

23

33

44;

34

45

5667

45

56

7$9 I I,344 9.734 11.12

9.199 10.73 12.2610.o9 11.77 13.4611.03 12.87 14.71

.5.29

.6.8618.5U~13,23

16 6818.3920.1922.06

18.0719.9321.8723.93

26.0328.2430.5532.94

22.2524.5326.9229.42——32.0434.7637,6040.55

1111

1111

12.0012.501 3 . 0 01 3 . 5 0

1 4 . 0 0; ; : ; ;

1 5 . 5 0

6.00:6.517.057.60

8.178.719.38

10.02

88

9 . 4 0 11 0 . 1 3

1 0 . 9 01 1 . 6 91 2 . 5 11 3 . 3 6

1 0 . 0 11 0 . 8 61 1 , 7 51 2 . 6 7

; ; . ; $

1 5 : 6 41 6 . 7 0

1 1 1 11 1 1 11 4 . 1 06 , 4 58 0 8 01 . 1 51 5 . 2 07 . 7 40 . 2 72 . 8 1

20.0221.722 3 . 5 02 5 . 3 4

2.02~3.q3?5,85 7.87

24.0326.07;;::

1 I I

4455

5666

16.35 19.07 21.80 24.5317.54 20.46 23.39 26.3118.77 21.90 25.03 28.1620.04 23.38 26.72 30.06

27.2529.2331.2833.41

~331

32.7035.0837.5440.09

35.4338.0040.6743.43

2 2 2 32 2 3 32 2 3 32 2 3 3

35.6037.8640.1842.58

45,0547.5950.2052.87

39.16$1.6414.2046.84

49.5652.3555.2258.16

42.7245.4348.2251.10

54,0657.1160.2463.45

46.2849.2152.2455.36

58.5761.8765.2668.74

72.3175.9779.7283.56

1111

1111

1111

1122

7788

899

1

1111

1111

1122

22.5223.7925.1026.43

27.0328.5530.1231,72

333‘

3 43 44 44 4

16.6E17.5:18.319.2[

33.37 38.93 44.50 50.0635.06 40.90 46.75 52.5936.79 42.92 49.06 55.1938.56 44.99 51.42 57.85

5566

66t

6777

22.2523.37;;:5;

2233



405

W C P

iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

,DIA % ‘ h ‘ 1

4— .2 0 7 0 7 4 1 7 49 1

& 2 1 8 2 9 6 9 12 3 2 9 7 4 1 9 ; :1 02 3 % 3 1 8 6 4 1 9 7L 0 0

2 4 4 2 0 8 64 ‘ 7 28 80 12 4 % 5 3 2 0 7 5 3 20 0 12 5 5 2 0 60 1 22 5 % 6 ; 4 3 2 ;9 90 1 2

4 7 6 5 40 31 2 3& ; :0 : ; ; 8 ; 8 80 71 2 32 7 1 1 1 1 10 11 22 3 42 7 % 2 2 3 3 4 4 50 51 62 3 4

2 8 3 4 5 5 7 80 92 03 4 52 8 % 4 5 6 8 : 00 21 32 43 4 5

4 7 0 2 40 51 72 94 5 6% +4 8 : 3 5 70 92 13 34 5 6

3 0 8 0 3 5 80 01 32 53 85 6 73 0 % 2 10 31 62 94 25 6 83 1 : 3 ; : 40 72 03 44 76 7 83 1 % 1 5 9 3 71 02 43 85 26 7 9

8 50 01 42 84 25 77 8 9: : f i : : ; 80 31 83 24 76 27 9 03 3 5 1 6 10 62 13 65 16 78 9 13 3 % 7 2 8 40 92 54 05 67 28 0 15034 48 64 84 96 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 23 4 f i 0 6 3 91 63 24 96 68 29 1 3

6 8 50 21 93 65 37 08 70 2 3: : % ; 0 80 52 34 05 87 59 31 2 4

7 2 00 82 64 46 28 09 81 3 5: : % : 31 13 04 86 78 50 4

3 7 7 :

2 5

9 51 43 35 27 19 00 967 286 33 7 ? 4 9 8- 9 81 73 75 6 ~7 69 61 574 2j3 3— — —- —— — —. —

3 8 0 00 02 04 16 18 10 12 14 6 ;3 8 4 20 32 44 46 58 60 62 74 6 83 9 : 50 62 74 86 99 01 23 352 7 93 9 4 5 70 83 05 2? 49 51 73 96 8 04 0 91 13 45 67 80 02 34 56 8 14 0 ? 4 ; 11 43 76 08 20 52 85 17 9 14 1 0 41 74 06 48 71 03 45 ?8 0 24 1 4 2 62 04 46 89 21 64 06 38 1 3

4 2 4 82 34 77 29 62 14 57 09 1 44 2 Y z 50 02 65 17 60 12 65 17 60 2 54 3 70 32 95 48 00 63 15 J8 30 3 64 3 % 90 53 25 88 41 13 76 38 91 4 6

4 4 10 83 56 28 81 54 26 99 62 5 74 4 4 31 03 86 59 32 04 87 50 33 5 84 5 41 34 16 99 72 55 38 21 03 6 94 5 % 61 54 47 30 23 05 98 81 74 7 04 6 81 84 7. 7 70 63 56 59 42 45 8 14 6 % 02 05 08 01 04 11 10 13 16 9 24 7 22 35 48 41 54 67 60 73 86 9 34 7 % 42 65 78 82 05 18 21 44 57 0 3

4 8 62 86 09 22 45 68 82 05 28 1 44 8 t i 83 1 6 29 42 76 09 2 54 90 03 4: ;; :; :6 70 13 46 ?0 3 64 9 40 23 67 00 43 97 30 74 17 50 4 7



406

W C P

ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES .WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

‘/4=

1 3 9

1 4 21 4 51 4 8

1 5 01 5 31 5 61 5 9

1 6 21 6 51 6 81 7 1

EIE2 4 31 8

2 4 88 42 5 38 92 5 89 5

2 6 30 1? 6 80 72 7 31 32 7 91 8

2 8 42 42 8 93 02 9 43 73 0 04 3

3 0 54 93 1 15 53 1 66 13 2 26 8

3 2 77 43 3 38 13 3 98 73 4 59 4

3 5 Q0 13 5 60 73 6 21 43 6 82 1

[ ‘/16

~4 1

4 24 34 4

9/16 %/16 5/16 3 / 8 ‘3/16

4 5

4 64 74 7

4422 1=5

555

~

66

1 0 4

1 0 61 0 91 1 1

1 1 31 1 51 1 71 1 9

1 2 21 2 41 2 61 2 9

1 3 11 3 31 3 61 3 8

E

~ o g

2 1 32 1 72 2 1

K2 3 02 3 4~ 3 9

2 4 32 4 82 5 22 5 7

2 6 22 6 62 7 12 7 6

3 4 83 5 53 6 23 6 9

3 8

3 93 g4 0

+

3 3 83 4 53 5 23 5 8

3 6 53 7 23 7 93 8 6

3 9 24 0 04 0 74 1 4

6666

G777

&

66

77777777

1

544

ii55;66678

d

689

701713724736 ~

2 3 42 3 82 4 22 4 6

2 8 12 8 62 9 02 9 5

5 15 25 35 4

5 65 75 85 9

m

2 5 02 5 52 5 92 6 3

3 0 03 0 53 1 03 1 6

5 0 15 0 95 1 75 2 6

5 55 65 65 7

8888

2 6 72 J 22 7 62 8 0

E+

380 435386 442

399 456

:

477 545484 553491 561498 569

505 577

512 585

1

519 593526 601

5 3 30 9540 617548 626555 634

5 6 24 3570 6515 7 76 0585 668

G

631640

5 3 55 4 35 5 25 6 1

5 85 96 06 1

6 97 07 17 2

748 ~

773 ~6l

8888

8888

2 8 52 8 92 9 4

2 9 8%3 0 73 1 23 1 7

%

6 26 36 4

6 5x6 76 86 9

7 07 17 27 3

6 86 97 0

7 1E7 37 47 6

7 77 87 98 0

8 18 28 48 5—8 6

8 78 89 0

9 19 29 39 5—9 69 79 8

1 0 0

999

99999

999

1008

&6969?A

70?Oti7171%

;: 47373 4

7474?47515%

7676%7777%——

193 ,1 9 61992 0 2

2 0 4207 I210 ~2 1 3 .

2 1 6

2 1 92 2 22 2 5

2 2 82 3 22 3 52 3 82 4 12 4 42 4 ?2 5 1

2 5 72 6 12 6 52 6 9

E2 7 62 8 02 8 4

%

2 9 22 9 63 0 1

K3 0 93 1 33 1 7

m3 2 63 3 03 3 4

%

6 8 16 9 17 0 17 1 1

7 2 1

7 3 17 4 17 5 1

- %7 7 27 8 27 9 3

8 0 38 1 48 2 58 3 5

771 911924

981995

1052 112

4 3 3

4 3 94 4 54 5 1

w4 6 34 6 94 7 6

z4 8 84 9 55 0 1

9 3

9 59 6 3

9 91 01 01 01 01 01 01 0



407

W C P

iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

DIAI 3/lfJ ‘/4 6

18 2 5 4. 3 :2 30 87 8 t i5 7? 81 47 96 04 73 42 17 3 %6 45 23 92 7

WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

‘% i3/16 ~8 ‘5/16 1

1

‘‘\16%6 ‘A ‘/16I

?8

++

592 67? 761 846600 686 7 7 15 7608 694 7 8 16 8615 703 7 9 17 9

6 2 312 801 8 9 06 3 12 11 10 1639 730 8 2 11 26 4 73 93 12 4

+ - l85 883

894 993703 804 904 1005

712 813823 926 1029832 936 1041842 947 1053

I

w1570 1701 18321586 1719 1851

. . -

8 305 I .-. II 309 I 411 I

537

3 5 33 5 73 6 13 6 5

‘-1373 497377 502

1 3 5 2

1 3 0 84 3 9; ; ? $9 72 96 19 32 50 5 81 9 03 2 24 5 4

1963 20941 9

T

1 81 81 91 9

1 8 01 8 21 8 41 8 6

1 91 91 92 0

2 02 12 12 1

2222

2026204520652086

2170219222132235

2 22 22 32 3



408

W C P

.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

~lA 3/16 ‘/4I

5/16I

‘/8 7/16 1/2I

‘/16 ?8 1‘/16 3/4 ‘3/16 ‘5/16 1

i 0 66 92 58 13 80 9 42 5 04 0 65 6 37 18 70 11 0 6 M7 33 18 94 61 0 42 6 24 2 05 7 77 38 90 21 0 71 83 79 65 51 1 52 7 44 3 35 9 27 59 10 21 0 7 %8 24 30 46 41 2 52 8 64 4 66 0 77 69 20 2

1 0 88 74 91 17 31 3 52 9 84 6 06 2 27 83 41 21 0 8 H9 15 51 98 21 4 63 1 04 7 36 3 78 09 61 21 0 99 66 12 69 11 5 73 2 24 8 76 5 28 19 81 31 0 9 M0 06 73 40 0 01 6 73 3 45 0 16 6 78 30 01 3

1 1 00 57 34 10 1 01 7 83 4 65 1 46 8 38 50 11 ’1 1 0 %0 97 94 90 1 91 8 93 5 85 2 86 9 88 60 32 31 1 11 48 55 70 2 81 9 93 7 15 4 27 1 38 80 52 31 l l Y Z1 99 26 40 3 72 1 03 8 35 5 67 2 99 00 72 4

1 1 22 39 87 20 4 72 2 13 9 65 7 07 4 49 10 92 41 1 2 ? 42 80 48 00 5 62 3 24 0 85 8 47 6 09 31 12 41 1 33 31 08 80 6 52 4 34 2 15 9 87 7 69 51 33 4

1 1 3 X3 71 79 60 7 52 5 44 3 36 1 27 9 19 71 53 51 1 44 22 30 40 8 42 6 54 4 66 2 78 0 79 81 63 51 1 4 M4 72 91 20 9 42 7 64 5 96 4 18 2 30 01 83 51 1 55 23 62 01 0 32 8 74 7 16 5 58 3 90 22 03 51 1 5 ? 45 74 22 81 1 32 9 94 8 46 7 08 5 50 42 24 5

1 1 66 14 93 61 2 33 1 04 9 76 8 48 7 10 52 44 61 1 6 Y z6 65 54 41 3 23 2 15 1 06 9 98 8 70 72 64 61 1 77 16 15 21 4 23 3 35 2 37 1 39 0 40 92 84 61 1 7 X7 66 86 01 5 23 4 45 3 67 2 89 2 01 13 04 6

1 1 88 17 56 81 6 23 5 55 4 97 4 39 3 61 33 25 71 1 8 48 68 17 61 7 23 6 75 6 27 5 89 5 31 43 45 71 1 99 18 88 51 8 23 7 95 7 57 7 29 6 91 63 65 71 1 9 %9 69 49 31 9 23 9 05 8 97 8 79 8 61 83 85 7

1 2 00 10 10 0 12 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 20 0 32 04 06 81 2 0 40 60 8

9 2628

9 26498 2670 5 33387 2692 0 3364

9 2035 7 2713 9 3165 3391

6 2734 2 31 307 2067 6 2756 2985 3215 34441 2083 6 2777 8 3240 3471 3706 2099 2332 2565 2799 3032 3265 3498 37

0 2115 2350 2585 2820 3055 3290 3525 375 2131 2368 2605 2842 3079 3316 3552 37

2 1671 9 2148 2386 2625 2864 3102 3341 3580 383 1683 4 2164 2405 2645 2886 3126 3367 3607 38

4 1696 8 2181 2423 2665 2908 3150 3392 3635 385 1709 3 2197 2441 2686 2930 3174 3418 3662 396 1722 8 2214 2460 2706 2952 3198 3444 3690 39

9 1487 1735 3 2231 2478 2726 2974 3222 3470 3718 39—



409

W C P

DIA 3/16I

‘A 5/16I

~8 ‘/16 ‘/2 ‘/16 5/8 ‘ 1/16 Y4 13/16 ~8 15/16 1

1 3 44 99 92 4 94 9 87 4 89 9 82 4 74 9 77 4 79 92 44 71 3 4 M5 50 0 62 5 85 0 97 6 10 1 32 6 45 1 67 6 70 12 75 71 3 56 00 1 42 6 75 2 17 7 40 2 82 8 15 3 47 8 80 42 95 81 3 5 X6 60 2 12 1 75 3 27 8 70 4 32 9 85 5 38 0 90 63 15

1 3 67 20 2 92 8 65 4 38 0 00 5 83 1 55 . 7 28 2 90 83 46 81 3 6 X7 70 3 62 9 65 5 58 1 40 7 33 3 2 j g l8 j I )1 03 661 3 78 30 4 43 0 55 6 68 2 70 8 83 4 96 1 ( I8 7 11 33 961 3 7 X8 90 5 23 1 55 7 88 4 01 0 32 3 6 66 2 98 9 21 54 16 9

1 3 89 50 5 93 2 45 8 98 5 41 1 93 8 46 4 89 1 31 74 471 3 8 ? +0 00 6 73 3 46 0 18 6 71 3 44 0 16 6 89 3 42 04 671 3 90 60 7 53 4 3 ,6 1 28 8 11 4 94 1 86 8 7Y j 62 24 971 3 9 f i1 20 8 23 5 36 2 48 9 41 6 54 3 67 0 69 7 72 45 17

1 4 01 80 9 03 6 36 3 59 0 81 8 14 5 37 2 69 9 82 75 481 4 0 Y j2 40 9 83 7 36 4 79 2 21 9 64 7 17 4 50 2 02 35 681 4 12 91 0 63 8 26 5 99 3 52 1 24 8 87 6 50 4 13 15 98

1 4 1 Y ’ z3 51 1 43 9 26 7 19 4 92 2 85 0 67 8 41 ) 6 33 46 28 F 8 4 11 2 24 0 26 8 29 6 32 4 35 2 48 0 40 8 53 66 491 4 2 ’ j4 71 3 04 1 26 9 49 7 72 5 95 4 18 2 41 0 63 86 791 4 35 31 3 74 2 27 0 69 9 12 7 55 5 98 4 41 2 84 1 .6 991 4 3 %5 91 4 54 3 27 1 80 0 52 9 15 7 78 6 41 5 04 37 20

1 4 46 51 5 34 4 27 3 00 1 93 0 75 9 58 8 41 7 24 67 401 4 4 %7 11 6 14 5 27 4 20 3 33 2 3f 1 39 0 41 9 44 87 701 4 57 71 7 04 6 27 5 40 4 73 3 96 3 19 2 42 1 65 08 001 4 5 %8 31 7 84 7 27 6 60 6 13 5 56 5 09 4 42 3 85 38 21

1 4 68 91 8 64 8 27 7 90 7 53 7 16 6 89 6 42 6 15 58 511 4 6 ~9 51 9 44 9 27 9 10 8 93 8 86 8 69 8 52 8 35 88 811 4 70 22 0 25 0 38 0 31 0 44 0 47 0 50 0 53 0 66 09 021 4 7 %0 82 1 05 1 38 1 51 1 84 2 07 2 30 2 63 2 86 39 32

1 4 81 42 1 85 2 38 2 81 3 24 3 77 4 10 4 63 5 16 59 62

1 4 8 Y j2 02 2 75 3 38 4 01 4 74 5 37 6 00 6 73 7 36 89 821 4 99 2 62 3 55 4 48 5 21 6 14 7 07 7 90 8 73 9 67 00 131 4 9 X3 22 4 35 5 48 6 51 7 64 8 77 3 71 0 84 1 97 30 43

1 5 03 92 5 25 6 48 7 71 9 05 0 38 1 61 2 94 4 27 50 63 IO01 5 0 %4 52 6 05 7 58 9 02 0 55 2 08 3 51 5 04 6 57 80 941 5 15 12 6 85 8 59 0 22 2 05 3 78 5 41 7 14 8 88 01 241 5 1 ? 45 82 7 75 9 69 1 52 3 45 5 38 7 31 9 25 1 18 31 44

1 5 26 42 8 56 0 69 2 82 4 95 7 08 9 22 1 35 3 4’ 8 51 741 5 2 47 02 9 46 1 79 4 02 6 45 8 79 1 12 3 45 5 88 82 05153 977 1302 162819532279260429303255 35813906423245584883szog153ti 983 1311163819662294262129493277360439324260458J 49155243154 989 1319164919792309263829683298362839584287461749475277154% 996 1328166019922324 265629883320365139834315464749795311155 10021336167120052339 267330073341367540094343467150125346155 4 10091345168120182354 269030263363369940354371470850445380

156 10151354169220312369270730463384372340614400473850765415156% 10221362170320442384272530653406374740874428 768 51095450157 102813711714 20577399 274230853428377141134456479951425184157% 10351380172520702415276031053450379541404485483051755519158 104113891736208324302777312434723819416645134860‘52075555158 4 10481397174720962446279531443494384341924542489152405590159 1055 1406175821092461281331643516386742194570492252745625159 4 10611415176921232476283031843538389242454599495353075661160 106814241780 21362492284832043560391642J2 4628498453405696160H 107514331791 21492508286632243582394142994657501553745732161 10811442180221632523288432443605396543264686504754075768161% 108814511814 21762539 290232643627399043534715507854415803



410

W C P

.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUND

J/4

1460146914781487

5/16

1 8 2 51 8 3 61 8 4 71 8 5 9

ZE2 1 9 05 5 52 2 0 35 7 12 2 1 75 8 62 2 3 16 0 2

% ‘3/16I I 15/16

I1

+

4 7 14 7 14 8 14 8 2

4 8 24 8 264 9 364 9 36

4 9 3m5 0 365 0 46

DIA ‘ / 2~

2 32029382956

---- 2974

T

2618 29922634 30102650 30292666 30472682 30662699 30842715 3103

1095110211081 1 1 5

3285 36503305 36723325 36953346 37183366338734073428344934703491

4 0 14 0 34 0 64 0 84 1 14 1 34 1 64 1 9

G4 2 44 2 6

4380

-

G555

E55

1 6 41 6 4 41 6 51 6 5 t i

1 6 61 6 6 M1 6 7

1 1 2 21 1 2 91 1 3 61 1 4 3

p I4 9 6

1 5 0 51 5 1 41 5 2 4

1 5 3 31 5 4 21 5 5 1

3 7 6 33 7 8 63 8 0 9

3 8 3 23 8 5 53 8 7 81 6 4

1 6 7 %1 1 7 01 5 6 11 9 5 12 3 4 12 7 3 13 1 2 13 5 1 13 9 0 2 1 4 2 9 24 6 8 2 1 5 05 4 6 2 1 5

I1 7 75 7 09 6 23 5 57 4 71 4 05 3 29 2 53 17 11 4

1 6 8 %1 8 55 7 99 7 43 6 97 6 41 5 95 5 49 4 83 47 31 51 6 91 9 25 8 99 8 63 8 37 8 01 7 75 7 59 7 23 67 61 5

1 6 9 f i1 7 01 7 0 %1 7 11 7 1 %

1 7 21 7 2 %1 7 31 7 3 A

1 9 95 9 81 2 0 66 0 81 2 1 36 1 71 2 2 06 2 71 2 2 76 3 6

1 2 3 46 4 61 2 4 16 5 51 2 4 96 6 51 2 5 66 7 4

1 9 9 82 0 0 92 0 2 12 0 3 32 0 4 5

2 0 5 72 0 6 92 0 8 12 0 9 3T

3 9 77 ~ i2 4 1 18 1 32 4 2 68 3 02 4 4 08 4 62 4 5 48 6 3

2 4 6 88 8 02 4 8 38 9 72 4 9 79 1 32 5 1 29 3 0

2 5 2 69 4 72 5 4 19 6 4

3 1 9 63 2 1 53 2 3 43 2 5 33 2 7 2

3 2 9 13 3 1 03 3 3 03 3 4 9

3 3 6 83 3 8 8

3 5 9 69 9 54 0 1 94 0 4 34 0 6 64 0 9 0

G4 1 3 84 1 6 24 1 8 6

z4 2 3 54 2 5 9

4 7 91 5~5 65 6

~

5 75 85 8

=5 95 95 9

a6 0:

5

m

4 4 24 4 44 4 74 4 9

4 5 24 5 54 5 74 6 0

4 6 34 6 54 6 84 7 1

4 1 34 7 64 7 94 8 2

4 8 24 8 54 8 84 9 0

4 9 34 9 64 9 95 0 2

=5 0 85 1 15 1 4

5 1 6

5 1 95 2 25 2 5

5 25 25 25 3

5 35 35 45 4

*: :

5 5

m

5 65 65 6

666

6666

6666

6666

6666

G6

6666

=667

%7

1 7 41 7 4 G

1 2 6 36 8 41 2 7 06 9 4

2 1 0 52 1 1 7

1 7 5 -278 1704 2129 2555 2981 3407 3t1 7 5 %2 8 57 1 31 4 25 7 09 9 84 2 78 5 5 1 4 2 3

1 7 6 ” -1 2 9 21 7 2 32 1 5 4 1 2 5 8 5 1 3 0 1 5 1 3 4 4 63 8 7 73 0 8

B 9 93 3 21 7 7 ” -3 0 77 4 31 7 86 1 40 5 04 8 59 2 13 5 71 7 7 ? 43 1 47 5 31 9 16 2 90 6 75 0 59 4 33 8 11 7 83 2 27 6 22 0 36 4 4 1 3 0 8 45 2 59 6 64 0 64 8 4m p

I I792 6238 6684 71I

*

181 ] 1367I 1822 i 2278I 2734I 3189I 3645I 4100I 4556I 5011

i$186186Y?187187X

188188X189189fi

1443145114591467

+ +

1924 2406 2887 33681935 2418 2902 33861945 2431 2918 34041956 2444 2933 3422

1966 2458 2949 34411977 2471 2965 34591987 2484 2981 34771998 2497 2996 3496

1 4 7 51 4 8 21 4 9 01 4 9 8 5 9 9 3 1 6 4 9 2 1





4 1 2

LengthU

Inches

22 %3

3 %44 %55 %

W B

W i t hq u a r ee a d sn de x a g o nu t s no u n de 0

2 . 3 82 . 7 13 . 0 53 . 3 9

3 . 7 34 . 0 64 . 4 04 . 7 4

5 . 0 75 . 4 15 . 7 56 . 0 9

6 . 4 26 . 7 67 . 1 07 . 4 3

7 . 7 78 . 1 18 . 4 48 . 7 8

9 . 1 2; . ; :

0 : 1

0 . 4

0 . 71 . 01 . 4

1 . 7

1 . 3

%

6 . 1 16 . 7 17 . 4 78 . 2 3

8 . 9 99 . 7 5

1 0 . 51 1 . 3

1 2 . 01 2 . 81 3 . 51 4 . 3

26 . 67 . 3

; : ;9 . 6

2 0 . 4

2 1 . 12 1 . 72 2 . 52 3 . 3

2 4 . 0

2 4 . 82 5 . 52 6 . 3

2 7 . 02 8 . 63 0 . 13 1 . 6

33.134.636.237.7

3 9 . 2

1 6

Per Inch\dditional 3 . 0

Y2

1 4 . 01 5 . 11 6 . 5

1 7 . 81 9 . 12 0 . 52 1 . 8

; : . ;

2 5 : 92 7 . 2

2 8 . 62 9 . 93 1 . 33 2 . 6

3 3 . 93 5 . 33 6 . 63 8 . 0

3 9 . 34 0 . 4: ; . ;

4 4 . 4

4 5 . 84 7 . 14 8 . 5

4 9 . 8; ; . ;

5 7 : 9

6 0 . 66 3 . 36 6 . 06 8 . 7

7 1 . 37 4 . 07 6 . 7

7 9 . 48 2 .8 4 . 88 7 . 59 0 . 2

9 2 . 9

5 . 4

D i a m e t e r fo l t nn c h e

92 4 . 12 5 . 82 7 . 62 9 . 3

3 1 . 43 3 , 53 5 . 63 7 . 7

3 9 . 84 1 . 94 4 , 04 6 . 1

4 8 , 25 0 . 35 2 . 35 4 . 4

5 6 . 55 8 . 66 0 . 76 2 . 8

6 4 . 96 6 . 76 8 . 77 0 . 8

7 2 . 9

7 5 . 07 7 , 17 9 . 2

8 1 . 38 5 . 58 9 . 79 3 . 9

9 8 . 1\ : 2

1 1 0

1 1 51 1 91 2 3

1 2 71 3 11 3 51 4 01 4 4

1 4 8

8 . 4

%

3 8 . 94 1 . 54 4 . 04 6 . 5

4 9 . 15 2 . 15 5 . 15 8 . 2

6 1 . 26 4 . 26 7 . 27 0 . 2

7 3 . 37 6 . 37 9 . 38 2 . 3

8 5 . 38 8 . 49 1 . 49 4 . 4

9 7 . 41 0 01 0 31 0 6

1 0 9

1 1 21 1 51 1 8

1 2 11 2 71 3 31 3 9

1 4 51 5 11 5 71 6 3

; ; :

1 8 2

1 8 81 9 42 0 02 0 62 1 2

2 1 8

1 2 . 1

%

6 7 .7 0 .

7 4 .7 7 .8 2 .8 6 .

9 0 .9 4 .9 8 .

1 0 3

1 0 71 1 11 1 51 1 9

1 2 31 2 71 3 11 3 6

; ~ :

1 4 71 5 1

1 5 6

; : :1 6 8

1 7 21 8 01 8 91 9 7

2 0 5; ; ;

2 3 0

2 3 82 4 62 5 4

2 6 32 7 12 7 92 8 72 9 6

3 0 4

1 6 ,

1

9 5 .9 9 .

1 01 01 11 1

1 21 21 31 4

1 41 51 51 6

1 61 71 71 8

1 81 91 9 82 0

2 0

2 12 22 2

2 32 42 52 6

2 72 82 93 0

3 13 23 3

3 43 5: ;

3 9

4 0

2 1 .

1~

1

1111

1;

2

2222

2222

2

222

3333

3333

444

444;

5

2 7

206213

221229237246

2542622712

22;

33;

3

333

3:

4

;

:

555

55666

6

3

N R S B A S A I. 2n du t si n i s h ee x a gu1 8.2.This table conforms to



413

W O

S

1 Y 2

2

3

4

68

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 4

S

3

4

6

8

NOZZLESW i t hN S Ie l d i n ge c kl a n g en de i n f o r c i n ga

( T a b l eo ru i c ke f e r e n c e )

150

6

9

1 6

2 5

4 56 5

9 5

1 3 5

1 6 5

2 1 5

3 3 1

4 2 8

5 8 9

CLASS

300 600

11 1312 1525 4 04 0 0

7 02 01 1 07 51 4 58 52 2 06 52 8 51 53 7 09 56 1 03 57 0 82 4 5

1 1 3 18 1 5

900

1

2

4

7

1 52 6

3 7

5 5

7 7

9 6

1 3 7

1 6 9

3 0 4

NOZZLES

for Quick Reference)

1500

183

7

1

23

6

9

150

2 54 2

7 1

1 1 0

1 6 5

2 4 5

2 9 6

4 4 05 4 0

7 0 0

1 0 0 0

300

4 16 7

1 2 0

1 9 1

2 7 2

4 0 4

5 2 1

8 0 01 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 8 8 5

C

6

6 01 0 1

2 0 6

3 1 4

5 1 6

6 6 0

8 9 3

1 3 0 01 6 0 0

2 1 0 0

2 9 9 0

S C R E W E DO U P L I N G S

900

771 2

2 6

4 5

6 6

9 6

1 2 6

1 6 02 2 5

2 8 0

5 1 4

1500

11

3

6

1

1

34

5

9

% 1 2 3

3 0 0 0 b. 2 5. 4 4. 6 3. 1 9. 1.

6 0 0 0 b. 5 0. 0 0. 1 3. 3 8. 70 .



414

WEIGHTS OF PACKINGP o u n d se ru b i co o t

S I Z EA S C H I GI N G A LI NN

C E R A M I CA R B O NC A R B O NA R B O NS T E E L T E E LL A S T

% 6 03 3 6 5

% 6 1 4 5

% 5 5 5 7 4

% 1 3 2

~ 8 6 2 .

x 5 0 2 4 4

x 9 4

1 4 2 9 7 .

1 7 1

l x 6 2 1l % 3 9 4 .

l % 6

2 4 1 7 7 .

3 3 7 5 3 33 % 4 .

4 3 6

T h ea t ao n d e n s e dr o mh ee c h n i c a li t e r a t u r ehS S t o n e

T h ee i g h t s fa r b o nt e e l ne r c e n t a g e ft h ee t a lt a i

S t e e l0 5 % ,o p p e r2 0 % ,l u m i n u m7 % ,o n eN i c k1

WEIGHTS OF INSULATIONP O U N D SE RU B I CO O T

C A L C I U MI L I C A T E 1 2

FOAMGLASS 9.0

M I N E R A LO O L 8 .

G L A S SI B E R 4 -

F O A M G L A S S 8 -

F o re c h a n i c a le s i g n fe s s e ld d0 % oh e s ee i g h th io

w e i g h t fe a l ,a c k e t i n gn dh eb s o r b e do i s t u r e .



.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES

METALS2°F. N-octane........................... 0,70fjrl Sulphordioxide...........................z.z50Aluminum............................. 2.70 Cyclopentane....................0.7501 Waterapor................................ ().fjzAntimony............................ 6.618 Methylcyclopentane.........07536

Barium..,,.,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,..,,.,78 Cyclohexane........,...........,0,7834 MISCELL~NENJSOLIDSBismuth.... ..........................9,781 Methylcyclohexane..........07740Boron..................................2.535 Benzene.............................0.8844 Asbestos.... “............................ 2B r a s s : 0. ,0 Z .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 , 6 0oulene..........,......,,.,.,,.......O.87l8 s p h a l t u.............................. ,

7 0. ,O Z .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 , 4 4 B o r a.....................,.. ,............. H6 0. ,O Z .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6I Q U I D S2 ° .r i c ko m m......................... .5 0. ,O Z .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 0c e t i cc i d.......................... 1.06 Brick,fire.................................H

B r o n z e : 0. ,0 T ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8l c o h o l ,o m m e r c i a l. . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 3r i c ka r.............................. 2.o

Cadmium............................... S,648 A l c o h o l ,u r e........................ 0 . 7 9r i c kr e s s...................... 2,2C a l c i u m................................. 1 . 5 4~ ~ a. ” ” 0 ” 0 ” ” ” . . ” . o . . o~ ~j ~ ~ ~ ~ [~ ~ ~ ~ t ”C h r o m i u m.............................. 6 . 9 3................................. .

Cobalt.................................... 8.71 Bromine................................. 2 . 9 7e m e n; r t l a n d ( s e t ) : : l

Copper................................... 8.89 C a r b o l i cc i d , , . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , . . . , . . . .. 9 6h a l. . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . .

Gold....................................... 19.3 C a r b o ni s u l p h i d e , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .. 2 6harcoal,,....,,...,.......,.......

Iridium................................. 22.42C o t t o n - s e e di l..................... 0 . 9 3o a ln t h r a c

...................... 1I r o nc a s t , . . . , , . . . . . . , . . . , . . .. 0 3 - 7 . 7 3t h e r ,u l p h u r i c................... 0.72 Coal,bituminous.................... 1.3

I r o nw r o u g h t, . , , . . , , . . ,. 8 0 - 7 , 9 0luoricacid ........................... 1.50 Concrete.................................. 2.2

Lead................................... 11.342 G a s o l i n e...............................0.70 Earth,dry................................. 1.2

Magnesium,., , . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. 7 4 1e r o s e n e............................... 0 . 8 0a r t he t , . . , , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .

M a n g a n e s e.............................. 7 , 3i n s e e di l........................... 0.94 Emery......................................4.0

M e r c u r y6 8 °, ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 35 4 6i n e r a li l , . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. 9 2l a s.......................................2

M o l y b d e n u m......................... 1 0 . 2u r i a t i cc i d , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , , . . , , . . . ,. 2 0r a n i t....................................2

Nickel......................................8.8 N a p h t h a................................0.76 Gypsum...................................2.4

P l a t i n u m............................. 2 1 , 3 7itricAcid ............................ 1.50 Ice ............................................0.9

P o t a s s i u m........................... 0 . 8 7 0l i v ei l............................... 0 . 9 2r olag, , . . , . . . , , . . . . . , . . , , . . , . .

S i l v e r...................... 1 0 . 4 2 - 1 0 . 5 3almoil ................................. 0,97 Limestone...............................2,6

S o d i u m..............................0 , 9 7 1 2e t r o l e u mi l........................ 0 . 8 2a r b l. . , , . . . . . . , . , . . . , . . . , . . . . .

Steel ....... .............. ... ...........7.85 P h o s p h o r i cc i d................... 1 . 7 8a s o n r.................................. 2

T a n t a l u m................................ 1 6 . 6apeoil .................................0.92 Mica.........................................2.8

T e l l u r i u m............................... 6 . 2 5ulphuricacid ....................... 1,84 Mortar..................................... 1.5Tin,.........,,..............,...,..,,....... . 2 9 w“ ” : ” + < ” . ; ” ” . ” ” ” . ” o . . o 0 0h o s p h o rc : . . ” . . ” ”T i t a n i u m.................................. 4 . 5u r p e n t i n ed d . , . . , , . . , , , . . ,........ 0 . 8 7l a s t eP a r....................... 1

T u n g s t e n... ................ 1 8 . 61 9 . 1inegar.................................. 1,08 Quartz......................................2,6

Uranium................................ 18.7 W a t e r. . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . , , . . , , . . . 4 . . . . . . . . , .. 0 0a n dry . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , . . . , .

V a n a d i u m................................ 5.6 W a t e r ,e a.............................. 1 . 0 3a n de, . . . , , , . . . , , . . , , . . ,

Z i n c............................ 7 . 0 4 - 7 . 1 6haleoil ............................... 0,92 Sandstone...............................2.3

GASSES32°F,Slate......................................... 2.8

HYDROCARBONS0/60°F. Soapstone.............................2.7Ethane...............................0.3564 Air............................................... 1.ON Sulphur...................................2.0Propane,,...,,,,..,,..,,,.,,05077,,.5O77‘cetY’ene~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~„920 ~~~bituminous.......................~.~N-butane...........................0.5844I s o - b u t a n e.........................0 . 5 6 3 1 ,

.......................................... .Taprock................................... 3.0

N - p e n t a n e.........................0 . 6 3 1 0

[ s o - p e n t a n e............ ..........0 . 6 2 4 7a r b o no n o x i d e. , , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . ., % 7

N - h e x a n e...........................0 . 6 6 4 0 ., ,

. .3 - m e t h y 1 p e n t a n e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 6 8 92 ,- d i m e t h y l b u t a n e

, ,.

2 ,- d i m e t h y l b u t a n e. . . . . . . . . 06 6 6 4.......................... 0 . 6 8 8 2

2 - m e t h y l h e x a n e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 06 8 3 0 .

. .i. .

o x a

l - d i m e t h y l c y c l o p e n t a n e. 7 5 9 2x y g e n. , , . . , . , , , . . . . , , , , . . , , , , , . , , . . , , , , . . . , ,



416

t

V S A H

I.D. Cylindrical S1-iELL/LIN.FT. 2:1 ELLIP. HEAD*of

Vessel w t . f w oCu.Ft.

Gal. Bbl. Waterin. Cu.Ft. Gal. Bbl. Watelb. lb.

12 0.8 5.9 0.14 49 0.1 0.98 0.02 8.114 1.1 8.0 0.19 67 0.2 1.55 0.04 12.916 1.4 10.4 0.25 87 0.3 2.32 0.06 19.318 1.8 13.2 0.31 110 0.4 3.30 0.08 27.520 2.2 16.3 0.39 136 0.6 4.53 0.11 37.822 2.6 19.7 0.47 165 0.8 6.03 0.14 50.324 3.1 23.5 0.56 196 1.0 7.83 0.19 65.326 3.7 27.6 0.66 230 1.3 9.96 0.24 83.1

28 4.3 32.0 0.76 267 1.7 12.44 0.30 103.830 4.9 36.7 0.87 306 2.0 15.30 0.36 127.732 5.6 41.8 0.99 349 2.5 18.57 0.44 155.034 6.3 47.2 1.12 394 3.0 22.27 0.53 185.936 7.1 52.9 1.26 441 3.5 26.47 0.63 220.138 7.9 58.9 1.40 492 4.2 31.09 0.74 259.540 8.7 65.3 1.55 545 4.8 36.27 0.86 302.642 9.6 72.0 1.71 601 5.6 41.98 1.00 350.448 12.6 94.0 2.24 784 8.4 62.67 1.49 523.054 15.9 119.0 2.83 993 11.9 89.23 2.12 744.6

60 19.6 146.9 3.50 1226 16.3 122.4 2.91 102166 23.8 177.7 4.23 1483 21.8 162.9 3.88 136072 28.3 211.5 5.04 1765 28.3 211.5 5.04 176578 33.2 248.2 5.91 2071 35.9 268.9 6.40 224484 38.5 287.9 6.85 2402 44.9 335.9 8.00 280290 44.2 330.5 7.87 2758 55,2 413.1 9.84 344796 50.3 376.0 8.95 3138 67.0 501.3 11.94 4184

102 56.7 424.4 1o.11 3542 80.3 601.4 14.32 5018108 63.6 475.9 11.33 3971 95.4 713.8 17.00 5957114 70.9 530.2 12.62 4425 112.2 839.5 20.00 7006

120 78.5 587.5 13.99 4903 130,9 979.2 23.31 8171126 86.6 647.7 15.42 5405 151.5 1134 27.00 9459132 95.0 710.9 16.93 5932 174.2 1303 31.03 1087138 103.9 777.0 18.50 6484 190.1 1489 35.46 1242144 113.1 846.0 20.14 7060 226.2 1692 40.29 1412

*vo]umewithinthe straightflangeisnot included



771 I

V S A H

I . D .A S M E&D. HEAD* HEMIS.HEAD*of

Vessel , wt. of wt. ofi Cu.Ft. Gal. Bbl. Water Cu.Ft. G-d.i n .

13bl. Waterlb. lb.

12 ~ 0.08 0.58 0 . 0 1.83 0.26 1.96 0.05 16.34~~ i

0.12 0.94 0.02 7.83 0.42 3.11 0.07 25.95

16 0.19 1.45 0.03 12.08 0.62 4,64 0.11 38.7418 ~ 0.27 2.04 0.05 17.00 0.88 6.61 0.16 55.16

20 I 0.37 2.80 0.07 28.33 1.21 9.07 0.22 75.66

22 0.50 3.78 0.09 31.49 1.61 12.07 0.29 100.7

24 0.65 4.86 0.12 40.49 2.09 15.67 0.37 130.7

26 0.82 6.14 0.15 51.15 2.66 19.92 0.47 166.2

28 1.10 8.21 0.20 68.40 3.33 24.88 0.59 207.6

30 1.30 9.70 0.23 80.81 4.09 30.60 0.73 255.4

3’2 1.64 12.30 0.29 102.5 4.96 37.14 0.88 309.9

34 1.88 14.10 0.34 117.5 5.95 44.54 1.06 371.7

36 2.15 16.10 0.38 134.1 7.07 52.88 1.26 441.2

38 2.75 20.60 0.49 171.6 8.31 62.19 1.48 519.0

40 3.07 23.00 0.55 191.6 9.70 72.53 1.73 605.3

42 3.68 27.50 0.65 229.1 11.22 83.97 2.00 700.7

48 5.12 38.30 0.91 319.1 16.76 125.3 2.98 1046

54 7.30 54.601.30

454.923.86 178.5 4.25

1489

60 10.08 75.40 1.80 628.2 32.73 244.8 5.83 2043

66 13.54 101 2.41 843.9 43.56 325.8 7.76 2719

72 ] 17.65 132 3.14 1100 56.55 423.0 10.07 3530

78 22.32 167 3.98 1391 71.90 537.8 12.80 4488

84 28.47 213 5.07 1775 89.80 671.7 16.00 5606

90 35.56 266 6.33 2216 110.4 826.2 19.67 6895

96 42.51 318 7.57 2649 134.0 1003 23.87 8368

102 52.14 390 9.29 3249 160.8 1203 28.63 10037

108 60.96 456 10.86 3799 190.9 1428 34.00 11914

114 73.66 551 13.12 4590 224.5 1679 39.98 14012120 84.35 631 15.02 5257 261.8 1958 46.63 16343

126 97.32 728 17.33 6065 303.1 2267 53.98 18919

132 108.7 813 19.36 6773 348.5 2607 62.06 21752

138 127.0 950 22.62 7915 398.2 2978 70.91 24856

144 147.9 1106 26.33 9214 452.4 3384 80.57 28241

*VO1umewithin the s flange k not included



418

PARTIALVOLUMESIN HORIZONTALCYLINDERS

tt o

‘E

Partialvolumesof horizontalcylindeequalstotal volumex coefficient

(found from tablebelow)

3“ EXAMPLE

HORIZONTALCYLINDERD= 10 ft., Oin. H= 2.75 ft. L=60 ft., Oin.TOTALVOLUME:0.7854x D2x L Find the partialvolumeof

the cylindricalshell

Totalvolume: 0.7854x 102x60= 4712.4cu. ft.

Coefficientfrom table:H/D= 2.75/10= .275

Refer to the first two figures(.27) in the column headed (HID) in the tablebelow. Proceed to the right until the coefficientis found under the columnheaded (5) which is the third digit. The coefficient of 0.275 is found to be.223507

Total volumex coefficient= partial volume4712.4X .223507= 1053.25CU.ft.cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519 = U. S. Galloncu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016 = Liter

COEFFICIENTS

H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

.001212 .00144

.004077 .00442

.007886 .0083

.012432 .0129

.017593 .0181

.00

.04

.000ooo

.001692

.004773

.00s742

.013417

.018692

.o~4496

.030772

.037478

.044579

.052044

.0598 50

.067972

.076393

.085094

.094061

.000151

.oo~223

.005503

.009625

.014427

.019813,025715.032081.038867.046043

.053579

.061449

.069633

.078112

.086866

.095884

.105147

.114646

.124364

.134292

.144419

.000429

.002800

.006267

.010534

.015459

.000600

.022115 .022703

.028208 .028842

.034747 .035423

.041694 .O4241O

.049017 .049768

.023296 .0238

.029481 .0301

.036104 .0367

.043129 .0438

.050524 .0512

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.0203g2

.026331

.032740

.039569

.046782

.02095.5

.026952

.033405

.040273

.047523

.058262 .0590

.066323 .0671

.074686 .0755

.10 ,054351.062253.070469.078975.087756

.096799

.1060.s7

.115607

.12.5347

.135296

.145443

.155779

.166292

.055126

.063062

.071307

.079841

.088650

.055905

.063872

.072147

.080709

.089545.083332 .0842.092246 .0931

.099560 .100486

.108920 .109869

.118506 .119477

.12831O .129302

.138320 .139332

.101414 .1023

.110820 .1117

.120450 .1214

.130296 .1312

.140345 .1413

.15 .098638.107973.1.17538.127321

.16

.17.103275,112728

.122403

.132290

.104211

.113686.18.19

.123382

.133291

.143398

.153697

.164176

.137310

.148524 .149554

.1.58915 .159963,169480 .170546.180212 .181294.191102 .192200

.20 ,lh~~ig.152659.163120

.146468

.156822

.167353

.178053

.188912

.147494

.157867’21,,22

.154737

.165233 .168416179131190007

.23

.24.173753.1845.50

.174825

.l&5639.175900.186729

.176976

.187820

.25 .19.5501 .196604 .197709 .198814 .199922 .’201031 .202141 .203253

.30 .2.5’2315 .253483 .254652 .255822 ,256992 ,25fj165 .259338 ,260512

.31.261687 .2628

.264039 .265218 .266397 ,267578 .z68760 ,269942 .271126 .272310 .273495 .2746



419

PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)

H/’D O 1 4 5 6 7 8 9

.285401 .28659/3

7

.2~()&?7 .2S1820

.

.283013 .284207

.’294995 .’296198

.307068 .3082S0

.277058

.WvW2

.301O2I.297403 .2 3M5(i5.309492 .310705

3~1660 .3~~8~l

.333905 .33.5134

.346220 .347455.358599 .359840

.371036 .372282

.383526 ,384778

.396063 ,397320

.MM645 .409904

.421261 .42’2.52.5

.433911 .435178

,319219 .320439.3314.51 .332678

.343751 .3449%5.3.56119 .357359

.308545 .3697 )0

,:]8102+ .382274.393.553 .394S08.406125 .407:384.418736 .+19998.43137s .4:12645

.444050 .445318

.%)6741 .458012

.469453 .470725

.482176 .483449

.494906 .496179

,507640 ..508913,5~o~69 .,521642

..533090 .534362,345799 .547068,558486 .559754

.571154 .572418

.583789 .585051

.596392 .597650

.608956 .610210,~~147(-j ,622725

.35 .311918

.36 .3YI104

.37 .336363.38 .348690

.39 .:16108’2

.313134,:3~532~

.349926

.362325

.:{74778

.3872X?

.399834,41~42fj,4~,5(j5~

.446587 .447S57

.459283 .460554

.4719 97 .473269

.484722 .4S5995

.497452 .498726

.437712

.450394

.463096

.475814

.488542

.,510186 .5114.58

..522914 .524186.50 .mOOOo.51

.501274

.

.

.

.

.53.5633 .536904

.548337 .549606

.561021 .562288

..55 .563555

.56 .57621257 .588835.58 .601423.59 .61397(I

.(WI,61

.::

.Iii

.638918

.(351310 6.

.i94,jl i

.702.597

.714599

.630210,64264].6 5501.5.667322.679561

.691720

.703802

.71.5793

.727690

.739488

.7.511s 1

.7627X+

.~74’21i

.~%547J9674?

. -. . -.706207

.716987 .718180

.728874 .730058

.740662 .7418 :)5

;,~j:]$; .753.506,763909 ,76.50.59.77.535.5 ,776493.7 Ui(ii4 ,7S779,S.797859 ,708969

1

.63.518 )

.647598

.659946

.672226

.684434

.696562

.708610

.768.502

.66

.fii

.(;s

.(icl .74417X

.7.5.%+27

.76735677876.5li900-K\.8011x6

.70

.71,;~

.Tii

.76

.77

.7X,79

.

.847341

,S57622

.867710.877.597

.887272

.896725

.905939

.914906

.923607,93~0~8

.940150

.947956

.9.5.5421

.962522

.805600

.X16537

.x~731~

.8:17934

.84X37R

.858639

.868708.87857.5

.888227

.897657

.906847

. -)15788

.9~4~(jl,Q~~~$~.940946

.948717

.95614S

.963211

yoml.817622,s~~387.S38987.84941:1

.X5965.5

.869704

.X8918(I

.8985S6

. )07754

.916668

.925314

.933677

. )41738

.’W7X(XI

.X18706.S08XW4.819788 .R20N;9.S:30.520 .831584.841(R5 .842133,%51476 .8.52506

.861680 .H62690

.871690 .872679.881494 ,882462

.891080 .892027

.900440 .901362

.9095.57 .910455

.918419 ,919291

.927089 .927853

.935313 .936128

.943312 .944095

.950983 .951732

.958306 .959019

. %5253 .965927

.X11(-M .812180

.821947 .%23024

.832647 .8:~~i08

.X43178 .844221

.%5:{532 .%54557

.863698 .86470’4

.873667 .874653.883428 .884393

.892971 .893913

. 302283 .903201

.91135o .912244

.920159 .921025

.928693 .929531

.936938 .937747

.944874 .945649

.952477 .953218

.959727 .960431

.966.595 .967260

.813271 .814361.825175.835824.846303.856602

.866709

.876618.886314

.895789

.90502 3

.914021

.922749

.931198

.939352

.947190

.954690

.961829

.968576

.80

.81.82

.x3

.x4

.949476

.956871, -363896

.90

.91

.92



420

PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)

H / D )2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, 13 .96922S . l(} )Kifi . )70.51 ) .9711,5X .971792 ,972422 .973048 .973669 .974285 .9748. -)4 .97.5.504 .976106 . )76704 .977’297 .9778%5 .978467 .979045 .979618 .980187 .9807

.95 . )s1:{0s .wlw ) . )82407 ,982 )48 ,9S:34S.5 .98401.5 .984541 .985060 .985573 .98608

.9(; ,9s6.7%3 .r)xiotu) .Wii.ww , )XS().YI.WM530 .Wmol .989466.989924 .990375 .990%

. )7 .99I‘2.5X. ) )1(}90 .9 )’2114. )w2,5:{().992939 . 3 )3340 .993733.994119 .994497 .9949

.98 .{} ).5~~~. ) )5,579 .995923 .9 )6257 . )96581 .996896 .997?00.997493 .997777 .9980

.99 . )98:30s. ) W.5.5.5 )98788 . KX)O(M. ?99212.9 39400 .999571.999721 .999849 .9991.00 I . 0 0 0 0 ( M )



P A R T I A LO L U M E S NO R I Z O N T A LY L I N D E R

( p e r c e n t a g ee l a t i o n fi a m e t e ro l u m e

421

L *





423

P A R T I A LO L U M E SNELLIPSOIDALHEADSA NPHERES

COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)

H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, .15625(3.26 .167648.27 .179334.28 .191’296.29 .203<522

.157376

.1688041.5X5(X3

.16 I W3

.1s1705J937Z(),~0599~

.218526

.~:]1289

.244280

.257483

.270889

.284484

.298256

.,17~~~9

.184086

.19615,5

.2084s4

.161912 .163054 .164198 .165345 .166495

.1734.56 .174626 .17.5799 .176974 .1781.53

.18.5281 .186479 .187679 .188S82 .190088

.197377 .198601 .199827 .201056 .20228S

.2097:30 .210979 .’212231 .21348.5 .214741

.

.31 .228718

.32 .2416CA

.33 .254826,:{4 .~fj~lgz

.

.

.

.

.

19792.232578

. . . . .0 . . . ,. . . . .. . . f .. . . . .

.

.258815

.272240

.285853

.299643

.313597

.327703

.341950

.356325

.370817

.395413

.400102

.414870

.35 .281750

.36 .295488.283116.296871.310793.324870.339090

.287224

.201031

.31504)1

.329122

.343382

.288597 .289972 .291348 .292727 .294106

.302421 .303812 .305205 .306600 .307996

.316406 .317813 .319222 .320632 .322043

.330542 .331963 .333386 .334810 .336235

.344815 .346250 .347685 .349122 .350561

.37 .309394<38 .323456.39 .337662

.312194

.326286

.340519

.354882

.369363

.383949

.398629

.413390

.40 .352000

.41 .366458

.42 .381024

.43 .395686

.44 .410432

.353441

.36791O

.382486

.397157

.411911

.357769

.372272

.386878

.401575

.416351

.359215 .3fXM61 .362109 :363557 .365007

.373728 .375185 .376644 .378103 .379563

.388344 .389810 .391278 .392746 .394216

.403049 .404524 .40f3000 .407477 .408954

.417833 .419315 .420798 .422281 .423765

.

.

.

.

.

.426735

.441619

.456.549

.471514

.486501

.428221

.443110

.458044

.473012

.488001

.429708

.444601

.459539

.474510

.489501

.431195 .432682 .434170 ,435659 .437148 .438638

.446093 .447586 .449079 .450572 .452066 .453560

.461035 .462531 .464028 .465524 .467021 .468519

.476008 .477507 .479005 .480504 .482003 .483503

.491000 .492500 .494000 .495500 .4970W3 .498500

.503000

.517997.504500.519496.534476.549428.564341

.506000

.520995

.535972

.550921

.565830

.507500 .509000 .510499 .511999 .513499

.522493 .523992 .525490 .526988 .528486

.537469 .538965 .540461 .541956 .543451

.552414 .553907 .555399 .556890 .558381

.567318 .568805 .570292 .571779 .573265

.50 .500000

.51 .514998

.52 .529984

.53 .544946

.54 .559872

.501500

.516497

.531481

.546440

.561362

.532979

.547934

.562852

.577719

.592523

.607254

.621897.636443

.650878

.665190

.679368

.693400

.707273

.720976

.734497

.747823

.760943

.773843

.786515

.798944

.811118

.823026

.834655

.55 .574750

.56 .58956S

.57 .604314

.58 .618976.59 .633542

.579202

.594000

.608722

.623356

.637891

.580685

.595476

.610190

.624815

.639339

.582167 .583649 .5S5130 ..586610 .588089

.596951 .598425 .599898 .601371 .602843

.611656 .613122 .614587 .616051 .617514

.626272 .627728 .629183 .630637 .632090.640785 .642231 .643675 .645118 .646559

.576235

.591046

.605784

.620437

.634993

.60 .648000

.61 .662338

.62 .676544

.63 .690606

.64 .704512

.649439

.66376.5

.677957

.692~4

.705894

.652315

.666614

.680778

.694795

.708652

.653750 .655185 .656618 .658050 .659481 .660910

.668037 .669458 .670878 .672297 .673714 .675130

.682187 .683594 .684999 .686403 .687806 .689207

.696188 .697579 .698969 .700357 .701744 .703129

.710028 .711403 .712776 .714147 .715,516 .716884

.723695 .725052 .726407 .727760 ,729111 .730461

.737178 .738516 .739851 .741185 .742517 .743846

.750464 .751781 .753096 ,754410 .755720 .757029

.763541 .764837 .766130 ,767422 .768711 ,769997

.776396 .777669 778940 .780208 .781474

.

.

.

.

.70 .784000

.71 796478

.72 .808704

.73 .820666

.74 .83235’2

.787769

.800173,812321

.824201

.835802

.78.5259

.797712

.809912

.821847

.833505

.75 .843750

.76 .854848

.77 .865634

.78 .876096

.79 .886222

.844873

.85.594r

.866695

.877124

.887216

.845994

.857031

.867753

.878148

.88S206

.

.

.

.

.

.848226 .849337 .850446 .851551 .852653 .853752

.859201 .860281 .861358 .862432 .863502 .864570

.869858 .870906 .871951 .872992 .874030 .875065

.880187 .881202 .882213 .883220 .884224 ,885225

.890176 .891155 .892131 .893104 .894073 .895038

.898864

.908171

.917103

.925648

.933793

.899811 .900755 .901695 .902631 .903564 .90449:1

.909082 .909988 .910891 .911790 .912685 .913576

.917976 .918844 .919708 .920568 .921425 .922277

.926481 .927309 .928134 ,928954 .929771 .930584

.934585 .935373 .936157 .9369:36 .93771’2 .938483

.80 .896000

.81 .905418

.8z .914464

.83 .923126

.84 .931392

.896958

.906340

.915348

.923971

.93~19f3

.897913

.907257



424

PARTIALVOLUMESN ELLIPSOIDALHEADSANDSPHERESCOEFFICIENTSCont.)

H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

. . . 1. , . , k l: ]i (j - . ) -l l, -)O1 . )4 . -, j: j. l . l .l ;f )( j: l

.S(} . . . . . . . i ( . .

\ . . . . .{ i . , , . .

. , . . . , , , . ., )(j(j:](j~ . )(jtj%li . . S . . . . 1

, 9 . . . , + , 1 , . 1ti,j .

. , 1 . . . J7 J,53J . )S()()17 . )S0477 . )S0 ):11 . )X1:{S,q~ , )~I$J24 ,OS~~(}~\ ,9~yyj7 .9%{126 . )s35.70 .9S:N69 ,WLHw . )s47 )1 .9S3L94 . )%359, ):; . )S5986 .9X6374 .986757 .9s71 ;\.; .9s7507 . )S7S74 ,f)SS2:3[i.{)8,WJ9:19%S94.j .9S920I

,94 , )H96:{2 .98996S .q~om)~ .99062 3 .9 W943 .9 )1’2.5S.091.567 . XI1871 .992169 .992462

,gj ,J)9~750 .9 )3032 . )93:;09 .993.581 . ) );s47 ,~\)4107 ,f)~~~(j~ .994(jlj . 194S,56 .9 ).50 )

.{)6 .9 ).5:VZ3 .~q.5.5.56 . )9.5778 ,<)~.50{)4 ,~)f)(j~ofi , ) )ti~11 .9 )(X311. IWLX(),5 )96994 .997177

.{)7 .997354 .997.526 .99769z .997SS2 .9 )S007 . ) )S1.56 .998:300 . ) )S4:17 .WXWIX).Wl lfi )

.q~ . -)9s816 .998931 . )99040 .9{19143 . ) )9240 .9w:J32 .999417 .999497 .9 W.J71 .999(L

.99 .999702 . J9W’5S . )99809 .WXW54 . NW89’2 .999925 .999952 , 10 ) )73.WW9N3 .9999971,001 ,()()(XM)O



425

A S( I nq u a r ee e t )

* m er e a ftraightlangesisnot i n c l u d e d nhi g u rt ha

O u t s i d ey l i n d r i c a l : 1S M E We m iFD i a m e t e rh e l ler E l l i p s o i d a ll a n g e dn dh e r i cH

of Vessel Lineal Foot H e a d *i s h e de a de aD i n c h e sn- x D) . 0 9 x2 )0 . 9 1X D 2 )5 7 0 820 .D

1 2. 1 4. 0 9. 9 2.

1 4. 6 6. 4 8. 2 5.

1 6. 1 9. 9 4. 6 4.

1 8. 7 1. 4 5. 0 7.

2 01 33 . 0 2. 5 6.

2 2. 7 6. 6 6. 1 0.

2 4. 2 8. 3 6. 6 8.

2 6. 8 1. 1 2. 3 2.

2 8. 3 2. 9 2. 0 0.

3 0. 8 5. 8 1. 7 6.

3 2. 3 7. 7 6. 5 31 .

3 4. 9 0. 7 5. 3 92 .

3 6. 4 3. 8 28 . 2 94 .

3 8. 9 40 . 9 3. 2 15 .

4 00 . 4 72 . 1 10 . 2 07 .

4 21 . 0 03 . 3 51 . 2 59 .

4 82 . 5 77 . 4 74 . 7 05 .

5 44 . 1 42 . 0 98 . 6 01 .

6 05 . 7 17 . 3 03 . 6 09 .

6 67 . 2 83 . 1 07 . 8 07 .

7 28 . 8 59 . 2 03 . 0 06 .

7 80 . 4 26 . 0 08 . 8 56 .

8 41 . 9 93 . 4 05 . 0 06 .

9 03 . 5 61 . 2 01 . 6 08 .

9 65 . 2 09 . 8 08 . 9 00 0 .

1 0 26 . 7 08 . 8 06 . 2 51 3 .

1 0 88 . 2 78 . 2 54 . 3 52 7 .

1 1 49 . 8 58 . 2 53 . 0 04 1 .

1 2 01 . 5 00 9 . 0 02 . 0 05 7 .

1 2 62 . 9 9~ ( ) . 1 10 0 . 8 57 3 .

1 3 24 . 5 63 2 . 0 01 1 . 5 09 0 .

1 3 86 . 2 04 4 . 0 02 1 . 5 00 7 . 0

1 4 47 . 7 05 7 . 0 03 2 . 2 02 6 . 1



D I

W I T HI L L I M E T E RQ U I V A L E N T S

D e c i m a li ” i -e c i m a lilli-Decimal

Milli-

meterDecimal

Mm m

g 9A . 7 . 1 . i

: 1 . 7 . 1

; ;

.

2 .

2

8 . 1 .

9 1 2

. 3 . I 9 . 1 . 2

. 4 . 11 . 1 . 2

. 5 . 1 ; 1 . 2

6 ~ 1 1 1 2

D A F

INCHES

In. o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1

0 .0000 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . , , . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

X . . . . . . . . . . .

. , . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

~ . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . , . . . .

~ . . . . . . , . . . .

. , . . . . . . . ,

. . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . , . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . , .



42

METRIC SYSTEMOF MEASUREMENT

This systemhasthe advantagethatit isa coherentsystem.Eachquantityhasonlyoneunitandallbaseunitsarerelatedtoeachother.Thefractionsandmultiplesoftheunits

are made in the decimal system.

U O M M

LengthAreaVolumeWeight/masslTimeTemperature

unit

meter

meter2

meter 3

gram

second

degree Celsius

symbol equivalent ofm 39.37 in

1.196 sq.yard

1.310 cu.yard

0.035 Oz

second

O“C = 32°F100”C = + 212°F

MUL~PLES AND FRACTIONSOF UNITS

S y m b o l

mcdD

hkM

prefix I Unit Multiplied by I N a

m i k r om i n ic e n t id e c id e k a

h e k t ok i l om e g a

] ( ) . 6

1 0 . 3

1 0 . 2

1 0 - 1

1 0

1 0 21 0 3

1 0 6

m i l lt h o u sh u n dt et

h u nt h o um i l

EXAMPLE:Unitof weightis gram; 1000gramis onekilogram,1 kg

1,000m= 1kilometer,km

MEASURESOF LENGTHUNIT: METER, m

z

I*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm

Z ~ 1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 mgs~ ~ 1millimeter, mm = 0.001 m

*not used in practice



428

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

TLJ

1, 0,000m2 = I < ~

= I

= 1 a *

MEASURESOF AREAUNIT:SQUAREMETER,m2

2 *I sq. decimeter, dm2 = 0.01m2or ~ 1 sq. centimeter, cm2 = 0.0001m2~ -J 1 sq. millimeter, mm2 = 0.000,001m2~ LL o i nr a c t i c e

MEASURES OF VOLUME

UNIT: CUBIC METER. m3

1 hectoliter, hl = O.lm~

1 liter, 1 = 0.001m3cu. centimeter = 0.000,001m3

cu. millimeter = 0.000,000,001m3

1 g= 1 t t G

100,000 g = 1 quintal, q I

,000 g = 1 kilogram, kg~~

10 g = 1 dekagram, dg ~ ~

1

MEASURES OF WEIGHT

UNIT: GRAM, gE

L

o ~ centigram, cg = 0.01 gG ~~ -J milligram, mg = 0.001 g L



42

M S O M

M E A S U R E S FE N G T H

k md m m mm

1 km 1

~ &

l m

1 c m0 . 50 - 20 - 11 04 107

1 m m0 - 60 - 30 - 20 - 11 0

I p .0 - 90 - 60 - 50 - 40 -1

1 m p 1 0 -

MEASURESOF AREA

k m 2 aa m

1 k m ’1 0 20 40 60 0 1

1 ha 1 0 - 21 0 20 40

0010l a0 - 410-’ 1 1 0 20 0

1 m 20 - 60 . 41 0 - 21 0 0 4

1 d m z0 - 80 - 60 - 41 0 - 2102 . 1

1 c m z0 - 1 00 - 80 . 6( ) - 40 -1

1 m m 20 - 1 20-10 1 0 - 80 - 60 -0 -

M E A S U R E S FO L U M E

m 3 ld m 3m m

1 m 31 00 3( 3 30 0

1 hl 10-1 1 1 0 2( 3 20 0

1 10 - 30 - 21 1 1 0 0

1 d m s0 - 30 - 21 1 ( 3 0

1 c m s0 - 60 - 50 . 30 - 31 0

1 m m J0 - 90 - 80 - 60 - 60 -

MEASURESOF WEIGHT

t ~ kg dg g Cg mg

It 1 10 103 105 106 108 109

lq 10-1 1 102 104 105 107 108

1kg 10-3 10-2 1 102 103 105 1061dg 10-5 10.4 10-2 1 10 103 104lg 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-1 1 102 103

1 Cg 10-8 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-’2 1 101 mg 10-9 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-3 10-1 1

EXAMPLECALCULATION

Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm inside diameter and

10,000 mm length: 3.1416 x 1,0002 x 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm3

31,416 liter, 1

31.416 cu. meter, m

(The weight of one liter of pure water at the maximum 31416 kilogram, kg

density (4”C) equals one kilogram.)



430

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

RECOMMENDEDRESSUREVESSELDIAMETERS

Diameter Diameterin Diameter Diameterinin inches millimeters in inches millimeters

24-30 630 66-72 1,600

36 800 78-90 2,000

42-48 1,000 96-120 2,500

54-60 1,250 126-156 3,150

RECOMMENDEDANKDIAMETERS,

Diameters Diameters Diameters Diametersin API feet in meters in API feet in meters

10 3.15 70-80 20.00

15 4.00 90-100 25.00

20 5.00 120 31.5025 6.30 140-163 40.00

30 8.00 180-200 50.0035-40 10.00 220-240 63.0045-50 12.50 260-300 80.00

60 16.00

The recommendeddiametersare basedon a geometricprogression,calledRenarSeries(R1O)of PreferredNumbers.*

Dimensionsondrawingsshallbe expressedinmillimeters.Thesymbolformillimeters,mm (nop e r i o d )e e do t eh o w n nh er a w i n g s .o w e v e ho l l

s h a l l eh o w n nh ea r a w i n g s :L LI M E N S I O N SRM I L L I M

D i m e n s i o n sb o v ed i g i t s ni l l i m e t e r sa y b ex p r e s s e dm e t e r s (1

Scales @Metric Drawings: enlarging the object, 2, 5, 10, 20 times reducing the

object in proportion of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:100

*Reference: M a k i n g tith Metric, The National Board of Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Inspectors.



2

i

I









II

I

t

I

II

I

I

I



I

I

I

I

I

I



I0

‘“T“

r

4

m

A

G

c

i

I

Occnm

me

F

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

r

wew@rmm



————

I



t

i



I

.



441

CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE

D E G R E E S OA D I A N S

1 DEGREE = + = 0.01745 RADIANS

1234

56789

[011121314

1516171819

2021222324

2526272829

3031323334

3536373839

4041424344

454647

4849

50

—

0.01745330.03490660.05235990,0698132

0.08726650.10471980.12217300.1396263

0 . 2 0 9 4 3 9 50 , 2 2 6 8 9 2 80 . 2 4 4 3 4 6 1

0 . 2 6 1 7 9 40 . 2 7 9 2 S 70 . 2 9 6 7 0 6 00,31415930,3316126

0.34906590.366S1910.38397240.40142570.4188790

0.43633230.45378560.47123890.48869220.50614S5

0.52359880.54105210.55850540.57595870.5934119

0.61086520,62831850.64577180,66322510.6806784

0.69813170.715S8500,73303830.75049160,7679449

0,78539820.80285150.8203047

0,83775800.8552113

0.87266460.89011790.90757120.92502450,9424778

0.95993.097738440.99483771.01229

—

0

i2;3;4

;5;6575859

7071727374

7576777879

8081828384

8586878889

9091929394

9596979899

0001020304

050607

08’09

‘lo

—

D e w e e s

120°121122[23[24

125[26127128129

130131132133134

135136137138139

140141142143144

145146147148149

150151

1521s3154

155156157158159

160161162163164

165166167

168169

170171172173174

175176177178179

180

—

—

o1234

56789

—

M i n u t ee c

~1234

56789

—

0

0

0 ,



442

C T – D

R A D I A N S OE G R E E S

1 R A D I A N~ = 5 7 . 2 9 5 7 8E G R E E

R a d i a n senthsTen-

iiundrcdths Thousandths t

1 ’ 5 ’ 6 o ~ ’ j O0 0 “.

2 114035 ’29“.6 11027‘33“. O I 0 8’41”.3 00 6‘52”, 5 00 0’41“3 17105314“.4 1701‘19“. 4 1043Q7“.9

22901039“.2O010‘ 8 1

4 6 1 f

5 2 I 1

6 3 O

7

8 1I 8 2 1

9 O

E X A M P L E S

1 .h a n g e7 °6 ’4 ” oa d i a

S o l u t i o n :r o ma b l e np p o s i ta

8 7 01 . 5 1 8 4 3 5 4a d i a

26’ = 0 . 0 0 7 5 6 3 1a d i a

3 4 ”0 . 0 0 0 1 6 4 8a d i a

~ 7 06 s4 7 ’1 . 5 2 6 1 6 4 3a d i a

2 .h a n g e. 5 2 6 2a d i a n s oe g r e e

S o l u t i o n :r o ma b l eb o v e

1 r a d i a n5 7 074 - 8 t

0 . 52 8 °82 . 4

0 . 0 21 05 . 3

0 . 0 0 60 °07 . 6

0 . 0 0 0 20 01 . 3

1 . 5 2 6 28 6 °32 1 . 4

= 8 7 061 . 4



443

CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE

MINUTESANDSECONDSTO DECIMALSOF A DECREETODECIMALSOF A DEGREE MINUTESANDSECONDS

, 0 o 0 ‘ “ o ‘ “

o 0 o’ o“ 30’ 0“1 1 028 001 o’ 4“ 51 30’ 36”2 0333 2 056 0023

o’ 7“ 52 31’ 12”0500 3 083 003 o’ 11”

453

066731’ 48”

4 111 004 o’ 14”5 0 5 0 0.005

32’ 24”O’ 18” 0.;} 33’ 0“

6 67 78 8

250 00913 0.1667 1; 0 0.00 o’ o“ O.:\ 36’ 0“

3’ o“ 39’ 0“

o% 6’ 0“ 0.%

0.i: 9’ 0“ 0.% 45’ 0“26 4333 26 722 16 9’ 36” 76 45’ 36”27 4500 27 750 17 10’ 12” 77 46’ 12”28 4667 28 778 18 10’ 48” 78 46’ 48”29 4833 29 80630 30

11’ 24” 47’ 24”0.5000 0.00833 o.% 12’ 0“ O.;’b 4.8’ O“

31 5167 31 861 21 12’ 36” 81 48’ 36”32 5333 32 889 22 13’ 12” 82 49’ 12”33 5500 33 917 23 13’ 48” 83 49’ 48”34 5667 34 94435

14’ 24”35

50’ 24”0.5833 0.00972 o% 15’ 0“ 0.;: 51’ o“

36 6000 36 01000 26 15’ 36” 8637 6167 37

51’ 36”028 27 16’ 12” 87 52’ 12”

38 6333 38 056 28 16’ 48” 88 52’ 48”6500 083

::17’ 24”

0.6667 :; 0.01111 o% 18’ O“ 0.%41 6833 41

54’ o“139 31 18’ 36” 91 54’ 36”

42 7000 42 167 32 19’ 12” 9243 7167 43

55’ 12194 33 19’ 48” 93 55’ 48”

44 7333 44 22245

20’ 24”45 0.:: 21’ o“

56’ 24”0.7500 0.01250 0.32 57’ o“

46 7667 46 278 36 21’ 36” 96 57’ 36”47 7833 47 306 37 22’ 12” 9748 8000 48 333

58’ 1238 22’ 48” 98

4958’ 48”

8167 49 36150

23’ 24”50 0.;: 24’ O“

59’ 24”0.8333 0.01389 1.% 60’ O

51 8500 51 417 41 24’ 36” 10 66’ O52 8667 52 444 42 25’ 12” 20 72’ O53 8833 53 472 43 25’ 48” 30 78’ O54 9000 50055

26’ 24”0.9167 :: 0.1: 27’ O“

84’ O0.01528 1.% 90’ o“

56 9333 56 556 46 27’ 36” 60 96’ O57 9500 57 583 47 28’ 12” 7058

102’ o“9667 58 611 48 28’ 48” 809833

108’ O639

%29’ 24”

1.000 ;?) 0.01667 o% 30’ 0“114’ o“

2.;: 120’ o“, 0 ,9 0 0 ‘ and “ o ‘ and “



‘mw

o





446

C F( F o ro n v e r s i o na c t o r se e t i n gh et a n d a r d s fh e 1e t r i cy s t e me fA S3

M U L T I P L Y B YO B

c e n t i m e t e r s....................................... 3 . 2 8 0 8 3l & 2e e

c e n t i m e t e r s....................................... . 3 9 3 7

...............................

:ubic feet ...........................................

:ubic feet ...........................................:ubic feet ...........................................

.......................................

......................................

......................................

.........................................

. ... . .... . . .. . .... . . ..

........................................

.....................................................

.....................

.....................

.....................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .... .. ... . . ...

...........................

..............................

.................................................

d l...... .....................

.............

iters ...................................................

meters ............................ ...................

meters ................................................meters ................................................

statute .....................................

..........................................

..........................................

............................

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

radians ...............................................

............................

....................................

....................................

......................................

......................................

. . . . . . .

...........................................

.. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . ... . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . ... .. . .. .

.. . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. .. ....

..........................................

..........................................

y a. . . . .



PART IV.

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

3. CenterofGravity .................................................................................. 4

4. BeamFormulas..................................................................................... 4

5. DesignofWelded Joints....................................................................... 45

6. ExampleofCalculations ....................................................................... 46

7. BoltedConnections............................................................................... 46



448

S TS F

DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS s~ =Bendingstress,psiA =Cross s e c t i o n a lr e a ,n 2 . ~Shearstress,psiAR =RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ =Allowabletensileor compressiv

I =Momentof inertia, in4 stress, siM =Moment, in-lb S~* tAlIowale bendingstress,psi.M* =Allowablemoment,in-lb s~~ =Allowableshearstress,psi.P = F o r c e ,b Y = Distance from neutral axis toPA = Allowable force. lb extreme fiber, ins =Tensile or compressivestress, psi Z = Section modulus, in3

TYPE OF LOADING EXAMPLES

p-p ;:i;;;, The stress in a 2x % in. bar made from

JSA 285-C steel due to 5,000 lb. tension

A, = $:in21 load is:TENSION Area, A = 2x V4= 0.5 in2;

. s = + (psi) S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000p

P

A+PA = AS4 (lb)

p (in2)AR = — To support a load of 11,000Ibs. inCOMPRESSION s~ compression, the required area of stee

P

m

bar m a d er o2 8 tp ( p s i )~ >

PAR = — = E = 0.5 inz

PA = AS~~ (lb) s~ ,.L. -

A p SingleAR =$~~n2)

The required area of bolt made from

Q

= ~A(psi)SA-307B steel to support a load of

>2~ s~ 15,000lbs. in double shear:~P

P/2+— P A2AS~~ (lb) AR =~ =2s,4 .*~51’~~o~=0.75 in’

Double A – p (in2)

SHEAR 2ss~

M = P/ (in-lb) Themaximumbendingmomentat the

P[ MA = ZS~ (in-lb) sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a

Q

Joa of 1,000Ibs. acting at a distance o

M (in3)zjQ= sr-- 60inchesfromthe support:

M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb.s = ; (psi)

BENDING S* = ~, (psi) Section modulus

mm If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4

d-Y axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.

Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3

u

z=~y axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.

b =Ily = 10.67I2= .335 in3

SECTION MODULUs



44

A STRESSESFOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES

TYPEOF STRESS&JOINT ALLOWABLESTRESS SOURC

;TEEL CODE

Bearing1

1.60x The values of UCS-23Shear 0.80x tables UCS-23 Notes

Compression 0.60xrension (except pin eonneetion)

}

Specified0.60x American

Bending 0.66 xminimum Institute

~hear 0.40 x yield stress of Steel

Bearing (on projected area of bolts Min. tensile C o n1 . 5

i nh e a r no n n e c t i o n ) s t r e n g

W E L D E DO I N T FT E E L

Fullpenetration groove weld same as for thetension, compression, shear steel welded

Partial penetration groove weld American1. tension transverse to axis of weld, Welding

shear on throat 13,600psi Society2. tension parallel to axis of weld or same as for the

compression on throat steel welded

Fdlet weld, shear on throat 13,600psi

(using throat dimension)9,600 psi(using leg dimension)

Plug or slot weld same as filletweld i1,



. - -

P RS

D E F I N I T I O N FY M B O I J jr = Radius of gyration, ~~

A = A r e a ,n .Y = D i s t a n c exe x t

1 = i n .z = i n

1

y1----1

L, , ,.. . , . , : . . :, . .

—’:”

\@a 2

K

/

ab

\

/ “ — ~

\

Ya :“ .:.”’

E h-

‘ I - Q

f =

Z =

r = 0.289a

r = 0.S77a

A = az

y = a

I =

Z = 0.118 a~

r = 0.289a

A =

Z =~’–

r = 0.289 U2+b2

A =

y = 0.707a

I 12Z =(0.118a’ –

r = 0,289 +

A = bd

y = Y2d

I =

Z =

r = 0,289d 1

E&.:,,::::,,.,.,:.

h “~~ . ~~

: ’“i Y

u

k

b

w

.. -

A = bd

I =

Z =

r = 0.577d

A =

y = Yzd

I

Z – d

‘=

A = ‘~ bd

I =

Z =

r = d

I =

Z =

r = 0.408d

A =

Y = +

~ = +

( b

~ - ( 4 a +b

1 ( 2

A =

Y =

I =

Z =

r =



451

P RS

D E F I N I T I O N FY M B O L S.

A = z c x { ri1 = Moment of inertia, in.4 z = Section modulus, ,

A = A =

w

,. :

F

~ = ~– +y =

? ,,,.,,,.-- ,.,.:,. I =

[

.,.,,:,. .:::.:.

LY

i =, ,

Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D,.,,,:.,.:,:,:.:.:.,;..:.:......., -(a -

dr u

z = I /r = f

S e c t i o n fh i na l l e d 4= b—t)

IGi

c y l i n d e rh e n >0 1

I i 5 3

~ ~, 7~ . b– ((l?d+a)+dz

R A = +

.:::::— 1 =Y

~

1 = R’( r[ z = R’[ r

L

z =

r = O. a r

A =

E

A = bd - h (b – t)

Y =Y = d

Z =d s

r = 0.132 d 6

A =

Y =

I

Z

r

A =

y =

i = [bd’–h’(b–O]12

Z

/4 = bs + h( A =

? :......... y =.... + 2:~,:-

i ~ fj = 1.............................

Yz =

r



452

C G

‘ h eenter of gravity of an area or body is the point through which about any axis thloment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneousmaterial at the centerravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions.

‘he center of gravityof symmetricalareasass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincides1eeometrical center of the area. For arqas w i c h . a r eoymmetricalor whichareYmmetricalbout one axn only,the centerof gravitymaybe determinedby calcula

The center of gravity is located on the centerline ofsymmetry. (Axis y –y)To determine the exact location of it:

Y

25+.

c

IC.g”

Y ~- b

x x

Y a

EXAMPLE #1

Y

h

c1

1 .

2.

3.

Divide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate tharea of each. (A, B, C)Determine the center of gravity of the rectangleand determine the distances a b and c to aselected axis (x– x) per endicular to axis y– y.

ralculate distance y to ocate the center of gravi

by the f o r m u l a :

-

y = Aa+ Bb +

A +B+ C

A s s u m i n go rr e a se c t a n g l=16, B= 14and C= 12 square inches and for the distances ocenter of gravities: a = 1, b = 5 and c= 9 inches.

y = 16X 1+14X5+12X 9 = 4462in.

16+14+ 12

The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The

genter of gravitymay be determined y calculatingthe moments with reference to two selected axes. Tdetermine the distances of center of gravity to thesa x e s :1 .ivide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate t

areas of each. (A, B, C)2 .e t e r m i n eh ee n t eg r a v it e

%n dh ei s t a n c e s ,a nt a x t e,

( 4cj- d i s t a n c e sl, bl, c, t x i– y... -. Calculatedistancesx andy bythe formulas:

- x

\ -+- x = AuI +Bbl +Cclc A.

b ccl+ A+B+C

- ‘A1 Y

x 1’ t xa al y = Aa+Bb +Cc

— A+B+CY

A s s u m i n go rr e a se c t a n g l= 1 B =14E X A M P L E 2n d = 2q u a r en c h en oi s t

c e n t e r fr a v i t i e s := 1 b = 5= 9: 4, b,=1and c,=3

~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in.y = 16X1+ 14x5+12x8 = 4.62 in.

16+ 14+ 12 16+ 14+ 12



4

C G

rA

A

T R I A N G L E

\ T h ee n t e r fr a v i t y s th en t e r s e c t i o nl i nD a BE,h \ E

Lw h i c hi s e c the sides BC and A Che p e r p e n d ii

‘ \r o mh ee n t e r fr a v i t y ony one of the sides is equal toB c t h i r dh ee i g h te r p e n d i c u l a r oh aide. Hence,a = h + 3

. I - ” D 7R A P E Z O I D

B

m

r

T h ee n t e r fr a v i t y s nh ei no i n i nhi dor p a r a l l e li n e sB DE.

h e

1

= ~ (a + 2 b) ~ = h (2 a + b)c

3 (a+ b) 3 (a+ b)‘D

1---IEd

a 2e =

f J-- 3 ( a

SECTOR OF CIRCLE

ADistance b from center of gravity to center of circleis:

2 rc = r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a

@

r

T

b‘T E - o

/< i nh i c h= of sector, a i x p r e s sd e ga

4

For the area of a half-circle:b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r

For the area of a quarter circle:b

b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02rF o rh er e a fs i x t h fc i r c l e

b = 2 r + T= 0.6366r

1

SEGMENT OF CIRCLE

r The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle

l=$kl

C is: ~3

b = —r3 s i n

b 12A = 3 A

in which A ==area of segment.

&

R PART OF CIRCULAR RING

rb from center of gravity to center of circleis:

b = 38.197 ‘$~$a

h A n g l ei sx p r e s s e d negrees.

3

FRUSTUM OF CONE

} For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula:= h (R2+ 2 R 3 rz)

ari- 4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)

I

T h eo c a t i o n fh ee n t e r fr a v i t yt ho n iu ao

h frustum of a cone is determined by:

d

– h ( R +r* P a – 3(R+ r)



4

C G

EXAMPLES

A 1 = 0 0 ’o “I

I2r-o”-

80 Ibs

75000 Ibs b

’600 Ibs

x I2’-6” 1800

600

78880

75000 x 50’ + 80 X 2’ + 1800 X iO’ + 800 X102’+ 600 X 2’-6” + 600 X 97’ 6”

x==

Ibs

4,017,760= 50,935’ = 50” – I 1.1/4”

= 78,880

B 108’-0”t’

9

6’-0”– 42’-0” 2’-0” 56’4’)” 2’

5’-0” (24000 Ibs) ~ (17000 Ibs)

2400 I b s =900 lbs & I 1000 Ibkt , +

A [

x

. -

*

weight:

17000lb

1400lb

1

2400 x ~’+ 24000x 27’+ 100ox 49’ + 1 7 0 0 0 x8 ’ +4 ( J O X0 7 ’9 0 1x = .4 7 , 7 o Obs.

2200,900=—= 46.14’ = 46’-1] ’16”47.700



4

B F

D E F I N I T I O N FY M B O L SW’ = load, lb.E =

V =

r = v =

I = w = u n i f o r m l yi s t r i b uo= M o m e n t fo r c e ,n .b .= D i s t a n c ea r a l la xi

P= F o r c e fo n c e n t r a t e do a d ,b .= D e f l e c t i o nn

R = e =

Cantilever fixed at one end – Concentrated load at free end

~

R PK

R A tu p p o r t ,PM X = P

x

1 A tree end, Arnu = $& Ax = ~6EI ‘2’3

– 312X+ X3

Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point

P R= V=Pb

-

a A tupport, = P

Y When x>a = – a)

R At free end, Amu =Pb3

II~ (31- b)

p , -j A -Whenx<a Whenx>a

= Pb2 (31 _ 3X – b) AX = p – ‘)’ (3b – I + %x

6 E I E

Cantilever fixed at one end – Uniform load over entire spanR = V = Wi

Vx = Wx

R W12A tupport, l14max ~ Mx= +

W14At freeend, = — A - – 4 13

8 E I4 E

Cantilever fixed at one end – Load increasing uniformly from free end to support

R ==w Vx=WA M x12

R w= -+-WI

A tupport, = —3

W13At free end, A m a x~ 1&

& ) E5

W12free end, O = + —

Z2EI



456

B F5 Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span

P

B

12 1/2 R] = R2 = v = P/2

PlA toad, = —

PW h e< 1 1

RI R2 4

x P 1 3l o a d ,m a x—

4 8 E In d= – ~ =

1 61

‘ x3 /4 X ’h e n< 1 / 2 X~ 1

6 S u p p o r t e d to t hn d so n c e n t r a t e do aa no iPbMax w h e n< b R~ = V/ = — A l o a—1 1

P Max when a >b R2 = V2 = — Pb

m

a b W h e<X —1

&>~ when a > b A rnti= — i 1– b~)s

RI 2A l o.

3x

W h e n<a Ax = ~bx1 3(1’ – b’–X2)

91=– (2al + –3a’)

A tnds,= + —

-

7 S u p p o r t e d to t hn d sw on e q u a lo n c e n t r a t e do a d sq u a lp a

R ==P = W h e<a MX= PP, P2

B

a a A tenter, Arnax ~ (3f’– 4a2)

RI R Ih e n= —:1 ’31a

– 3a2 – X2}

x When X>u AXbut x <(1– Q)

= ~ (3h - 3X2– az)1

At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 – a)

8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from end+ P2b ~2 = + P2(1-

PPRI =V1 =

I 1

B

a bWhenx when RIQ1 Ml = RIbut X – v

= – PIRI R1 Maxw h 2 = R2

W h e n<a M. = RI X1

W h e n >but x < (1 - b) MX = RI x – (X – a)

) a both ends Uniformload overentirespanWI

R = V- - j -(l

=W —-2 )

W P~ ‘ te n t e r ’m a- - j -

x( - x)1

center,Arnu=~ Ax‘ ’

– +

1*

At ends, O = —24EI



457

B Fo ends Uniform load partially distributed over span’

Max w h e n< c= ~ (2c + b)

,l~lR lvlaxwhena~:V =~(2.,~)

‘b

W h e n> au t< ( ab) = – –

2x Mmax = RI a +

2WAt x = a + ~

Iw

When x <a =RIX

When x>a but Mx =R I X( – a)2

W h e n> ( a +) = –

12 p 1/2F i x e d to t hn d so n c e n t r a t e do a di d - s p

‘ ~

R = V; $tte;e~;er and M... . ~8

$ <,W h e n< 1 / 2

Pi x .. = ~ (4x – 1)

\ \/ A = & A = - 4

~ Fixed at both ends Uni~orm load over entire span

\ R = V = 7x = w (- x

/II[i; I II I1] ‘/R J tn d s ,

A ‘ ‘

xW A enter, M =

1M .W/2 (61x– i2 – 6XZ)

At center,W14

= —= 3

(1 - X)2

3 Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam

x R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2) VXI = WXI V. = W(X– 112)

u

For overhang, = ~ A upport, M =

m B e t w e e nu p p o r t s ,. = ~ (lx – X2– a’)

A t– 4x

a a Whena = . x total lengthorA = .3541

R, RIWP

M = M C—1 6



458

D W JFOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS

GROOVE-AWELD

Groovew a u a c ot b m F g W t ss a a f t m t t j

FILLET WELD

S u efw e l d

throat

b

/The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the legdimension of the largest 45° ri ht triangle inscribed

‘.. 8. . in the cross section of the wel .

I-1---J%’ The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis theface

K

shortestdistancefromthe root to the faceof thefilletweld.

,,

Throatdimension= 0.707 x leg dimensionroot

MinimumWeldsize*\

Thicknessof the thickerplate, in.over

1/2 3/4 ‘/2 ZY4 6 6

Minimum fillet weld size, in. 3/16 ‘/4 %6 % ‘/2 5/8

* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined

Economyof filletwelding1. Usethe minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desiredstrength.

2.

3.

Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ectproportion, the volume (and costs) of itwill increase with the square of its size.L o c a t ee l d ov o i dc c e n t r i c i t y , o ee a d i l yc c e s s i b l e ,nd o w n - wp o s i t i o n .A p p l yi l l e te l dr a n s v e r s e l y oh eo r c e oc h i e v er e a t et r e n g

/ )

AllowableLoadThe strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode useFor carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips)er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson a %6” le x 1“I f W

F % 4rx a m p l e :h el l o w a b l eo a d n% “1 “o n gi l l e te lx 0 = 2 0 I

C o m b i n e do a d sS h e a rt r e s sn de n d i n g ro r s i o n a lt r e s s e su e oc c e n t r i co a d i nc ov e c t o r i a l l y . t sa s e d nh el a s t i ch e o r yn dr o v i d e ss i m p l i f i no n sm e t h o d .



-rd7

D W JFOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS

~ subjectedto bendingmoment,in2

A WLength of weld, in.V = V e r t i c a lh e ai

f = A l l o w $ b l eo a d ne l d ,. 6i p s= F i l l e te lei m e n

~ = L o a di l le li

p e r. l e g - a r e a l i n e a ln cw e= B e n d i n go m e n t ,i p ss = Avera e vertical shear on fillet

P = Allowable concentrated axial Eeld, ips per lin. inch of weldw~ = Bending force on weld, kips per?

w

“ “

COMPRESSION VERTICAL SHE,AR BENDING

RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32

EXAMPLE #1Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5inches and the tensional load 20 kips.

20,000Ibs.

$

~ . -P- .’ 20—= 2.35 kips per lin. in.

o

A,,, 8.5

ww=— = 0.24; use X“ fillet weldf .

EXAMPLE #2

Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6” eachside) and the load 9 kips.

& 62Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 in’

9,000 lbs

d

3’ M 3x9

Bending Force, ~ = — = 2.25 kips per lin. inchw 12

vShearForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kipsper lin. inch

Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2=

~ 2 + 0 = kips per lin. inch.

W 2.37Fillet weld size, w = — =— = .247”; use K“ fillet weld

f 9.6



460

DESIG~ OF’ W JPROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES1 I

t

d2

x x s. = —6—. --

L— —

b

i - l

r r

++ — xi x

II Y

- -b

1- l

x

v

d zs ‘ ~

I

S Wb d

d ( 4 bd )S wt o p )~

d 34 bd )S Wb o t t o m )—

6 (2b+d)

(max.stress at bottom)

s Wb d:

, I

b1

A

Y

I

d ~ – +IY

b

t - l

1 +

d x - x

1 0

dx – x

d ( 2 bd )S wt o p )~

d 22b+d);W= ( b o t t o m ) )

( m a x .o r c e to t t o m )

SW. hi

d 2S w~



46

E XA



E XA

EXAMPLE #2

A vertical vessel is supported by twoI

beams.The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs_===------=--- _-.---=---- .- .

1 = 120 in Assume pin joint

The load on one beam:

Moment:

P l0,000x 120M =—= = 300,000in-l

4 4I

10’-0” Required section modulus:d

z=S*

Assumingfor allowable stress, SA:20,000psi,

ISection modulus:

I z= 300,000: = 15 in3b 20,000

I The section modulus of a wide flange8WF 20 is 17 in3Moment of inertia: 69.2

Stress at the center of wide flange:

MSz

300,000=—= = 17,647psi10,000 lbs 17

I Deflection:A A

A = ~ =0,000x 1203

48EI 48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=

.1794 in - %6 h.



463

B CFOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS

NOMINAL REQUIREDBOLTLENGTH=BOLT GRIP+ D1MENS1ONSELOW, n c h e s

D I * y ” : T E R OA S H E R SW A S H E RW A S H E R S

1 A1 / , 6/ 8

% 7 / 8f 1 ~

1 1~ 1 5 / 1 6

7 1 i 1 1y16

1 1~ 1%6 f ?46

1 1 E 1 I 1 1

1 1 l

1 l 1 2

1Y 27 / 82 ~ 1 6~ 1 6

MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACETheminimumdistancefrom the center of bolt hole to any edge

BOLT MINIMUMEDGEDISTANCEDIAMETER A TH E A R E D TO L L E D

mo

7 2 / 8 / 4z—

51 ~ 7 / 8

3g

3 / 4y 4.

1 m

1/8 1y2 1~ . -

1 1 ~ 4?

1% 2l y z

4 L E1 ~2 y 45 / 8D I S2 y 8- y B

BOLTHOLES shall be ~16° larger than bolt diameter.

ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips

SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C, SA 285C, SA 36

NominalDiameter vi 3 / 4/ 8o fo l t

1 1y 11 /E

T e n s i l et r e s sA r e a , n

. 2 2 6 0. 3 3 4 5. 4 6 1 7. 6 0 5 7. 7 6 3. 9 6.

A l l o w a b l eo a d s4 , 5 2. 6 9. 2 32 . 1 15 . 29 .3

i ne n s i o n

A l l o w a b l eS i n g l e. 0 7. 4 2. 0 1. 8 5. 92 .4L o a d s nS h e a ro u b l e. 1 4. 8 42 . 0 35 . 7 19 . 84 ,9





PARTV.

.MISCELLANEOUS

1. Abbreviations....................................................................................... 466

2. Codes,Standards,Specifications.......................................................... 470

3. Boiler and PressureVesselLaws.......................................................... 474

4. List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes,Standards or Specifications Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . 476

5. Literature............................................................................................... 479

6. Definitions ............................................................................................ 483

7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~.i.~~~.~~~mu~~tiomofiu.ti.ti.m.o.ti.~. 494



466

A

COMPILED:From 1 .SAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONSORUSEONDRAWINGS

2. ASAZIO.I-I941 ABBREVIATIONSOR

SCIENTIFIC&ENGINEERINGTERMS

ADDED: ABBREVIATIONSGENERALLYUSEDONVESSEL&PIPINGDRAWINGS

AB AnchorBolt Ccw CounterClockwise

AISC AmericanInstitute cfm CubicFoot per

of SteelConstruc- Minute

tion CFW ContinuousFillet

ALLOW Allowance Weld

Allowable CG CommercialGrade

ANSI AmericanNational CG CenterofGravityStandardsInstitute cm Centimeter

ASA AmericanStandard %Centerline

Association %to%Centerlineto

API AmericanPetroleum Centerline

Institute co Company

APPROX Approximately CONC Concentric

ASB Asbestos CPLG Coupling

ASME AmericanSocietyof CORR

MechanicalEngin- ALLOW CorrosionAllowance

eers COUP CouplingASTM AmericanSociety CRS ColdRolled

forTestingMat’ls. SteelAVG A v e r a g es Carbon Steel

bbl Barrel c to c C e n tC e

B Co l ti r c l e T Re n t

B E Ve v e l uu b

B L Dl i n d u .t .u bo

B O Po t t o m fi p e wl o c k w

B O To t t o m W Tu n d re

B R K Tr a c k e t co w n c o

b t ur i t i s hh e r m a l E Ho u bx

U n i t H e a

B We v e le l d E Te t a

B W Gi r m i n g h a mire DIA Diameter

Gauge DIAM Diameter

c DegreeCentigrade DIM Dimension

CA Corrosion Allowance DP DesignPressure



4

ABBREVIATIONScont.)

DT’L Detail HLA HighLevelAlarm

DWG Drawing HLL HighLiquidLevel

EA Each HLSD High Level Shut

EH Extra Heavy Down

EL Elevation HR Hot Rolled

ELEV Elevation HT Heat Treatment

ELL Elbow ID Inside Diameter

ELLIP Ellipse, Elliptical, in inches

Ellipsoid INCL Including, Included

EQ Equal, Equally INS Inspection

ETC Et Cetera INT Internal

EXT External JE Joint Efficiency

F Fahrenheit kg KilogramF-F Face to Face 1 Liter

F&D Flanged & Dished lb Pound

FF Flat Face lbf Pound Force

FIG Figure lbs Pounds

FIN Finish LC LevelControl

FLG Flange LCV Liquid Control Valve

FS Far Side, Forged LG Long

Steel LG LevelGage

ft Foot, Feet Lin. ft. Lineal Foot (Feet)

FT3 Cubic Foot LLA Low LevelAlarmFW Fillet Weld LLC Liquid LevelCon-

13 Gram trol

GA Gage LLSD Low LevelShut

GALV Galvanized Down

gal Gallon LR Long Radius

GG Gage Glass Ls Low Stage

GOL Gage of Outstanding LWN Long WeldingNeck

Leg m Meter

gpd Gallon per Day MB Machine Bolt

gpm Gallon per Minute MK MarkGR Grade MAT’L Material

HVY Heavy MAWP Maximum Allowable

HD Head WorkingPressure

HEMIS Hemispherical MAX Maximum

HEX Hexagonal MH Manhole

HH Handhole MIN Minimum

HL Hole MK’D Marked



468

ABBREVIATIONScont.)

mm Millimeter RAD Radial

MMSCF MillionStandard REF Reference

CubicFeet REINF Reinforcing

MSCF ThousandStandard REPAD ReinforcingPad

CubicFeet REQ’D Required

MW Manway RF RaisedFace

N North RJ RingJoint

N&C New&Cold RTJ RingTypeJoint

NLL NormalLiquidLevel RV ReliefValve

NO Number s Schedule

NOM Nominal s/c ShopCoat

NPS NationalPipeSize SCF StandardCubicFootAmericanNational SCH Schedule

TaperPipeThread SCR Screw

NS NearSide SCR’D Screwed

NTS Not to Scale SDV ShutdownValve

OA Overall SERV

OD OutsideDiameter Sht. ServiceSheet

OR OutsideRadius SF StraightFlange

OSHA OccupationalSafety and SHT Sheet

HealthAdministration SM Seam

Oz Ounce SMLS SeamlessOzs Ounces so SlipOn

P Pressure SPA Spacing

PBE PlainBothEnds SPEC Specification

Pc PressureControl SPGR SpecificGravity

Pcs Pieces SQ Square

Pcv PressureControl SR ShortRadius

Valve Ss StainlessSteel

PI PressureIndicator s-s—.k Plate s/s Seamto Seam

PROJ Projection STD StandardPSE PlainSmallEnd STL Steel

psi PoundperSquare STR Straddle

Inch SUPT Support

psia PoundperSquare SYM Symmetrical

InchAbsolute T&B Top&Bottom

psig Poundper Square TC TemperatureControl

InchGage TBE ThreadedBothEnds



-

ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)

Psv Pressure Safety Valve TYP Typical

R Radius USAS United States of Ameri-

TEMA Tubular Exchanger ca Standards Institute

Manufacturers VA Valve

Association VOL Volume

THD Threaded, Thread v With

THK Thick WG Water Gallon

TI Temperature WeldingNeck

Indicator ~ OUT Without

TLE Threaded Large End WP WorkingPressure

TOC Top of Concrete WT Weight

TOS Top of Steel XH Extra Heavy

TS Tube Sheet Double Extra

TSE Threaded Small End Heavy

T-T Tangent to Tangent XX STG Double Extra

TW Tack Weld Strong

TW Thermowell



470

C STANDARDSSPECIFICATIONS

PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995

IIII vvV

VV

IxX

P BM S pN P P CH BN oR ef C a O o H

BR ef C o P BP V — D 1 D 2 — ARW a B QF i bP VR f I I o N P PComponents

British Standards Institution (BSI)

1500 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,Petroleum and Allied Industries

1515 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and construction)

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

B-51 -h41991 - Code for the Construction and Inspection of Boilerand Pressure Vessels

TANKS

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of ProductionLiquids, 1990

Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-duction Liquids, 1982



CODES,S S

S 1 S pShop Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-duction Liquids, 1988

Std 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of

Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990Std 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988

U n a(

N 1 S A bf F a Ct L

N 5 S U nf F a Ct L

A W W A (

D AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water

Storage

N F P (

N 3 F & C L CN 5 L P G S a HN 5 L P G a U G P

PIPING

A N S I (

B — 1 P PB — 1 F G PB — 1 C P a P R PB — 1989 L P T SB — 1 R ew 1 AB — 1 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

HEAT EXCHANGERS

E xM aI

S tE w 1 A a P G t Es J

PIPES

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless Steel PipeANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe



CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS

F ILANGES,ANDVALVES

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI B16.25-1992ANSI B16. 10-1992

ANSI B16.9-1993

ANSI B16.14-1991

ANSI B 16.11-1991

ANSI B16.5 1988

ANSI B16.20-1993

M A

BF aE D oF VF aS BFF P P B a Lw P TF S F S aTP F a F F S NA a O S A

R G a G f S PF

The American S f T a M (ASTM)

1989Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and SteelProducts

Volume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubingand Fittings, 131StandardsVolume01.03/Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 StandardsVolume01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete ReinforcingSteel,

Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails,Wheels, and Tires — 135S

M I

I nB O (

U B C — 1

S S tC (

SteelStructures Painting ManualVolume 1, Good Painting PracticeVolume 2, Systems and Specifications

U B a P V L S

S o B a P V L R a Rb S C C a P ( S a C—



47

CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS

Environment PC o Federal Regulations, Protection ofEnvironment, 198840- Parts 53to 60

(Obtainable from any Government Printing Office)

A S o C E (ASCE)

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

ASCE 7-88 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)



TABULATION OF THEBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS

OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

JURISDICTION I II XVVIII(1)VIII(2) XIAlabama NNNN NNAlaska YYYY YN

Arizona YNYN NNArkansas YYYY YYCalifornia YYYY YYColorado YYYY YYConnecticut YYYN NN KEY:ASMECodeDelaware YYYY YY SEC

Florida YNYY NN I P o o

Georgia YYYY YY1 11

Hawaii YYYY Y y VIII(l)- PressureVesselsIdaho YYYY Y N VIII(2)-PressureV e

Illinois YNYY YY XI-I n s en

Indiana YYYY YN N u c

I o w aY Y Y Y Y YKansas YYYNNY N-Lawdoesnotcov

Kentucky YYYYNN *-Onlyportionsof

Louisiana YNYN NNCodeorcall

Maine YNYY YNjurisdiction

Maryland YYYY Y Y SOl.JRCE:Massachusetts YYYYN y T ho n d ea b

Michigan Y Y Y Y* N Y ::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;;Minnesota YNYY YY Law5RulesandRegu,atMississippi YNYY N N CoP~right 1994 unifoMissouri YYYY Y y Boilerand PressureVes

Montana YNYN N N LawsSociety.Nebraska YNYN N N [tdoesnotlistalltheexeNevada YNYY Y N tionandvari~cesnthemNewHampshire YNYY N N lawsand regulations.MNew Jersey YYYY YY detailedinformations av

New Mexico YNYN NN :::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;;New York YNYY N N beobtainedromthejurisNorth Carolina YYYY Y Y tiomlauthorityrtheSociNorth Dakota YNYY YNOhio YYYY YYOklahoma YNYY YNOregon YYYY YY

Pemsylvania YYYY YYPuerto Rico YYYY YYRhode Island YYYY YYSouth Carolina NNNN NNSouth Dakota YNYN NNTennessee YYYY YYTexas YYYNNYUtah YYYY YYVermont YNYY YNVirginia YYYY YY



47

TABULATION OF THEBOILER A P V L

OF T U S A C(continued)

JURISDICTION 1 11 IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI

Washington YYYY YY

West Virginia YNNY NNWisconsin YYYY YYWyoming YNNY NN

Alberta YYYY YYBritish Columbia Y Y Y Y Y YManitoba YYYY YYNew Brunswick YYYY YYNewFoundland & Y N Y Y Y N

SECI P o wo

LabradorNorthwest Territories Y N Y Y Y N IV-HeatingBoilers

Nova Scotia YNNY YN VIII(l)- PressureVessels

Ontario YYYY YY VIII(2)-PressureVessels

Prince Edward Island Y Y Y Y Y N XI-1nservicenspection

QuebecN u c

YYYY YNSaskatchewan YYYY YY Y-RequiredyLaw

Yukon Territory Y Y Y Y N NN-Lawdoesnotcover*-Onlyportionsof

Albuquerque YNYN NN CodeorcallBuffalo YYYYNN jurisdiction

Chicago YYYY YY

Denver YYYY YYSOURCE:

Des Moines YNYN NThiscondensedabulationof

N dataistakenfromSynopsisDetroit YYYY Y Y B o i l nr e

LosAngeles YYYY YN L a wu le g u

Memphis Y Y Y Y Y Y :::::i;;: ;;e;:urJn;:;::Miami YYYY Y NMilwaukee YYYY YNNewOrleans Y Y Y Y Y Y ::O;O:::;;::;C:; ;::;’;::;New York City Y N Y y N N lawsandregulations.oredeOmaha YNYY N N tai]~d n f o r ma v

St.Joseph YYYY Y N u n d ho c iy

St. Louis Y N Y Y Y N ‘Urthernformation.maeSeattle

obtainedromthejurlsdlY Y Y Y y y tlonalauthorl~ortheocie~

Spokane YNYY YNTacoma YYYY YN

Tucson YNYY YNTulsa YNYY YNUniversityCity YNYY YNDadeCounty YNYY YNJeffersonParish YYYY YNSt. Louis County Y Y Y Y Y NDistrict of Columbia Y Y Y Y Y Y



476

L OS PP C A S O

S PW P A P V

~AME&ADDRESS

4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING

15EisenhowerDrive~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100

ENGINEERING & SAFETY SERVICE

hMERICAN INSURAN CE SERVICES GROUP, INC.

\5 John Street,New York, NY 10038

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE**

11West42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900K* U n i t e dt a t e s fm e r i c at a n d a r d sn s t i t u t eU S A S )n

p r i o r o9 6 6m e r i c a nt a n d a r d ss s o c i a t i o nA S A )

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE1220L Street,Northwest

Washington,D.C. 20005 (202) 682-8375

AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS345East47thStreetNewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)705-7722

AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS1916RaceStreetl?hiladelphia,A 19103 (215)299-5585

AMERICANWATERWORKSASSOCIATION6666WestQuincyAvenueDenver,CO80235 (303)794-7711

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

P.O. Box 351040Miami,FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334-9353

BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION*

389ChiswickHighRoadLondonW44AL*BfitishStmdwdPublicationsreavailablero m

The Amer ican N a t i o n a ltandardsInstitute

CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION178RexdaleBlvd.Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W1R3

COMMERCIALUNIONINSURANCE COMPANYOF AMERICA1Beacon Street

Boston,MA 02108 (617) 725-7304

AISG, INC.

ANSI

API

ASME

ASTM

AWWA

AWS

BSI

CSA



L OSPONSORINGOR PUBLISHING CODESANDSTANDARDSOR

SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING ANDPRESSURE VESSELS

N A M EA D D R E S S

COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.

1725Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004Arlington,Va22202 (703) 412-0900

EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

25 North Broadway, Tarrytown,NY 10591

HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC.

1300Summer Ave., Cleveland,OH 44115 (216) 241-7333

I N T E R N A T I O N A LO N F E R E N C E F

B U I L D I N GF F I C I A L S

5 3 6 0 .orkman Mill Rd.

Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541

THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILERANDPRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

P.O. Box 9101, BatteryrnarchPark

@incy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555

O C C U P A T I O N A LA F E T YN D

H E A L T HD M I N I S T R A T I O N

2 0 0onstitutionAvenue,N.W.Washington,D.C.20210 (800)344-3555

S T E E LA N KN S T I T U T E

5 7 0akwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047 (708)438-TANK

STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL

40 24th Street,6th Floor, Pittsburgh,PA 15222

Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153

TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS

25North Broadway, Tarrytown,NY 10591 (914) 332-0040

U N D E R W R I T E R SA B O R A T O R I E S ,N C .

3 3 3fmgstenRoad,Northbrook,IL60062 (708)272-8800

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD2100 Second St. S.W., Washington,D.C. 20593 (202) 267-2967

U N I F O R MO I L E RN DR E S S U R E

V E S S E LA W SO C I E T Y

3 0 8 .vergreenRd., Suite240

Louisville,KY40243 (502)244-6029

A B B R E V

CGA

EJMA

ICBO

NBBI

NGPA

O

SSPC

UL

UBPVLS



L OS PP C A S O

S PW P A P V

NAME&ADDRESS ABBREVIATI

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY

401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 USEPA

WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL

345 East 47th St. WRc

New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7956

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

345 E. 47th Street ASCE

New York, NY 10017 (800) 548-2723



LITERATURE

1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co.,New York.

2. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiiiBook Co., New York.

3. R.J. Roark and W Y F f S a S 5th Ed.1975,McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, PressureVesselHandbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.

5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E D VD 1 John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)

. 6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure VesselDesign and Analysis, 1967,Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.

7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986,VanNostrandReinholdCo., New York

8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Vesselsand Pressure VesselComponents, 1970,

9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels2nd Ed.1974,Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)Volume I. Analysis, 1972,ASME.

11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)

Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME.

12. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)Volume III. Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.

13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981,Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York.

14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, NewYork.



15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i c e - H an

E n g l e w o o dl i f f s ,J .

16. M.Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityofMichiganPress,AnnArbor.

1 7 .oundation Design Handbook (Collected 1968,HydrocarbonProcessing,Houston,TX.

18.Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, TaylorForge&Pipe Works,Chicago,IL.

19.M.L.Betterley,Sheet Metal Drafting,1961,McGraw-HillBookCo., Inc.,New York

20, B. F. Forman:PressureVesselComputerPrograms,1995,PressureVesselHandbookPublishing,Inc.,Tulsa,OK.

21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of ProcessEquipment, 1984, JohnWiley& Sons,NewYork.

22. Kohan,AnthonyLawrence,PressureVesselSystems, 1987,McGraw-HillBookCompany,NewYork,NY.

23. M o s s ,e n n i s. ,ressure Vessel Design Manual, 1987, GulfPublishingCo.,Houston,TX.



4

SCOVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE

( T h eu m b e r se f e r oh eo r k ( s )e a l i n gi thu b j e c

B e n d i n g fy l i n d r i c a lh e l l s , — 1 4

B e n d s ,n a l y s i s fmooth,—6BoltedJoints,—9

BrittleFracture,LowStress,—6Buckling,—6ofFlatandCurvedPlates- Formulas,—3BucklingofShells,—6

CastIronPressureVessels,—9CodesofVariousCountries,—24Collapse,FatigueandIncremental,—6CompositeMaterials,—12ComputerAnalysisofPressureVessels,—8ConcreteorPressureVessels,—12Cone,ConicalSectionwhenHalfApex

AngleisGreaterhan30°,—7ConicalHeadsandReducers,—6Corrosion,—CorrosionResistantMaterials,—12Cracks,Developmentf,—6CreepEffects,—8Cylindricalhells,Analysisof,—6DeadLoads,—7DeformationsnPressureVessels,—3DesignofFlanges,—4

Rectangularanks,—4TallStacks,—4

TallTowers,—7Discontinuitytresses,—7, 9Division2ofASMECodeComparisontoDivision1,—4DynamicStability,—11DynamicndTemperaturetress,

Formulas,—3EarthquakeLoads,—7, 24EconomicsfDesignandConstruction,—9ElasticStability,—8

PlatesandShells- Formulas,—3ElasticStressAnalysis,—6ElevatedTemperatureffects,—10EllipticalOpening,StressConcentration,—9Expansionoints,FlangedandFlued,—4

PipeSegment,—4ExternalLoads,—10,24ExternalPressure;StressAnalysis,—8Fatigue,—9, 10,12FatigueandincrementalCollapse,—6Filament-WoundressureVessels,—FlangeDesign,—4

FlangeDesign&Analysis,—8FlangedandFluedExpansionoints,—4FlangesandClosures,—1,24

FlangeswithFullFaceGasket—21FlatClosurePlate,—6, 24FlatPlates- Formulas,—3

Stressesn.,—9FloatingHeads,StressAnalysisof,—4FoundationDesign,—20Fracture,—6FractureMechanics,—0FracturePropertiesofMaterials,—12Heads,StressAnalysisof—8, 11,24HeatExchangers,hellandTube,—4, 24HighTemperatureMaterials,—12HubFlanges,Rotationof,—4HydrogenEmbrittlement,—12LegSupportorVerticalVessels,—4LigamentStresses,Analysisof,—8LimitAnalysisandPlasticity,—0LobedPressureVessels,—9LocalLoading,StressAnalysiso~—8, 11LocalStressesnVessels,—7,23LowStressBrittleFracture,—LowTemperatureMaterials,—12LugSupportorVerticalVessels,—4

MaterialsorVessels,—6,7,9,24MembraneStresses,—,9MitredBends,Analysisof,—6, 8ModularConstruction,—9Non-BoltedClosures,—9Nozzles,—1,24Nozzles,ntersectiontressAnalysis,—8Nozzles,StressesnVesselsExertedby,— 15

16,17NozzleThermalSleeves,—9ObliqueNozzles,—PerforatedPlatesandShells,—11PipeBends,StressAnalysiso~—8PipeSegmentExpansionoints,—4PipeSupportsat Intervals Formulas,—3PipeLoads,—7PipingSystems,StressAnalysisof,—6, 11Plasticity,—10PlasticCollapse,—Plates,TheoryandAnalysisof,—18PrestressedConcreteVessels,—9Rectangularanks,Designofi—4



S U B J E C T Sc a z f h u e d )

R e i n f o r c e m e n t fp e n i n g s , — 7 , 4

R i n gu p p o ~ — 2 6

R o t a t i o n fu bl a n g e s , — 4

S a d d l e ,e s i g n~ — 7 , 4

S e i s m i cn a l y s i s , —1SelectionofMaterials,—6

ShallowShells,—14SheetMetalDrafting,—22ShellandTubeHeatExchangers,—ShellsofRevolution,Analysisof,—6, 24SlidingSupportsorHorizontalnd

VerticalVessels,—7SphericalShells,Analysisof,—6StressandStrainDueto Pressureonor

BetweenElasticBodies- Formulas,—3StressConcentration,—9StressesnHorizontalVessels

SupportedbyTwoSaddles(Zick),—7StressesnFlatPlates,—9StressesnVessels,—8,14,24

Formul~—3Stacks,DesignsofTall,—4StructuralDynamics,—11SupportofVesselsbyLegs,—4, 7

S u p p o r t fe s s e lL u g s

S u p p o r tugs,StressesExertedinVesselsby,— 24

TallStacks,Designof,—4, 24TallTowers,Vibrationof,—4Tanks,DesignofRectangular,—4

Temperature,ffectsofElevated,—10TemperaturetressesFormulas,—3ThermalStresses,—7,9ThickCylinder,—ThickShells,Anslysisof—6TubeSheetDesign,Fixed,—4VerticalVesselsSupportedyLugs,—4Vibration,—

AnalysisofTallTowers,—4InducedbyFlow,—11

WeldDesign,—7

WeldedJoints,Designof,—6,9Welding,—12Wind-InducedeflectionfTowers,—7Wind-InducedibrationofTowers,—7WindLoads,—7, 24



FINITIONS

— T h ee m o v a l fu r f a c ea t e r i a lf r o mn yo l i dh r o u g hh er i c t i o n a lc t i o n fa n o t h e ro l i d ,l i q u i d , rg a s ro m b i n a t i o nt h e r e o f .

Pressure—Thepressureabovetheabsolutezerovalueof pressurethat theoretical-ly obtainsin emptyspaceor at the absolutezeroof temperate, asdistinguishedromgagepressure.

— A n y fl a r g eu m b e r fu b s t a n c e sh a v i n ge t a l l i cr o p e r t i e sn do n s i s t i n g ft w o ro r el e m e n t s ;i t he wx c e p t i o n s ,h ec o m p o n e n t sr es u a l l ye t a l l i cl e m e n t s .

— Ai nn t e r s e c t i n gl a n e se t w e e ne r o a

b u t to i n t )n d 0e g . ao r n e ro i n t ) .C o d eU A - 6 0 )

— A v a l v e ,s u a l l y fh el o b et y p e , nh i c hh en l e tn du t l e tr e ti g h ta n g l e s .

—

— A g r o u p fe l d i n gr o c e s s e sw h e r e i no a l e s c e n c e sr o d u c e d ye a t i n gw i t h nl e c t r i cr c ,i t h ri t h o u th e

a p p l i c a t i o n fr e s s u r en di t h ri t h o u th eu s e fi l l e re t a l .

— W e lm e n th i ce r f o r hn t

e q u i p m e n tam ae

l o a d i n gnI n l o a d it o

— Materialbacking up the joduringweldingto facilobtaininga soundw

at ho oB a c kta bi a f oa s t

— T he nan e g l i g i b l el a s t ie f o r m aa od u c t i l ee t a l

— M a t e r i ab bw h e nh eh or a c t i cp ed i s t o r t i o ne f o ra i l u

B u s h i n gA p i pi t to n npw i t hf e m a li t t ia rh o l l o wl ui tn t e rx t

— A w eo im

S?3

CDm=

m

l y ip p r o xs a l aj o i np r ec o n s t r uc o m p le n ef u s iT y pb ueS i n gD oJ o i nq uF ue n e tP e n e t r aB uo iwb a c kt r



— T h a to i n t nh el a n e fh er e aa b o u tn yx i sh r o u g hh i c hh eo m e n t ft h er e a se r o ; to i n c i d e si t hh ee n t e r fg r a v i t y fh er e aa t e r i a l i z e d s nn f i n i t e l yt h i no m o g e n e o u sn dn i f o r ml a t e .

— T w oi n e s fi n t e r m i t t e n ti l l e te l d i n g n

ma t e e ra po i n t , nh i c ht h en c r e m e n t s fe l d i n g no n ei n er e

I dbI opposite to

other line.

— Ad e s i g n e d ol l o wf l u i d op a s sh r o u g h nn ei r e c-

a p p r o x i m a t e l yt h o s e nh e

I 1 1

tion o n l y .c o m m o ny p eh a sp l a t e ou s p e n d e d

t h a th ee v e r s el o wi d >ravity in forcing the plateagainst a seat, shutting o f fr e v e r s el o w .

— O n ee t h o d fe m o v i n gu r f a c ed e f e c t su c h sm a l li s s u r e s re a m sr o mp a r t i a l l yo r k e de t a l . fo tl i m i n a t e d ,h ed e f e c t si g h ta r r yh r o u g h oh ei n i s h e dm a t e r i a l . fh ee f e c t sr ee m o v e d ye a n so fg a so r c hh ee r md e s e a m i n g ” rs c a r f -i n gi ss e d .

—A

aa

— h a sc c u r -r e dv e rh en t i r ea s e - m e t a lu r f a c e sx -p o s e s do re l d i n g .

— Penetration h i c hx -tended completely through the joint.

Corner — A w e l d e do i n t th eu n c t i o no fw oa r t so c a t e dp p r o x i m a t e l y ti g h ta n g l e s oa c ht h e r .

— e r o s i o n yo t i o n l e s so ro v i n gg e n t s .r a d u a le s t r u c t i o n fm e t a l rl l o yu e oh e m i c a lr o c e s s e su c ha sx i d a t i o n rh ec t i o n fc h e m i c a lg e n t .

— Damageoor failureofa

m e t a lu eo r r o s io m bt u a t i n ga t i g u et r e s s e

— A threaded sleeve u sc ot w oi p e s .h ea vn t e rh rbe n d s oix t e r n ah r e ai

— i d e f ou n d e ro n s t a n te c r e a st rtu s u a l l ys e di te f e r et e hm e t a l sn d e re n s i oe l e v ae m pT h ei m i l a ri e l d i na m a t e np r e s s i v et r e ss u a la ll af l o w .

— T he ant ag i v e ni n dn og i va t ect i o n fe r v i c e ,h ai le nm ef o re r v i c ee f o rh ni om a y oh i sr o d u c ix c e b

c a u s i n gr e e pc c ua e x c eb ya u s i n ga t i g ur a c k ix c eh a r d e n i n g ,u p t u r

— C h ati nh ei m e n s i o na b or o ds

i f t es eoe ntor f oo m p r

a n de t r u s i o nis s u ce f o r m a td i s a

r e m o v a lt r e s se r m a ne f os u c he f o r m a t i o nr e m ar es t r e s s .

— T hr e s ssdm i n i n gh ei n i m ue r m i s sh ip h y s i c a lh a r a c t e r i s t i c st hi f ft h ee s s e l .C o dA - 6

— Tt e m p e r a t u r et h r o u ghh i c kxu n d e rp e r a t i n go n d i t i os i d e r e d .C o dG - 2 0

— A s os t r e s s rt r a in t e n s i f i c a th fr e l a t i v e l ya r go r t i oa s t r u ch as i g n i f i c a n tf f e chv e rt rsp a t t e r n rht r u c t ua w h oxo fr o s st r u c t u r a li s c o n t i n u ies h e l ln dl a n g e - t o - s h e lu n c t io zj u n c t i o n se t w e eh e ld i f f ei at h i c k n e s s e s .



— A s o u r c e fs t r e s s rt r a i nn t e n s i f i c a t i o nh i c hf f e c t sr e l a t i v e l ym a l lo l u m e fa t e r i a ln do e so th a v es i g n i f i c a n tf f e c t nh ev e r a l lt r e s s rs t r a i na t t e r n r nh et r u c t u r e sw h o l e .E x a m p l e sr em a l li l l e ta d i i ,m a l l

a t t a c h m e n t s ,n da r t i a le n e t r a t i o ne l d s .

— A b u t to i n tw e l d e dr o mo t hi d e .

— Aw h i c hh ev e r l a p p e dd g e so fh ee m b e r s o eo i n e d? Aa r ee l d e dl o n gh ed g e so fo t he m b e r s .

— T h eb i l i t y fm e t a l ot r e t c ha n de c o m ee r m a n e n t l ye f o r m e di t h o u tb r e a k i n g rr a c k i n g .u c t i l i t y se a s u r e d yt h ee r c e n t a g ee d u c t i o n nr e an de r c e n -t a g el o n g a t i o n fe s ta r .

— A l o a d ro m p o n e n t fl o a dn o r m a l og i v e nr o s se c t i o n fm e m b e r se c c e n t r i ci t he s p e c t oh a te c t i o n f to e sn o tc th r o u g hh ee n t r o i d .h ee r p e n -d i c u l a ri s t a n c er o mh ei n e fc t i o n fh el o a d oi t h e rr i n c i p a le n t r a lx i s sh ec c e n -t r i c i t yi t he s p e c t oh a tx i s .

a WeldedJoint—Theefficiencyof a weldedjoint is expressedas a numerical

quantityandi ss e d nh ee s i g n fj o i n t sm u l t i p l i e r fh ep p r o p r i a t el l o w a b l et r e s sv a l u e .C o d e

— C a p a b l e fu s t a i n i n gt r e s su s e d

t oe n o t eo n f o r m i t y oh ea w ft r e s s - s t r a i np r o p o r t i o n a l i t y . nl a s t i ct r e s s rl a s t i cs t r a i n ss t r e s s rt r a i ni t h i nh el a s t i cl i m i t .

T h ee a s tt r e s sh a ti l la u s ep e r m a n e n te t .

— A w e l d i n grocess inw h i c ho n s u m a b l el e c t r o d e sr ee dn t oj o i n to n t a i n i n gl u x ;h eu r r e n te l t sh e

a n dh e

m e t a l oo rc o n t i n u o at w e e nh eo i na c esp r ec o n s t r u c t i o nh ea ct e na c c e s s i b l e .lu te lo ie l ew e l d i n gh a lx a m i na d i o g r at h e i ru l le n g t hC oW -

— Be n d u r a n c ei m ia m a t e ru st h ea x i m u mt r e sh ir ei n d e f i n i t e l ya r gu m bt i id u c i n gr a c t u r e

— A t ta mf a c ee s u l t i n gr oho m bfe r o s i o nno r r o s i o

— Aj o ih rp o s e soo iia bl o n g i t u d i n a lx p a n s it i t

h e a t .F a c t o r fa f e tT ha ttw o u l da u s ea i l u ra m e ms tt oh eo a dh ai m p o spi s e

— T e n d e n cm a t e rf ru n d e ra n ye p e t i t i oa s t ro n sl e s sh a nhl t i m at a tt r e

F i b e rt r e s sA t e rso n vd e n o t eh eo n g i t u d i ne n sc o ms t r e s s nb e ao t he mub e n d i n g .o m e t i msd es t r e s s tho i np o i noe

t h ee u t r a lx i su hep r e f e r a b lohu p

c o n v e n i e n c e ,ho n g i t u dl ef i l a m e n t sh i cb e a mc o m p o s e dra l l ei b e

— A w e la p p r o xa n g u lr ei n wu r fpm a t er i n

t h r o a

%

e a ct hT hf f e ct r e sarea of a fillet weld

a s s u mb t pl e

t hh ria n he nt wF i l le pb t h ei m e



T h eh r o a ti m e n s i o n f nq u a le g g e di l l e tw e l d s. 7 0 7i m e sh ee gi m e n s i o n ,F i l l e te l d sa y em p l o y e d st r e n g t he l d sf o rr e s s u r ea r t s fe s s e l si t h i nh ei m i t a -t i o n si v e n na b l eW - 1 2 fh eo d e .h ea l l o w a b l eo a d ni l l e te l d sh a l lq u a lh ep r o d u c t fh ee l dr e ab a s e d ni n i m u m

l e gi m e n s i o n ) ,h el l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e nt e n s i o n fh ea t e r i a le i n ge l d e d ,n dj o i n tf f i c i e n c y f5 0 7 0 .C o d eW - 1 8 )h ea l l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e so ri l l e te l d st t a c h i n gn o z z l e sn dh e i re i n f o r c e m e n t s oe s s e l sr e( i nh e a r )9 9 ’ 0 ft r e s sa l u eo rh ee s s e lm a t e r i a l .C o d eU W - 1 5 )

—

a w e l d .

FullFillet — A f i l l e te l dh o s ei z e se q u a l oh eh i c k n e s s fh eh i n n e re m b e rj o i n e d .

— T h em o u n t yh i c hh et o t a lb s o l u t er e s s u r ex c e e d sh em b i e n tt -m o s p h e r i cr e s s u r e .

G a l v a n i z i n gA p p l y i n gc o a t i n g fi n c of e r r o u sr t i c l e s .p p l i c a t i o na y e yo ti pp r o c e s s rl e c t r o l y s i s .

G a se l d i n gA g r o u p fe l d i n gr o c e s s e sw h e r e i no a l e s c e n c e sr o d u c e d ye a t i n gw i t hg a sl a m ei t h ri t h o u tp p l i c a t i o n fp r e s s u r en di t h ri t h o u th es e fi l l e rm e t a l .

G a t eAa

S u c hv a l v e sa v ee s s

— O n ei t hs o m e w h a tl o b eh a p e do d yw i t hm a n u a l l ya i s e d rl o w e r e di s ch i c hh e nl o s e dr e s t s ns e a t o s or e v e n tp a s s a g e ff l u i d .

t ,I I

( f b

&— P r e c i p i t a t i o n fa r b o n n

t h eo r m fr a p h i t e tr a i no u n d a r i e s , sc -c u r s fa r b o nt e e l s ne r v i c eo n gn o u g ha b o v e7 5 ° F ,n d- M Qt e e lb o v e7 5 ” F .

i r o na r b i d ec e m e n trrF i n e - g r a i n e d ,l u m i n u m - k i l lt eb ea r t i c u l a r l yu s c e p t i bg r a p h i t

— A w e lad e pf i l le ta g r

j o i n eS t a n d ah ag rV U a n

S t r ea lw e l dt e n sis h e a0 0tv a l uv e saj o i nt eUW-15

— T h ene n c l o s ua c y l i

s h e l l .h eo so m m o ns yha r ee m i s p h e r i c a l ,l l i p s o il ad i s h e dt o r i s p h e r i c a l ) ,o n i l

— H e ar e ap ep e r f o r m e di t h ep r o dh am e c h a n i c a lr o p e r t i et ha t tr e s t o r et sa x i m uo r r oe sT h e r er eh r er i n c i py phm e n t ;n n e a l i n g ,o r m a l i z io sh e a tr e a t m e n t .

— S t eo n t ap e r c e n t a g e sl e m e nt hha

— Low ductility o am e t a lu etb s o r p t ih y dw h i c ha yc c uu r i ne l e c t rro ru r i n gl e a n i n gl sn oat l e n e s s .

H y d r o s t a t i ce sT ho m p lew i t ha t e rh a lu b j e ca t erw h i c h sq u a1 /i maa l l o w a b l eo r k i nr e s s ub m at h ee s s e l1i m ehe sr ea g r e e m e n te t w e ehs at u r e r .C o d eG - 9 9

— F o r cen rmm a t e r i a l ys u d d e n lp p lo

— D e t e r m i n a t it e



r e s i s t a n c e fm a t e r i a l or e a k i n g ym p a c t ,u n d e re n d i n g ,e n s i l en do r s i o no a d s ;h ee n e r g yb s o r b e d se a s u r e d yr e a k i n gh em a t e r i a l ys i n g l el o w .

— A w e l dh o s eo n t i n u i t yi sr o k e n yn w e l d e dp a c e s .

—

i nl li r e c t i o n s .

— A n u m e r i c a la l u ex p r e s s -e d sh ea t i o fh et r e n g t h fr i v e t e d ,w e l d e d , rr a z e do i n t oh et r e n g t h fh ep a r e n te t a l .

— T h ei n i m u me p t h

g r o o v ee l dx t e n d sr o mt sa c en t oj o i n t ,e x c l u s i v e fe i n f o r c e m e n t .

K i l l e dt e e lT h o r o u g h l ye o x i d i z e dt e e l ,( f o rx a m p l e , yd d i t i o n fl u m i n u m rs i l i c o n ) , nh i c hh ee a c t i o ne t w e e na r b o na n dx y g e nu r i n go l i d i f i c a t i o n su p p r e s s e d .T h i sy p e ft e e la so r en i f o r mh e m i c a lc o m p o s i t i o nn dr o p e r t i e s so m p a r e d oo t h e ry p e s .

J o i n tA w e l d e do i n t nh i c hw oo v e r l a p p i n ge t a la r t sr ej o i n e d ye a n s ff i l l e t ,

p l u g rl o te l d s .

L a m i n a t e de s s e lA v e s s e la v i n gs h e l lh i c h sa d e p fw o ro r ee p a r a t el a y e r s .C o d eA - 6 0 )

L e gS e en d e ri l l e te l d .

L e t h a lu b s t a n c e sP o i s o n o u sa s e s ri -q u i d s fu c hn a t u r eh a tv e r ym a l lm o u n to fh ea s r fh ea p o r fh ei q u i d sd a n g e r o u s oi f eh e nn h a l e d . t sh ee s p o n -s i b i l i t y fh es e r fh ee s s e l oe t e r m i n et h a th ea s ri q u i d se t h a l .C o d eW - 2 )

L i g a m e n tT h ee c t i o n fo l i da t e r i a l nt u b eh e e t rh e l le t w e e nd j a c e n to l e s .

L i n e de s s e lA a

v e s s e la l l .C o dA - 6

Ap r

f o rh ee t e c t i od i s c o n t i n ts u r f a c ee r r o uno n f eaw h i c hro n p o r o uy p ii s c od e t e c t a b l eh ie t hrl a p s ,o l dh u t sna m i n aU A - 6 0 )

— L o a d i nl o a ev a r i o u so r c e sho a d ib c oi ne s i g n i n gv e s s en t eep r e s s u r e ,m p a co a de it vs u p e r i m p o s e do a di a rl o c a lo a df f e ct e m p e rr( C o d eG - 2 2

— A1

o nm ot o

a l l o y e do m p o n e n t s( lm a n g a n e s e ,4 Vi c k2 0h r0 . 6 ’ 7 0o l y b d e n u m ,n0 . 2a n

m e t h o de t e c t i nr a cit i n u i t i e se ahu r fim a g n e t i cl l o y

M a l l e a b l er oi re a tr e d u c etr i t t l e n e shr o nm a t e r i a lt r e t cs ox tt sg r e a t e rh o c k

— A d o c uwt h ea t e r i a la n u f a c t ue cro fe s t sx a m i n a t i o n se p at r eq u i r e dha s ia t e rp e c ir e p o r t e d .C o dA - 6

— T m

i m u mn it r e se r m i s sspecimaterialthat m au st em u l a si v eho dU G

— Tm a x i m u ma gr e s s ue r m ito fc o m p l e t e de s si p e rf o rd e s i g n a t e de m p e r a trb a s e d nhe a k el e mt vi n go r m i n a lh i c k n e sx c la



— T h eo m p o n e n t fo r m a ls t r e s sh i c h sn i f o r m l yi s t r i b u t e dn dq u a lt oh ev e r a g ea l u e ft r e s sc r o s sh et h i c k n e s s fh ee c t i o nn d e ro n s i d e r a t i o n .

—

h’hhshls M o d u l u s )T h ea t e fh a n g e fn i te n s i l e ro m -p r e s s i v et r e s si t he s p e c t on i te n s i l e rc o m p r e s s i v et r a i no rh eo n d i t i o n fn i a x i a ls t r e s si t h i nh er o p o r t i o n a li m i t .o ro s t ,b u to tl la t e r i a l s ,h eo d u l u s fl a s t i c i t yi sh ea m eo re n s i o nn do m p r e s s i o n .o rn o n i s o t r o p i ca t e r i a l su c h so o d , t sn e c e s s a r y oi s t i n g u i s he t w e e nh eo d u l i fe l a s t i c i t y ni f f e r e n ti r e c t i o n s .

— T h ea t e fh a n g e fn i th e a rs t r e s si t he s p e c t on i th e a rt r a i n ,o rh ec o n d i t i o n fu r eh e a ri t h i nh er o p o r t i o n a ll i m i t .

M o m e n t f

Q

+

—

T h eo m e n t fn e r t i a fa nr e ai t he s p e c t o naxis is the sum of thep r o d u c t sb t a i n e d yu l t i -p l y i n ga c hl e m e n t fh e

i

ua r e a yh equare of itsrdistance from the axis.

The Moment of Inertia (I)

for thin walled cylinderabout its transverse axis; 1 = n r’t

where r = mean radius of cylinder

t = wall thickness

N e e d l ea l v eA a

d i s k .h ea p e r i n go i n te r m i t si n er a d u a -t i o n fh ep e n i n g .

— T h ei n e fe r oi b e rt r e s s na n yi v e ne c t i o n fm e m b e ru b j e c t oe n d -i n g ; t sh ei n eo r m e d yh en t e r s e c t i o n ft h ee u t r a lu r f a c en dh ee c t i o n .

— T h eo n g i t u d i n a lu r f a c e fz e r oi b e rt r e s s nm e m b e ru b j e c t oe n d -

— A t u b u l ai pi t ts uhe d no t hn dnn di n cl eP i p ev e rn c h eo nr e g ac p

— A groupof weldinp r o c e s s e sh i chem aip r e s s u r e .

— H e a t ia ba b o v eh er i t i c ae m p e r a tor o o me m p e r a t u r es t iir o vom a d e no r m a l i z i n goo n t r oo as l o w e ra t e ,uh eho o lp r ot h ee r ms en n e a l i

— A m e a st rt i o n nt r e n g ta m e ta tp r e s e n c en o t c h

— T ha tm a xs i o n a lo a de q u i r ef r a cn os p e c i m e nt hr i g ii ns e c t i o n a lr e a

— A t e n s ic r eea mt oe t e r m i n ehf f ea s u r o

— T hr e st to fp r e s s u r ee s sw hn oo p e r a t e s .h a lox c a

a l l o w a b l eo r k i nr e s si uk e p t ts u i t a b le ve le tp r e s s u r ee l i e v i ne v i cp r eq u e n tp e n i n g .C o dA -

— Tt e m p e r a t u r eh ai lm a i n tm e t a l fha rt he seo

f o rh ep e c i f i ep e r a tt eU G - 2 0nG - 2 3 )C oA -

or s c a l im e tc h

t e m p e r a t u r e snc c ea ic cb o nt e e l sr ois t en e g l1 0 0 0 ” F .h r o m i un c r e ac aeo fa r b o nt e e le c r e axr e s i s t a n c ea k eu s t e n it a is u i t a b l eop e r a t ie m p e r1 5 0 0 ” F .



— T h eu m b e r fe l d i n gr o -c e d u r e - g r o u p .h el a s s i f i c a t i o n fa t e r i a l sb a s e d na r d e n a b i l i t yh a r a c t e r i s t i cn dh ep u r p o s e fr o u p i n g s oe d u c eh eu m b e r fw e l dr o c e d u r e s .C o d ee c t i o nX )A l la r b o nt e e la t e r i a li s t e d nh eo d e

( w i t hh ex c e p t i o n fA - 6 1 2 )r el a s s i f i e d sP - N o . .

— T h ee l de t a le p o s i t e d yn er o -g r e s s i o nl o n gh ex i s fw e l d .

— T h er o p e r t y fu s t a i n i n gp -p r e c i a b l ev i s i b l e oh ey e )e r m a n e n te f o r -m a t i o ni t h o u tu p t u r e .h ee r m sl s os e dt oe n o t eh er o p e r t y fi e l d i n g rl o w i n gu n d e rt e a d yo a d .

PlugValve— Onewitha short sectionof aconeor taperedplugthroughwhicha holeiscut so that fluid can flowthroughwhentheholelinesu pi t hh en l e tn du t l e t ,u th e nt h el u g so t a t e d0 ° ,l o w sl o c k e d .

— A w e l da d e nc i r c u l a ro l ei nn ee m b e r fl a pj o i n t .h eo l ea y ra y

I n o t ea r t i a l l y ro m p -

E313m e t a l .

p l e t e l yi l l e di t he l d

I

I

F o rr e s s u r ee s s e lo n -

= == s t r u c t i o nl u ge l d sa y eu s e d na po i n t s ne i n -f o r c e m e n t sr o u n dp e n -i n g s , no nr e s s u r et r u c -

t u r a lt t a c h m e n t sC o d eW - 1 7 )n do rt -t a c h m e n t fe a d si t he r t a i ne s t r i c t i o n s .( C o d ea b l eW - 1 2 )

— T h eo m p l e t e de s s e la yb ee s t e d yi rr e s s u r e ni e u fy d r o s t a t i ct e s th e nh ee s s e la n n o ta f e l y ei l l e di t hw a t e r rh er a c e s fe s t i n gi q u i da n n o t e

t o l e r a t e di ne r t a i ne r v i c e s ) .h en e u m a t i ct e s tr e s s u r eh a l l e. 2 5i m e sh ea x i m u ma l l o w a b l eo r k i n gr e s s u r e o et a m p e d nt h ee s s e l .C o d eG - 1 O O )

Ratio—Theratioof lateralunhstrainto longitudinalnitstrain,underthe

c o n d i t i o nn i f o rnn i ao n gs t r e s si t h i nhr o p o r t i oi m

— G ao c k ev om( C o d eA - 6 0 )

— H e av

t os u f f i c i e n te m p e r a tr er e s i d u a lt r e s s eh i em e c h a n i c a lr e a t m e nne l dP r e s s u r ee s s e lna rhp oh e a tr e a t e d :W h e nhe s s e lrc o ns u b s t a n c e s ,C o dW -U n f i r e dt e a mo i l eU WP r e s s u r ee s s e lna ru bd ii n gh e nhh i c k n ew e lo5 / 8n .U W - 2W h e nh ea r b oP - Ns t at h i c k n e s sx c e e dMi nw e lo na n dt t a c h m e n t ss eo a Ce x c e p t i o n s ) .

— H e ap p lb ant oe l d i n gp e r a t i o n

— A v a h ep r e s s u r ee y o ns p e c i fi eu p o ne t u r no r mp e r ao n

— A m e to n tec y l i n d r i c a lp h e r o ia p aw id i n ga r i o u so a d i n g

— A o w ec e s s e sh e r e i nhe lc o m pu op r e s s u r e .

P r i m a r y—A n o r mt ra ss t r e s s

a

A a

p r i m a r yt r e s sr i m ae m btd i v i d e dn tg e n e r anl oa tg e n e r a lr i m a r ye m b r at ro ws oi s t r i b u t e dht r u c thr e d i s t r i b u t i o no ac c ua r ey i e l d i n g .x a m p l ep r i mt r



a a

s h e l lu e on t e r n a lr e s s u r e r od i s t r i b u t e di v eo a d s ;e n d i n gt r e s s nh ec e n t r a lo r t i o n ff l a te a d

– A n n e a i i n g nu s t e n i t i c

f e r r o u sl l o y ye a t i n go l l o w e d yu e n c h i n gf r o mo l u t i o ne m p e r a t u r e s .i q u i d ss e do rq u e n c h i n gr ei i ,u s e da l t ra t e r ,n t ow h i c hm a t e r i a l sl u n g e d .

— T h er o c e s s fa s s i n gl e c -t r o n i ca d i a t i o n sh r o u g h nb j e c tn db t a i n -i n gr e c o r d ft so u n d n e s sp o ns e n s i t i z e df i l m .C o d eA - 6 0 )

R a d i u s fT h ea d i u s fy r a t i o no f nr e ai t he s p e c t og i v e nx i s sh es q u a r eo o t fh eu a n t i t yb t a i n e d y

d i v i d i n gh eo m e n t fn e r t i a fh er e ai t hr e s p e c t oh a tx i s yh er e a .

L e n g t h sA t e r mn d i c a t i n g os p e c i f i e di n i m u m ra x i m u me n g t hi t hl e n g t h sa i l i n gi t h i nh ea n g en d i c a t e d .

R e f r a c t o r yA m a t e r i a l fe r yi g he i t i n gp o i n ti t hr o p e r t i e sh a ta k e tu i t a b i eo rs u c hs e s si g h - t e m p e r a t u r ei n i n g .

R e s i d u a lS t r e s semaining in a struc-

ture or member as a result of thermal or

mechanicaltreatment, or both.

R e s i s t a n c ee l d i n gA p r e s s u r ee l d i n gr o -c e s sh e r e i nh ee a t sr o d u c e d yh er e s i s t a n c e oh el o w f ni e c t r i cu r r e n t .

R o o t fT h eo t t o m fh ee l d .

S — A nr o nx i d eo r m e d nh eu r f a c eo fo tt e e l ,o m e t i m e s nh eo r m fa r g e

s h e e t sh i c ha l lf fh e nh eh e e t so i l e d .

S c a r fE d g er e p a r a t i o n ;r e p a r i n gh eo n -t o u r nh ed g e fm e m b e ro re l d i n g .

S e a le i dS e a le i ds e dr i m a r i l y ob t a i nt i g h t n e s s .

S e c o n d a r yt r e s sA a

a

t e r i s t i c fs e c o n d a r yt r et hi s e l f -L o c a li e i d i n gni n oi s t o r tac o n d i t i o n sh i ca u sht ro cf a i l u r er o mnp p l i c a t it ht rn t be x p e c t e d .x a m p l e ss e c o n dt ret h e r m a lt r e s s ;e n d i nt r ea g rt r

d i s c o n t i n u i t y .

M o d u l u sT hee rtc r o s se c t i o nb e a mhectionmodulusw i t he s p e c ti t h er i n c ie nt h eo m e n tn e r t iie s ptd i v i d e d yhi s t a nr htm o s te m o t eo i nt he c t em o d u l u sa r g e le t e r m ils t r e n g t h fb e ag i va t e

S e c t io d uo at h ia i ly l ira b o utr a n s

4-+4 z = Pnt

w w h e= m eat c y l i

u t = w ah i ci

S h e l lS t r u c t u r al e m eae ns o m ep a c e .o st hh ee nt h ee v o l u t i o np l au rI nh ee r m i n o l o g yt h o htc y l i n d r i c a la rv e s sa s p h ei sa l l e dl s os p h e r i ch e

— T ho m p ost a n g e n t ohe p i a nr e f e r e

— A aw e l d i n g p r o c e s sh e r eo a l e s cp re d ye a t i n gi te l e c tec o v e r e de t al e c t r o

f i l l e retalisobtainedfromthe electrode.

S i n g l e - W e l d e du to iA b uoe dr o mn ei dn l y

S i n g i e - W e i d e dao iA lw h i c hh ev e r l a p p ed gt eb eo i n e dre i d el o dom e m b e r .

Size Weld—GrooveWeld:Thedepthofp e n e t r a t i o n .



E q u a le gi l l e te l d :h e

L

l e ge n g t h fh ea r g e s ti s o s c e l e si g h t - t r i a n g l ew h i c ha n en s c r i b e d

k

w i t h i nh ei l l e te l dr o s s\\ s e c t i o n .\\ U n e q u a le gi l l e te l d :\\ T h ee ge n g t h fh ea r g e s t

r i g h tr i a n g l eh i c ha n e

i n s c r i b e di t h i nh ei l l e te l dr o s se c t i o n .

— A r e s u l t fh ec t i o n ff l u x no n -m e t a l l i co n s t i t u e n t s fp r o c e s s e dr e , r nt h ex i d i z e de t a l l i co n s t i t u e n t sh a tr eu n d e s i r a b l e .s u a l l yo n s i s t fo m b i n a t i o n so fc i dx i d e sn da s i cx i d e si t he u t r a lx -i d e sd d e d oi du s i b i l i t y .

— Theratioof thelengthofa uniformcolumnto the least radiusof gyra-

tionof thecrosssection.

— A w e l da

m4 b e r oh a to r t i o n fh es u r f a c e fh et h e re m -

+

b e rh i c h sx p o s e dt h r o u g hh eo l e .h eo l em a y ra yo t ei l l e dc o m p l e t e l yi t he l de t a l .

—T h ea t i o fh ee n s i t y f

m a t e r i a l oh ee n s i t y fo m et a n d a r dm a t e r i a l ,u c h sa t e r ts p e c i f i e dt e m p e r a t u r e ,o rx a m p l e ,° C r0 ° F . rf o rg a s e s )i r tt a n d a r do n d i t i o n s fr e s s u r ea n de m p e r a t u r e .

W e l d i n gE l e c t r i c - r e s i s t a n c ee l d i n g nw h i c hu s i o n si m i t e d os m a l lr e ai r e c t l yb e t w e e nh el e c t r o d ei p s .

– ( E l a s t i ct a b i l i t y )h es t r e n g t h fv e s s e l oe s i s tu c k l i n g rr i n k l -i n gu e ox i a lo m p r e s s i v et r e s s .h et a b i l i -

t y fv e s s e l se v e r e l yf f e c t e d yu t fr o u n d n e s s .

— T w ol i n e s fn t e r m i t t e n ti l l e te l d i n ~ nt e eo ra po i n t , nh i c hh en c r e m e n t s f

w e l d ios t a g g eie

L 1 t h ot ht

— T hr e s sl i qn o to v i n g ,g a i n she sad sl y

T h i sr e s s u r eh a lt a kno n s ii ne s i g n i n ge s s e l s

S t r a i nA no r c eh a n g ei mo fb o d y .s t r e ta a

s h o r t e n i n ga a nd i s t o r t i o ns t r a iotc o m m o n l ys eo n n o

— I n t e r n ao r cx e re i ta d j a c e n ta r tb o dp ta nm a g i n e dl a ns e p a r a

f o r c e sr ea r a l l et hl a tce dh e a rt r e s sh eho r ot h el a n eht r e sc a low h e nh eo r m at r ed i r eop a r t nh i c hc ti c a lompressive

w h e ni r e c tw rpo nh i c hc tc a l lensil e stress

— L o n g( m e r i d i os tC i r c u m f e r eh

R

s t r eS a nc a le( d i a p h r at v

S+

s e la vf ir e v o l u t

u B e n d it rS h et rD i s c o n t i nt raa b r uh at ho s h athevessel.

— A t h r e a d ea s t ei thw i t hh r e a d sn nb ot h r e a d e du le n g t hC oA -

— A a

p r o c e s sh e r e io a l e s c ep r oh e a t i n gi t hra re tbm e t a ll e c t r o d el e c t r ow e l d i n gh i e l d ea b l a ng rf u s i b l ea t e r i a lt ho rr enu s e dn di l l ee t ao b t a iret r o d en do m e t i m ers u p p l



— A w e l da d e oo l da r t s fw e l d m e n t nr o p e rl i g n m e n tn t i lh ei n a lw e l d sr ea d e .

— A w e l d e do i n t th eu n c t i o n f

t w oartslocatedapproximatelyt rightanglesto eachotherin the formof a T.

— T h ea x i m u mt r e s sm a t e r i a lu b j e c t e d os t r e t c h i n go a da nw i t h s t a n di t h o u te a r i n g .

— d e v e l o p e d ym a t e r i a lb e a r i n ge n s i l eo a d .

— T r i a l or o v eh a th ee s s e l su i t a b l ef o rh ee s i g nr e s s u r e .S e ey d r o s t a t i ce s t ,n e u m a t i ce s t .

— T h ee q u i r e m e n t so re t e r -m i n i n gh ee s tr e s s u r ea s e d na l c u l a t i o n sa r eu t l i n e d nG - 9 9 ( C )o rh ey d r o s t a t i ct e s tn d nG - 1 0 0 ( b )o rh en e u m a t i ce s t .T h ea s i so ra l c u l a t e de s tr e s s u r e ni t h e ro fh e s ea r a g r a p h s sh ei g h e s te r m i s s i b l ei n t e r n a lr e s s u r e se t e r m i n e d yh ee s i g nf o r m u l a s ,o ra c hl e m e n t fh ee s s e ls i n gn o m i n a lh i c k n e s s e si t ho r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e si n c l u d e dn ds i n gh el l o w a b l et r e s sa l u e sf o rh ee m p e r a t u r e fh ee s t .C o d eA - 6 0 )

— T h ee v e l o p m e n t fy c l i ct h e r m a lr a d i e n t sr o d u c i n gi g hy c l i ch e r -m a lt r e s s e sn du b s e q u e n to c a lr a c k i n g fm a t e r i a l .

— A s e l f - b a l a n c i n gt r e s sr o -d u c e d yn o n u n i f o r mi s t r i b u t i o n ft e m p e r a t u r e r yi f f e r i n gh e r m a lo e f f i -c i e n t s fx p a n s i o n .h e r m a lt r e s s sd e v e l o p e d ns o l i do d yh e n e v e rv o l u m eo fa t e r i a l sr e v e n t e dr o ms s u m i n gh ei z ea n dh a p eh a t to r m a l l yh o u l dn d e rc h a n g e ne m p e r a t u r e .

1 .h er e q u i r e dh i c k n e s s ’ sh a to m -p u t e d yh eo r m u l a s nh i si v i s i o n ,e f o r ec o r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e sd d e ds e eG - 2 2 ) .

2 .h ed e s i g nh i c k n e s s ’ sh eu m fh er e q u i r e dh i c k n e s sn dh eo r r o s i o nl l o w a n c e

( S C CG - 2 5 ) .3 .h en o m i n ah i c k n et h

s e l e c t e do m m e r c i a l lv a i lsp l i e d oha n u f a c t u r em xd e s i g nh i c k n e s s .C o

— u n d ei l le

— F ol a ta xm i s s i b l en d e r t o l e r a n ct hm a0 . 0 1n .he s ih i cU G - 1 6 )T h ea n u f a c t u r i n gn d e r t o l ewt h i c k n e s se a d si p ni p e fb ea k e nn tc c o u n ec o m m e r c i a la lh i c k n ehu

— U n i v e r si lpr o l l e d oi d te r t iow tt h i c k n e s so r i z o n to l

(UT)—a nondestructivemeansfor locatingandidentifyingnternadiscontinuitisy detectingthe reflectionsheyproduceof a beamof ultrasonicvibration(CodeUA-60)

— A g r o oe l nbm e t a ld j a c e n th oa w ef i l l e d ye le t a l

— U n ie n s it rt et i o ne rn ie n g t hno m p r et h eh o r t e n i n gen ie n gnhi sh eh a n g en gr a d iel i n e sr i g i n a l l yi gn ge

— T hm o us t rua r e a .

Vessel — A

— A t e c h n i qd e p om e t a l nh i chl e c t ro s c is i d e oi d e

— A l o c a l i z eo a l e s cmd u c e d yu s i oi tw i t ho fm e t a l ,n di t



— T h ee t a le s u l t i n gr o mh eu -s i o n fh ea s ee t a ln dh ei l l e re t a l .

— T h ee t a lo i n i n gr o c e s ss e d nm a k i n ge l d s .I nh eo n s t r u c t i o n fe s s e l sh ee l d i n gr o -c e s s e sr ee s t r i c t e d yh eo d eU W - 2 7 ) s

f o l l o w s :1 .h i e l d e de t a lr c ,u b m e r g e dr c ,a s

m e t a lr c ,a su n g s t e nr c ,l a s m ar c ,t o m i ch y d r o g e ne t a lr c ,x y f u e la se l d i n g ,l e c -t r o s l a g ,n dl e c t r o ne a m .

2 .r e s s u r ee l d i n gr o c e s s e s :l a s h ,n d u c -t i o n ,e s i s t a n c e ,r e s s u r eh e r m i t ,n dr e s s u r eg a s .

— T h ea t e r i a l s ,e t a i l e dm e t h o d sn dr a c t i c e sn v o l v e d nh er o d u c -t i o n fw e l d e do i n t .

R o dF i l l e re t a l , ni r e ro d

f o r m ,s e dh ae l dt h o s er ce l d i nr o c e s sh eet r o d eo e sou r n i she p o se

W r o u g h tr o nI r oe f ia p li np u d d l i n gu r n a c ei c h a r a c ttp r e s e n c e fb o up ees lr r e

m i x e di t hu rr onb occ a r b o n .

— T ho w et rw hi n c r e a s e si t h o un c r e as t rsp u r p o s e sm p o r t ad i s t i net h epper y i e lo i nh it tw h i c hh et r e s s - s t r a ii a gi eh o r i z o n t a l ,n ho wi eot h eo m e w h a to w enl mo nu n d e rh i c hhe t ao n t id eO n l yf e wa t e r i a lx h i bt r if o ro m ea t e r i a lhes o m e

a sy n o n y m o u si ti et r e n



IN:

Abbreviations..........................:........466Abrasion............................................483Absolutepressure.............................483Accessopening,icknessof.....,........,40

Allowableoadonsaddle.................110Allowablepressure....................... 18-25Allowablepressure,langes...............28Allowabletressesfor

non-pressureparts ........................4 4 9A l l o w a n c e s fl a t ee n d i n g. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 6A l l o y.................................................4 8 3A n c h o ro l te s i g n....................... 7 7 - 8 4Anglejoint .........................................483Anglevalves ......................................366

definition......................................483Annealing........................................... 483API 650 tanks ....................................204

API 12Ftanks.................................... 203Appurtenances,

Preferredlocations .......................241Arcwelding .......................................483Areaof circles....................................300

Planes............................................258Areaof surface,

Cylindricalshellhead...................425ASMEflangedanddished

head,allowablepressure..........20-24Dimensionof m.....,........................ 335Externalpressure............................34

Internalpressure....................... 20-24Automaticwelding...........,.,...........,..483

Backing..............................................483Baseringdesign ............................ 79-83Beamformulas...................................455Bendallowances

of Steelphltc .................................236Bendingof pipeandtube ..................234Ilcnt pipe ....................... ..................... 280B o i l e rn dr e s s u r e

v e s s e la w s................................... 4 7 4

Boltedconnections...........................463

Bolts,weightof .................................4 1 2B r i t t l er a c t u r e.................................. 4 8 3B r i t t l e n e s s......................................... 4 8 3B u s h i n g........................................... . . 4 8 3B u t teld...........................................483

Capacitiesof fabrication....................232Carbonsteel, propertiesof ................186Centerof gravity................................452Centigrade,conversion

to Fahrenheit.................................444Ccntroidof an area ............................484Chainintermittent

IiIlcl Weld ......................................484

E

Checklist for inspectors...................255Checkvalves..................................... 367

Definition..................................... 484Chemicalplantpiping.......................

Chemicalresistanceof gaskets..................................... 224Metals........................................... 224paints........................................... 253

Chipping............................................ 484Circles,circumferences

andareasof, ................................ 300C i r c l e s ,ivisionof............................

Segments of ................................ 290Circularplate,weightof... ................ 404Circumferencesandareas

of c i r c l e s..................................... 300Circumferentialstress ......................... 14Clad vessel ........................................ 484Coderulesrelatedto

Services......................................, 181Thicknesses.................................

Codes ................................................. 470

Combinationof stresses...................... 69Combustibleliquids.......................... 184Commonerrors

Detailingvessels..........................Completefusion................................ 484Cone,allowablepressure,

Internal .................................... 20,24

Externalpressure........................... 36Frustrumof...,.......................,......276To cylinderreinforcement.......... 159Wallthicknessfor

internalpressure.................20,Conicalsection,

Allowablepressure..................20, 2E x t e r n a lr e s s u r e.......................... 3W a l lh i c k n e s s........................ 2 0

C o n s t r u c t i o n fC S S C I S ,‘ 3p a c i f i c a t i o n............................... 1 9

C o n t r a c t i o n fH o r i z o n t a le s s e l s........................ 9

C o n v e r s i o nd e c i m a l so fdegree ................................... 443Degreesto radains....................... 441Factors ......................................... 446Gallonsto liters ........................... 439Inchesto millimeters...................431Kilogramsto pounds...................438Liters to gallons........................... 439Millimetersto inches...................433Poundsper sq. in, to kilo-

gramspersq. centimeter......,.440Poundsto kilograms.................... 438Radiansto degrees ...................... 442



Sq. feet tosq. meters..1................437Sq.meterstosq. feet ..............,....437

Cornerjoint ....................................... 484Corrosion...................................215,484

Fatigue .........................................484Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,....2 2 2Creep.................................................. 484Couplings .......................................... 468

Definition..;.................................. 484Lengthof............................,,138,139Weightof .....................................413Wchling........................................ 361

Cylinders,.partialvolumeof..............,...418,421

CylindricalshellallowablePressure.................................... 18,22Areaof surface............................. 425

Externalpressure ........................... 32Thicknessfor internal

pressure............................... 18,22W e i g h t......................................... 3 7 5

D a m a g i n gt r e s s............................... 4 8 4Davit ..................................................312D e c i m a l s fdegree,

conversion....................................443Decimalsof an inch...........................426Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426Definitions......................................... 483Deflection............................................ 68

Deformation,strain ........................... 484Degreesto radians,conversion.........441Descriptionofmaterials.................... 192Designpressure,definition...............484

internal........................................... 15external .......................................... 31

Designspecification.......................... 195steel structures............................. 447tcmpcraturc.................................. 484tall towers ....................................... 52weldedjoints ........................1 7 4 ,48

D e t a i l i n gfpressurevessels............240

Dimensionsfheads.........................335pipe............................................... 330Discontinuity.............................484,485Divisionof circles .............................289Doubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485

lapjoint ........................................ 485Dropat intersectionof nozzle

and shell ....................................... 291Ductility.............................................485

Earthquake........................................... 61map,of seismiczones.................... 64

Eccentric ......................

Eccentricload ...................................... 66

Eccentricity........................................485Efficiencyof weldedjoint .................485Elastic ................................................485Elasticlimit........................................485

Elasticstability....................................67Illcctroslagwelding...........................485Ellipsoidalheadallowable

pressure .................................... 18,22

areaof surface..............................425dimensionsof ...............................335externalpressure............................34locatingpoint on ..........................293partialvolumeof... .......................wallthicknesst’or

internalpressure..................18$22Endurancelimit .................................485,.Engagementof pipe ...........................235

Erosion...............................................485Examinationof weldedjoints ............177Expansionjoint ..................................485

of horizontalvessels ......................99of metals....................................... 191

Extensionof openings....................... 128Externalpressure.................................31

charts ........................................ 42-47stiffeningring.................................40

Fabricatingcapacities........................232Fabricationtolerances........................200Factors,conversion............................446

Factorof safety ..................................485Fahrenheit,conversionto

centigrade.....................................444Fatigue...............................................485Fiber stress .........................................485Fillermetal.........................................486Filletweld..........................................486Fittings....................................... 126-127

welding.........................................361dimensions...................................361weight...........................................390

Flammableiquids ............................. 184

Flangedanddishedhead,allowablepressure....................20, 24areaof surface..............................425dimensionsof ...............................335externalpressure ............................34thicknessfor internal

pressure...............................Flangedfittings,prcssure-

temperaturerating..........................28Flrmgc

dimensions,...................,..,......,....341pressure-temperatureating ...........28weightof ......................................395



F l a te a da l lh i c k n e s s.....................2 6F r u s t r u m fo n c e n t r i co n e. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 6

e c c e n t r i co n e.............................2 7 9F u e la si p i n g................................. 2 0 8F u l li l l e te l d..................................4 3 6

Gage .....................................

Gallonsto

........................................

....................

welding....................................... 486Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof.........Gate valve ..........................................486

dimensions...................................365Generalspecifications.......................243Geometricalconstructions.................268

f o r m u l a s...................................... 2 5 8

p r o b l e m s...................................... 2 6 8G i r t he a mo r m u l a............................. 1 6G l o b ea l v e.......................................4 8 6

d i m e n s i o n s..................................366G r a p ht i z a t i o n................................... 4 s 6G r o o v ee l d...................................... 4 s 6

Ileads .................................................334definition.....................................,486volumeof .....................................416weightof ......................................375

Heat treatment....................................4861Hemisphericalead,allowable

pressure....................................18,22area of surface.............................. 425dimensionsof ...............................335externalpressure ............................34wallthicknessf o r

i n t e r n a lr e s s u r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 , 2I { i g h - a l l o yt e e l................................. 4 8 61Iingc,......+........,..........,.......,.....,....4..314flydrogenbrittleness..........................486I[ydroslatictest .................................. 486Hydrostatictest presssure.................... 1S1hydrostaticest pressure

for flanges ......................................28

Impact stress ... .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . 486

test ................................................ 486Inchesto millimeters,

conversion.................................... 4 3 1I n s p e c t i o np e n i n g........................... 1 2 3l n s p c c t o r ’ sh e c k l i s t.......................... 2 5 5I n s u l a t i o n ,e i g h tf . . .......................4 1 4I n t e r m i t t e n te l d...............................4 8 7I n t e r n a lr e s s u r e........................... 1 5 , 8I n t e r s e c t i o n fo n e

and cylindcr .................................. 28S

...........................

o fylinderand plane................... 2S1of cylinderandsphere................. 2S6ofnozzleand shell,drop............. 291

Isotropic..................................,.......4.87Joint efllciencies....................... 172,174

definition..................................... 487Joint penetration............................... 487Junctionof cone to cylinder............. 159

Killedsteel ........................................ 487Kilogramto pounds,conversion...... 438

Ladder .............................................. 315Laminatedvessel............................... 487Lapjoint ............................................ 487Laws,boilerandpressurevessel...... 474Layeror laminatedvessel................. 4S7Legsupport ....................................... 102

dimensions................................... 108Lengthof arcs ................................... 297Lengthof pipeandcoupling

foropenings......................... 13S,139of stud bolts................................. 237

Lethalsubstances.............................. 487Liflingattachments........................... 119Liflinglug ......................................... 118Ligament........................................... 487Linedvessel ...................................... 487Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487Liquidpetroleumpiping...................210Literature ........................................... 479

Liters to gallons, conversion ............ 439

Loadings ...................................... 1 3 , 4L o c a t i n gointson

ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293Locationsof vesselcomponents....... 241Longweldingneck............................ 34ILongitudinalstress.............................. 14[ ,OW-dk)y S(CC] .... . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . 487

properties of . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 187

L o wemperature operations . .. .. .. .. .. . . 185Lug,lifting...,,,.,,.,..,,,.,..................,,, 118Lugsuppport..................................... 109

Magneticparticleexamination......... 487Malleableiron ................................... 487Materials,descriptionof..................,.192

propertiesof ................................ 186test report..................................... 487of foreigncountries..................... 194

Maximumallowablepressure,flanges ........................................... 28forpipes....................................... 142stress .............................................. 13stressvalues........... 16, 189$190,487workingpressure................... Is, 487



Measures ............................................ 321

Measurement, metric system of... ...... 427

Membrane stress................................ 488

Metal arc welding .............................. 488

Metals, chemical resistance of... ....... 224Metric System of measurement .........427

Mist extractor .................................... 316

Mitered pipe ...................................... 2 8 0M i l l i m e t e r s on c h e s ,

c o n v e r s i o n................................. . .3 3M i n i m u mh i c k n s s f

s h e l l sn de a d s.......................... 1 8 2M o d u l i fl a s t i c i t y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 8 ,7 8M o d u l u s fi g i d i t y.......................... 4 8 8M o m e n t fn e r t i a............................. 4 8 8

Nameplate ......................................... 317

Needlevalve ...................................... 488Neutralaxis........................................ 488

Surface......................................... 488Nipple ................................................ 488Non-pressurewelding....................... 488Normalizing....................................... 488

strength ........................................488test ................................................ 488

Nozzle details .................................... 244Nozzle loadings................................. 153Nozzleneckthickness...............122,140Nozzleweightof ............................... 413

Openings............................................ 122detailingof ...................................244extensionof..................................128reinforcementof..,.................129-137weightof ...................................... 413weldingof ....................................244

Operatingpressure....................... 15,488temperature.................................. 488

optimum vesselsize.......................... 272Organizations....................................476Oxidation...........................................488

P-number........................................... 489

Packing,weightof ............................. 414Paintingof steel structures................247Partialv o l u m e fy l i n d e r s. . . . . . 4 1 8 , 4 2 1

h e a d s........................................... 4 2 2s p h e r e.......................................... 4 2 2

P a s s................................................... 4 8 9P e t r o l e u mefinerypiping .................208P i p ee n d i n g............................. 2 3 4 , 2 8 0

d i m e n s i o n s f.............................. 3 3 0e n g a g e m e n t................................. 2 3 5l e n g t h fo rp e n i n g s , . . . . . . . . ,3 8 ,3 9m i t e r e d....0.,.,.............................. 2 8 0p r o p e r t i e s f................................ 3 2 2

wall t h i c k n e s soi n t e r n a lr e s s u r e..................... 1

w e i g h t f.....................................3P i p ei t t i n gy m b o l s..........................3

P i p i n go d e s...................................... 2P l a s t i c i t y........................................... 4P l a t ee n d i n gl l o w a n c e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P l a t e fn e q u a lh i c k n e s s ,

w e l d i n g f................................... 1P l a t eh i c k n e s s ,e l a t i o n

r a d i o g r a p h i cx a m i n a t i o n. . . . . . . . . .P l a t e s ,e i g h t f............................... 4P l a t f o r m............................................ 3P l u ga l v e......................................... 4Plugweld .........................:.................89Pneumatictest ................................... 489P o i s s o n ’ sa t i o...................................4P o r o s i t y............................................. 4P o s te l de a tr e a t m e n t...................4P o u n d sersq. inchto

kilogramp e rq .c e n t i m e t e r ,o n v e r s i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P o u n d s oi l o g r a m ,o n v e r s i o. . . . . ,P o w e ri p i n go d e............................ 2P r e f e r r e do c a t i o n se s s e

c o m p o n e n t s................................. 2P o w e ri p i n go d e............................ 2P r e f e r r e do c a t i o n se s s e

c o m p o n e n t s.................................2

P r e h e a t i n g......................................... 4P r e s s u r e fl u i d..................................2P r e s s u r e - T e m p e r a t u r ea t i n. . . . . . . . . . .P r e s s u r ee s s e l.................................. 4

d e t a i l i n g....................................... 2l a w s.............................................. 4

P r e s s u r ee l i e fa l v e......................... 4P r e s s u r eelding................................489Primarystress.........................,,. ,...,,,.489Propertiesof pipe...............................3

o fe c t i o n s................................... 4s t a i n l e s st e l..................... ,. . , .

o ft e e l.................................. . . . .o fu b e s........................................332

Q u e n c hn n e a l i n g............................. 4

R a d i a n so degrees,conversion.........442Radiographing...................................490Radiusof gyration .............................490Radiographicexamination................174

relationto platethickness..............30Randomlength...................................490Reactionof ............................. 1R e c t a n g u l a ra n k s............................. 2R e f r a c t o r y......................................... 4



R e f r i g e r a t i o ni p i n g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . 2 I (R c i n f o r c c m c n t ,o n e oy l i n d e r..... 1 S $R e i n f o r c i n g fp e n i n g s.......... 1 2 9 ,3 7R e q u i r e da l lh i c k n e s s

for internalpressure................. 18-2;Residualstress ...................................49(

Resistance welding .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .49Q

Right triangles, solution of... . .. . .. .. . .. . .27(

Ringjoint flanges ...............................356Ringsmadeof sectors........................ 274Rootof weld ......................................490

Saddledesign.......................................98dimension..................................... I

Scale................................................... 49aScarf................................................... 49(IScheduleof openings ........................245

Screwedcouplings.............................368Sealweld............................................49oSeamlessheadjoint efficiency..........176

vesselsection ............................... 176Secondarystress ................................@O

Section modulus .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .49o

Sections, properties of . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .450

Segments of circles . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. 290

Seismicload.........................................61map of seismiczones .....................64

Services,Code rules .......................... 181Shapeof openings ............................. 122Shearstress ........................................49o

Sheetsteel,weight.,...........................399Shell,definition.................................49ovolumeof .....................................416weightsof .....................................375

Shieldedmetal arcwelding...............49oSingle-weldedbuttjoint ....................49o

lapjoint ........................................490Sizeof openings ................................ 122

vessel ............................................272weld ..............................................49o

Shopweldedtanks............................. 203

Skirtdesign..................,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,.,,,.76openings....................................... 319

Slag .................................................... 491Slendernessratio................................491Slot weld ............................................491Solutionof righttriangles .................270Specificgravities...............................415Specificgravitydefinition.................491Specificationfor design

of vessels ...................................... 195Specifications....................................470Sphere,allowablepressure............18,22

externri pressure ............................ 34

partial volIImc of .......................... 412

w a l lhicknessfor internalpressure.............................. 18,22

Spotwelding..................................... 491Squarefeet to squaremeters,

conversion................................... 437Squaremetersto squarefeet,conversion................................... 437

Stabilityof vessels............................ 491Staggeredintermittent

filletweld..................................... 491Stainlesssteel,propertiesof...., ....... 190Stair ................................................... 313Standards........................................... 47oStatichead........................................... 29

definition..................................... 491Steelstructures,designof... .............. 447Stiffeningring,externalpressure.......40

construction................................... 48Strain ................................................. 491Stressand strain formula;.................448Stress,definition............................... 491Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189Stresses,combinationof... .................. 69

in cylindricalshell......................... 14in largehorizontalvessels

supportedby saddles................86in pressurevessels................. 13,491

Structures,designof ......................... 447Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458Stud ................................................... 491Studbolts, lengthof... ....................... 237Studdingoutlets................................ 357Subjectscoveredby literature.......... 481Submergedarcwelding .................... 49]Supportof vessels,leg ...................... 102

................................................ 109.............................................

checkwdvcs........................... 367~ymbolsfor pipe fittings .................. 369

I’ackweld .......................................... 492rail towers,design............................. 52ranks, rectangular............................. 212

ranks, shop welded........................... 2 0for oil storage .............................. 204

ree joint ............................................ 492temperature,conversion

centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444rensile strength................................. 492

stress ............................................ 492rest .................................................... 492rest pressure..................................... 492rest pressure,external........................ 31rhermalexpansionofmetals............ 191[’hcrnmla[iguc................................. 492rhermalstress ........,..............+.......... 492



Thicknessof VCSSCIall,’definition......................................492coderulesrelated t o.................... 1 8 2for full vacuum...............................49charts.,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,.................... 49-51for internalpressure................. 18-27fornozzleneck............................. 140of pipewall .................................. 148

Threadedandweldedfittings............126Throat................................................. 492Tolerances,definition........................492Tolcranccsof fabrication...................200Topicscoveredby literature..............481Transitionpieces........................ 287-288Transportationof vessels...................246Tube, bendingof..,.............,............... 234

propertiesof .................................332Typesof w e l d e d......................

U. M. plate.........................................492Ultrasonicexamination.....................492Undercut............................................ 492

forpipes ....................................... 148Weaving.............................................482Weights..................................... 321,374

bolts.............................................. 412c i r c u l a rl a t e s..............................4

couplings......................................413flanges ..........................................395galvanizedsheet...........................399insulation......................................414nozzles..........................................413openings.......................................413packing.........................................414pipesandfittingsplates ............................................400sheet steel .....................................399shellsand heads ...........................375vessels ............................................59

Weld,definition.................................492metal.............................................493sizes f o rp e n i n g s............... 1 2 2

W e l d e do i n ta t e g o r i e s.................... 1 7designof ....................................... 174

Documents

Pressure Vessel Handbook by Megyesy